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In
PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 5: DOI:
10.1371/journal.pbio.0040143
There has been a switch in panels in the legend for Figure 5. Panels C and D were inadvertently switched as are panels G and H.
“(B and D) Longitudinal (B) and transverse (D) optical section of a wild-type root. (C and E) Longitudinal (C) and tran... | 0 | PMC1489989 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 2; 4(7):e249 |
Background
Frese and Gray [[1]: 26] write: "Trees are a form of nature that represent life and the sacred continuity of the spiritual, cosmic, and physical worlds. A tree is often used to symbolize a deity or other sacred beings, or it may stand for what is sacred in general... Trees represent certain deities or ancest... | 16700917 | PMC1500805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 May 15; 2:26 |
Introduction
Papillomaviruses are a diverse group of nonenveloped DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucosal tissues of a range of vertebrate species, including humans. A group of genital mucosotropic human papillomavirus (HPV) types are etiologic agents responsible for virtually all cases of cancer of the uterine ce... | 16839203 | PMC1500806 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 12:21:58 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jul 14; 2(7):e69 |
Introduction
HIV-1 can bind to the type II C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell (DC)-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN; CD209), on myeloid DC and be transferred to CD4+ T cells [1,2]. An important feature of this trans pathway is that the virus does not establish an efficient, productive infection in thes... | 16839201 | PMC1500807 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:21:58 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jul 14; 2(7):e70 |
Introduction
As early as 1872 Darwin [1] had envisioned the critical impact that species diversity has on ecosystem dynamics. Elton [2] explicitly formulated this thought with the diversity-stability hypothesis, which proposes that ecosystem diversity is positively correlated with stability. The relationship between ec... | 16839191 | PMC1500808 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 14; 2(7):e103 |
Introduction
Recent strategies to produce mouse lines that contain large genomic rearrangements represent a major advance to accelerate functional genomics and to provide animal models for developmental processes and human diseases such as contiguous gene and gene dosage effect syndromes. The first chromosomal rearrang... | 16839184 | PMC1500809 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 14; 2(7):e86 |
Introduction
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are key components of membrane phospholipids and triglycerides that play important roles in diverse cellular processes such as membrane function, energy storage, and signaling. MUFAs are synthesized from saturated fatty acids by delta-9 (Δ9) desaturases, also known as st... | 16839188 | PMC1500810 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 14; 2(7):e108 |
Introduction
The origin of organismal complexity is generally thought to be tightly linked to the evolution of new gene functions. Susumu Ohno proposed in 1970 that, in contrast to mutations, gene duplications can create evolutionary novelties [1]. He also proposed, based on the genome weight of different deuterostomes... | 16839186 | PMC1500811 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 14; 2(7):e102 |
Introduction
Intracellular biochemical parameters, such as gene expression level, are considered to have become optimized through the long history of evolution so that cells can precisely perform their biological activity. These parameters must have permissible ranges against internal perturbations, such as noise in ge... | 16839182 | PMC1500812 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 14; 2(7):e111 |
Introduction
Proper kinetochore assembly and function is essential for the faithful transmission of chromosomes during both mitosis and meiosis. One critical function of the kinetochore is to serve as the site of the mitotic spindle attachment checkpoint (SAC), which monitors kinetochore microtubule attachment prior to... | 16839185 | PMC1500813 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 14; 2(7):e110 |
The requirements for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) in clinical trials are well documented [1], and ethical issues are hotly debated [2]. Operational aspects of trials, however, have received far less attention [3], perhaps due to restrictions on journal space for detailing methods. In low resource settings, however, lar... | 16871317 | PMC1500815 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:53 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Jul 14; 1(3):e16 |
Introduction
One of the interesting lessons learned from the analysis of the human genome is that we may possess fewer than 25,000 genes [1]. One mechanism to dramatically increase the complexity of the human proteome from this lower-than-expected number of genes is to allow some genes to encode multiple proteins. This... | 16839192 | PMC1500816 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 14; 2(7):e86 |
Introduction
Protein-interaction networks may be scale-free networks [but see 1]. Unlike random networks in which the number of connections between entities follows a Poisson distribution, in a scale-free network the distribution of the number of connections follows a power law, such that a few members called hubs have... | 16839197 | PMC1500817 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 14; 2(7):e88 |
Introduction
Protein structures are not rigid bodies, as suggested by time-independent solid-state crystal structures. Rather, proteins are selected by nature to balance between stability and flexibility in order to traverse the funnels of the protein energy landscape that characterize the conformational states needed ... | 16839194 | PMC1500818 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:39 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 14; 2(7):e90 |
Introduction
Reducing racial and ethnic disparities in health is an overarching goal of Healthy People 2010 (1). To reach this goal, however, public health officials require valid and reliable data from health surveillance to plan, implement, and evaluate programs designed to improve health conditions among racial and... | 16356362 | PMC1500943 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:29:49 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A09 |
A well-known evaluator once said, "Evaluation — more than any science — is what people say it is, and people currently are saying it is many different things" (1). Ask an economist what program evaluation is, and you will get a very different answer than if you asked a psychologist; and they would both differ from what... | 16356356 | PMC1500945 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:29:43 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A03 |
To the Editor:
Consistent with the findings of Ramsey et al (1), we found that the Washington State smoking prevalence data from the Adult Tobacco Survey (ATS) were lower than the prevalence data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). In this letter, we discuss how Washington resolved this proble... | 16356378 | PMC1500946 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:15:08 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A27 |
Introduction
Hypertension is a leading cause of stroke, coronary artery disease, heart attack, and heart and kidney failure in the United States. Currently, 50 million Americans have hypertension and another 45 million have prehypertension (blood pressure of 120–139 mm Hg [systolic] or 80–89 mm Hg [diastolic]) (1). Mo... | 16356365 | PMC1500947 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:41:49 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A12 |
Program Evaluation and Data Collection
Through well-planned health promotion and education programming, federally funded projects are often leaders in the development and implementation of sound public health practices. In public health practice, program evaluations are used to 1) determine whether program objectives ... | 16356357 | PMC1500949 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:37 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A04 |
To the Editor:
Children from families who qualify for Medicaid, although more likely to receive dental care than uninsured children (1), are less likely to receive dental care than children from middle-income and upper-income families (2). School-based or school-linked oral health programs can play a key role in facil... | 16356379 | PMC1500950 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:16:30 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A28 |
Introduction
Chronic disease, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD), is the major cause of death in most developed countries (1,2), despite the downward trend observed during the last three decades (3-5). The risk factors for chronic disease are also well known in most industrialized countries (6-11), and knowledg... | 16356366 | PMC1500951 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:18 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A13 |
Introduction
Public health is an interdisciplinary profession undergoing dynamic but sometimes conflicting changes. The future of public health can be enhanced by emphasizing the development of practice skills (1-5).
To increase the effectiveness of the public health profession and progress toward the goal of having ... | 16356375 | PMC1500952 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:35 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A22 |
To the Editor:
Thanks for the wonderful item on the 1927 Mississippi River flood (1). I grew up in New Orleans and on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi, hearing of storms and wading through floods all of my life, but no one had ever talked about the 1927 events, and this critical southern event was not taught in any histo... | 16356380 | PMC1500953 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:16:03 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A29 |
Introduction
Chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes are responsible for most deaths in the United States (1). Between 70% and 90% of these deaths are believed to be caused by poor nutrition, sedentary living, and tobacco use and are preventable (2-4). These lifestyle factors appe... | 16356358 | PMC1500954 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:24:33 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A05 |
Background
Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are estimated to have caused 33.4 million deaths worldwide in 2002; of these, 72% occurred in developing countries (1). In Pakistan, chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic lung diseases, and cancer) are among the top 10 causes of morbidity and mor... | 16356367 | PMC1500955 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:30 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A14 |
Background
Diabetes prevalence has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. In 2002, 18 million people were estimated to have diabetes (1). The direct medical and indirect expenditures attributable to diabetes were estimated at $132 billion in 2002 (2). Future projections indicate that diabetes prevalence wi... | 16356368 | PMC1500958 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:34 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A15 |
Introduction
Physical activity is a leading health indicator (1) and has numerous benefits, including reduced risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, colon cancer, and diabetes (2). Regular physical activity can help prevent the onset of diabetes (3), even among those at high risk (i.e., those with impaired gluc... | 16356377 | PMC1500959 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:15:49 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A24 |
Introduction
There is no doubt that public health programs should follow best practices. In the programmatic setting, best practices are the processes that lead to the implementation of the most appropriate intervention for a given location and population (1). Identifying and applying best practices is complex — large... | 16356360 | PMC1500960 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:15:51 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A07 |
This land is your land, this land is my land, from California to the New York Island . . . (1). When Woody Guthrie wrote and sang these lyrics in 1940, the song was more than a paean to a beautiful country. It was a call to recognize the inherent dignity of the common man. The song's passion arose from Guthrie's experi... | 16356354 | PMC1500961 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:59 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A01 |
Background
During the last 30 years, researchers have been rethinking the relationship between researchers and research participants. The Belmont Report (1) outlined three ethical principles to help researchers protect the rights of research participants: respect for individuals (autonomy), beneficence, and justice. S... | 16356369 | PMC1500962 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:42 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A16 |
Cover of Practical Program Evaluation: Assessing and Improving Planning, Implementation, and Effectiveness
Practical Program Evaluation: Assessing and Improving Planning, Implementation, and Effectiveness is an excellent first step toward a much-needed program evaluation taxonomy — one that is particularly useful for ... | 0 | PMC1500963 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:19 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A25 |
Introduction
In a community-based participatory research study funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), researchers worked with a community advisory council to design a social marketing program promoting moderate-intensity physical activity (specifically walking and trail use) in Sumter County, ... | 16356361 | PMC1500965 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:29:35 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A08 |
Background
In 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Healthy Aging program issued a request for proposals to create a Prevention Research Centers Healthy Aging Research Network (PRC–HAN). The plan for this network was guided by the principles underlying academic–community partnerships and coali... | 16356370 | PMC1500966 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:15:31 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A17 |
Cover of The Impact of Inequality: How to Make Sick Societies Healthier
The Impact of Inequality: How to Make Sick Societies Healthier, by Richard G. Wilkinson, is a sequel to his book, Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality (1). The premise of both books is that the structure of social relations determine... | 0 | PMC1500967 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:16:24 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A26 |
Introduction
The Diabetes Indicators and Data Sources Internet Tool (DIDIT) is a Web-based resource designed to strengthen the capacity of the staff and partners of state-based Diabetes Prevention and Control Programs (DPCPs) and staff of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to conduct diabetes surveil... | 16356373 | PMC1500969 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:41:33 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A20 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Trey Ideker, Itai Yanai and Stephan Beck. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Within a living cell there will always be "spontaneous" variation in functioning. The origin of this variation could be presence of mutational damage, random fluctuation... | 16579860 | PMC1500996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Apr 2; 1:9 |
Background
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most frequent congenital infection in humans worldwide, with an incidence of 0.2–2.2% of live births [1,2]. One major concern of CMV congenital infection is birth defects including mental retardation, microcephaly, epilepsy, and blindness. However, little is known on ho... | 16737550 | PMC1500997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 1; 3:42 |
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques has proven useful for modeling HIV disease pathogenesis and intervention strategies [1-3]. While infection of macaques with most SIV isolates results eventually in an AIDS-like disease, there are also attenuated isolates and clones. SIVmac1A11 is a molecular clo... | 16584561 | PMC1500998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Apr 3; 3:22 |
Background
Visual impairment was responsible for 2,286,000 'disability adjusted life years' in the high income countries in 2001 [1]. The cost of blindness to the Australian government and community was estimated at between AUS$ 9,749 and AUS$ 26,720 per patient per year [2]. The mean cost per blind person per year was... | 16756661 | PMC1500999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jun 6; 4:34 |
Review
Psoriasis: a growing problem
Psoriasis affects approximately 2% of the world's population, with men and women being equally affected [1]. In the United States (US) about 250,000 new cases of psoriasis are observed annually, affecting almost 2.2% of the US population [2,3]. Psoriasis accounted for nearly 2.25 mil... | 16756666 | PMC1501000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jun 6; 4:35 |
Editorial
Historically, most scientific publications included a detailed methodology section that provided details on source of reagents, information, such as batch or lot numbers, and a description of methodology that would enable another research group to follow the same procedures. Given the same starting material, ... | 16643670 | PMC1501001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Apr 28; 4:8 |
Background
Over the past three decades, end-of-life care has become an essential aspect of medical care in many parts of the world. Debates on physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia have further increased interest in palliative care in recent years.
Despite greater awareness amongst medical professionals on death a... | 16737524 | PMC1501002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2006 May 31; 5:5 |
Background
Chelation therapy with sodium edetate (EDTA) has been successfully used to treat chronic lead intoxication [1,2]. More specifically, in patients affected by chronic renal insufficiency due to environmental lead exposure, EDTA chelation therapy improved renal function and slowed the progression of renal insuf... | 16536881 | PMC1501003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Mar 15; 7:5 |
Backround
Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for appropriate patients with chronic renal failure. With advancements in immunosuppressive therapy patient and graft survival have significantly improved over the last decades. This achievement of long-term organ acceptance, however, coincides with an increas... | 16674825 | PMC1501004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 May 4; 7:9 |
Background
E-selectin (endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule; ELAM1) is an 11-kD cell surface glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells after activation by cytokines, and mediates adhesion of circulating monocytes and lymphocytes to endothelial cells. This adherence to activated arterial endothelium is one of the e... | 16756647 | PMC1501005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jun 6; 7:52 |
1. Background
The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDDs/PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides, such as 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT), are prominent among the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Owing to their negative effects on wildlife and human healt... | 16725033 | PMC1501006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:54 | no | Environ Health. 2006 May 25; 5:14 |
Background
Implantable biosensors suffer from biofouling and fibrous encapsulation. The key to success with long term implantable sensors lies in integrating the sensor with the surrounding tissue to avoid the immune response. For example, intravascular devices could be coated with autologous endothelial cells to hide ... | 16737541 | PMC1501007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2006 May 31; 6:4 |
Background
There is recognition from the results of representative epidemiological surveys that most adults with mental health problems do not receive treatment [1,2].
Despite this, there has been very little research investigating the effect of interventions designed to increase help seeking. Although the effects of ... | 16595018 | PMC1501008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Apr 5; 6:13 |
Background
The advent of genetic parentage analysis has had a substantial impact on our understanding of animal mating systems. Many socially monogamous species have proven to be genetically polygamous [1], while territorial or harem-holding males have frequently been shown to be cuckolded [2]. Moreover, due to the ope... | 16597325 | PMC1501009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Apr 5; 3:5 |
Background
The results of a recent study on a representative sample of Italian psychiatric services [1] have shown that only 35% of patients with schizophrenia who live with their own family follow a rehabilitation programme and that such rehabilitation programmes include the setting of personalised objectives in only ... | 16584543 | PMC1501010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:03 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Apr 3; 2:5 |
Personal introduction
Having free-lanced as a public health physician for over a decade, with the inevitable variation in both the avaiIability and type of work, 'retirement' is, perhaps, a vaguer concept than for those with conventional full time jobs. In my middle sixties, I was drifting towards retirement, thinking ... | 16737521 | PMC1501011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:03 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 May 31; 2:12 |
Background
Men are increasingly concerned about the way they look: a moderately or extremely muscular body is widely accepted as an ideal body shape for young men, creating discrepancy between the actual and desired body size and shape [1-5].
Young men who are dissatisfied with their body shape and musculature may be ... | 16594989 | PMC1501012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:03 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Apr 4; 2:6 |
Background
It has become increasingly clear that many of the chronic diseases we face today are associated fundamentally with the pervasive sedentariness of modern lifestyle. In Northern Ireland at least 2000 people die each year due to an inactive lifestyle and the avoidable cost of inactivity to the health service is... | 16716211 | PMC1501013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 22; 6:136 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) causes approximately 2 million deaths per year[1]. 98% occur in low-income countries[2]. Directly observed therapy (DOTS), the main strategy for TB control globally, relies on self-presentation of adults from the community and sputum smear for diagnosis. In certain populations, even in the ... | 16753057 | PMC1501014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 5; 6:143 |
Background
Elderly people are the major drug users in the community [1]. In old age, complex medical conditions are relatively frequent, which may indicate multiple drug therapy. In Sweden, drug use among elderly probands has been surveyed over many years [2]. In Norway remarkably little is known about who use drugs, a... | 16672058 | PMC1501015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 3; 6:121 |
Background
Medical interviewing is one of the most important skills in medicine and effective physician-patient communication is essential for optimal medical care. Effective physician-patient communication is associated with improved patient satisfaction [1-6], increased patient adherence with medications and recommen... | 16729886 | PMC1501016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 May 26; 6:30 |
Review
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases (mainly cigarette smoke). This leads to chronic bronchitis-bronchiolitis (small airways disease) and/or emphysema that cause airflow l... | 16571143 | PMC1501017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 30; 7(1):53 |
Background
High density DNA microarrays are extensively used by biologists in order to gain information about the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. The advantage of the genomic approach is that it allows the study of cell behavior on the systems level rather than on the gene specific level [1]. On... | 16753054 | PMC1501018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 5; 7:136 |
Background
Microsatellites, also known as simple sequence repeats, are the short nucleotide segments comprising tandem repeating motifs of length 1–6 bp [1]. They are present in all genomes known to date [2-4], and are known to be polymorphic [5]characterized by high rates of indels of repeat units [1]. Microsatellites... | 16603092 | PMC1501019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 10; 7:78 |
Background
The channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, is native to North America and is from the order Siluriformes (superorder Ostariophysi) which is considered more primitive among teleosts [1,2]. Commercial production of catfish as dietary protein is the leading industry of North American aquaculture, with more than ... | 16740160 | PMC1501020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 1; 7:134 |
Background
Most retroelements have been considered harmful because they cause accumulation of insertion and deletion mutations in the host genome [1]. Mutation of retroelements could affect gene transcription and translation. However, recent investigations have shown that HERV and Alu elements in the intron or flanking... | 16756682 | PMC1501021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 7; 7:139 |
Background
In the post-genomic era, one major goal of functional genomics has been to identify and analyze molecular interactions in a cellular context to better understand the mechanisms according to which biological molecules interact and function. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) is a specific type of molecular i... | 16638125 | PMC1501022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 25; 7:89 |
Introduction
The hystricognath rodents (Suborder Hystricomorpha, Infraorder Hystricognathi [1]) appeared in the Eocene and underwent an extensive radiation in the Miocene. At this time they were able to capitalize upon the emergence of grasslands for which they were well adapted in a number of ways [2]. They differ fro... | 16740154 | PMC1501023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Jun 1; 4:31 |
I have great sympathy with the thoughts of Lipton and Ødegaard [1] – the assessment and communication of "causal" associations is a source of continual frustration for epidemiologists. The authors' lucid account of the use of causal language in epidemiology can essentially (if rather unflatteringly) be simplified to th... | 16756649 | PMC1501024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006 Jun 6; 3:7 |
Background
While maximum respiratory pressures at the mouth have been measured in numerous subjects, less data exists to characterize maximum pressures as they vary with lung volume. Maximum pressure is volume dependent because muscle tension is length dependent, because muscle tension produces higher pressure with a s... | 16677384 | PMC1501025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 May 5; 5:29 |
Introduction
Liver cancer is a significant worldwide public health issue. The disease has a mortality rate of 100% at 5 years in untreated cases [1] and results in the deaths of more than one million people each year worldwide [2-5]. Although liver cancer can be treated successfully by surgical resection of the maligna... | 16504153 | PMC1501026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Feb 27; 5:15 |
Background
Bacteria use a variety of motility mechanisms to colonize environments, including flagella-dependent swimming and swarming, and flagella-independent, twitching, gliding, and sliding (reviewed in [1]). Of these motility mechanisms, the least investigated is sliding motility, which Henrichsen [2] defined as su... | 16545127 | PMC1501027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 17; 6:31 |
Background
Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that has long been recognized as a significant cause of histotoxic and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in both humans and animals [1,2]. C. perfringens isolates can be classified into one of five types (A through E) based upon thei... | 16759397 | PMC1501028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 8; 6:50 |
Background
Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus are the most important vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan African and occur in sympatry across most of their range [1]. Studies show that the use of insecticides both for Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) programmes and in the treatment... | 16756645 | PMC1501029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jun 6; 5:46 |
Background
Insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) have been shown to significantly reduce malaria transmission and concomitant malaria related morbidity and all-cause child mortality across a range of transmission settings, even with sustained use [1-6]. ITN use during pregnancy has also been shown to significantly reduce ... | 16677379 | PMC1501030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 May 5; 5:36 |
Background
The success in malaria eradication achieved in Europe and North America during the 19th and 20th centuries has not been replicated anywhere in Sub-Saharan Africa and most tropical countries. This is despite better scientific understanding of the biology of the vector, treatment methods and other means of mal... | 16635265 | PMC1501031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Apr 24; 5:33 |
Background
DNAzymes function as specific endonucleases by binding to predetermined sequences in RNA and cleaving its phosphodiester backbone. The discovery that RNA-hydrolytic properties could be encoded within a DNA oligonucleotide indicated potential biotechnological applications in gene silencing. These applications... | 16753066 | PMC1501032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Jun 5; 7:19 |
Background
Several studies suggest that Native American youth have a higher prevalence of obesity than the general United States population [1-7]. The problem is not restricted to just Native American youth, increases in pediatric obesity have been noted globally [8]. Additionally, research suggests that obesity may pe... | 16734903 | PMC1501033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 May 30; 3:11 |
Background
Approximately 600,000 people in the UK have dementia. This is 5% of the population aged 65 and older, and 20% of those aged 80 and older [1]. By 2026 this figure is predicted to be 840,000. Dementia is associated with major social and economic costs, including those to families and carers. The UK National Se... | 16722526 | PMC1501034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Mar 31; 1:7 |
Background
Peripheral axotomy can activate several signaling pathways in neurons and associated glial cells leading to two opposing consequences: cell death or adaptation to regenerate neurites. The principal signaling pathways that have been demonstrated to be involved in axonal regeneration are PI3K-Akt [1-3] and JAK... | 16762058 | PMC1501035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jun 8; 7:45 |
Background
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are implicated in learning and synaptic plasticity [1]. mGluRs have been classified into three groups: Group I, including mGluR1 and mGluR5; Group II, including mGluR2 and mGluR3; and Group III, including mGluR 4 and mGluR 6–8. Group I stimulates phospholipase C (PLC... | 16734896 | PMC1501036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 May 30; 7:43 |
Background
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is the effluent resulting from olive oil producing processes. Due to their high COD loading rates and content of toxic phenolic compounds, OMWs have to be decontaminated before being discharged [1,2]. Among the treatment methods currently available for this effluent, anaerobic dig... | 16595023 | PMC1501037 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Apr 5; 5:16 |
Background
Intravenous methylprednisolone (IV-MP), 500–1000 mg for 3–5 days, is an established treatment for acute relapses of multiple sclerosis, speeding recovery [1,2]. It does not prevent future relapses. However, a study in isolated optic neuritis suggested that a single course of IV-MP may delay the occurrence of... | 16719908 | PMC1501038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 May 23; 6:19 |
Background
Regular application of plasma products or chemotherapy is often complicated by catheter-related problems such as blockage. Especially in children, an effective and simple reestablishment of catheter patency is important. Maintenance of catheter function is usually achieved with flushing (sodium chloride and/... | 16635269 | PMC1501039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 24; 6:103 |
Background
The sixteen vertebrate Eph receptors form the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) proteins. Activation and signalling by these receptors is mediated by interaction with nine cell-surface counter receptors known as ephrins. The ephrins are subdivided into an A group which is glycosylphosphatid... | 16737551 | PMC1501040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 1; 6:144 |
Background
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of early casualty from malignant disease in western countries and is classified into three main histological subtypes: adenocarcinomas (AC), squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and large cell carcinomas [1]. The heterogeneous nature of NSCLC has been do... | 16756685 | PMC1501041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 7; 6:151 |
Background
An increased frequency of thrombosis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer was first documented in 1865 [1]. Since then, a number of studies have focused on the relationship between various cancers and hemostatic factors. Abnormalities in blood coagulation are detectable in patients with malignancy, inclu... | 16740157 | PMC1501042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 1; 6:147 |
Background
Previous studies have compared cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) features of bacterial meningitis and cerebral malaria [1,2]. This distinction is in most cases not difficult, because the majority of patients with bacterial meningitis have marked CSF pleocytosis, in contrast to cerebral malaria where this is uncommon... | 16764711 | PMC1501043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 Jun 9; 3:8 |
Background
The number of new drug users in contact with services in Scotland [1] is increasing and over the last five years has risen from 9,128 to 11,472 (total population of Scotland is just over 5 million). The majority of females reported to the national database are of childbearing age. Opiates/opioids, especially... | 16772022 | PMC1501044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Jun 13; 6:19 |
Background
Hypertension, notably untreated or poorly controlled, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in almost every population [1-4]. Although, often controllable by pharmacotherapy [5,6], many patients are unaware of their condition, and thus are untreated, both in Western societies such as the U... | 16753071 | PMC1501045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jun 6; 6:24 |
Background
The invariant lineage of the nematode C. elegans [1] can potentially be exploited to capture detailed information on the location and timing of expression for the genes expressed in the early embryo. In addition, changes in the lineage resulting from mutations or RNAi knockdowns of gene function can provide ... | 16740163 | PMC1501046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 1; 7:275 |
Background
A major challenge of microarray analysis is to detect genes whose expression in a single or small number of tissues is significantly different than in other tissues. Accurate identification of such tissue-specific genes can allow researchers to deduce the function of their tissues and organs at the molecular... | 16764735 | PMC1501047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 12; 7:294 |
Background
Bio-systems are constructed by various relationships between genes, compounds and proteins. These elements are intertwined, thus forming a complex network. Such genetic or physical associations contribute to the complicated cellular functions.
In order to characterize whole networks or to find unknown inter... | 16533389 | PMC1501048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 13; 7:130 |
Background
The design of re-usable software components into libraries has proved to be useful to the rapid development of bioinformatics applications, as witnesses the success of the ever growing open source libraries known as the Bio{*} projects. These libraries cover many fields of bioinformatics, but rarely offer to... | 16594991 | PMC1501049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 4; 7:188 |
Background
Bioinformatics has placed much emphasis on using various unsupervised clustering techniques as a means to understand the information present in gene microarray expression datasets. Clustering techniques produce a rich taxonomy of results by defining groups of genes that act more or less similarly across a nu... | 16600052 | PMC1501050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 7; 7:194 |
Background
Flow cytometry has evolved to an indispensable tool in biology and medicine, with a significant impact on hematology. To date, diagnosis and classification of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), depend on the flow-cytometric description of the leukemic cell clone. Recently, flow cytometry has also become an at... | 16753055 | PMC1501051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 5; 7:282 |
Background
HCM has a prevalence of 0.2 % (1 in 500) in the general population [1] and presents with marked clinical polymorphism, given by the extent and degree of hypertrophy of the myocardium involved and by the location and magnitude of the intraventricular gradient. Doppler-echocardiography plays an important role ... | 16553961 | PMC1501052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Mar 22; 4:15 |
Background
The profiles of spectra of superior venae cavae of healthy subjects have been described, and the factors which affected them have been recognized, such as age, sex, respiration, and so on [1,2]. Among all these factors, respiration was the most important one. Some scholars have described the respiratory vari... | 16600053 | PMC1501053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Apr 7; 4:21 |
Background
Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) has become the refractive procedure of choice for myopia [1,2] and hyperopia [3] due to its inherent advantages of a quick recovery time, preservation of bowman's layer, and a clearer more organized anterior stroma [4]. Diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) is a relatively new... | 16646976 | PMC1501054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Apr 28; 6:19 |
Background
Despite the progress in vitreoretinal surgery and the importance of silicone oil as an adjunct for the treatment of complex forms of retinal detachment, controversy still surrounds the issue of selecting the proper oil viscosity for clinical use[1,2]. There is no difference in the tamponading force effected ... | 16737520 | PMC1501055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 May 31; 6:21 |
Background
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used extensively in the health service to relieve conditions that have an inflammatory component, and to relieve pain. In England, over 20 million NSAID treatments were prescribed in 2004, and NSAID expenditure amounted to £247 million (3.1% of annual prescr... | 16737538 | PMC1501056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 May 31; 4:9 |
Background
Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary brain tumors and glioblastoma multiforme accounts for more than 50% of all intracranial gliomas [1]. These tumors are extremely aggressive and are characterized by diffuse infiltration of the brain parenchyma, recurrent growth, and an extremely poor progn... | 16573834 | PMC1501057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Mar 30; 4:15 |
Background
A wide range of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) prevalence in different countries is demonstrated by the various reports in the literature. (1–20) The significance of this specific observation may not be obvious but its evaluation is important because it could be related to a possible contributory fact... | 16759371 | PMC1501058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 May 23; 1:9 |
Background
An important characteristic of highly invasive tumor cells is an elevated capacity to degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). To achieve this elevated degradative capacity, tumor cells express a variety of proteases to digest ECM proteins that typically encapsulate growing, benign tumors [1,2]. I... | 16737540 | PMC1501059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 May 31; 6:16 |
Introduction
Laser microdissection is a valuable tool for analysis of molecular parameters in purified cell populations or even single cells taken out of their native environment within tissues. This technology requires both an acceptable preservation of morphological details which is needed for exact dissection and th... | 16759346 | PMC1501060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Mar 31; 1:2 |
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