text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
The statistical elucidation of genetic regulatory networks from experimental data (commonly mRNA expression levels) is an important problem that has been the center of a large body of work [29,43]. Because this problem is underconstrained (the number of free parameters is far greater than the dimensionality ... | 16749936 | PMC1502140 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 2; 7:280 |
Introduction
Signal transduction of the morphogen hedgehog (Hh) is highly unusual, with many features unique to this signalling system, many of which are only partly understood [
1]. For instance, Hh signalling is mediated by two membrane proteins: patched (Ptch1) and smoothened (Smo). The former is a 12-pass transmemb... | 16895439 | PMC1502141 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 18; 4(8):e232 |
What transforms a ball of undifferentiated cells into an organism with a nervous system, digestive tract, and other specialized body parts? Among the proteins that play an important role is one with the unlikely name of hedgehog (Hh). When Hh attaches to a transmembrane protein known as patched (Ptch1), it initiates a ... | 20076617 | PMC1502142 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 18; 4(8):e258 |
The spinal cord and brain harbor a variety of motor neurons that innervate limbs, thorax, neck, or face. Different classes of motor neurons reside at different locations along the head-to-tail (rostrocaudal) axis of the nervous system, reflecting a patterning that arises early in embryonic development, when the nervous... | 20076624 | PMC1502143 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 18; 4(8):e280 |
Introduction
During the early development of the vertebrate central nervous system, the position of generation of post-mitotic neurons depends on the patterning of progenitor cells along the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal axes of the neural tube [
1–
3]. At many levels of the neuraxis, the dorsoventral pattern of progen... | 16895440 | PMC1502144 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 18; 4(8):e252 |
The conditions an organism experiences early in life can have critical impacts on its subsequent health and well being, both over the short and long term. Aside from facing a greater risk of death, low birth weight human babies (5.5 pounds and under) have increased risk of developmental disabilities throughout life. Re... | 20076622 | PMC1502145 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 18; 4(8):e270 |
Introduction
It has recently been recognised that many organisms are capable of adjusting their phenotypic development to mitigate at least some of the potentially negative effects of poor early nutrition [
1,
2]. While it has also been recognised that these adjustments may themselves carry costs, possibly not evident ... | 16834460 | PMC1502146 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 18; 4(8):e251 |
The Prize
China has long been identified as the most important international cigarette market, now and in the future—O'Sullivan and Chapman called China the “ultimate prize” among the world's emerging tobacco markets [
1]. Almost two-thirds of Chinese men (63%), and 3.8% of Chinese women, are smokers [
2], giving a tot... | 16822082 | PMC1502150 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 18; 3(7):e279 |
Introduction
Only four broadly neutralising monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against HIV-1 have been generated to date, all of which were derived from patients with HIV-1 subtype B infection. IgG1b12 recognizes an epitope overlapping the CD4 binding site in the envelope glycoprotein complex [
1–
5], and 2G12 recognizes a m... | 16834457 | PMC1502151 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 18; 3(7):e255 |
Introduction
There has been widespread concern about the slow uptake of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa [
1,
2]. VCT is a cornerstone of cost-effective HIV prevention and linkage to expanding HIV treatment in low-resource settings [
3,
4]. Some of the most significant barriers... | 16834458 | PMC1502152 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 18; 3(7):e261 |
Introduction
The BCR-ABL negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), and myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MF) [
1]. Although clonal hematopoiesis was observed in these disorders more than three decades ago, the molecular etiology of these diso... | 16834459 | PMC1502153 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 18; 3(7):e270 |
Introduction
Globally, only about a third of all deaths are registered with age, sex, and cause [1]. The vast majority of these are in developed countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, where premature mortality accounts for about 80% of the total burden of disease [2], the need to remedy this situation is urgent. What is kno... | 16942391 | PMC1502154 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 18; 3(8):e268 |
Introduction
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a chronic disease caused by parasitic Schistosoma flatworm species [1] that affects more than 200 million people worldwide. The schistosome is a prime example of a complex multicellular organism that can flourish in human hosts for decades despite the developmen... | 16942390 | PMC1502155 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 18; 3(8):e253 |
Interleukin-32 (IL-32), which was previously called natural killer cell transcript 4, has recently been recognized as a proinflammatory cytokine (see Glossary) [1]. The main sources of IL-32 are natural killer cells, T cells, epithelial cells, and blood monocytes. Four transcripts of IL-32 are known at present. IL-32 h... | 16903776 | PMC1502156 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 15; 3(8):e274 |
Introduction
Acquired lymphedema is a common, important, and often devastating consequence of successful surgical and adjuvant therapy of breast cancer and other malignancies [
1,
2]. The biology of regional lymphatic vascular insufficiency (lymphedema) is complex and, as yet, poorly understood. Consequently, there is ... | 16834456 | PMC1502157 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 18; 3(7):e254 |
An increasingly important goal of governments and external agencies in developing countries is the need for “capacity building” in health research. Although a poorly defined and understood concept, capacity building would essentially enable de novo health research programmes to be facilitated and existing programmes to... | 16942394 | PMC1502158 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 18; 3(8):e299 |
Introduction
Cigarette smuggling has emerged as a critical public health issue. As well as being the source of huge losses in government revenues, smuggling makes cigarettes more affordable, thus stimulating consumption and undermining control measures, most notably among youth and low-income consumers [
1,
2]. The ill... | 16834455 | PMC1502159 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 18; 3(7):e228 |
Background: review of the literature
Multi-drug resistance: a multi-step process
After exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs, lymphoid cells develop along two distinct pathways. First, a cell population susceptible to the drugs dies by apoptosis or necrosis, depending on the severity of treatment. Secondly, a few cells ev... | 16759382 | PMC1508139 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Jun 7; 3:22 |
Background
PI3 [Gene ID: 5266] is a member of the 'trappin' gene family [1]. The trappin gene family members are defined by an amino-terminal transglutaminase substrate domain consisting of hexapeptide repeats with the consensus sequence of GQDPVK and a carboxy-terminal four-disulphide bond core. PI3, also known as tra... | 16719916 | PMC1508140 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 May 23; 7:49 |
Background
Like intravenous anesthetics, inhaled anesthetic agents can and are being safely administered without the knowledge of any pharmacokinetic model. In addition, the MAC and MAC awake concept link the end-expired concentrations (FA) with the clinically two most relevant endpoints, immobility and unconsciousness... | 16772041 | PMC1508141 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Jun 13; 6:7 |
Background
Disinfection of public water supplies protects public health by inactivating microbial pathogens. Byproducts of disinfection with chlorine have been associated with bladder and rectal cancers and to adverse reproductive outcomes [1,2]. Because the disinfectant monochloramine minimizes the formation of potent... | 16764728 | PMC1508142 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Jun 9; 5:18 |
Introduction
Exercise balls, wobble boards and other labile surfaces commonly replace stable surfaces during the performance of resistance training exercises for both injury management and performance improvement. A common assumption is that an unstable surface places an increased demand on the neuromuscular system to ... | 16762080 | PMC1508143 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Dyn Med. 2006 Jun 9; 5:7 |
Background
Like many African countries, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a serious concern in Nigeria. By the turn of the century it was estimated that the HIV prevalence in Nigeria had exceeded 5%, which corresponds with approximately four million infected people [1]. In 20... | 16672067 | PMC1508144 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:23 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 3; 6:123 |
Background
The global burden of disease resulting from tobacco smoking is well understood [1,2]. Tobacco smoking prevention and cessation efforts, primarily in developed countries, have been effective at reducing heart disease, cancer, and other smoking-related illnesses. Prevention efforts in the United States have co... | 16719912 | PMC1508145 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:24 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 23; 6:139 |
Background
Identifying the molecular mechanisms and pathways responsible for generating and regulating pathogen virulence is a key challenge of infectious diseases research. Besides increasing our basic understanding of pathogen behavior, such information is also essential for many clinically-relevant areas including t... | 16725056 | PMC1508146 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:24 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 May 26; 6:46 |
Background
Sialyltransferases (SiaTs) catalyze the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-Neu5Ac donor substrate to the terminal non-reducing saccharide of glycoproteins or glycolipids [1-4]. They are type II transmembrane proteins with a short, cytoplasmic N-terminal domain followed by a transmembrane domain, a flexible ste... | 16620397 | PMC1508147 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:24 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Apr 19; 6:9 |
Background
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the airways, variable airway obstruction and elevated serum IgE levels of unclear pathogenesis [1]. A hypothesis relating early vitamin D supplementation and induction of later allergy has initially been postulated as the main cholecalciferol metabolite calcitrio... | 16600026 | PMC1508148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 6; 7(1):60 |
Background
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. COPD affects several organs and systems, and has a considerable impact on health status. Impaired exercise tolerance, exacerbations, fatigue, muscle weakness, depression and sleeping disorder... | 16603063 | PMC1508149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 7; 7(1):62 |
Introduction
Among the mechanical factors that are believed to promote obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea (OSAH), the increase in passive upper airway compliance, as assessed by the pharyngeal volume (area)-pressure relationship in the absence of upper airway dilator muscle activity, has been repeatedly emphasized [1-6].... | 16573817 | PMC1508150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 30; 7(1):54 |
Background
The genetic structure of the Anopheles gambiae s.l. complex is thought to have enabled members of this complex species to occupy different habitats [1-5]. The two principal vectors of malaria in this group, An. gambiae s.s. and Anopheles. arabiensis, are broadly sympatric but there are areas where only one o... | 16646991 | PMC1508151 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Apr 29; 5:35 |
Background
In 1884 Flückiger first described a women with liver cirrhosis, cyanosis, and digital clubbing [1]. The term 'hepatopulmonary syndrome', the triad of liver disease, an increased alveolar-arterial gradient while breathing room air, and evidence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations, was coined in 1977 by Ken... | 16638132 | PMC1508152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:24 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr 25; 6:15 |
Background
Sequencing of the Anopheles gambiae genome was completed in 2002 [1]. Annotation and gene prediction have been ongoing. Although more than 14,700 genes and more than 16,100 transcripts have now been predicted, the functions of approximately 40% of the gene products remain unknown and in silico annotations of... | 16712725 | PMC1508153 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 19; 7:119 |
Background
Olfaction, the sense of smell, is mediated by a very large family of olfactory receptors (ORs), whose chemical interaction with a multitude of odorant ligands initiates a cascade of signal transduction events leading to smell perception [1-4]. OR proteins participate also in guiding olfactory sensory neurons... | 16716209 | PMC1508154 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 22; 7:121 |
Introduction
The obesity epidemic is burgeoning in this country; caloric balance nationwide is tipped toward weight gain. Survey evidence suggests that physical activity levels have remained fairly constant, [1] although there is some evidence that the number of persons reporting no leisure-time physical activity has d... | 16573819 | PMC1508155 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Mar 30; 5:10 |
Background
The increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance in acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) is of concern [1]. In particular, penicillin resistance, macrolide resistance and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, and β-lactamase production in Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catar... | 16646958 | PMC1508156 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Apr 28; 6:8 |
Background
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder that was first described by Frederick Daniel von Recklinghausen and is associated with skeletal, skin and soft tissue abnormalities. The most common skeletal manifestations in NF are scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis due to dystrophic osseous cha... | 16774682 | PMC1508157 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Jun 14; 1:10 |
Background
Network-based pathway analysis
Biological research in the twentieth century has been dominated by the reductionist approach, providing valuable information about the properties and functions of individual cellular components. But the behaviour of complex systems of interacting components cannot be comprehend... | 16584566 | PMC1508158 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 3; 7:186 |
Background
Many important agricultural traits such as weight gain, milk fat content and intramuscular fat (marbling) in cattle are quantitative traits. While significant information regarding the mode of inheritance of these traits is available, most of this information is not integrated into a genomic context. As larg... | 16753058 | PMC1508159 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 5; 7:283 |
Background
Gene expression profiling using microarrays has become a popular technique in modern biochemical research. One of the commonest microarray platforms in use is the high-density oligonucleotide array introduced by Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA). In the Affymetrix system, biotinylated cRNA generated from the samp... | 16684345 | PMC1508160 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 9; 7:251 |
Background
The initial treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis is conservative [1-4]. Once (peri-)pancreatic necrosis becomes infected mortality increases steeply [3,4]. Intervention is indicated when infection of (peri-)pancreatic necrosis is proven by fine needle aspiration (FNA), when (peri-)pancreatic air colle... | 16606471 | PMC1508161 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:24 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Apr 11; 6:6 |
Background
In many cases, evolution is accompanied by an increase of genetic and phenotypic complexity, yet the biochemical machinery necessary for the energy supply of an increasing diversity of cell- and tissue types had to work effectively, even if different tissues have specific conditions such as pH values, ion an... | 16756667 | PMC1508162 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:24 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Jun 6; 4:16 |
Background
Molecular phylogeny at the intraspecific level has proven to be very useful for a variety of studies, such as estimating the genealogical relationships among genes, determining the common ancestor of a group of organisms, evaluating the development of drug resistance in infectious diseases, detecting positiv... | 16712735 | PMC1508163 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 May 20; 6:41 |
Background
An intein is a specific insertion within a host protein that is excised during protein maturation, that is, post-translationally [1]. This maturation process is termed "protein splicing" and involves precise excision of the internal protein (intein) sequence and ligation of the flanking external protein (ext... | 16737526 | PMC1508164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 May 31; 6:42 |
Introduction
As the burden of chronic diseases in the United States continues to increase, greater efforts are being made to identify and implement interventions that successfully reduce disease risk, improve access to high-quality health care, and create sustainable health-promotion programs that ultimately improve h... | 16356355 | PMC1509369 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:30 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A02 |
The Steps to a HealthierUS Cooperative Agreement Program
The Steps to a HealthierUS Cooperative Agreement Program (Steps Program) enables funded communities to implement chronic disease prevention and health promotion efforts to reduce the burden of diabetes, obesity, asthma, and related risk factors — physical inacti... | 16356372 | PMC1509370 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:57 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Dec 15; 3(1):A19 |
INTRODUCTION
Little is known about
the quality and duration of objective responses in different
sarcomas after definitive or palliative radiation therapy. The
few reports on photon irradiation deal mainly with soft tissue
sarcomas (STS) as a group [1,
2]. Radiation therapy alone
leads to transient objective response r... | 17040092 | PMC1510952 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 May 11; 2006:87367 |
INTRODUCTION
For patients with advanced or metastatic adult soft tissue sarcomas,
the response rate to anthracycline-containing first-line
chemotherapy regimens is 26%, and the median
survival is just 12 months [1]. Hence there is need for more effective treatments in this group of patients. Doxorubicin
appears to be t... | 17040090 | PMC1510953 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 May 11; 2006:41080 |
In 2002 cancer accounted for 16.7% of the total burden of disease in the European Union (EU), compared with 25.3% and 17.1% for mental health and cardiovascular diseases, respectively [
1]. In the period relevant to this Policy Forum, cancer was the second largest cause of mortality in the EU, accounting for 27.08% of ... | 16842021 | PMC1513045 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 18; 3(7):e267 |
More than 1 million women worldwide develop breast cancer every year [
1]. For many of them, surgical removal of the breast remains the first line of treatment for this potentially deadly disease. Because breast cancer cells spread via lymph vessels, at the time that the breast is resected, locally involved lymph nodes... | 16842020 | PMC1513046 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 18; 3(7):e264 |
In resource-limited settings, there is a high risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1. The rate of MTCT without specific intervention and with an extended time of breast-feeding is about 35%–40% [
1], a figure that results in the infection of about 750,000 children every year worldwide [
2]. A single dose ... | 16842019 | PMC1513047 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 18; 3(7):e259 |
Introduction
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by ND virus (NDV) which is an Avulavirus [1] is one of the most important disease encountered in the poultry industry. The first reported ND outbreak occured in 1926 in Java (Indonesia) [2]. ND infection takes place through virus inhalation or ingestion and its spread from on... | 16987398 | PMC1513127 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 May 26; 48(1):2 |
Welcome to Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica [1]! Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica was founded in 1959 as a traditional print journal, but has now taken the novel step of moving to the open access model already used successfully by our publisher, BioMed Central [2]. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica will be freely available onlin... | 0 | PMC1513128 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 May 26; 48(1):1 |
Introduction
Summer eczema (SE) also known as equine insect bite hypersensitivity or sweet itch, is a chronic, recurrent seasonal dermatitis of horses caused by an allergic reaction to the bite of Culicoides ssp midges [1-4]. The symptoms include intense pruritus, self-excoriation resulting in open wounds and secondary... | 16987399 | PMC1513129 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 May 26; 48(1):3 |
Background
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by neuronal loss in the cerebral cortex accompanied by the deposition of amyloid β peptides (Aβ) as senile plaques. Aβ is produced by sequential proteolytic cleavages of the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) by a set of membr... | 16930449 | PMC1513130 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Jun 12; 1:2 |
Background
In 1995 independent groups identified genetic linkage and mutations within PSEN1 (chromosome 14) and PSEN2 (chromosome 1) genes in several early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) kindreds [1-3]. Since then a number of research groups have focused on FAD-linked mutations and the biology of proteins enc... | 16930451 | PMC1513131 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Jun 12; 1:4 |
We are proud to introduce you to a new home for neurodegeneration research, Molecular Neurodegeneration. Through the open-access format we plan to bring you the most timely and exciting research focusing on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disease processes and on potential therapeutic... | 0 | PMC1513132 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Jun 12; 1:1 |
Background
γ-Secretase is a multi-component protease complex comprised of Presenilin (PS) 1 or 2 with Aph-1, Pen-2, and Nicastrin [1,2] that cleaves type I membrane proteins within their transmembrane domains. γ-Secretase catalyzes a number of important physiological and pathophysiological cleavages. Following ectodoma... | 16930450 | PMC1513133 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Jun 12; 1:3 |
The "climate problem" has come to the fore in public policy debates over the last year or so. The continuing high temperatures, the spate of intense tropical cyclones and deepening droughts in some parts of the world have focused attention on the issue of defining "dangerous climate change" [1]. This is often conceptua... | 16930459 | PMC1513134 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Jun 27; 1:3 |
Background
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations via fossil fuel emissions will lead to an increase in oceanic CO2 via thermodynamic equilibration. Carbon chemistry in seawater undergoes the following equilibrium reactions as CO2 enters the ocean.
CO2 +H2O ⇔ H2CO3 ⇔ + H+ ⇔ + 2H+ (1)
The pH of seawater is define... | 16930458 | PMC1513135 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Jun 27; 1:2 |
Carbon Balance and Management
Carbon Balance and Management is a new open access, peer-reviewed online journal that encompasses all aspects of research aimed at developing a comprehensive, policy-relevant understanding of the global carbon cycle [1].
Advancement in the union of the two issues indicted by the journal's... | 0 | PMC1513136 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Jun 27; 1:1 |
Disease name/synonyms
Enterocyte cobalamin malabsorption – Enterocyte intrinsic factor receptor, defect of - Gräsbeck-Imerslund disease – Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome (or disease) – Megaloblastic anemia 1 – Selective vitamin B12 malabsorption with proteinuria.
Nowadays the most frequently used name is Imerslund-Gräsbec... | 16722557 | PMC1513194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 May 19; 1:17 |
Background
The risk of malaria infection varies widely according geographic region, season and year [1,2]. On the fringes of endemic zones, particularly at the southernmost latitudes in southern Africa, across arid regions of northern Africa and among the highlands of east and central horn of Africa climate is a major ... | 16700905 | PMC1513195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 May 15; 5:20 |
Introduction
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is a key molecule involved in regulating glutamatergic synaptic transmission and learning and memory [1,2]. Several lines of evidence support a role for CaMKII in synaptic plasticity and memory (see [2] for review). The ability of CaMKII to autophosphorylate, wh... | 16776832 | PMC1513196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Jun 15; 2:21 |
Background
Impact of menopause on health or sexuality is still imprecise. Appropriate questions [1] have either not been asked or their outcomes are unclear [2]. Women's health has in part been connected with reproduction and gynaecological issues [3], and many practicing physicians believe that the period at or follow... | 16686959 | PMC1513197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 May 10; 4:29 |
Introduction
Mangrove estuarine areas often support an abundance of mollusc species thatare largely sessile in nature and constitute an important in-situ fishery [1-4]. Edible species of oysters, mussels, cockles, and gastropods are collected extensively for local consumption, usually by the families of local fishermen... | 16784528 | PMC1513198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Jun 19; 2:28 |
Background
The use of plants and plant products as medicine can be traced as far back as the beginning of human civilization. The earliest record of medicinal plant use in the Himalayas is found in the Rigveda. This work was written between 4500 BC and 1600 BC, is supposed to be the oldest repository of human knowledge... | 16749924 | PMC1513199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Jun 2; 2:27 |
Background
Between April 1997 and April 2002 we performed a pragmatic [1] multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing two different diagnostic strategies in the routine fertility work-up [2]. The hysterosalpingography (HSG) group underwent HSG first. If HSG showed normal uterine cavity, patent tubes and no tubal ... | 16772036 | PMC1513200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Reprod Health. 2006 Jun 13; 3:5 |
Background
The use of portable handheld computer technology in the field of health care and clinical research is on the rise, with a corresponding increase in publications. A search of Medline, using the MeSH term "computers, handheld" and text words "handheld computer(s)" combined as "or", revealed a steady increase i... | 16737535 | PMC1513201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 May 31; 6:23 |
Background
Initiation and realization of the research project
The debate regarding the ideal amount of physical education lessons that the state is ready to support is a major controversial issue in many countries, including Switzerland [1]. The importance of the growing problem of an inactive lifestyle in children, wi... | 16756652 | PMC1513202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 6; 6:147 |
Background
Previous cross-sectional research has demonstrated associations between neighbourhood factors and adolescent well-being, mental health and smoking initiation [1-3]. However, in order to make causal inferences longitudinal studies are required. In addition, the time window over which neighbourhood impacts on ... | 16707015 | PMC1513203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 17; 6:133 |
Background
Council tax valuation bands (CTVBs) were introduced by the 1992 Local Government Finance Act [1] to enable local government in Great Britain to raise tax revenue. Since 1993, all households have been required to pay an annual charge based on a categorisation of property value into one of eight valuation band... | 16669998 | PMC1513204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 2; 6:115 |
Background
It is important to understand the cause-specific structure of social inequalities in mortality for two related reasons. Firstly, it is important to recognize that social inequalities in health are contingent on mechanistic links between social position and the major risk factors for different causes of death... | 16569222 | PMC1513205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 28; 6:79 |
Background
As is the global trend, more than 5.6 million adults in the Netherlands (i.e., 46.1% of the population of 20 years and older) are overweight and numbers are still rising [1]. Overweight is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or higher. It is a risk factor for a range of health problems, most nota... | 16723021 | PMC1513206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 24; 6:140 |
Background
In Latin America, the predominant group of individuals with HIV/AIDS is men who have sex with men (MSM). Despite the feminization of this epidemic in several Latin American countries in recent years, the highest infection rates remain among MSM, both in the gay community as well as among men who do not self-... | 16768794 | PMC1513207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 12; 6:152 |
Introduction
Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of prokaryotes that occupy a broad range of ecological niches by virtue of their age, having first appeared some 2.5 billion years ago, and specialisation. All cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic organisms, yet many can grow heterotrophically, using light for energy and org... | 16563159 | PMC1513208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:54 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Mar 24; 5:6 |
Background: regulating the global medicines and medical devices industries
The global market for "innovative" pharmaceuticals and medical devices has become one of the most significant sectors for government healthcare spending, particularly as higher corporate rents are leveraged from elevated intellectual property st... | 16569240 | PMC1513209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Global Health. 2006 Mar 28; 2:5 |
Background
Scrapie is an infectious disease, but one that is unusual in that the incubation period leading to clinical disease is governed by a strong host genetic component [1] and a strong dose-response relationship [2]. These factors can interact to yield intriguing epidemiological patterns.
During an outbreak, the... | 16772026 | PMC1513210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jun 13; 2:20 |
Background
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) [1] is a 10 item self-rating post-natal depression scale which was developed almost twenty years ago. Its 10 polytomous items are summated to an overall score ranging from 0–30, with cut points to identify the likely presence of depression. It has seen widespre... | 16768803 | PMC1513211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Jun 12; 6:28 |
Background
The stromal compartment of the bone marrow contains mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells with high proliferating capacity in addition to cells at different stages of maturation. The mesenchymal cells are at the front of cell research today which differentiate in vitro and in vivo to multiple lineages includ... | 16643645 | PMC1513212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 27; 7:95 |
Background
FGFs constitute a superfamily of pleiotropic growth factors involved in multiple cellular processes such as mitogenesis, angiogenesis and mesoderm induction [1]. There are 22 FGFs in humans. Except FGF11-14, they exert their biological activities by acting as extracellular growth factors binding to receptors... | 16672054 | PMC1513213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 3; 7:105 |
Background
Advances in microarray and related technologies continue to revolutionize biomedical research and are being incorporated into toxicology and risk assessment. These technologies not only facilitate a more comprehensive elucidation of the mechanisms of toxicity, but also support mechanistically-based quantitat... | 16611356 | PMC1513214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 12; 7:80 |
Background
The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis, where light energy in photons is converted into chemical bond energy, via redox reactions, including inorganic carbon fixation at Calvin's cycle, finally yielding energy-rich carbohydrate molecules. Therefore, apart from the antennae, photosystem I and II comple... | 16553962 | PMC1513215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 23; 7:61 |
Background
Injury processes of various types can damage a grafted organ. Some are due to the surgical procedure itself-the section of vessels and nerves and, for lung transplants, conducting airways. Others are inflammatory in nature, due to reperfusion of the graft or early allogeneic reactions. The lack of efficient ... | 16780589 | PMC1513216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 16; 7(1):90 |
Background
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an insidious fibroproliferative disorder, characterised by interstitial alveolar fibrosis thought to be consequent on aberrant responses to undefined microinsults. Lung injury maybe exacerbated by concurrent failure of re-epithelialisation and excessive fibroblast diffe... | 16776827 | PMC1513217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 15; 7(1):88 |
Background
Anthrax is a disease of animals including humans and results from infection by Bacillus (B.) anthracis [1-3]. Anthrax spores reside in soil samples worldwide and are resistant to environmental insults such as temperature, moisture and UV irradiation. Spores enter host animals via inhalation, epidermal or gas... | 16762077 | PMC1513218 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:08 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Jun 8; 6:8 |
Background
Scientific advances and new, effective caries-control services have emerged for preventing caries, [1,2] yet most general dentists have not adopted them[3]. Dissemination, or efforts to persuade dentists to adopt effective innovations, is important for improving public health, particularly among children. Al... | 16670027 | PMC1513219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 May 3; 6:7 |
Background
Complementary therapies are popular and extensively used. In Germany and Switzerland some complementary therapies are reimbursed within health care budgets. In these countries there has been a debate as to whether reimbursement of complementary therapies may lead to increased overall health expenditures [1].... | 16749921 | PMC1513220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 2; 6:65 |
Background
Health administrative data are frequently used for health research in Canada and abroad. In the past two decades, such data have been widely employed by health services and population health researchers to study healthcare outcomes, effectiveness, appropriateness and utilization of healthcare services, and t... | 16776836 | PMC1513221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 15; 6:77 |
Background
The past decade and a half has witnessed an expansion of opioid analgesic use for patients who have chronic non-cancer pain [1-5]. The misuse of opioid analgesics, however, is a growing public health problem [6,7]. National surveys show that opioid misuse has increased dramatically over the past decade and t... | 16595013 | PMC1513222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Apr 4; 6:46 |
Background
The need for this research
Over recent years, advances in human molecular genetics have resulted in the identification of polymorphisms and mutations in several genes that cause or predispose to diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative conditions and inborn errors of metabolism. For some of these condition... | 16762063 | PMC1513223 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 8; 6:71 |
Background
Type 2 diabetes causes a substantial burden of suffering for minorities. Compared to non-Hispanic whites, all minorities except Alaskan natives have a 2- to 6-fold increased risk of acquiring the disease [1-3], and the prevalence is rising in some groups, including African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and ... | 16716235 | PMC1513224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 May 23; 6:58 |
Introduction
The relationships between disease, travel and migration have historical roots that continue to influence modern medical activities [1]. Traditional medical approaches dealing with migrant health have focused on the recognition, identification and management of specific diseases, illnesses or health concern... | 16674820 | PMC1513225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 May 4; 3:3 |
Background
Malaria and lymphatic filariasis are the world's most important parasitic infections with an estimated loss of 4.5 × 107 and 4.9 × 106 disability adjusted life years (DALYs), respectively [1,2]. The two diseases occur as co-endemic infections in many tropical developing countries affecting the same human hos... | 16723020 | PMC1513226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Filaria J. 2006 May 24; 5:8 |
Background
Healthcare systems throughout the world are searching for better ways of delivering high quality care. Attention to quality of patient care has become an important healthcare issue during the last decade, not only for health authorities, policymakers, and managers, but also for physicians and patients. Impro... | 16768807 | PMC1513227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:25 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jun 13; 6:33 |
Background
Caloric restriction (CR) has long been recognized as a natural therapy that improves health and extends longevity in humans and rodents [1-7]. CR diminishes inflammation and oxidative stress that occurs from aging by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species [1,8,9]. In rodents and primates, CR lo... | 16709251 | PMC1513228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 May 18; 5:13 |
Introduction
Over the last several centuries our understanding of human locomotion has been a function of the methods to capture human movement that were available at the time. In many cases the expanded need for enhancing our understanding of normal and pathological human movement drove the introduction of new methods... | 16539701 | PMC1513229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Mar 15; 3:6 |
Background
Hyaline membrane disease (respiratory distress of the neonate) occurs primarily in premature infants. A major cause of this disease is surfactant deficiency. Hyaline membrane disease and surfactant synthesis are both affected by fetal sex. Indeed, the surge of surfactant synthesis is normally delayed in the ... | 16674826 | PMC1513230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 May 4; 4:25 |
1. Definition
2. Occupational exposures and COPD: epidemiologic evidence
3. Occupational exposures and COPD: experimental evidence
4. Occupationally-related COPD: diagnosis
5. Occupationally-related COPD: management and prevention
1. Definition
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease state charac... | 16756686 | PMC1513231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jun 7; 1:11 |
Introduction – the ageing workforce
The world is undergoing unprecedented ageing and in many developed countries, the workforce is contracting due to falling birthrates, longer life expectancies and changing population demographics [1]. Experts have warned that if society continues to reduce the number of people over t... | 16722617 | PMC1513232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 May 23; 1:8 |
Background
The aorta is the main blood artery that delivers blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body, and many cardiovascular diseases, such as aortic dissection, often occur on the aortic arch. It has been well established that many diseases are closely associated with the flow conditions in ... | 16630365 | PMC1513233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Apr 24; 5:25 |
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