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Background
The ability of the nervous system to modify its output in accordance with experiential demands is a central tenet of neuronal plasticity. For many years, the view of critical periods permeated our beliefs; almost dictating that plasticity beyond such epochs was, at best, minimal. The seminal experiments of M... | 15533258 | PMC529444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Nov 8; 5:43 |
Background
A number of conditions characterised by blood vessel occlusion and/or vascular spasm have been found to be associated in both clinical and epidemiological studies. These include hypertension (HPT), Raynaud's phenomenon (RP), migraine (MIG) and coronary artery disease (CAD) [1-5]. Whether these associations a... | 15518590 | PMC529445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:03 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Nov 1; 4:20 |
Background
Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the world [1]. Its incidence varies considerably worldwide [2]. In general, it is a larger problem in developing countries than in industrialized nations, and shows a predilection for urban and lower socioeconomic groups [3,4]. The est... | 15509297 | PMC529446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:55 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Oct 27; 4:28 |
Background
Assessment of cognitive function pertaining to capacity for safe and independent living among elderly patients is a central responsibility of many geriatric medical clinics and service agencies. Specific concerns pertaining to judgments of driving capacity are also befalling upon the medical profession in pr... | 15511302 | PMC529447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2004 Oct 29; 4:10 |
Background
On 5 November 2002, the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) was contacted by a dermatologist at Rikshospitalet, a tertiary care university hospital in Oslo, Norway. He reported several cases of gastro-enteritis in a medical care centre in Argúinegú... | 15511300 | PMC529448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 29; 4:45 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United States with approximately 150,000 cases annually leading to about 57,000 annual deaths [1]. A prospective study of over 900,000 US adults found that, compared to normal weight adults, death rates from CRC were 20% to 84% higher in overweig... | 15533259 | PMC529449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Nov 8; 4:53 |
Background
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the protean autoimmune disorder with strong familial penetrance. Immunologically, SLE is characterized by aberrations in T cell and B cell function [1,2], over-production of autoantibodies directed principally against nuclear antigens [3] as well as other tissue antigens... | 15496230 | PMC529450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Oct 20; 5:37 |
Background
The objective of perineology is to treat each defect of the perineum with the right procedure [1-3]. Pudendal nerve decompression (PND) is theoretically a basic procedure in perineology thanks to its ability to treat the defect "pudendal neuropathy".
Before going into details of this procedure, it is necess... | 15516268 | PMC529451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:03 | no | BMC Surg. 2004 Oct 30; 4:15 |
Background
EMO syndrome is a rare condition seen in patients suffering from hyperthyreosis. It is defined as a triad of exophthalmus, pretibial myxedema and osteoarthropathia occurring in less than 1% of patients suffering from Graves' disease [1]. We here describe an unusual case of EMO syndrome associated with unilat... | 15533248 | PMC529452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2004 Nov 8; 4:17 |
Background
The Cre recombinase from bacteriophage P1 has been widely used to induce DNA sequence-specific recombination in mammalian cells [1]. The enzyme, which catalyzes recombination between 34 nucleotide LoxP sequences during P1 genome replication, has been used in a variety of genetic applications to regulate gene... | 15500682 | PMC529453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Oct 22; 4:25 |
Background
Premature Ovarian Failure (POF) can present as a primary or secondary amenorrhea and is associated with elevated gonadotropins before 40 years of age. POF affects 1% of all women and occurs in 0.1% before the age of 30 years [1]. POF has been associated with karyotype abnormalities, including various X chrom... | 15507143 | PMC529454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2004 Oct 26; 4:8 |
Background
Bioethics is being integrated into healthcare settings more widely and systematically than ever before. In Canada, clinical ethicists are employed in many teaching hospitals and their presence is increasing in community hospitals and long-term care facilities. Although individuals who work in the field come ... | 15533244 | PMC529455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:54 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2004 Nov 8; 5:6 |
Background
The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins represent key elements in insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) actions, transducing pleiotropic effects on cellular function and regulating processes such as metabolism, growth, cell differentiation and survival [1]. At least four members (IRS 1–4) have b... | 15522123 | PMC529456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2004 Nov 2; 2:23 |
Background
Carcinoma of the esophagus is an aggressive malignancy that continues to kill more than 90% of people with the disease within five years [1]. The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is rising faster than any other malignancy [2]. In 2001, there were at least 1,450 deaths due to esophageal cancer in ... | 15447788 | PMC529457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Sep 24; 2:35 |
If you need to know anything basic about Biostatistics and Epidemiology, this book belongs in your library! Unlike most science and technology books – which, I have concluded after nearly 42 years in this business, tend to be written less to teach and communicate information than to impress the reader with how much the... | 0 | PMC529458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Oct 19; 3:36 |
Background
Noninvasive assessment of cerebral vasoregulation is a major challenge in medical diagnostics and post-stroke care. Dynamic autoregulatory mechanisms adapt cerebral perfusion to spontaneous variations in intracranial and systemic pressure within a few heartbeats. Decline of cerebral blood flow that occurs wi... | 15504235 | PMC529459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Oct 25; 3:39 |
Introduction
Respiratory tract infections are commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Extensive antibiotic use for these infections as well as misuse for viral respiratory infections has led to increased penicillin resistance amongst the streptococci [1-6]. Even though there is a very broad description of the patt... | 15509298 | PMC529460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Oct 27; 3:23 |
Background
The application of molecular analysis to identify specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains (TB), in combination with traditional surveillance, has yielded insights into tuberculosis transmission [1]. These insights together with a downward trend in tuberculosis in the United States have resulted in the Ce... | 15479478 | PMC529461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Oct 13; 3:23 |
Background
Geographic Information Systems are beneficial tools in modelling static representations of reality; however they fall short in their ability to handle time. The ability to store, visualize, and analyze both the temporal and spatial dimension of data continues to be a challenging task. Over the past decade, t... | 15533253 | PMC529462 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Nov 8; 3:26 |
Background
Contemporary concepts of health suggest that dental health should be defined in physical, psychological and social well-being terms in relation to dental status [1,2]. That is why Cohen and Jago considered that the greatest contribution of dentistry is to the improvement of quality of life because most oral ... | 15476561 | PMC529463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Oct 12; 2:57 |
Background
Locally advanced colorectal tumors constitutes to about 5 – 22% of all colorectal cancers at the time of presentation [1]. This type of tumor forms a distinct sub class of colorectal tumors characterized by aggressive local behavior in the form of invasion of adjacent organs or structures with somewhat surpr... | 15527504 | PMC529464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:35 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2004 Nov 4; 1:8 |
Combined modality treatment is often administered for locally advanced esophageal cancer [1,2]. Particularly noteworthy are data from Meluch and others from the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network [3]. These investigators published an innovative trial that examined neoadjuvant therapy that consisted of the following: ... | 15533252 | PMC529465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2004 Nov 8; 1:9 |
Background
Totally implantable central venous access devices (intraports) are commonly used in patients with cancer to administer chemotherapy, blood and blood products, antibiotics, parenteral nutrition and to obtain blood samples for laboratory analysis. The catheter is usually placed in the subclavian vein under loc... | 15494075 | PMC529466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Oct 19; 2:36 |
Introduction
Doctors and nurses in government employment are labelled "unproductive", "poorly motivated", "inefficient", "client-unfriendly", "absent" or even "corrupt". These labels are often associated with coping strategies associated with widespread "demotivation", due partly to "unfair public salaries". These are ... | 15509305 | PMC529467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2004 Oct 27; 2:14 |
Introduction
It has been estimated that at least one million annual malaria deaths occur among young children in rural sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Most of these deaths are in areas with little access to health services [1-4]. Under such circumstances, home treatment with chloroquine, antipyretics and traditional remedies... | 15496225 | PMC529468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Oct 20; 3:36 |
Background
Pediatric patients with "recurrent infections" within our area are referred to the pediatric immunology clinic in the Kaplan Medical Center. Few fulfill the clinical criteria of the immune deficiency "red flags", Table 1, and only in a small minority, quantitative or qualitative defects in immunological func... | 15498106 | PMC529469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Oct 21; 5:23 |
Background
Vasectomy techniques have been the subject of relatively few rigorous studies. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [1] noted that more research is needed to compare different methods of vasectomy. Experts have recommended the use of fascial interposition or cautery [1], cautery with clips [2... | 15509302 | PMC529470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Urol. 2004 Oct 27; 4:12 |
Background
Immigrant populations in industrialized nations are on average healthier than their native-born counterparts [1]. However, there is considerable debate surrounding the risk of ischemic heart disease and other related vascular and metabolic conditions among South Asian Indians, both within India and in the co... | 15509299 | PMC529471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:03 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Oct 27; 4:19 |
Over the past several years, there has been growing concern about selective publication of clinical trial results [1,2]. The debate has intensified since New York State Attorney General Elliot Spitzer filed suit against GlaxoSmithKline on June 2, 2004, alleging that the company was hiding data regarding the efficacy an... | 15562322 | PMC531613 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 30; 1(3):e60 |
Introduction
Cellular processes generally involve interactions among 101 to 105 gene products. These interactions can be both biochemical, as in the activation of one protein by another, and mechanical, as in the application of force between bodies. Even when each individual interaction is simple and understood in deta... | 15562315 | PMC532387 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:09 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e412 |
Introduction
A hallmark of pathogens is their ability to manipulate their hosts at both a cellular and organismal level. This exploitation of the host can involve the production of specific toxins, secretion of virulence effectors into host cells via type III and type IV secretion apparatuses, or mimicry of host signal... | 15562316 | PMC532388 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e418 |
Introduction
The “Neanderthals” or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (HN) constitute a group of hominids, whose particular morphology developed in Europe during the last 350,000 y under the effect of selection and genetic drift, reaching its final form approximately 130,000 y ago (Klein 2003). This subgroup of hominids pop... | 15562317 | PMC532389 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e421 |
Introduction
Over a quarter of a century after the discovery of introns, fundamental questions about their function and evolutionary origins remain unanswered. Although intron density differs radically between organisms, the mechanisms by which introns are inserted and deleted from gene loci are not well understood. A ... | 15562318 | PMC532390 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e422 |
Introduction
Aging affects nearly all organisms and is a major risk factor in most human diseases. Recent work has begun to uncover molecular mechanisms that specify lifespan and to identify alterations in cellular physiology that occur at the end of life (Tissenbaum and Guarente 2002). For example, oxidative damage ca... | 15562319 | PMC532391 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e427 |
Introduction
“Pure” autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (AD-HSP) is an inherited disease characterized by bilateral spasticity in the absence of other phenotypes (reviewed in Fink 2003; Reid 2003). Afflicted patients experience difficulty in walking and have a distinctive gait. Degeneration of the lateral ... | 15562320 | PMC532392 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e429 |
Introduction
Viruses within the genus Norovirus (formerly “Norwalk-like viruses”) of the family Caliciviridae are major agents of acute gastroenteritis (Green et al. 2001). Norovirus research, including the development of prevention and control strategies, has been hampered by the failure to grow these viruses in cultu... | 15562321 | PMC532393 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e432 |
Each of the cells in our body is a complex machine. Within each cell, thousands of proteins and other molecules interact to produce the highly organized cellular events that are needed for life. However, there is no cellular line manager telling the individual proteins where to go and what to do. It's rather like an an... | 0 | PMC532394 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e436 |
Norwalk virus and related noroviruses cause a short but unpleasant illness known variously as stomach flu, viral gastroenteritis, and winter-vomiting disease. They are the major causative agent of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. Norwalk virus was first described in 1968 when teachers and pupils at a school in Norwa... | 0 | PMC532395 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:21 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e445 |
When pathogens enter your body, most wind up engulfed (by phagocytes), poisoned (by stomach acids), or flushed out of your system. These defenses kick in when a bacterium's toxic secretions bind to cellular receptors that trigger a chain of events ending in an innate response. A wide variety of cells and chemicals, inc... | 0 | PMC532396 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e446 |
In the 25 years since they were first discovered, introns have puzzled molecular biologists because of their uncertain function and mysterious origin. Introns are non-coding DNA sequences that reside inside a gene, splitting it into discrete units called exons. The resulting disruption of coding sequence continuity wou... | 0 | PMC532397 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:08 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e447 |
After miners unearthed a skull and bones in a Neander Valley cave in Germany in 1856—three years before the publication of On the Origin of Species—the remains were initially described as either those of a “brutish” race or of someone disfigured by disease. As Darwinian evolution caught on, so did the realization that ... | 0 | PMC532398 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e449 |
Long-range communication requires special technology. Although we usually think of nerve cells communicating over distances measured in millimeters, they must also stretch over centimeters and even meters to enable movement and sensation throughout our bodies. In a disorder known as spastic paraplegia, people experienc... | 0 | PMC532399 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e450 |
Four years ago in Science, Stuart Kim, a Stanford developmental biologist, made the case for laying down the broad strokes of a complex physiological process before defining its mechanisms. “A powerful, top-down, holistic approach,” he wrote, “is to identify all of the components of a particular cellular process, so th... | 0 | PMC532400 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 2(12):e451 |
Introduction
The global burden of disease studies point to an alarming increase in the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [1] which is predicted to be one of the major global causes of disability and death in the next decade [2]. COPD is characterized by a range of pathologies from chronic infla... | 15522115 | PMC533858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Nov 2; 5(1):18 |
Backgound
Eosinophils are known to be the important effector cells in asthmatic airway inflammations[1]. Previous studies have demonstrated that eosinophils are accumulated in the peripheral blood, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the airway of the asthmatic patients or the allergen-sensitized animals[2]. Eosinoph... | 15537425 | PMC533859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Nov 10; 5(1):20 |
Background
One of the most common causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is Kallmann syndrome (KS). KS is a genetically heterogeneous condition that affects approximately one in 8000 males and one in 40,000–70,000 females [1-3]. This recent estimate is much higher than the previously estimated prevalence of Kallmann s... | 15500697 | PMC533860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:10 | no | Reprod Health. 2004 Oct 24; 1:5 |
Introduction
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurrent, debilitating, and potentially life threatening illness. Over the last 100 years, the age of onset of major depression has decreased, and its overall incidence has increased in Western countries. The increases in depression, up to 20-fold higher post 1945, can... | 15535884 | PMC533861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:48 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Nov 9; 3:25 |
Introduction
The process of fertilization is characterized by a series of complex set of events. It involves a species-specific interaction between egg and sperm activating a chain of events that leads to formation of zygote, fetus and finally a baby. However, before a spermatozoon can fertilize an oocyte, it must unde... | 15535886 | PMC533862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Nov 9; 2:75 |
Introduction
Gastric cancer is the most frequently diagnosed and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in Korea. For many years, a few single agents such as 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, mitomycin C, and nitrosourea, have been considered to have significant antitumor activity in gastric cancer patients [1]. H... | 15494073 | PMC533863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:09 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2004 Oct 19; 4:6 |
Background
The transcription factor c-Myb is regulating genes involved in proliferation and differentiation during hematopoiesis in vertebrates (reviewed in [1,2]). c-Myb is expressed at high levels in hematopoietic progenitor cells, but becomes down-regulated when the cells reach terminal differentiation. The critical... | 15527501 | PMC533864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | BMC Biochem. 2004 Nov 4; 5:15 |
Background
d-matrix, originally designed with cardiovascular clinical and molecular genetic data in mind, is a generic database front-end that can be used to explore, visualize and analyze different typologies of datasets.
Both the generation and the analysis of genome, transcriptome and proteome data are becoming inc... | 15511298 | PMC533865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 28; 5:168 |
Background
The skin contains a system for producing serotonin as well as serotonin receptors. Serotonin can also cause pruritus when injected into the skin. SSRI-drugs increase serotonin concentrations and are known to have pruritus and other dermal side effects e.g. exanthema, purpura, urticaria and pruritus [1]. In c... | 15522120 | PMC533866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Nov 2; 4:36 |
Background
The advent of large genome projects has led to an explosion of sequence data in public databases. Analysis of protein families, understanding their evolutionary trends and detection of remote homologues are now the primary objectives. Genome annotation and analysis tools like fold prediction, homology modell... | 15509307 | PMC533867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 28; 5:167 |
Background
Expressed sequence tag (EST) collections represent partial descriptions of the transcribed portions of genomes. They are generated from single-pass cDNA library sequencing that is often carried out by small or mid-size sequencing centers and research groups. The research may be aimed at transcriptome express... | 15527510 | PMC533868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 4; 5:176 |
Background
The Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) [1,2], a transmembrane protein of the immunoglobulin super-family, serves as a receptor for adenovirus (Ad) subgroups A, C, D, E and F [3] as well as Coxsackie B viruses (CVB) [4]. CAR is a highly conserved protein with two predominant isoforms, produced through di... | 15533241 | PMC533869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:36 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Nov 8; 5:42 |
Background
Since the initial description of the Drosophila segmentation gene runt over a decade ago [1], a small family of runt domain (RD) genes has been described and extensively analyzed in several species. The 130 amino acid long runt domain is very highly conserved and is readily identifiable computationally. RD t... | 15527507 | PMC533870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Nov 4; 4:43 |
Background
The evolutionary history of prokaryotes includes both horizontal and vertical inheritance of genes [1-3]. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events are of great interest in themselves, for their roles in creating functionally new combinations of genes [4], but they pose problems for investigating the phylogeneti... | 15535883 | PMC533871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Nov 9; 4:44 |
Background
The honey bee, Apis mellifera, occupies a prominent place in biological research due to its social behavior, learning capabilities, haplodiploid mechanism of sex determination, and plasticity in phenotype (caste) and longevity. Thus, it is a model organism for classical and sociogenetic studies. In addition,... | 15527499 | PMC533872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Nov 3; 5:84 |
Background
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used as a simple model for understanding animal biology for nearly four decades. After the sequencing of entire genomes from several metazoans, we are now in an excellent position to take a gene-centric approach to the worm as a model organism. A majority of human... | 15533247 | PMC533873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Nov 8; 5:85 |
Background
Microarray technology has become an important tool for studying gene expression levels on the whole genome scale [1]. One important objective of many microarray studies is to identify differentially expressed genes between different conditions. Despite the effectiveness of the technology, microarray experime... | 15533245 | PMC533874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Nov 8; 5:87 |
Background
The survey is a key method in health services research [1]. The majority of survey questionnaires consist of closed questions where respondents are asked to choose from a fixed number of options. These are considered to be efficient because data are easy to collect, code and analyse [2]. Efficiency is import... | 15533249 | PMC533875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Nov 8; 4:25 |
Background
An important aspect of any trial that should be clearly stated in the final report is the method used to assign treatments (or other interventions) to participants [1]. In the final report of the trial, authors should specify the method of sequence generation, i.e. whether they have used mechanical means, a ... | 15535880 | PMC533876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Nov 9; 4:26 |
Background
Early in the epidemic, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection primarily affected young adults; later on, it occurred with increasing frequency in middle-aged and in older individuals, too. In fact, a rate of 12.3% of AIDS patients aged 50 years or older, with subjects ≥ 60 years equalling 3.2%, has bee... | 15530169 | PMC533877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 6; 4:46 |
Background
Screening for colorectal cancer lessens the risk of dying from that disease [1]. Knowledge of this fact has not solved all the problems related to screening. The optimal modality of screening is still the subject of debate [1-3]. More problematic is the very low participation of the general public in recomme... | 15533242 | PMC533878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 8; 4:76 |
Background
The use of mobile phones is increasing worldwide, although electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones and base stations are a source of great concern. However, so far it is unclear, if non-thermal exposure has a direct influence on public health. French et al. [1] developed a theoretical model, by which... | 15538947 | PMC533879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 11; 4:77 |
Background
Dementia, an acquired persistent impairment of cognitive functioning is an increasingly common problem in Korea, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, functional loss, caregiver burden, and institutionalization [1]. Nevertheless, most patients with dementia are not detected by family memb... | 15527503 | PMC533880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Nov 4; 4:52 |
Background
The neurological consequences of diabetes mellitus in the Central Nervous System (CNS) are now receiving greater attention. Cognitive deficits, along with morphological and neurochemical alterations illustrate that the neurological complications of diabetes are not limited to peripheral neuropathies [1]. The... | 15522116 | PMC533881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Nov 2; 4:16 |
Background
The assessment of problem-solving skills, and specifically diagnostic skills, was once reserved for examination formats such as free-response questions, patient management problems (PMPs) or oral examinations. These evaluation methods, however, are all resource-intensive, thus making it difficult to provide ... | 15530166 | PMC533882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Nov 5; 4:23 |
Background
The term pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) refers to a range of disorders with onset in childhood characterised by abnormalities in the domains of language development, communication abilities and social interactions and by a rigid, repetitive pattern of behaviours and interests [1]. Within PDDs, autism... | 15535890 | PMC533883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:34 | no | BMC Med. 2004 Nov 9; 2:39 |
Background
Treatment of low back pain in the military setting: a 'minimal intervention approach'
For the last ten years, clinical researchers from the Royal Netherlands Army (RNLA) have studied the potential of physical training modalities in preventing and alleviating nonspecific low back pain (LBP) in their working p... | 15535881 | PMC533884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Nov 9; 5:40 |
Background
The global AIDS epidemic has proceeded relentlessly for ≈ 24 years with no promising prophylactic intervention in sight. In 2003 there were 5 million new HIV infections, and 3 million AIDS deaths [1]. To date the number of individuals living with HIV-1 infection/AIDS has reached 40 million, and ≈ 30 million ... | 15485580 | PMC533885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 14; 4:41 |
Background
Mental fatigue with reduced capacity for attention, concentration, and learning, as well as subsequent disturbance of short-term memory, is a common symptom in diseases with general or patchy neuroinflammation, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Ahlzheimer's and Parkinson... | 15527505 | PMC533886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Nov 4; 1:22 |
Background
Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) are signs or symptoms attributable to tissue damage at sites that are remote from a primary malignancy or their metastases. PNS involving virtually every level of the neuro-muscular system have been described [1-3]. Typically, the paraneoplastic syndromes causing neurologic dis... | 15537431 | PMC534089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2004 Nov 10; 1:11 |
Introduction
This paper identifies the major challenges faced and the lessons learned in addressing them by the collaborative research groups involved in developing and conducting a large, multi-national case-control study of acute leukemia among children in areas of the former Soviet Union (FSU) that were most heavily... | 15533260 | PMC534090 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Environ Health. 2004 Nov 8; 3:12 |
Background
There are 9.6 M cancer survivors in the US today, and 61% are age 65 or older [1]. Over the next 50 years, the number of elderly cancer survivors is expected to double [2]. Unfortunately, these individuals are at greater risk for other cancers, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, and functional d... | 15516261 | PMC534091 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:47 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004 Oct 29; 1:16 |
Background
During HIV-1 infection, an increase in DC-SIGN and CD40 has been reported, as has a decrease in the expression of CD80 and CD86 in dendritic cells (DCs) of lymphoid tissue [1]. Although some suggest that HIV-1 infection reduces the production of IL-12 by DCs,[2] others have shown that DCs derived from HIV-1-... | 15518595 | PMC534092 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Nov 1; 1:37 |
Introduction
During the past decades many methods and factors have been proposed as good prognostic tools or markers for cardiovascular risk stratification. However, even with the most sophisticated stress testing procedures the prediction capability still remains imperfect [1]. Previous studies have shown that atheros... | 15500685 | PMC534093 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Oct 22; 2:21 |
Background
Self-completed postal questionnaires are an economical and simple method of data collection for both research studies and audit activity. They are cheaper than telephone or personal interviews [1] and may be particularly useful in medical research as the response rate to sensitive questions may be greater th... | 15533256 | PMC534094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Nov 8; 4:30 |
Background
We are interested in understanding how Specificity proteins (Sp) govern extracellular matrix deposition during bone formation. The Sp proteins are a family of transcription factors with three zinc-fingers that bind GC-boxes and assist the further binding of the multiprotein complex TFIID promoting the initia... | 15533246 | PMC534095 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Nov 8; 5:86 |
Background
Why a design article?
Publishing the design of the trial has several advantages. It may prevent publication bias [1]. A study producing positive results seems more likely to be published than a study that reports no or negative results [2,3]. Also, the study can be included in systematic reviews because data... | 15535882 | PMC534096 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Nov 9; 5:39 |
Background
One of the promises of comparative genomics is to annotate previously undetectable functional signals in genomic sequence, by identifying and characterising evolutionarily conserved elements. A principled way to extract such signals is by fitting the data to probabilistic models of the molecular evolutionary... | 15507142 | PMC534097 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 26; 5:166 |
Background
The discovery of novel transcription factor binding sites in regulatory sequences of genes has been an important scientific challenge for some years now. Computational approaches to this problem have come in two flavors. One class of methods looks for overrepresented motifs in sequences that are believed to ... | 15511292 | PMC534098 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 28; 5:170 |
Background
Many of the hopes for achieving clinical benefits of genomic medicine will hinge on the ability to develop an efficient specimen conduit from clinic to laboratory. Quantitative gene expression studies have created unprecedented tissue collection and handling challenges. In particular, the rapid degeneration ... | 15537428 | PMC534099 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Nov 10; 5:88 |
Background
Although it is clear that elevated concentrations of endogenous glucocorticoids can cause apoptosis in the thymus [1-3], the role of normal concentrations of glucocorticoids in thymic homeostasis remains controversial [4-7]. Results reported by Ashwell and colleagues suggest glucocorticoids are essential at ... | 15522118 | PMC534100 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Immunol. 2004 Nov 2; 5:24 |
Background
Leishmaniasis is endemic in several parts of the world, with a global prevalence of over 12 million cases and 1.5–2 million new cases emerging every year [1]. The infection is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, transmitted through the bite of the sand fly vector. Several Leishmania specie... | 15546498 | PMC534101 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 17; 4:50 |
Background
The organisms in a log phase, actively multiplying culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis all grow well on plates and are estimated as colony forming units (cfu). However, cultures that have been grown undisturbed in the depths of liquid medium for 100 days contain a majority population which grows in liquid ... | 15548322 | PMC534102 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 17; 4:51 |
Background
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyses triglycerides (TG) in circulating lipoproteins [1,2]. This is a necessary first step in catabolism of the TG-rich lipoproteins as evidenced by the massive hypertriglyceridemia in patients with genetic deficiency of the enzyme [3]. Fine-tuned regulation of LPL activity is a... | 15527497 | PMC534103 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2004 Nov 3; 5:17 |
Background
Despite some promising early results, gene therapy does not, as yet, live up to expectation [1]. The main stumbling block remains gene delivery, and all advances in the control of gene expression and selection of therapeutic genes are hampered by inefficient gene transfection. Hence the development of a safe... | 15546484 | PMC534104 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 16; 4:81 |
Background
The growth of a fetus in an undernourished intrauterine environment is considered to result in adaptive fetal programming or metabolic imprinting with pathophysiologic consequences later in life [1-4]. It is contended that low birth weight at term (<2500 g), a surrogate for impaired gestational environment, ... | 15527498 | PMC534105 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Nov 3; 4:22 |
Background
Research on pain in infants has progressed considerably over the past twenty years. The nature and frequency of procedural pain in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is now understood [1], many measures have been developed for assessment of acute pain in the NICU [2] and many pain interventions have now... | 15541179 | PMC534106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Nov 12; 4:23 |
Background
Suicide is an important public health problem that is among the leading causes of death in Western countries [1]. Over the last years, the relationship between suicide and mental disorders has been the focus of several studies and has generated important debate [2]. This relationship has been investigated by... | 15527502 | PMC534107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:00 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Nov 4; 4:37 |
Background
With the recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a newly discovered infectious disease, the importance of primary infection control measures have been highlighted [1,2]. Routine handwashing with soap and water has been cited by the World Health Organization (WHO) as being "the most impo... | 15518593 | PMC534108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Nov 1; 4:50 |
Background
It is known that assessment of bronchial responsiveness incorporating measurements of forced expiration can be problematic because of limited co-operation and fatigue and dizziness due to repeated forced expiratory manoeuvres. In addition, a deep inspiration, as it is required during an FEV1 (Forced Expirato... | 15541173 | PMC534109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:10 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2004 Nov 12; 4:11 |
Background
Dupuytren's disease (DD) is a fibro-proliferative disorder of the palmar fascia (PF) characterized by the formation of fibrous nodules and cords [1]. The disease results in digital contractures, leading to loss of hand function. Surgical excision of the diseased PF is currently the principal form of manageme... | 15541177 | PMC534110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Nov 12; 5:41 |
Background
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired, neuromuscular, autoimmune disease that presents clinically with weakness and fatigue of the skeletal muscles. The disorder is characterized by a decrease of the number of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular plates, due to an autoimmune process mediated by antib... | 15546494 | PMC534111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Nov 16; 5:42 |
Background
The use of recombinant proteins as drugs has deeply modified the therapeutic approach to many severe diseases. However, a variety of practical problems limits the use of biotechnological protein drugs. Stability of the active proteins, need for parenteral administration, and high costs of the final purified ... | 15516267 | PMC534112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Oct 30; 4:27 |
Background
The impact of infertility on the psychological well being of couples involved has been the object of increasing attention in recent years. It cannot be denied that infertility is a deeply distressing experience for many couples [1]. In latter part of twentieth century, psychogenic cause was an accepted topic... | 15530170 | PMC534113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2004 Nov 6; 4:9 |
Background
Ligand stimulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the three other members of the EGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4) results in tyrosine autophosphorylation, recruitment of signaling proteins, and activation of distinct complement of signaling pathways that r... | 15550174 | PMC534114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2004 Nov 18; 2:24 |
Background
The immune system is composed of a multiplicity of individual cell types that derive from a relatively small number of immuno-hematopoietic progenitors that undergo complex developmental and exposure-driven differentiation and activation. Cell-type specific gene expression is driven to a large measure by com... | 15504237 | PMC534115 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Oct 25; 5:82 |
Background
The human uterine cervix undergoes biochemical changes resulting in softening, effacement and dilatation during pregnancy and labor. This remodeling, or ripening, is a prerequisite for parturition [1]. It is characterized by inflammatory events, such as extravasation of neutrophils and macrophages [2,3] and ... | 15500686 | PMC534613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Oct 22; 2:74 |
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