text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
A proper understanding of protein pKa values is essential to a proper understanding of pH-dependent characteristics of protein function. If the pKa of a particular group is known then one can determine its protonation state at a given pH, helping to determine several important properties including protein so... | 16749919 | PMC1513386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Jun 2; 7:18 |
Introduction
The adjunctive use of inhibitors of nucleoside metabolism may exploit the reliance of HIV-1 on nucleoside pools for reverse transcription. Further, directly blunting host cell activation might have clinical benefits in HIV infection.
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a selective and reversible inhibitor of de no... | 16729890 | PMC1513387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 May 26; 3:16 |
Introduction
Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are an effective tool for the prevention of morbidity and mortality caused by malaria [1] and other vector-borne diseases [2]. Cost-effectiveness of ITNs in the prevention of malaria has also been amply demonstrated in a variety of settings [3-5]. The present challenge is to... | 16681856 | PMC1513388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 May 8; 5:37 |
Background
Multi-level or clustered sampling designs are increasingly deployed in medical and health care surveys. In these designs, clusters are identified (e.g. medical practices) and then subjects (e.g. patients) are sampled from each cluster. The analysis and sample size estimation for such designs must take the cl... | 16672056 | PMC1513389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 May 3; 6:20 |
Background
Sepsis is a persistent and vexing problem in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. The development of sepsis in this population has several adverse implications including; prolongation of hospitalization, development of chronic lung disease, adverse neurodevelopmental outcome and excess mortality [1]. The in... | 16611358 | PMC1513390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Apr 12; 4:10 |
Background
Epidemiologic evidence from studies of dietary antioxidant intake and adult glioma support a role for oxidative stress in gliomagenesis. Several studies have shown that antioxidant consumption from fruits and vegetables may be protective against adult glioma [1-4]. Most recently, a large case-control study i... | 16749939 | PMC1513391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 3; 6:148 |
Background
Gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) is a synthetic pyrimidine nucleoside analogue that has a structure very similar to that of deoxycytidine and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) [1]. In clinical use, gemcitabine is active against a variety of solid tumours such as cancers of the pancreas, lung, head ... | 16734894 | PMC1513392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 30; 6:142 |
Background
Human diversity in India is defined by 4693 different, documented population groups that include 2205 major communities, 589 segments and 1900 territorial units spread across the country [1]. Anthropologically, the populations are grouped into four major ethnic categories, which include the Australoid, Indo-... | 16707019 | PMC1513393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 May 17; 7:28 |
Background
Microarray hybridization has been used to study the global gene expression from many different kinds of tissues and cell lines [1-4]. When it is desired to apply this technique only to certain cells that exist in a heterogeneous tissue, surrounded by cells of other types such as connective tissue cells, it i... | 16643667 | PMC1513394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 27; 7:97 |
Background
Over 90% of the human and other vertebrate genomes don't have any known functional role [1,2], and as such were considered until recently as "Junk DNA" or genomic "dark matter". A large fraction of the "non-functional" DNA originated from mobile elements [1] such as Alu, which comprise about 10% of the nucle... | 16740159 | PMC1513395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 1; 7:133 |
Background
Genome-wide monitoring of transcription by means of DNA microarrays is used to infer transcriptional and regulatory networks in living organisms. In most of microarray experiments, transcript levels of thousands of genes are measured with a relatively small number of replications, so the estimates of true ex... | 16630355 | PMC1513396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 21; 7:87 |
Background
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries are indispensable for many applications in genomic studies [1-3]. BAC-end sequences have been used to develop sequence-tagged connector (STC) frameworks [4,5], to survey genome structures [6], and for comparative analysis of gene structure and synteny. Although... | 16672057 | PMC1513397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 3; 7:106 |
Introduction
Degenerative aortic stenosis (AS) is at present time the most frequent valvulopaty in developed countries, and as life expectancy increases, the incidence and prevalence of AS will also rise fundamentally at the expense of the degenerative form.
The scientific interest of this valvar disorder was parked f... | 16774687 | PMC1513398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jun 14; 4:24 |
Background
The complete chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences currently available for green plants (green algae and land plants) point to radically divergent evolutionary trends of the chloroplast genome in the phyla Streptophyta and Chlorophyta. The Streptophyta [1] comprises all land plants and their closest green algal ... | 16638149 | PMC1513399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Apr 25; 6:37 |
Background
An increasing body of research has demonstrated that changes in gene regulation play a major role in the evolution of morphological form (reviewed [1-3]). That is not to say, however, that the evolution of coding sequence does not also contribute. Multiple examples from both plants and animals demonstrate th... | 16563166 | PMC1513400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 24; 6:30 |
Background
Sources of noise in microarray experiments may be numerous [1,2], thus most researchers try to minimize its influence or estimate it through various quality control, normalization and outlier filtering procedures [3]. One source of variation is cross-hybridization (CH), which occurs when unintended sequences... | 16749918 | PMC1513401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 2; 7:276 |
Background
Since most genetic regulatory systems involve many components connected through complex networks of interactions, formal methods and computer tools for modeling and simulating are needed. Therefore, various formalisms were proposed to describe genetic regulatory systems, including Boolean networks and their ... | 16681847 | PMC1513402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 8; 7:249 |
Background
DNA microarrays are a powerful means of monitoring the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. A variety of computational and statistical methods have been proposed to extract information from the large quantity of data generated from microarray experiments. Many methods assume, as we do here, the u... | 16626497 | PMC1513403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 20; 7:215 |
INTRODUCTION
The widespread occurrence of drug-resistant parasites in malaria endemic regions has led to rapid changes in antimalarial treatment policies in many countries. In some parts of Southeast Asia, multidrug-resistant parasites are prevalent and have greatly reduced the efficacy of the majority of monotherapy r... | 16871318 | PMC1513405 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Jul 21; 1(3):e15 |
INTRODUCTION
Malaria control in Africa has until recently relied heavily on chemotherapy with chloroquine (CQ), a cheap and safe antimalarial drug [1,2]. CQ remains widely distributed and readily available even in the most remote villages in sub-Saharan Africa. In the Gambia, each village with a population of 400 or mo... | 16871319 | PMC1513406 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:56 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Jul 21; 1(3):e14 |
Introduction
Dr. Gallagher et al [1] wrote 22 years ago that "the role of Mahaim fibers in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias in man has been controversial since they were first described " in the late 30's by Dr. Ivan Mahaim [2]. The very early reports were strictly anatomical studies [2-6]. This histopathologic ques... | 16943957 | PMC1513516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 21:18:03 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Apr 1; 3(2):47-59 |
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) affects approximately five million people world- wide. The incidence of AF increases with aging and more common in males [1]. Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiogenic cause of stroke and exacerbates heart failure. Despite the prevalence of AF, it is still one of the most difficult arr... | 16943956 | PMC1513517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 21:18:03 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Apr 1; 3(2):45-46 |
Introduction
The understanding that cardiac death and, in particular, sudden cardiac death from fatal ventricular arrhythmias, is one of the most common causes of death in Western society is now widespread. Following the spectacular successes of thrombolytic, antiischemic, and revascularization therapies in the 1990's,... | 16943958 | PMC1513518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 21:18:03 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Apr 1; 3(2):60-66 |
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a leading cause of mortality and remains a major clinical challenge [1]. Concerning therapeutic modalities, tremendous progress has been made in the development of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). However, progress in identifying patients at high risk of SCD has lagged beh... | 16943959 | PMC1513519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 21:18:03 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Apr 1; 3(2):67-73 |
Background
One of the most challenging tasks of modern pacing is to optimise or at least stabilize cardiac performance. This is clearly dependent on the important factors of chronotropic function, the quality of AV synchrony, the ventricular activation sequence and ventricular pacing site. Over the last 40 years stimul... | 16943960 | PMC1513520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 21:18:03 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Apr 1; 3(2):74-80 |
Clinical History
The patient is a frail 87-year-old woman with symptomatic sinus node dysfunction and documented paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). She presented with PAF and presyncopal spells. The presyncopal episodes coincided with episodes of sinus arrest occurring upon spontaneous termination of AF. Various ant... | 16943962 | PMC1513521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 21:18:03 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Apr 1; 3(2):88-90 |
The term "Electrophysiological remodeling" defines the changes of atrial electrophysiologic properties taking place in atrial myocites during atrial fibrillation and/or following periods of sustained atrial fibrillation (AF).
Early research was prompted by clinical observations: many patients were seen to get through... | 16943961 | PMC1513522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 21:18:03 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Apr 1; 3(2):81-87 |
Introduction
More than thirty years ago Rosenbaum, Elizari, and Lazzari [1,2] presented their monograph defining left anterior and left posterior fascicular blocks, or what they termed "the hemiblocks". These divisional blocks involving part of the left bundle branch system have become well-recognized aspects of clinic... | 16943914 | PMC1513523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 21:18:04 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Jul 1; 3(3):157-177 |
Introduction
Pacemaker lead displacements can be defined as any other pacemaker position change, whether the functionality of the pacemaker is affected or not. However, only those displacements that provoke a malfunction in the pacing system are clinically relevant. Chronologically speaking, there are early displacemen... | 16943923 | PMC1513524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 21:18:04 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Oct 1; 3(4):231-238 |
The loss of consciousness has been a subject of wonder and uncertainty in humans, and for this reason it has been the object of medical investigation since the beginning of time. Even actually, it is certainly an unresolved clinical problem. Many centuries ago, complicated exorcisms and remedies were used on these unfo... | 16943924 | PMC1513525 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 21:18:04 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Oct 1; 3(4):239-252 |
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a very undesirable, but unfortunately a common arrhythmia following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, occurring in up to 40% of patients [1]. There is an increase in hospital stay [2] and adds to the overall cost of the surgery. Atrial fibrillation occurrence may identify a subset... | 16943937 | PMC1513527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:18 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Jan 1; 5(1):1-4 |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetically inherited cardiac disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 500 in the general population [1]. The disease is characterised by marked heterogeneity with respect to clinical manifestations, natural history and prognosis. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is t... | 16943946 | PMC1513528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Apr 1; 5(2):72-75 |
Introduction
Atrial fibrillation is surely the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice and nowadays its incidence is increasing mainly due to the progressive ageing of population. Atrial fibrillation represents also the cardiac rhythm disorder that causes the highest number of hospitalizations [1] and is associated... | 16943966 | PMC1513529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:23 | yes | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Jul 1; 6(3):163-172 |
Introduction
Implantable cardioverter - defibrillators (ICD) have proven their value as life saving devices [1-3]. As the number of patients implanted with these devices rises world-wide, concerns about the quality of the life prolonged by the ICDs become more and more relevant. Patients on ICD are prone for deteriorat... | 16943967 | PMC1513530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:23 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Jul 1; 6(3):173-181 |
A 55 year old man with history of palpitation was referred for electrophysiologic study. Baseline ECG, physical examination and transthoracic echocardiographic study were normal. Electrophysiologic study revealed normal AH and HV intervals. Pacing of right atrium with a cycle length of 300 msec showed 2:1 AV block. A... | 16943969 | PMC1513531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:23 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Jul 1; 6(3):184-185 |
This ECG was recorded from a 93 year old patient with a previously documented third degree AV block and an underlying LBBB. The twelve lead ECG demonstrates sinus bradycardia at a rate of 52 beats per minute, a PR interval of 230 milliseconds, and a left bundle branch block (Figure 1). In figure 2, a rhythm strip of ... | 16943968 | PMC1513532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:23 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Jul 1; 6(3):182-183 |
With the World Cup in soccer - arguably the most passionate sporting event of our times - only a few days away, it is appropriate to look at the lessons we have learned over the past few years about sudden death in competitive sport.
In 490 BC Phidippides ran 26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens, delivering the news of ... | 16943963 | PMC1513533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:23 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Jul 1; 6(3):139-141 |
Introduction
Single chamber right ventricular apical pacing (VVI) continues to be the predominant pacing mode in the developing countries primarily due to economic constraints, despite the well-known advantages of dual chamber pacing. Pacemaker induced myocardial dysfunction has been recognized for a long time and the ... | 16943964 | PMC1513534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:23 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Jul 1; 6(3):142-152 |
Introduction
The main function of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is to preserve life by terminating life-threatening tachycardias like ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT). Many studies showed the benefit for ICD in primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death... | 16943965 | PMC1513535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:23 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Jul 1; 6(3):153-162 |
Background
The revolution in biology initiated by the Genome Project is being further stimulated by research aimed at the elucidation of the proteome, the complement of proteins expressed by an organism [1]. Proteomics aims to develop methods for providing a total accounting of the proteins present in a biological samp... | 16790042 | PMC1513550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Jun 21; 4:14 |
Disease name/synonyms
Carney complex.
The complex of cardiac myxomas, endocrine overactivity and spotty pigmentation.
Definition/diagnostic criteria
The Carney complex (CNC) was first described in 1985 by J. Aidan Carney, as the combination of myxomas, spotty pigmentation and endocrine overactivity [1]. It is defined... | 16756677 | PMC1513551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Jun 6; 1:21 |
Background
Preimplantation embryo development is largely dependent on maternal transcripts and proteins synthesized during oogenesis. Maternal factors are able to support the first cleavages, while blastocyst formation involves both maternal and embryonic factors. Over the last years, oocyte-restricted maternal effect ... | 16753072 | PMC1513552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jun 6; 6:26 |
Background
The organizer is the primary patterning center during early vertebrate gastrulation. As might be expected for a tissue with such capabilities, the organizer is complex. Studies in multiple species, including frogs and mice, have shown that the organizer has distinct regions that induce head and trunk, and th... | 16756679 | PMC1513553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jun 6; 6:27 |
Background
The contractile vacuole (CV) network of Dictyostelium consists of tubes and bladders. It transiently fuses with the plasma membrane to expel water and ions and thereby serves as an efficient osmoregulatory organelle [1,2]. The CV-system is also assumed to be involved in Ca2+-transport since it contains a PMC... | 16787542 | PMC1513554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jun 20; 6:31 |
Background
The National Service Framework for older people within the UK highlighted the need for a single assessment process to determine the most appropriate setting for ongoing care [1]. To date, professionals are often faced with a large assortment of scales to choose from, identifying measures to aid them in this ... | 16533394 | PMC1513555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 13; 6:31 |
Background
Kabuki syndrome [OMIM 147920] is a multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation syndrome of unknown etiology. The syndrome was first described independently by Niikawa et. al. and Kuroki et. al. in 1981 [1,2]. There is no definitive laboratory diagnostic test for Kabuki syndrome, thus diagnosis is made bas... | 16709256 | PMC1513556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 May 18; 7:46 |
Background
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial autoimmune T-cell-mediated disease resulting from selective destruction of the insulin producing β cells in the pancreatic islets, leading to an absolute insulin deficiency. The risk of developing T1D is determined by a complex interaction between multiple genetic an... | 16796743 | PMC1513557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jun 23; 7:54 |
Background
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) or prion diseases are fatal human and animal neurological disorders with a worldwide distribution. Human TSE diseases include sporadic, genetic, iatrogenic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease and sporadic or familia... | 16776828 | PMC1513558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jun 15; 2:21 |
Background
Despite the use of new and effective drugs, the disseminated invasive aspergillosis often remains lethal in neutropenic patients [1]. There is a great need to create high index of clinical investigation and develop better diagnostic tools to detect invasive aspergillosis before it causes irreversible damage.... | 16753069 | PMC1513559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Jun 6; 5:18 |
Background
Deaths from liver cirrhosis have increased at least 8 fold since the 1970's and further increases are anticipated whereas in the rest of Europe liver deaths are decreasing [1]. Rates of cirrhosis are directly influenced by alcohol consumption in a population and alcohol consumption doubled in the UK between ... | 16776840 | PMC1513560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Jun 15; 1:16 |
Introduction: epidemiologic transition and globalization
This paper begins with the premise that global public health is not at its core only a medical issue but is, rather, embedded in social, cultural, political, and economic structures and processes. Moreover, changes in those structures and processes involve the ev... | 16712722 | PMC1513561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Global Health. 2006 May 19; 2:8 |
Background
Devine and Doyle[1] identified barriers to effective radiation therapy treatment for carcinoma that included staff's fears and misconceptions associated with radiation. Akers[2] points out that healthcare personnel, particularly those of childbearing age, are concerned about occupational exposures as they re... | 16762060 | PMC1513562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jun 8; 6:32 |
Background
Studies have shown that the youngest children in a school year may be disadvantaged by the educational system [1-5]. Drabman and co-workers showed that in Ohio and Mississippi, USA, the youngest children in a class were referred for academic and behavioral problems more often than their older peers, in a cli... | 16756648 | PMC1513563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 6; 6:145 |
Background
Qualitative research is increasingly used alongside randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to study factors such as recruitment[1], participants' experiences[2], lay understandings of randomisation[3] and informed consent[4], and to illuminate reasons why the intervention may or may not have worked[5]. Much of ... | 16790054 | PMC1513564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 21; 6:163 |
Background
The briefest summary of our program is in its title: Vitamin G, where G stands for the green space around us. Notions of beneficial effects of nearby green space have persisted throughout history [1]. Research on this topic, mainly experimental research, has focused on demonstrating the relationship between ... | 16759375 | PMC1513565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 7; 6:149 |
Background
Life in urban areas might be more stressful than life in rural areas. Populations that experience higher levels of stressful events have higher proportions of current smokers who also smoke more heavily than populations with respective lower levels [1]. This health behaviour model of stress in which populati... | 16756650 | PMC1513566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 6; 6:146 |
Background
Major inequalities in health result from differences in socio-economic position between individuals, families and population groups[1]. Whilst the link between resources and health is well established[1-4], there has been little conclusive research evaluating the impact of increasing resources on health[5]. ... | 16790053 | PMC1513567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 21; 6:162 |
Background
Posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is a common cause of foot pain and dysfunction in adults [1]. Clinical observations strongly suggest that the condition is progressive. Descriptively, the varying presentations of this condition are divided into four stages. Stage I is characterized by mild swelli... | 16756656 | PMC1513568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jun 6; 7:49 |
Background
Patient-reported outcome measures have become an important part of the assessments used in clinical studies. One of the outcome measures intended for upper extremity disorders is the 30-item disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire, which has been assessed regarding reliability, cross-... | 16709254 | PMC1513569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 May 18; 7:44 |
Background
FHIT is a tumour suppressor gene that is frequently inactivated by deletions in several human tumours, as it overlaps perhaps the most active of common fragile sites FRA3B, at HSA3p14.2 [[1], for a review see [2]]. Infact, FHIT is highly responsive to environmental carcinogens, to treatment with aphidicolin ... | 16719907 | PMC1513570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 23; 7:123 |
Background
Increased Ca content in diets supplemented with cholesterol has been shown to decrease atherosclerosis in rabbits [1,2]. Two epidemiological studies suggested that high levels of Ca in drinking water may decrease atherosclerosis [3,4]. However, whether the increase in Ca intake could also affect aortic calci... | 16796746 | PMC1513571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Jun 23; 5:16 |
Background
Pancreatic cancer is the 5th most common gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy but the third most common cause of death among all GI cancers [1]. Almost all patients with pancreatic cancer ultimately die of it, usually within 6 months of diagnosis [2]. The vast majority of these patients are ineligible for surgic... | 16569225 | PMC1513572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Mar 28; 4:16 |
Background
Thirty to fifty percent of the elderly of 65 years and older fall each year [1,2]. About twenty percent of them need medical care after a fall and about six percent of the accidents result in a fracture. Moreover falls can result in disabilities, increased fear of falling, social isolation, decreased mobilit... | 16573825 | PMC1513573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Mar 30; 6:6 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus has a 15–30% prevalence in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients [1]. Only 33% of diabetic CF patients are symptomatic for diabetes [2]. This subtle presentation of diabetes has resulted in the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation recommending screening guidelines for diabetes [3]. This guideline further rec... | 16790062 | PMC1513574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2006 Jun 21; 6:4 |
Background
Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are systematically developed statements to assist the decisions of the practitioner and patient about appropriate healthcare for specific clinical circumstances [1]. It is expected that clinical practice guidelines improve healthcare quality, reduce inappropriate variations... | 16776847 | PMC1513575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jun 16; 7:36 |
Background
Most proteins function by interacting with other molecules; the binding sites have evolved for achieving specific interactions and avoiding undesirable associations that would be deleterious to the normal functioning of the cell. Thus the interfaces between two protein subunits provide context for understand... | 16759379 | PMC1513576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Jun 7; 6:11 |
Background
Alcohol-based hand rubs are recommended and widely used for surgical hand disinfection in many countries [1,2]. The main aim of the pre-operative treatment of hands is the reduction of resident skin bacteria to a minimum in order to reduce the risk of surgical site infections in case of perforated surgical g... | 16790073 | PMC1513577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 22; 6:57 |
Background
Currently, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality among infectious diseases worldwide, and the number of new cases continues to rise despite intense eradication efforts. Recent epidemiologic analyses show that the incidence of new TB cases has increased considerably during the last 2 dec... | 16796738 | PMC1513578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 23; 6:102 |
Background
The incidence of infection with resistant gram-positive organisms has increased dramatically over the past 10 years [1]. In the UK, this relates mainly to hospital-acquired infections. However, there are also serious worldwide concerns about community-acquired infections with resistant organisms [2,3]. Methi... | 16762061 | PMC1513579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 8; 6:94 |
Background
Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite the existence of strategies for treatment, the frequency of PTB has not changed significantly during the past three decades and the mechanisms underlying the initiation of both preterm and term labor remain largely unknown ... | 16734917 | PMC1513580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 May 31; 4:29 |
Background
Microsporidia is a nontaxonomic designation used to refer to a group of obligate intracellular protists belonging to the phylum Microspora [1]. In humans, microsporidia are opportunistic pathogens that cause gastrointestinal, sinus, pulmonary, muscular, renal and ocular diseases. Microsporidia is an importan... | 16792818 | PMC1513581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2006 Jun 23; 6:6 |
pmcFindings
Most paddy soils have a natural population of Cyanobacteria. Some representatives of these prokaryotic photosynthethic microorganisms are a potential source of combined nitrogen because they are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen [1]. An additional benefit of cyanobacteria is their capacity to synthesi... | 16756665 | PMC1513582 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:41 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Jun 6; 2:7 |
Background
Metallic implants often cause distortions inside magnetic resonance images. These effects arise either from the different susceptibility of tissue and metal, disturbing the gradient for spatial encoding, or from induced eddy currents on the metallic implant structure forming a Faraday cage [1-4]. An advantag... | 16729878 | PMC1513583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 May 26; 5:35 |
I was excited to receive the second edition of this book for review. The first edition published in 2000 received good reviews on Amazon (four stars based on 5 reviews). Hence I had expected a book which provided a broad introduction to bioinformatics as applied to biology and medicine; however I regret to say I was di... | 0 | PMC1513584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jun 19; 5:41 |
Background
Most population health researchers accept that social and economic conditions, such as such as levels of education, types of work and rates of unemployment, affect population health. Many suggest that the degree of inequality or disparity in social and economic conditions is important, and argue that inequal... | 16737549 | PMC1513585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 Jun 1; 3:6 |
Background
The resistance of vectors to insecticides is a real handicap to the use of insecticide-treated materials. The recurrent presence on the agenda of most entomological research in Africa of vector resistance, more specifically of Anopheles gambiae resistance to insecticides, is due to the fact that insecticide-... | 16563153 | PMC1513586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Mar 24; 5:22 |
Background
In the past decades, international travel has increased and more than 125 million international travellers visit malaria endemic countries every year [1]. This has turned the attention of scientific and public health authorities to the problem of imported and introduced malaria. The leading cause of imported... | 16597338 | PMC1513587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Apr 5; 5:30 |
Background
Patients with multiple organ failure (MOF) are the most challenging group of patients in modern intensive care. The gastrointestinal system is one of the clinically important systems in MOF, with strong evidence of bacterial translocation in ICU patients supporting the concept of the gut being a motor of MOF... | 16792799 | PMC1513588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Jun 22; 6:19 |
Background
Plants have a long history of use in the treatment of cancer. Active principles of Angelica Gigas, Catharanthus roseus, Podophyllum peltatum, Podophyllum emodii, Taxus brevifolia, Ocrosia elliptica, and Campototheca acuminata have been used in the treatment of advanced stages of various malignancies in the c... | 16677386 | PMC1513589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 5; 6:119 |
Background
The Wnt signaling pathway plays a central role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). In the majority of cases the early events in tumorigenesis involve inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene APC and stabilization of β-catenin [1,2]. The constitutive activity of β-catenin/T cell factor-4 (Tcf-4) –... | 16740153 | PMC1513590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:27 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 1; 6:145 |
Background
The term Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH) was originally described by O'Brien and Stout in 1964 [1] to cover a variety of pleomorphic soft tissue sarcomas derived from histiocytes capable of fibroblastic transformation. MFH is a common sarcoma of mesenchymal origin affecting soft tissues of the body, esp... | 16792809 | PMC1513591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 22; 3:15 |
Background
HIV-1 gene expression is finely regulated [1]. Transcription from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) produces a full length RNA of 9 Kb from which several mRNAs are then generated by splicing (the 4 Kb singly spliced and 2 Kb fully spliced RNAs) [1]. While the fully spliced RNAs are exported to the cytopla... | 16712721 | PMC1513592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 May 19; 3:13 |
Background
Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) is an uncommon pediatric neoplasm distinct from Wilms tumor and also usually tends to metastasize to bones being different from Wilms tumor [1].
CCSK in adults is extremely rare. Optimal treatment of adult patients with CCSK remains unclear. Surgery, radiotherapy and ... | 16584570 | PMC1513593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:44 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Apr 3; 6:11 |
Background
In 2000 the UK Medical Research Council published a structure for evaluating complex interventions, which proposed that interventions should be modelled and then tested prior to a full-scale trial [1]. The pre-trial work could be expected to provide a more realistic estimate of the likely effect of the inter... | 16792798 | PMC1513594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jun 22; 6:28 |
Background
The two human cerebral hemispheres are continuously interacting through excitatory and inhibitory influences and brain activity depends on this interhemispheric balance (see [1] for a review; [2,3]). One of the most efficient interhemispheric pathways and largest interhemispheric commissure at the cortical l... | 16790050 | PMC1513595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:44 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jun 21; 6:21 |
Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants and children under 1 year of age. In temperate climates, RSV infections usually occur during annual community outbreaks, often lasting 4 to 6 months, during the late fall, winter, or early spring months. T... | 16756663 | PMC1513596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Jun 6; 5:13 |
Definition and causes
Dementia cannot be considered as a disease by itself but it is the term used to describe a set of symptoms resulting from damages and disorders affecting the brain. These symptoms can be caused by a multitude of diseases and depend upon the specific brain regions affected. These symptoms appear as... | 16712719 | PMC1513597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 May 19; 3:28 |
Background
Smoking causes chronic airway complaints in a significant proportion of the population [1]. The primary care physician and respiratory nurse specialist are generally the first to assess patients with a chronic cough, complaints of dyspnea or sputum production [2]. Ideally, common causes like COPD and asthma ... | 16740168 | PMC1513598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:44 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Jun 1; 6:11 |
Background
Refractory angina pectoris is a clinical diagnosis which is characterized by chronic angina due to coronary artery insufficiency in patients who are refractory to conventional forms of treatment [1]. Treatment of coronary artery disease consists of pharmacological interventions and invasive actions such as p... | 16776842 | PMC1513599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jun 15; 6:28 |
Background
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS) is characterized by the deposition of a distinctive fibrillar material in the anterior segment of the eye and was first described in 1917 by Lindberg [1]. It is frequently associated with open angle glaucoma, known as pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, which is the most common ident... | 16792800 | PMC1513600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun 22; 6:27 |
Background
Immune cells recognize epitopes (antigenic determinants) rather than entire antigens. Epitopes are the regions of an antigen that are bound by antigen-specific membrane receptors on lymphocytes or to secreted antibodies[1]. T-cells recognize T-cell epitopes, which are usually linear peptides derived from pro... | 16603068 | PMC1513601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Apr 7; 7:7 |
Background
In Nigeria, where traditional medicine, with its cheap resources, is the main source of health-care, the traditional medical practitioners (TMP) are the main medical manpower available and accessible to the rural dwellers. Hence HIV/AIDS patients in such rural settings would be expected to consult the tradit... | 16790064 | PMC1513602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Jun 21; 6:22 |
Background
Coffee is one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide. However, the stimulating effect of caffeine on the central nervous system has significantly reduced the frequency of consumption due to its side effects on the cardiovascular system [1], central nervous system [2], and endocrine system [3]. On ... | 16545124 | PMC1513603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Mar 17; 6:9 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causative agents of chronic viral hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis C can progress to cirrhosis and eventually to hepatocellular carcinoma over a period of 20 to 30 years. The mechanisms by which HCV causes cell damage are not well understood. Different mechanisms includ... | 16787540 | PMC1513604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jun 20; 4:25 |
Background
Sequence comparison for homology detection remains one of the core tools in bioinformatics. For example, BLAST [1] and PSI-BLAST [2] are widely used for this task, from wet biologists to bioinformaticians. Thanks to those tools, more than half of the newly identified protein sequences are nowadays recognized... | 16677385 | PMC1513605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 5; 7:246 |
Background
The T cell, a specialized type of immune cell, continuously searches out proteins originating from pathogenic organisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. The T cell surface is enriched in a particular receptor protein: the T cell receptor or TCR, which binds to major histocompatibility complex... | 16579851 | PMC1513606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 31; 7:182 |
Background
Many researchers from a wide range of biological and computational disciplines have a recurrent need for depicting trees of various forms, e.g. phylogenies. Often, the tree is represented as a text string or file in the parenthesized Newick format. This is true for phylogenies produced by software such as th... | 16792795 | PMC1513607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 22; 7:315 |
Background
Most protein families can be divided into functionally distinct subfamilies. Such subfamilies exhibit characteristic properties which manifest for instance as binding specificity of regulatory proteins, substrate specificity of enzymes, and pore selectivity of channels and transporters. Functional difference... | 16790056 | PMC1513608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 21; 7:313 |
Background
A protein fold is often defined by the number, direction in space and connectivity (or topology) of its secondary structural elements[1] (alpha helices and beta strands). In two major fold databases, the definition of a fold is itself partially ambiguous. In SCOP[2], the definition is "same major number and ... | 16613604 | PMC1513609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 13; 7:206 |
Background
Maintaining databases that contain the most up-to-date, high quality models of the protein structures for entire proteomes is becoming increasingly difficult. Structural annotation databases such as 3D-Genomics[1], Gene3D[2], Superfamily[3] and the Genomic Threading Database[4,5] contain predicted models for... | 16759376 | PMC1513610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 7; 7:288 |
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