text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The report by Reche, Keskin and co-workers, entitled "Elicitation from virus-naïve individuals of cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against conserved HIV-1 epitopes", gives one pause, in that in the words of the authors, it suggests that a "paradigm shift" is necessary to develop T cell vaccines capable of protecting un... | 16709246 | PMC1488837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Med Immunol. 2006 May 18; 5:2 |
Background
Mental illness as a consequence of traumatic experiences, like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), has been reported for large and varied populations [1-4]. However, evidence for forensic patients, that is individuals who committed a crime but were assigned to psychiatric treatment because of psychiatric o... | 16595005 | PMC1488838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Apr 4; 2:7 |
Background
An interesting persistent myth in epidemiology is that Austin Bradford Hill, the committee preparing the original United States Surgeon General's report on smoking, Mervyn Susser, or other authors have provided us a set of criteria for identifying cause-effect relations. This notion is remarkably robust give... | 16725053 | PMC1488839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 May 26; 3:5 |
Background
The separation of transcription and mRNA processing in the nucleus from cytoplasmic translation affords the eukaryotic cell an added level of regulatory complexity for gene expression. Additionally, the nucleus provides an architectural framework in which the chromosomes are non-randomly organized into chrom... | 16635267 | PMC1488840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Apr 24; 7:19 |
Background
The treatment strategy for acute cholecystitis is now a topic of hot debate. The two main controversies regarding the treatment of acute cholecystitis in patients fit for surgery are the timing of cholecystectomy (either initial conservative treatment followed by delayed cholecystectomy or planned early chol... | 16569249 | PMC1488841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 29; 6:40 |
Background
Cysteine-containing leukotrienes (cysteinyl-LTs), i.e. LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4, are pivotal inflammatory mediators formed through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid and contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma [1]. In particular, cysteinyl-LTs are very potent constrictors of human bronchi not only in... | 16553950 | PMC1488842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 22; 7(1):42 |
Background
Viral respiratory tract infections have been implicated in several ways with the pathogenesis of asthma. These include the initial onset of asthma, particularly in the context of post-bronchiolitis wheezing and asthma after hospitalization for respiratory syncytcial virus (RSV) [1] and in asthma chronicity a... | 16709253 | PMC1488843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 18; 7(1):78 |
Background
Ozone (O3), an ubiquitous, oxidizing, and highly toxic air pollutant is generated photo-chemically from nitric oxides and hydrocarbons. O3 is associated with an immediate impairment of lung function and contributes to increased morbidity in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD... | 16740162 | PMC1488844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 1; 7(1):85 |
Background
The concept of a network motif, introduced by Alon and co-workers [1], has rapidly become one of the central topics of interest in the analysis of complex networks. These networks promise to provide a framework for the understanding of biological processes involving many components such as intra- or inter-ce... | 16677373 | PMC1488845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 5; 7:108 |
Background
The development of drug resistance poses a serious limitation to the effective treatment of cancer. Although several different drug resistance mechanisms have been described, members of the ABC transporter superfamily have generated great interest because of their contribution to multidrug resistance of tumo... | 16684361 | PMC1488846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 10; 7:111 |
Background
Folliculogenesis and oogenesis include the formation of ovarian follicles, the initiation and completion of meiosis, and the accumulation of specific information and molecules such as RNAs, proteins, or imprinted genes in the female germ cells to sustain embryo development to the stage where zygotic gene act... | 16526958 | PMC1488847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 9; 7:46 |
Background
The past three decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in the economic importance of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Aleyrodidae; Hemiptera) in subtropical and mild temperate agriculture systems, owing to the damage it causes to plants when it feeds in the phloem, and its ability to transmit plant vi... | 16608516 | PMC1488848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 11; 7:79 |
Background
Each year, about 10,000 people in the United Kingdom die of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) [1]. AAA is an abnormal dilation of the aorta, and is related to weakening of vessel wall usually as a consequence of atherosclerotic disease. The aorta is the main artery that supplies blood to every vital... | 16712729 | PMC1488849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 May 19; 5:33 |
With the recent rise in interest on potential nanotechnology applications to biomedical research, books dedicated to this novel field are not only expected but welcome. Biomedical Nanotechnology (edited by Neelina H. Malsch) is one of these books which, hopefully, will continue to encourage the growth of this promising... | 0 | PMC1488850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Mar 22; 5:20 |
Background
Although our knowledge of teenager suicide behaviour is increasing, we lack sufficient knowledge of suicide clustering, which accounts for 1–13% of teen suicides and is two to four times more common among teenagers than in other age groups [1-3]. One possible mechanism behind suicide clustering is contagion,... | 16707009 | PMC1488851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 May 17; 7:32 |
Background
The recent report of Krauss et al. [1] highlights the rather dramatic differences in the effects of carbohydrate restricted (CR) and low fat (LF) diets on the lipid changes that may predispose to atherosclerosis. By first implementing weight maintenance diets of different compositions followed by calorie red... | 16790045 | PMC1488852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jun 21; 3:24 |
Background
Cell membranes composed of lipids and proteins are an essential part of all living organisms. The interaction between peptides or proteins and lipid membranes is driven by entropic effects and in many cases also by electrostatic forces. The architecture of membranes differs for various cell types and with th... | 16672047 | PMC1488853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 May 3; 7:15 |
Background
The clinical spectrum of complications in patients with bacterial meningitis is broad. Although the coexistence of bacterial meningitis and arthritis has been described in several studies, the prevalence, patient characteristics, and outcome of patients with arthritis in bacterial meningitis are unknown [1-4... | 16571115 | PMC1488854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 29; 6:64 |
Background
As medical therapies for infection due to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its attendant complications improve, greater number of HIV-infected patients is surviving despite their profound immunodeficiency. Bartonella quintana and Bartonella henselae have been recognized as the causative agents of o... | 16732891 | PMC1488855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 May 29; 6:89 |
Background
Leishmania are obligate intracellular protozoa transmitted to mammals by infected sand flies. Human infection ranges from asymptomatic to tegumentary and visceral disease, with disfiguring and fatal outcomes in the most severe cases [1]. American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) presents a spectrum of clinica... | 16638143 | PMC1488856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 25; 6:75 |
Background
Neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) complaints are one of the most common reasons for physician visits around the world. In addition, nearly all patients who visit doctors of chiropractic present with neuromusculoskeletal complaints. [1] Most of these NMS complaints are 'non-organic' or 'non-specific' in etiology, [1... | 16734899 | PMC1488857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 May 30; 14:8 |
Background
The availability of complete genome sequences opened up a new era in biology, providing a global and systems view of the range of genome sizes in different organisms, the presence or absence of genes involved in various cellular functions, the genes involved in particular cellular functions, and the relative... | 16566839 | PMC1488858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Mar 28; 6:7 |
Background
The notion of social capital and its relationship to the health of communities and individuals has sparked considerable debate within the health and health policy academic literature in recent years. [1-5] This debate has centred around how social capital is defined and how it should be measured. There appea... | 16626499 | PMC1488859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 Apr 21; 3:2 |
Background
Q fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii, a small, Gram-negative and strict intracellular bacterium. Although Coxiella was historically considered as a member of the genus Rickettsia, gene-sequence analysis classified the Coxiella genus in the order Legionellales, family Coxiellaceae with Rickettsiella and Aqu... | 16640773 | PMC1488860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Apr 26; 6:38 |
Background
As lung tumors can show significant respiration-induced motion [1,2], sufficient margins have to be added to account for target mobility in radiotherapy planning [3]. For stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), commonly used 'population-based' margins result in unnecessary irradiation of significant amou... | 16722527 | PMC1488861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Mar 31; 1:8 |
Thomas Szasz seems like an old friend to me, though we've never met, having only corresponded over e-mail about his work appearing in Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology. I read The Myth of Mental Illness late in high school (early 1970's for me) and found myself fascinated by his passion, his close observations of so... | 16759356 | PMC1488862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 May 2; 1:7 |
Background
The new century has seen a significant proliferation of systematic reviews, and they have become one of the key tools for the evidence-based medicine movement. A quality systematic review involves a comprehensive search for relevant studies on a specific topic, and those identified are then assessed and synt... | 16684359 | PMC1488863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 May 9; 6:23 |
Background
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder in which spinal and cortical motor neurons die causing relentlessly progressive weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles throughout the body [1]. Affected individuals usually die within 3–5 years of symptom onset [2]. The cause ... | 16584562 | PMC1488864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Apr 3; 7:29 |
Background
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) air pollution are associated with increases in asthma severity and worsening of respiratory ill-health, as well as increased mortality not only from respiratory causes but also from cardiovascular disease [1,2]. T... | 16723024 | PMC1488865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 May 24; 3:8 |
Background
In most eukaryotes, the sequences that regulate transcription integrate multiple signals, through the binding of different transcription factors, to modulate levels of gene expression. When bound to DNA, transcription factors anchor the assembly of multiprotein complexes that influence the recruitment of RNA... | 16646957 | PMC1488866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 7:16 |
Background
Despite the availability of new, active drugs, metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains an incurable disease, and the treatment of it is still controversial. In fact, the best treatment for patients pretreated with antracyclines, a subset very common in clinical practice, is hotly debated, given the extensive ... | 16723016 | PMC1488867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 24; 6:137 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased in incidence over the past two to three decades and has become especially prevalent in developed countries. For example, CRC is currently the second most common form of cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States [1]. In Taiwan, CRC has be... | 16569251 | PMC1488868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 29; 6:83 |
Background
Cyanobacteria, commonly but erroneously known as blue-green algae, are common inhabitants of freshwater lakes and reservoirs throughout the world. Under favourable conditions certain cyanobacteria can dominate the phytoplankton within a waterbody and undergo mass developments, known as blooms. Public health ... | 16584576 | PMC1488869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2006 Apr 4; 6:6 |
Background
Cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) catalyzes the first reaction in the cholesterol catabolic pathway in liver. This pathway converts cholesterol to bile acids, which is the primary mechanism for the removal of cholesterol from the body. The CYP7A1 catalytic reaction is the rate-limiting step and the ma... | 16709249 | PMC1488870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 May 18; 7:29 |
Background
Orbital complications of FESS are fortunately rare [1]. When they do occur, however, the implications can be enormous [2]. Complications reported include orbital plate breach and periorbital haemorrhage, medial rectus muscle damage and optic nerve damage [3].
Late bleeding causing orbital complications foll... | 16734910 | PMC1488871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 May 30; 6:11 |
Background
Patients attending the emergency department (ED) with chest pain indicating a possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are very common. In Sweden (population 9 million), some 180,000 patients with suspected ACS present to EDs every year [1]. Treatment of ACS has improved dramatically over the last two decades,... | 16674827 | PMC1488872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:09 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2006 May 4; 6:6 |
Background
Fibromatosis is a group of proliferative disorders of soft tissue characterized by infiltrative pattern of growth with repeated local recurrences, and proliferation of uniform well-differentiated spindled cells (mainly myofibroblasts) with presence of a variable amount of collagen between the proliferating c... | 16696857 | PMC1488873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 May 12; 4:21 |
Background
In light of growing concern over increasing microbial resistance to antibiotics, bioterrorism, and the continuous emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases [1,2], several government agencies have identified the development of new diagnostics as a key to maintaining the health of the U.S. population a... | 16524471 | PMC1488874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 8; 7:117 |
Background
Transcriptional regulation is fundamental to translating genetic information into biological function, and is thus critical for understanding cell adaptation, differentiation, and pathological transformation. One challenge is to decipher the intricate network of transcriptional interactions, so as to better ... | 16551355 | PMC1488875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 21; 7:165 |
Background
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen associated with sepsis in burned, neutropenic, and intensive care patients as well as with severe chronic lung injury in cystic fibrosis and chronic obstrusive pneumonia disease[1]. Cytotoxic P. aeruginosa inject toxins from their cytoplasm int... | 16734902 | PMC1488876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 30; 7:272 |
“All true universities, whether public or private, are public trusts designed to advance knowledge by safeguarding the free inquiry of impartial teachers and scholars. Their independence is essential because the university provides knowledge not only to its students, but also to the public agency in need of expert guid... | 16871323 | PMC1488888 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:53 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Apr 21; 1(1):e1 |
Welcome to PLoS Clinical Trials. This new journal is devoted to providing an unbiased, peer-reviewed forum for trial results in all fields of medicine and public health. But why is a new journal needed?
In the world of clinical trials, the current publishing system does not work in the best interests of patients, clin... | 16871330 | PMC1488889 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:53 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 May 19; 1(1):e8 |
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) must be internally valid (i.e., design and conduct must eliminate the possibility of bias), but to be clinically useful, the result must also be relevant to a definable group of patients in a particular clinical setting (i.e., they must be externally valid). Lack of external validity... | 16871331 | PMC1488890 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:54 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 May 19; 1(1):e9 |
The way medical journals publish the results of clinical trials has become a serious threat to public health. You may find this assertion shocking and counterintuitive, but we hope that by the end of this short article you will agree and will join us in arguing for the better way of making medical information publicly ... | 16871328 | PMC1488891 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:53 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 May 19; 1(1):e6 |
INTRODUCTION
The development of combination antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection has produced a marked decline in AIDS and death, but enthusiasm for these treatments in patients with early stages of HIV infection has been tempered by long-term toxicity, such as lipodystrophy and lactic acidosis, di... | 16871325 | PMC1488892 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 May 19; 1(1):e3 |
INTRODUCTION
In Africa, widespread resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine has required urgent introduction of alternative antimalarial therapies, including artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) [1]. However, identifying appropriate regimens has been a challenging task ... | 16871329 | PMC1488893 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 May 19; 1(1):e7 |
INTRODUCTION
High plasma total homocysteine concentrations are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease [1,2]. Both fasting homocysteine and the increase of homocysteine concentrations after a methionine-loading test predict the risk of cardiovascular disease [3,4]. However, it remains uncertain whether a ... | 16871326 | PMC1488894 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 May 19; 1(1):e4 |
INTRODUCTION
Malaria continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries of Africa, and is estimated to cause more than one million deaths each year [1]. Whereas better use of available control measures and the search for new, cheap, and effective drugs are the main aims of current efforts in mal... | 16871327 | PMC1488895 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 May 19; 1(1):e5 |
INTRODUCTION
Community-dwelling elderly people, and particularly the oldest old, are generally viewed as highly susceptible to the “inverse care law” [1]. That is, those in greatest need for preventive assessment and surveillance have the highest potential benefits, but are also the most likely to be missed. Hence, act... | 16871324 | PMC1488896 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Apr 21; 1(1):e2 |
In this article, we examine and discuss the current situation for noncommercial clinical trials in Europe—two years after a new legal framework entered into force. The Clinical Trials Directive, issued in 2001 [1], sought to regulate clinical research in a uniform way across Europe. The basic aims underpinning its deve... | 16871335 | PMC1488897 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:53 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Jun 30; 1(2):e13 |
INTRODUCTION
High plasma total homocysteine concentrations may lead to cardiovascular disease [1,2], but proof that homocysteine lowering will prevent these diseases is currently lacking [3]. Some clinical trials of homocysteine lowering through B-vitamin treatment support this hypothesis [4,5], but others do not [6–10... | 16871332 | PMC1488898 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Jun 9; 1(2):e10 |
INTRODUCTION
Obesity has a joint genetic and environmental etiology [1]. Rare cases of severe, early onset obesity have been attributed to single gene mutations with large functional effect [2]. The genetic influence on obesity may be because of combinations of multiple genes with individual small effect sizes related ... | 16871334 | PMC1488899 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:56 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Jun 30; 1(2):e12 |
INTRODUCTION
Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) is a ubiquitous intracellular human pathogen that is reported to cause approximately 10% of community-acquired pneumonia and 5% of acute bronchitis [1]. Chlamydial infections are characterized by persistence and immunopathologic damage to host target tissues, including... | 16871333 | PMC1488900 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Jun 30; 1(2):e11 |
The Ptolemy Project (
www.ptolemy.ca) is a recently developed model of electronic access to medical literature for surgeons in developing countries. The program provides for East African surgeons to become research affiliates of the University of Toronto and have access to the full text resources of the university libr... | 16805650 | PMC1489182 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 11; 3(7):e305 |
Drug development is indispensable to deal effectively with disease [
1]. However, two dilemmas emerge from clinical research devoted to this goal. First, new drugs are the source of a huge economy ruled not by the standards of the medical profession, but by the rules of business and the market [
2]. Second, although th... | 16805651 | PMC1489183 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 11; 3(7):e306 |
In
PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 6: DOI:
10.1371/journal.pmed.0030130
Table 2 should have included the following information about the CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal): frequency of publication, twice a month; circulation, 70,000; cost of one-time full-page four-color advertisement, US$4,414 (CAD$4,900); ... | 0 | PMC1489184 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 11; 3(7):e303 |
Introduction
Ambitious targets have been set for the control of the HIV pandemic [
1–
3]. While access to life-saving anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for those infected with HIV is increasing rapidly throughout the world, effective programmes to reduce HIV transmission are still needed [
4], especially in Africa. Many fa... | 16822094 | PMC1489185 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 11; 3(7):e262 |
Cancer incidence and death rates for all cancers combined decreased from 1991 through 2001 [
1]. However, when these data are examined by race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status, significant differences emerge. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) defines cancer health disparities as “differences in the incidence, preval... | 16805649 | PMC1489186 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 11; 3(7):e193 |
Public concern about ethics in HIV-prevention trials intensified in the last 18 months, reaching a flashpoint that resulted in the halting of two clinical trials to test the efficacy of tenofovir as a possible method of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) against HIV infection. A reverse transcriptase inhibitor, tenofovir ... | 16805648 | PMC1489187 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 11; 3(7):e153 |
Of the many mysteries surrounding the life history of dinosaurs, one of the more enduring is how such gigantic organisms—some reaching 42 feet tall and weighing 90 tons—regulated their body temperature. For many years, scientists had assumed that dinosaurs, which evolved from reptiles, were also cold blooded (ectotherm... | 20076616 | PMC1489188 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 11; 4(8):e255 |
Introduction
Body temperature regulation in dinosaurs has long been a topic of interest and debate in biology because of its importance to understanding the physiology and life history of these ancient, exceptionally large animals [
1]. Some have argued that dinosaurs were endotherms with body temperatures that were hi... | 16817695 | PMC1489189 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 11; 4(8):e248 |
Like all gardeners, fungus-growing ants risk losing their crop to pests. In particular, the cultivated fungi are parasitized by other fungi—of the species
Escovopsis—which invade the fungal garden and consume the crop within. In virtually all cases, a single species of ant grows only a narrow range of genetically simil... | 20076618 | PMC1489190 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 11; 4(8):e259 |
Introduction
Recent public concern over possible acquisition of virulent diseases from nonhuman hosts highlights the need for understanding the ecological and coevolutionary maintenance of pathogen host fidelity [
1–
3]. Under what conditions are pathogens host-specific, and under what conditions do pathogens switch to... | 16805647 | PMC1489191 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 11; 4(8):e235 |
Background
We often assume that mass media content can affect health decision-making. A wide literature, in fact, documents numerous mass media campaigns in the past century that were predicated on that idea [1]. Actually detecting and documenting such media effects, however, has been a challenge less often met success... | 16722542 | PMC1489921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Apr 30; 1:10 |
Background
The issue of low back pain in society is overwhelming. The Manga report conducted by the University of Ottawa, Canada (1993) stated that low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability and morbidity in middle-aged persons and is by far the most expensive source of workers' compensation costs in North ... | 16734915 | PMC1489922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Dyn Med. 2006 May 31; 5:6 |
Background
Outer membrane porin proteins allow for the passive diffusion of small solutes into the bacterial cell. Passage of molecules through the cell envelope and control of this process are crucial to cell survival when nutrients are scarce or when the cell is exposure to toxins or other adverse conditions. In E. c... | 16716220 | PMC1489923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 May 22; 1:12 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by by King Jordan, Mikhail Gelfand, Nicolas Galtier and Sarah Teichmann. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Genome era produces large multidimensional datasets, which need to be analyzed in robust, quantitative ways. The first-aid response to the ad... | 16734895 | PMC1489924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 May 30; 1:13 |
Background
The gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates is lined by different epithelia that develop from the embryonic endoderm under the influences of developmental signals from the associated splanchnic mesoderm [1]. In the developing rodent intestine, the epithelium is initially composed of a pseudostratified layer wh... | 16725020 | PMC1489925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 May 25; 6:24 |
Background
The Pax6 transcription factor contains a paired domain and a homeodomain and is expressed in a complex spatio-temporal pattern during development of the retina, lens and cornea, in regions of the forebrain, hindbrain, cerebellum and spinal cord, the olfactory system and in pancreatic islet cells [1-6]. Haplo... | 16725027 | PMC1489926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 May 25; 6:25 |
Background
The traditional method for harvesting this vein involves the use of a long incision from ankle to groin. A frequent observation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery is that many patients complain more about their leg wound than they do about their median sternotomy. The long incision is associated with... | 16759395 | PMC1489927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Jun 7; 1:15 |
Background
Psychosis is expressed through a wide range of psychopathological phenomena and different outcomes. The neurobiological underpinnings of psychosis remain unknown despite extensive research in the last century. The clinical heterogeneity within psychosis has led to a debate concerning what the 'core' manifest... | 16737523 | PMC1489928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 May 31; 6:26 |
Background
When opioids are used chronically as pain relievers they may cause mild cognitive deficits in attention, complex working memory, and episodic memory [1,2]. So far, there is no evidence that these effects would continue after cessation of oral opioid medication [3]. However, when opioids are abused, they are ... | 16504127 | PMC1489929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Feb 24; 6:9 |
Background
The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is predicted to rise over the next few decades which will pose a major public health challenge [1]. Epidemiologic data have shown that the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes varies with ethnic origin. People originating from the Indian subcontinent ('South Asians') who have settl... | 16709243 | PMC1489930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 18; 6:134 |
Background
After a pollen grain lands on the surface of the pistil, it absorbs water from the stigma and forms a pollen tube – a long polar process that transports all of the cellular contents, including the sperm [1]. Pollen tubes invade the pistil and migrate past several different cell types, growing between the wal... | 16595022 | PMC1489931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Apr 5; 6:7 |
Introduction
Cyanobacterial LPS is attributed with a range of pathological effects in humans, from gastro-intestinal illness, cutaneous signs and symptoms, allergy, respiratory disease, headache and fever. This review will present the studies of cyanobacterial LPS, and will attempt to place the knowledge of these produ... | 16563160 | PMC1489932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Mar 24; 5:7 |
Background
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [1] is a behavioural disorder affecting about 2–5% of grade school children [2], making it one of the most common child psychiatric diagnoses in the United States of America and in Europe. In childhood, the diagnosis is more frequent among boys. Depending on th... | 16569228 | PMC1489933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Mar 28; 2:11 |
Background
Respiratory epithelium acts as the first tissue to meet inhaled pathogens and is capable of releasing inflammatory mediators and cytokines in response. Respiratory epithelial cells can synthesize and secrete a variety of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, IL-1, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimul... | 16696869 | PMC1489934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 May 15; 7:22 |
Feller J, Fitzgerald B, Hissam SE and Lakhari KR (Editors)
Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005
538 pages, ISBN 0-262-06246-1
Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software is a collection of articles by researchers, advocates and critics of the Free and Open Source Software (... | 0 | PMC1489935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Apr 5; 5:23 |
Background
Beta-glucosides are carbohydrates that contain a core glucose molecule that has an R-group attached to the C-l carbon. The R-group may be another carbohydrate or various other molecules such as amino acids or ringed compounds. Beta-glucosides are commonly found in nature in various sources such as tuberous v... | 16630357 | PMC1489936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Apr 21; 6:37 |
Background
Apoptosis is a naturally occurring mechanism by which a cell undergoes programmed death in response to external or internal signals. It has been shown that many potential biowarfare agents including Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) improperly activate the pathways controlling this process in a variety of c... | 16737533 | PMC1489937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 May 31; 6:48 |
Background
Bednets provide no protection if torn and untreated but, if intact and/or insecticidal, nets provide good, but not perfect, personal protection to sleepers against night biting mosquitoes [1-3]. If used by almost all members of a community, insecticidal nets kill large numbers of the local malaria vectors, r... | 16712738 | PMC1489938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 May 21; 5:44 |
Introduction
Rapid urbanization brings about major changes in ecology, social structure and disease patterns in sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that 300 million people currently live in urban areas in Africa and two-thirds of them are at risk of malaria [1]. There is a lack of understanding of the complex interacti... | 16584573 | PMC1489939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Apr 4; 5:28 |
Introduction
During the last two decades, African countries have experienced rapid urban growth without a corresponding development of urban infrastructure and services. This has profoundly changed environmental and disease patterns. Recently there has been a growing interest in the study of urban malaria epidemiology,... | 16584575 | PMC1489940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Apr 4; 5:29 |
Introduction
Inhaled insoluble particles deposited in the lung are cleared by various clearance mechanisms depending on the site of deposition. Three different compartments within the lung can be distinguished, the large airways including the main lobar and segmental bronchi; the small airways representing mainly the b... | 16712736 | PMC1489941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 20; 7(1):79 |
Background
Cells of the immune system respond to bacterial cell components. These components termed pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) include lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan, lipotechoic acid, flagellin, bacterial lipoprotein, and DNA. Bacterial DNA has stimulatory sequences with a central cytosine... | 16740161 | PMC1489942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 1; 7(1):84 |
Background
The surfactant system of the lung prevents alveolar collapse by reducing alveolar surface tension. Growing evidence suggests that certain surfactant components also have immunomodulatory functions. Surfactant, synthesized and secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells, is a complex mixture of lipids, main... | 16756655 | PMC1489943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 6; 7(1):86 |
Background
Breast cancer is a complex disease and although recent research has emphasized the heterogeneity of the disease, much of its biology remains poorly understood. In particular, genomic tools such as DNA microarrays hold great potential for the deciphering of the molecular patterns of tumors and the identificat... | 16729877 | PMC1489944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 26; 7:127 |
Background
Brain disease studies based on experiments using genome-wide measurements with microarrays are traditionally challenging as compared to other disease areas. The biological results are often hindered by statistical issues of small sample sizes, small effect sizes, and patient-to-patient variability [1-3]. Als... | 16594998 | PMC1489945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 4; 7:70 |
Introduction
Investigators routinely refuse to share raw data from randomized trials without giving a reason. In this paper, I will argue that attitudes towards data sharing in the clinical trial community need to rethought, drastically. I will start by sharing some personal experiences of data sharing.
Data sharing a... | 16704733 | PMC1489946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 May 16; 7:15 |
Background
Recruitment of the required number of patients is central to successful completion of a trial. In 2000, the NHS Plan set the target of doubling the total proportion of cancer patients entering clinical trials within three years.[1,2] This target was met by 2004, when almost 11% of people with newly diagnosed... | 16707011 | PMC1489947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 May 17; 7:16 |
Background
Although it is recognised that smoking is a major risk factor for subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is associated with the symptoms of wheeze and cough [1], there is less agreement concerning the relationship between asthma and smoking [2,3].
Several studies have reported a positive as... | 16716223 | PMC1489948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 May 22; 6:10 |
Background
The number of hearing impaired individuals who need to use hearing aids is rapidly increasing nowadays. Proper tools for optimum hearing aid fitting are needed, allowing physician to choose and tune hearing aid most suitable to the user's needs in a short time. Methods for selecting amplification and compres... | 16759359 | PMC1489949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 May 11; 1:6 |
Background
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process that results in the acquisition of novel genes originating from perhaps taxonomically unrelated species. This phenomenon is frequent among microbes and is considered a means of rapid adaptation to changing environmental demands [1]. Pieces of DNA acquired via HGT f... | 16542435 | PMC1489950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 16; 7:142 |
Background
Single base changes in protein coding regions of DNA which lead to changes in amino acids have the potential to effect protein structure and function. These non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) have been the subject of many recent studies and a large amount of data now exists in public rep... | 16630345 | PMC1489951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 21; 7:217 |
Background
RNAMute is a user friendly computer tool that analyzes point mutations in the secondary structure of RNAs. Initial ideas can be found in [1] and associated works in the late 80's [2,3]. Since then, much progress has been made in the field RNA secondary structure prediction [4], with the gradual development o... | 16638137 | PMC1489952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 25; 7:221 |
Background
The location (or locations) of a protein within cells is an important attribute that can be largely independent of its structure, enzymatic activity, or level of expression. Systematic and comprehensive analysis of subcellular location is therefore needed as part of systems biology efforts to understand the ... | 16504075 | PMC1489953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:02 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 23; 7:90 |
Background
Amino acids are not used equally in proteins. In addition to the physical, chemical and biochemical differences between amino acids, which may explain why some amino acids are more used than others, there are also differences in the amino acid composition that are associated with protein function or some cha... | 16709240 | PMC1489954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:21 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 18; 7:257 |
In
PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 5: DOI:
10.1371/journal.pbio.0040174
The caption of the image should be “Transcription foci/factories (in blue) are found within areas of intermingling between Chromosome 3 (in red) and the remaining genome (in green), and may mediate functional interactions between them.”
Citation: ... | 0 | PMC1489967 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 25; 4(7):e217 |
A recent surge of interest in data sharing and data access has swept through the scientific community (e.g., [
1]). Scientists recognize that free access to data is synergistic for fostering major advances. Concerns about standards of sharing are particularly acute with respect to large-scale DNA sequence and microarra... | 16822095 | PMC1489975 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 11; 4(7):e228 |
The interaction between plant roots and Glomeromycota fungi [
1]—arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)—is probably the most important symbiotic association in nature. More than 80% of all higher land plant species are able to benefit from the fungus' ability to extract nutrients, mostly phosphorus, from the soil. In exchange, it ... | 16822096 | PMC1489982 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 11; 4(7):e239 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.