text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020008
In PLoS Pathogens, vol 2, issue 1:
The data upon which Figures 1 and 2 are based had not been deposited in a publicly available repository at the time of publication. Readers can now access the data at Genbank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide). The access... | 0 | PMC1483238 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e64 |
According to the innate immunity concept [1], animals defend themselves from microbes by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. To detect many Gram-negative bacteria, animals use the CD14–MD-2–TLR4 receptor mechanism to recognize the lipid A moiety of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Lipid A is a gl... | 16846256 | PMC1483240 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e67 |
Background
Retroviral vectors carrying the envelope protein of amphotropic murine leukemia virus (A-MLV) are some of the most widely used retroviral vector pseudotypes in gene therapy trials. Achievement of controlled but efficient gene delivery will, however, depend on a detailed insight into virus biology. We have pr... | 16579862 | PMC1483818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Apr 2; 3:21 |
Background
The genus Bothrops (family Viperidae) comprises several species of pit vipers inhabiting the American continent from Mexico to Argentina [1]. Bothrops atrox species are responsible for the majority of snakebite accidents in the Brazilian Amazon region [2]. In humans, Bothrops atrox envenomation causes local ... | 16689994 | PMC1483819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 May 11; 4:11 |
Background
The mobility of phosphorus (P) in the shallow subsurface is a matter of critical importance and considerable complexity. Its importance stems from the fact that P, an essential nutrient for all plant and animal life, is often in short supply. Agricultural fertilizers and other soil amendments, such as minera... | 16768791 | PMC1483820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Geochem Trans. 2006 Jun 12; 7:6 |
Background
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are pluripotent cells with the ability to differentiate along osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages [1]. MSC, first described by Friedenstein [2], have also been denoted as mesenchymal progenitor cells, fibroblast colony-forming units, colony-forming unit-fibroblasts ... | 16573842 | PMC1483821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Mar 31; 2:8 |
Background
Growth hormone (GH) is essential for the regulation of body composition, nutrient metabolism, extra-cellular fluid volume, lean and fat mass, maintenance of muscle mass and strength, myocardial structure and function [1-5].
In the majority of the patients with adult-onset and/or congenital growth hormone de... | 16507109 | PMC1483822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2006 Feb 28; 6:1 |
Background
Laparoscopy can be associated with a risk of visceral damage during primary trocar insertion (1). This is particularly so in oncology cases where there are likely to be adhesions and peritoneal malignancy. Microendoscopes work by transmitting light through fiberoptic bundles rather than the rigid lens-based ... | 16584567 | PMC1483823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Apr 3; 3:9 |
Introduction
NMR spectroscopy is one of the most frequently employed methods used for determining the enantiomeric purity of chiral compounds, based on the formation of diastereomeric complexes or derivatives [1]. Among these methods, 31P is a very attractive nucleus to be used for NMR analysis because of the large che... | 16566844 | PMC1483824 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:53 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Mar 28; 2:6 |
My aim in this paper is to ask, is Secular Humanism compatible with so-called Scientific Psychiatry, and show that it is not.
The web site of the Council for Secular Humanism states: "Secular humanists reject authoritarian beliefs. They affirm that we must take responsibility for our own lives and the communities and ... | 16759353 | PMC1483825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 Apr 25; 1:5 |
Background
Unplanned extubation (UE) is a life-threatening event, and in recent years has been a focus of continuous quality improvement (CQI) programs [1-7]. While CQI programs and research have improved the care of the intubated patient, relatively little attention has been given to experimental comparisons between m... | 16723027 | PMC1483826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:10 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2006 May 24; 6:7 |
Background
The parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis (syn. lamblia, duodenalis) is a common cause of water-borne diarrhoeal disease, particularly in the developing world. G. intestinalis's infective ingenuity stems from its ability to switch between two morphologically distinct states: an externally protected, inert... | 16707026 | PMC1483827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:18 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 May 18; 6:45 |
Background
Some literature reviews and research studies have suggested that immunological responses to frequent challenge from helminth parasites and other pathogens may be influencing rates of infection by HIV and/or progression to AIDS in developing countries [1,2]. Furthermore, it is likely that the efficacy of anti... | 16725057 | PMC1483828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:20 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 May 26; 6:88 |
Introduction
Oxidative damage has been suggested to be the primary cause of aging and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). This concept is based on the free radical hypothesis of aging as proposed by Harman [1]. Many reviews on... | 16674804 | PMC1483829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:49 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 May 4; 2:15 |
Background
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive lymphoproliferative disorder that occurs in individuals infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) [1-3]. HTLV-1 causes ATL in 3–5% of infected individuals after a long latent period of 40–60 years [4]. The prognosis of ATL patients remains poor wit... | 16603085 | PMC1483830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | yes | Retrovirology. 2006 Apr 9; 3:22 |
A word of thanks
As of this writing, Retrovirology has completed a little more than 24 months of continuous publishing. The journal has published 156 articles or roughly 6 articles per month, all in Open Access format. Since retrovirus research is a subsector of all virus research and Retrovirology considers only basic... | 0 | PMC1483831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 May 31; 3:30 |
Background
Banded iron formations started appearing ~3,700 million years ago when localized sea floor cyanobacterial photosynthesis raised oxygen concentrations high enough that dissolved iron precipitated. That iron powered the industrial revolution. The Soudan Iron Mine in Minnesota, USA was active from 1884 to 1962,... | 16549033 | PMC1483832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 20; 7:57 |
Background
Inheritance of a truncating mutation of the breast cancer predisposition gene BRCA1 has been reported to carry a lifetime risk of breast cancer of between 50 and 80%, with age at onset of first malignancy varying from the 2nd to the 8th decade [1,2]. Clinical studies indicate that BRCA1 mutation carriers can... | 16563154 | PMC1483833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:18 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 24; 6:80 |
Background
The sensation transition-zone for fusion
A well established psychophysical effect is the change in sensation when repetition-rate is increased to the point where previously-sensed "individual stimuli" become "fused". In vision, flashed "stop-action" becomes a "movie" at higher flash-rates, while in audition,... | 16504094 | PMC1483834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Feb 23; 7:18 |
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) white matter mediated by an autoimmune process, whose development is triggered by a complex interplay of both genetic and environmental factors [1]. Administration of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) induced acute rel... | 16709257 | PMC1483835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:18 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 May 19; 6:18 |
Background
Potentially work-related upper limb disorders remain diagnostic challenges when the standard physical examination cannot identify well-described clinical conditions [1]. In many patients the character of pain and the accompanying subjective motor and sensory disturbances suggest a peripheral nerve-involvemen... | 16504144 | PMC1483836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:18 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Feb 27; 6:10 |
Background
Asthma affects 300 million people worldwide [1], with increasing prevalence in Western Europe and the USA in particular. International guidelines stipulate goals for optimising asthma management, such as preventing chronic symptoms, minimising exacerbations and emergency care, minimising the use of rescue β2... | 16772035 | PMC1483837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:19 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Jun 13; 6:13 |
Background
Genes usually do not act individually but form functional or structure organizations, exemplified by metabolic pathways. As metabolic pathways are essential to the survival of organisms, and their evolution has been under debate for more than half a century [1], a combined phylogenetic and phenetic analysis ... | 16684350 | PMC1483838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:19 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 9; 7:252 |
Background
The functions of a protein are determined by its three dimensional structure. It is believed that the functional space of all proteins can be spanned by combining a rather small number of structural units, termed folds. The number of different folds is small compared to the total number of proteins, of the o... | 16674828 | PMC1483839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:19 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 4; 7:242 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is a major public health concern among Western female populations. In 2004 breast cancer was the most common form of malignancy diagnosed in females in the USA and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in women [1]. The great majority of these deaths are related to complications caused... | 16563182 | PMC1483843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:53 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Mar 21; 8(2):R16 |
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and lethal cancer in Asia and Africa. The development of HCC is a multi-factor in etiology, multi-step and multi-gene involvement in carcinogenesis and progression. A broad spectrum of genes have been involved in HCC development related to their gen... | 16646990 | PMC1483895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 29; 6:109 |
Background
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a tumor of the pleura mainly caused by exposure to asbestos fibers. MPM diagnosis regards about 2500 persons every year in the United States [1] and the prognosis is poor despite the therapies currently used, including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Because of the ... | 16704740 | PMC1483896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 17; 6:130 |
Background
Biliary tract cancers are rare in North America, with approximately 8,000 new cases diagnosed in 2003 [1]. However, bile duct carcinoma (BDca) and gallbladder carcinoma (GBca) are not rare in northern Japan [2], Taiwan [3], and South Korea [4]. In Japan, these malignancies are the sixth leading cause of canc... | 16677397 | PMC1483897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 6; 6:121 |
Background
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) develops from the parafollicular C cells in the thyroid gland and occurs sporadically as well as in the hereditary syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). The gene responsible for MEN2 is the RET protooncogene, located at chromosome 10q11.2 [1,2]. Patients with ... | 16707008 | PMC1483898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 17; 6:131 |
Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world, with a per capita gross national product of US$240. Nearly 40% of the 25 million people living in Nepal do so on less than a dollar a day [
1]. About 90% of the population lives in rural areas. The high-intensity (more than 1,000 deaths per year) conflict between the ... | 16792433 | PMC1483907 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 4; 3(7):e203 |
Introduction
Rapid scale-up of HIV care programs is ongoing in Africa, driven by ambitious targets set by the World Health Organization in 2003 and accompanied by the simultaneous need to intensify HIV prevention [
1,
2]. HIV counselling and testing is a key component of both care and prevention, but has so far reached... | 16796402 | PMC1483908 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 4; 3(7):e238 |
The provision of HIV treatment and care in resource-limited settings is expanding rapidly. Health-worker training is one of many factors critical to the rapid scale-up of high-quality care [
1–6]. Large numbers of health workers require HIV training; yet, few countries have a comprehensive training plan, a clear assess... | 16792434 | PMC1483909 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 4; 3(7):e304 |
Introduction
Lung cancer is the leading cause (28%) of cancer deaths worldwide [
1,
2] and accounted for 163,500 new cases of cancer in the United States in 2004 [
2]. Compared with the other major cancers—breast, colorectal, and prostate—it has seen only modest improvements in its survival rates and clinical outcome u... | 16800721 | PMC1483910 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 4; 3(7):e232 |
Introduction
AIDS can be considered the first media disease. Since its discovery in 1981, HIV infection has had a constant presence in the public eye. Its obscure origin and lethality, the fact that celebrities were affected by the disease, and its initial relationship with homosexuality, drug abuse, or racial origin m... | 16796404 | PMC1483911 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 4; 3(7):e256 |
Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that spread in 2003 and 2004 from the Guangdong province of southern China to 32 countries in Asia, Europe, and North America, resulting in over 8,000 cases and 774 deaths [
1,
2]. The main epidemic was stopped in late 200... | 16796401 | PMC1483912 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 4; 3(7):e237 |
Introduction
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects nearly one-third of the world's population, and 8 to 10 million infected persons progress to active tuberculosis (TB) each year [
1]. Despite the existence of effective drug treatment, TB causes approximately 2 million deaths annually [
1]. Efforts to treat patients with... | 16796403 | PMC1483913 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 4; 3(7):e241 |
Introduction
Hak'achu is the Quechua name for the Andean flicker (Colaptes rupicola) in Ccachín, an agropastoral community in the southern Peruvian highlands. The bird is found primarily in high, rocky pastures and is known for the holes it bores in cliffs and abandoned adobe walls [1]. Other Quechua names for the bird... | 16677398 | PMC1484469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 May 6; 2:23 |
Background
In the last years the knowledge about the effects of hypoxia on different organ systems showed a remarkable increase. Most efforts were made to understand the actions of hypoxia in the central nervous system, in the regulation of blood flow, in the sensing of oxygen levels in chemoreceptors of the carotid bo... | 16579848 | PMC1484470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Mar 31; 2:12 |
Introduction
Although tension-type headache is the most common type of primary headache, its pathophysiology is poorly understood. The best documented abnormality in patients with tension type headache is increased pericranial myofascial tenderness [1,2]. Pericranial tenderness has been shown to be positively associate... | 16725028 | PMC1484471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 May 25; 2:15 |
Background
Individuals belonging to the same family share a number of genetic as well as environmental factors like common physical environment, socioeconomic position, dietary habits, familial attitudes and health believes, etc. Such circumstances may condition a common level of systolic blood pressure (SBP) that may ... | 16509973 | PMC1484472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 1; 7:14 |
Background
A wide variety of environmental pollutants occur in surface waters, including estuarine and marine waters. Many of these contaminants are recognised as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and include substances of very different chemical property such as therapeutic agents, alkylphenols, dioxins, pesticide... | 16573822 | PMC1484473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Mar 30; 5:9 |
Introduction
Knowledge of medium effects on thermodynamics in concentrated solutions is fundamentally important to the thermodynamic modeling in many fields ranging from experimental systems in aqueous solutions to hydrothermal ore deposits of the natural systems. In two recent, detailed reviews [1,2], several models w... | 16759370 | PMC1484474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Geochem Trans. 2006 May 23; 7:4 |
Background
Despite the growing availability of evidence-based medicine (EBM) training programs for practicing physicians and increasing emphasis on EBM in medical student and resident education, research indicates that even those clinicians who are most enthusiastic about EBM generally rely more on traditional informat... | 16542453 | PMC1484475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:59 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Mar 16; 6:16 |
Background
The age structure of the US population is making an unprecedented shift towards growing proportions aged 65 and older. The number of Americans aged 65 and older grew from 3.1 million in 1900 to 35.3 million in 2001[1]. This corresponded to a growth from 4% of the population in 1990 to 12.4% in 2001. With the... | 16722525 | PMC1484476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Mar 29; 1:8 |
Background
On 27 July 2003, the Greek tanker Tasman Spirit, carrying 67000 tons of Iranian light crude oil from Iran to Pakistan, ran aground before entering the harbor channel at the Karachi port, Pakistan. About two weeks later, on the night between 13 and 14 August 2003, the ship broke apart and released its cargo i... | 16584541 | PMC1484477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:19 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 3; 6:84 |
Background
For comparative cross-cultural studies, adoption of diagnostic systems from other cultures should be validated to make sure validation and applicability of the instrument. This makes an objective and replicable diagnostic system. There are many diagnostic systems in other countries. Unfortunately there is no... | 16539703 | PMC1484478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Mar 15; 6:10 |
Introduction
Several aspects of nonlinear dynamics have been explored in physics and medical engineering in recent years [1]. Descriptions of linear and nonlinear systems, fractal geometry, and neural networks are all relevant to the study of oncological problems. The complexity of biological processes is associated wi... | 16571144 | PMC1484479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2006 Mar 30; 4:2 |
Background
In the mammalian airway, mucus secreted by the epithelium and submucosal glands provides a defensive barrier between the outside environment and the airways. Mucus traps, neutralizes, and eliminates inhaled irritants, pollutants, and pathogens. Unfortunately, conditions that provoke overexpression of gel-for... | 16504136 | PMC1484480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 25; 7(1):35 |
Background
There is strong evidence that maternal smoking during pregnancy is harmful to fetal development. Tobacco smoke constituents pass placenta and reduce intrauterine fetal growth and increases the risk of preterm delivery [1]. There is also accumulating evidence that maternal smoking in pregnancy may influence t... | 16569224 | PMC1484481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 28; 7(1):48 |
Background
Gene expression analysis has become increasingly important in biological research where e.g. gene expression profiles from tissues associated with diseases and disorders have to be compared with each other and with those from normal tissues. One of the most powerful tools in this area is real-time quantitati... | 16643647 | PMC1484482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:19 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Apr 27; 6:24 |
Background
Paediatric tuberculosis (TB) has long been neglected despite annual estimated morbidity of over 880,000 cases globally [1,2]. This partly reflects a global strategy (DOTS) focused upon transmission reduction in which children are deemed to play a small part and partly the notorious difficulty of diagnosing t... | 16595008 | PMC1484483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 4; 6:67 |
Background
There is a hundred year-old history of control of malaria in African urban enviroment [1]. However, increasing attention is being devoted to this issue as a result of the rapid growth of cities and the fact that by 2025, more than 50% of the people in Africa are expected to be living in urban centres [2]. De... | 16573843 | PMC1484484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Mar 31; 5:27 |
Background
Prompt and effective treatment of malaria remains a challenge for malaria control programmes. From the moment a patient experiences the first symptoms of malaria to the point when the disease has been cured, many potential barriers have to be overcome. These include delays in recognition of symptoms and trea... | 16700903 | PMC1484485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 May 15; 5:40 |
Background
Recent advances in genomic and proteomic research focused on the identification of new cancer biomarkers have led to an emphasis on biomarker validation through translational studies. These types of studies have generated a need for biorepositories capable of providing large numbers of quality-controlled tis... | 16677389 | PMC1484486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:19 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 5; 6:120 |
Background
Recent scientific research trends toward systems biology have brought new life to theoretical cancer research [1]. Mathematical models of cancer relevant processes, rare in the past [2,3], have now become common [4-7], and some appear to have predictive capabilities [8,9]. The ultimate goal is to use such mo... | 16638124 | PMC1484487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:20 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 25; 6:104 |
Background
The 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps has drawn attention once again to one of humanity's darker hours. Medicine and nursing in the Nazi era continue to draw attention and reflection, in part because they demand that we as humans examine who we are and why we believe we matte... | 16536874 | PMC1484488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:00 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Mar 14; 7:2 |
Background
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen causing ventilator associated pneumonia, bacteraemia and sepsis in the critically ill. Several strains exhibiting multi-drug resistance have been associated with ongoing outbreaks of infection in intensive care units in London and the So... | 16630352 | PMC1484489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Apr 21; 5:10 |
Background
In prostate cancer (PCa), malignancy develops mainly from the glandular epithelium of the prostate gland peripheral zone. A major and persistent characteristic that distinguishes normal prostate tissue from malignant prostate tissue is the extraordinarily high citrate content of the former versus the low cit... | 16595004 | PMC1484490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Apr 4; 5:14 |
Introduction
Healthy life expectancy or health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) is a form of health expectancy indicator which summarizes total life expectancy in terms of equivalent years of full health by taking into account the prevalence and severity distributions of health states in the population [1]. In the World... | 16620383 | PMC1484491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Apr 18; 4:4 |
Background
Decades after the idea of a molecular clock was first broached[1], the weight of evidence suggests that rate heterogeneity, not rate constancy, is the norm in molecular evolution (reviewed in [2,3]) and that an exact molecular clock will not be found. Nevertheless, an approximate clock can be established for... | 16638138 | PMC1484492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Apr 25; 6:36 |
Background
During the past five years a number of reports have appeared indicating that protists acquire genes via LGT [1-4]. Recently, phylogenomic analyses of the complete genome sequences of Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium parvum indicated that several genes of these human parasites, including some key met... | 16551352 | PMC1484493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 21; 6:27 |
Background
De novo prediction of protein three-dimensional (3D) structure from the primary sequence remains a fundamental and extraordinarily challenging problem [1]. Contact maps, or similar distance restraints have been proposed as intermediate steps between the primary sequence and the 3D structure (e.g. in [2-4]), ... | 16573808 | PMC1484494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:20 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 30; 7:180 |
Introduction
The marine cyanobacteria
Prochlorococcus and
Synechococcus are the smallest and most numerous photosynthetic cells in the oceans [
1,
2]. The abundances of cyanophages (cyanobacterial viruses) that infect these marine cyanobacteria vary over spatial [
3–
6] and temporal scales [
4,
7]—patterns shaped by th... | 16802857 | PMC1484495 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 4(8):e234 |
Among the wealth of microbial organisms inhabiting marine environments, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are the most abundant photosynthetic cells.
Prochlorococcus and
Synechococcus, the two most common cyanobacteria, account for 30% of global carbon fixation (through the photosynthetic process in which sugars are man... | 20076620 | PMC1484496 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 4(8):e264 |
Introduction
In instrumental conditioning an animal or human learns to increase the frequency of a response that leads to a rewarding outcome or else leads to avoidance of an aversive outcome. Psychological accounts of instrumental conditioning have, since the law of effect, held that receipt of a rewarding outcome in ... | 16802856 | PMC1484497 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 4(8):e233 |
Introduction
Sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes occurs by a well-conserved mechanism that depends on cohesins, protein complexes that bind to multiple sites on chromosome arms but are highly enriched at centromeres. At the heart of cohesins are tripartite SMC-kleisin complexes that form ring-like structures (see [... | 16802858 | PMC1484498 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 4(8):e242 |
Over the long course of life's history, the appearance of a new function in an organism may be accompanied by a new protein. But, more often, the work is done by an old one that adds a new role to its repertoire. Such proteins are likely to be found in a wide variety of organisms, reflecting their ancient lineage and c... | 20076621 | PMC1484499 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 4(8):e266 |
For my now-departed, wonderful old cat named Bear, life didn't get any better than raw shrimp. Seeing the little white package emerge from the fridge always caught his attention, but what set him into high-shriek mode was the sound of shrimp being peeled under running water—he knew culinary bliss was at hand. Bear's be... | 20076615 | PMC1484500 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 4(8):e247 |
In PLoS Computational Biology, vol 2, issue 3: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020021
Contributing author Blake Meyers' name and institution should appear:
Blake C. Meyers, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
Citation: (2006) Correction: Spatiot... | 0 | PMC1484580 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e67 |
Introduction
The adaptive immune response.
The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other foreign agents. The first line of defense is innate immunity, rapid nonspecific responses that allow recognition of conserved signature structures present in many microorganisms, such as lipopolys... | 16846250 | PMC1484584 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e71 |
Introduction
Gene duplication is the major source of biological innovation and diversity as it provides the necessary conditions for the appearance of new or more specialized protein functions [1]. In eukaryotic genomes, there are two major mechanisms through which coding gene regions duplicate: retrotransposition and ... | 16846249 | PMC1484586 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:38 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e76 |
Phylogenomic inference of protein (or gene) function attempts to address the question, “What function does this protein perform?” in an evolutionary context. As originally outlined by Jonathan Eisen [1–3], phylogenomic inference of protein function is a multistep process involving selection of homologs, multiple sequen... | 16846248 | PMC1484587 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e77 |
Introduction
Quantitative modeling of biological processes is becoming increasingly important as the processes we seek to understand become more and more complicated. The necessity for quantitative modeling is especially compelling when the process of interest displays spatiotemporal pattern formation, such as the osci... | 16846247 | PMC1484588 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e80 |
To see one of our own at the helm of a major university is unquestionably inspirational. And for those of us with two X chromosomes, perhaps even more so. I tried to imagine myself in the role of laboratory Cinderella: plucked from the work-a-day world of robocyclers and biohazard waste to a realm of literati, artists,... | 16846253 | PMC1484589 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e82 |
Introduction
A hallmark of land plant evolution has been development of the leaf. Leaves are the principal organ for capture of energy from sunlight and conversion, through photosynthesis, into organic components for growth. In angiosperms, leaves are typically planar, dorsoventrally flattened structures. Dorsoventrali... | 16846251 | PMC1484593 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e89 |
In PLoS Genetics, vol 2, issue 4, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020053
In the Supporting Information section, the sentence “The GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) accession numbers for the sequence discussed in this paper are HVS1 (AY72095-AY721592)” should be “The GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) accession num... | 0 | PMC1484598 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e95 |
Introduction
Germ cell chromatin undergoes many dynamic remodeling events during gametogenesis and upon fertilization. In mammalian spermatogenesis, S phase histones are replaced by histone variants. The histone variants are then sequentially replaced by transition proteins and protamines, resulting in highly condensed... | 16846252 | PMC1484599 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e97 |
In PLoS Genetics, vol 2, issue 3: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020035
Table 1 was incomplete. The full table is printed below.
Table 1 Genes Whose Deletion Affects Telomere Length and Their Interaction with Telomerase Pathway
Citation: (2006) Correction: Telomere length as a quantitative trait: Genome-wide survey ... | 0 | PMC1484601 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e104 |
Introduction
Biofilms are microbial communities that are associated with solid surfaces. Most bacteria and fungi exist predominantly in such communities in nature, and they form the basis for numerous interactions that affect human health. Cells in a biofilm display phenotypes that are distinct from their free-living c... | 16839200 | PMC1487173 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jul 7; 2(7):e63 |
Introduction
Treatment of HIV-1-infected individuals with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can reduce plasma virus levels to below the limit of detection of ultra-sensitive clinical assays [1–3]. However, even in the setting of optimal treatment, replication-competent HIV-1 persists in resting CD4+ T cells ... | 16839202 | PMC1487174 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:34 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jul 7; 2(7):e68 |
Introduction
Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a severe childhood disease responsible for high mortality rates before the introduction of effective vaccines in the second half of the 20th century. The success of these vaccines has led to the opinion that the disease is essentially under control, although worldwide 200,0... | 16839199 | PMC1487175 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jul 7; 2(7):e65 |
Introduction
Lymphotoxin-α (LTA) is a cytokine produced by all cells in the body in response to tissue injury, and it plays an important role in regulation of the immune system and local inflammatory response [1]. LTA and tumour necrosis factor share a common receptor that controls the expression of vascular endothelia... | 16839190 | PMC1487176 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 7; 2(7):e107 |
Introduction
Conserved signaling cascades activated by insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are critical to the normal development, growth, and physiology of many organisms. In mice, insulin signaling regulates embryonic growth and glucose uptake [1], and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling regulat... | 16839187 | PMC1487177 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 7; 2(7):e99 |
Introduction
In the human, as well as in other eukaryotes, sites of recombination are not randomly distributed along the chromosomes because of the presence of numerous hot-spots and cold-spots of recombination [1]. Little is known about the rules that govern the distribution of recombination events, although age, sex,... | 16839189 | PMC1487178 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 7; 2(7):e101 |
Introduction
The postembryonic developmental program of plants is extraordinarily flexible and can change dramatically in response to many environmental factors. Examples of such variables are light quantity (day length), light quality (red–far-red ratio), vernalization (exposure to winter temperatures for several week... | 16839183 | PMC1487179 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 7; 2(7):e106 |
Introduction
A “head-to-head” or “bidirectional” gene pair describes a genomic locus in which two adjacent genes are divergently transcribed from opposite strands of DNA, and the region between two transcription start sites (TSSs) is commonly designated as a putative bidirectional promoter [1, 2] (see Figure 1 for the ... | 16839196 | PMC1487180 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:38 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 7; 2(7):e74 |
Introduction
Understanding the evolution of proteins is an intriguing but challenging problem in molecular biology [1–12], which in many regards is vital to the progress in the field. One of the puzzling observations about the zoo of known protein structures, which emerge as the direct result of evolution, is the limit... | 16839198 | PMC1487181 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:39 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 7; 2(7):e85 |
Introduction
The study of associations between two biomolecules (e.g., proteins, RNA, or DNA) is essential in understanding molecular recognition and function. A standard paradigm, which has been successfully applied for many enzyme proteins, is that of a molecular function such as binding determined by the structure o... | 16839193 | PMC1487182 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:38 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 7; 2(7):e78 |
Introduction
Constraint-based models [1] have been successfully used to describe the steady-state functionality of genome-scale metabolic networks in a variety of microbial organism as well as specific mammalian cell types and organelles [2–4]. These models represent the metabolic network through a series of physico-ch... | 16839195 | PMC1487183 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:38 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 7; 2(7):e72 |
Background
Decades of cross-sectional surveys have shown that chronic pain, depression, and anxiety often coexist. However, data derived from a single time point is consistent with diverse causal links [1] e.g., that (1) pain causes mood or anxiety disorders; (2) these affective disorders increase pain; (3) a common bi... | 16623937 | PMC1488826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Apr 19; 2:14 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by the presence of a limitation to airflow that is not completely reversible and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response to gases or inhaled toxic particles, mainly tobacco [1,2]. COPD is currently the fourth cause of morbidity and mo... | 16719899 | PMC1488827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 May 23; 4:31 |
Background
Retroviral vectors derived from C-type mammalian retroviruses are characterized by their ability to integrate into the chromosomal DNA of their target cells. For this reason, they have been a favored method of gene transfer into dividing cells in approaches where stable and sustained gene expression is desir... | 16603064 | PMC1488828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 Apr 7; 3:27 |
Introduction
Asthma is a chronic lung disease with two distinct features – airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness [1,2]. An association between viral upper-respiratory infections (URIs) and exacerbations of asthma has been reported [3,4]. The most commonly identified viruses in these studies include rhinovi... | 16719922 | PMC1488829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 May 23; 3:32 |
Background
Two operational models, binary and graded, have been proposed for the mechanism of eukaryotic gene induction [1,2]. The binary model contends that at a given moment, a promoter, i.e., the regulatory region of a gene, can only assume one of two discrete transcriptional states: active and inactive. Once in the... | 16597340 | PMC1488830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Apr 5; 3:18 |
Four and a half billion years of evolution has left the microbes that cause disease in humans, with a remarkable capacity for adaptation to changes in their micro chemical environment. This month Globalization and Health published a paper, "Antibiotic resistance as a global threat: Evidence from China, Kuwait and the U... | 16638130 | PMC1488831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Global Health. 2006 Apr 25; 2:7 |
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of central nervous system (CNS) [1,2]. The complex immunopathology of MS is initiated by infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes into brain and spinal cord [3]. In patients with MS, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ha... | 16729885 | PMC1488832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 May 26; 3:13 |
Background
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic and systemic autoimmune disease with a complex pathogenesis involving multiple genetic and environmental factors. The disease is characterized by autoantibody production, abnormalities of immune-inflammatory system function and inflammatory manifestation in sev... | 16719905 | PMC1488833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 May 23; 7:48 |
In the past few years, several new therapeutic options have changed the management of acute pancreatitis; for example, therapeutic ERCP with endoscopic sphincterotomy in severe biliary pancreatitis, the use of early antibiotic treatment in necrotizing pancreatitis and the demonstration that enteral feeding is able to d... | 16759369 | PMC1488834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:49 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 May 23; 1:16 |
Hemorrhagic shock is defined as a condition of reduced perfusion of vital organs leading to inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients necessary for normal tissue and cellular function. The understanding of the pathophysiology of shock has made significant progress only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Claud... | 16759354 | PMC1488835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:49 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Apr 27; 1:14 |
Background
In recent years, several studies have described deficits in abstraction, mental flexibility and planning, i.e. executive functions, in patients with schizophrenia [1,2]. The underlying functional substrate has been examined by investigating changes in cerebral perfusion during performance of paradigms such a... | 16723019 | PMC1488836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 May 24; 6:25 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.