text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Introduction
In 1998 Fire and coll. coined the term RNA interference (RNAi) referring to the phenomenon of post-translational silencing of gene expression that occurs in response to the introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into a cell [1]. This phenomenon can result in highly specific suppression of gene express... | 15555080 | PMC534783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Nov 22; 2:39 |
Background
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyses triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL and thereby makes fatty acids available for cellular uptake and use in metabolic processes [1,2]. Relatively high levels of LPL mRNA are found in adipose tissue, heart, red skeletal muscle and lactating mammary gland [3,4]. Parenchyma... | 15544705 | PMC534784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:50 | no | BMC Physiol. 2004 Nov 15; 4:13 |
Review
Introduction
Chronic disease affects approximately 18% of children [1]. Although cure is not possible, survival rates have improved substantially for many conditions (e.g. cancer [2] and cystic fibrosis [3]). Many diseases require daily self-management and restrict children's physical and social activities. Cons... | 15555077 | PMC534785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Nov 22; 2:66 |
Background
The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) was initially developed in the early 1990s [1,2] to measure the severity of age-/menopause-related complaints by rating a profile of symptoms.
The validation of the MRS began some years ago [2-6] with the objectives (1) to enable comparisons of the symptoms of aging between ... | 15555079 | PMC534786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Nov 22; 2:67 |
Background
Postal surveys are routinely used to obtain information from patients and groups within the general population, over a range of topics. Postal surveys are a cost-efficient method compared with intensive methods such as face-to-face interviews and capable of obtaining systematically, information on many thous... | 15537429 | PMC534787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Nov 10; 4:31 |
Background
Endometriosis is a condition that affects 10% of women of reproductive age [1]. In the condition, endometrial glands and/or stroma from the eutopic endometrium lodge and survive at ectopic sites such as the fallopian tubes, ovaries and peritoneal cavity. The most accepted theory as to how these cells migrate... | 15447789 | PMC534788 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Sep 25; 2:69 |
Background
The tumor suppressor protein p53 protects organisms from malignancy by either inducing programmed cell death or by arresting the cell cycle in response to cellular stress. The intracellular concentration of p53 is tightly regulated at the posttranslational level and the protein is very unstable under physiol... | 15548325 | PMC534789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2004 Nov 17; 3:5 |
Background
Working in a burn unit has been described as a stressful occupation [1]. Every nurse who cares for a burn victim knows that stress is a part of working in this field. Some authors have emphasized that these nurses experience dealing with self-inflicted burns, uncooperative patients, inter-staff conflicts and... | 15541180 | PMC534790 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:13 | no | BMC Nurs. 2004 Nov 13; 3:6 |
Background
In Finland, as in most industrialised countries mortality from cardiovascular diseases has shown decreasing trends since around 1970 [1,2]. The Mini-Finland survey from the years 1979–80 revealed that the angina pectoris symptom (i.e. reported chest pain under physical strain) may already appear in both sexe... | 15533254 | PMC534791 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Nov 8; 2:60 |
Background
Recent studies of disease burden have demonstrated the importance of psychological disorders. For instance, depression was the fourth leading cause of disease burden, accounting for 4.4% of total disability adjusted life years in the world in 2000 [1]. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) has be... | 15538951 | PMC534792 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Nov 11; 2:63 |
Background
An increase in the prevalence of asthma and atopy during the last two decades is documented for both children [1] and adults [2]. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) has demonstrated a large variation in the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children throughout the world [3]. ... | 15555064 | PMC534793 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Nov 19; 2:65 |
Background
Clove is the dried flower bud of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry. (Family: Myrtaceae) an evergreen tree 10–20 m in height indigenous to India, Indonesia, Zanzibar, Mauritius and Sri Lanka [1]. It is one of the most important drugs used in indigenous medicine in India, especially in Unani medicine. Clo... | 15530165 | PMC534794 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Nov 5; 4:17 |
Introduction
Bedside echocardiography can bring important anatomical and hemodynamic information for the management of critically ill patients, and is often required in hospitalized patients for the assessment of left ventricular function. Standard echocardiographic equipments, while optimal, have large size and someti... | 15548326 | PMC534795 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Nov 17; 2:24 |
Background
Nocardiosis is a rare localized or systemic infection caused by several species of the genus Nocardia. This genus consists of strictly aerobic, Gram-positive, variably acid-fast, filamentous bacteria with a tendency to fragment into bacillary and coccoid forms [1]. N. asteroides, N. farcinica, N. nova (inclu... | 15544704 | PMC534796 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Nov 15; 3:24 |
Background
The literature from English-speaking countries indicates that teaching communication skills is effective in improving learners' communication skills with patients [1]. However, the evidence from non-English speaking countries is sparse [1]. In addition, the conceptual frameworks for communication skills teac... | 15550166 | PMC534797 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Nov 18; 4:24 |
Background
Conjugated fatty acid (CFA) is the general term of positional and geometric isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. It has been reported that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), the CFA form of linoleic acid, has favorable physiological effects, such as anti-atherosclerosis, anti-obe... | 15533261 | PMC534798 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Nov 9; 3:24 |
Review
Genomes in the thousands
At the date of October 30th, 2004 the GOLD () site provided links to 1205 ongoing or completed genome programmes, most of which from prokaryotic organisms. More than 40,000 pages are indexed in the WWW Browser Engine Google for the keyword "cell factory". Early in 1999 the European Union... | 15537427 | PMC534799 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:46 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2004 Nov 10; 3:13 |
Review
Types of spider silk
Spiders and silks always go together. Currently there are over 34,000 described species of spiders, all of which have a varied tool kit of task-specific silks with divergent mechanical properties [1-6]. Although some spiders may use silk sparingly, most make rather elaborate nests, traps and... | 15546497 | PMC534800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:46 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2004 Nov 16; 3:14 |
Introduction
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human parasite, with an estimated burden of 70–80 million cases annually [1]. In some parts of the world (Asia, South America), it is the most prevalent form of the four human malarial parasites. Although it causes a less severe disease than Plasmodium falcip... | 15535878 | PMC534801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | Malar J. 2004 Nov 9; 3:40 |
Background
It is estimated that 15 – 40% of chronic low back pain patients have pain arising from the lumbar zygapophysial joints (ZJ)[1,2]. Previous studies have indicated that historical and physical examination findings cannot predict results from diagnostic ZJ blocks [1-6]. A specific sequence of injections of loca... | 15546487 | PMC534802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Nov 16; 5:43 |
Background
Chronic asthma is driven and maintained by the persistence of a subset of chronically activated memory T lymphocytes. The development of allergen-specific CD4+ T-helper 2 (Th2) immunoresponses is responsible for the cellular and molecular events underlying the initiation and progression of allergic asthma [1... | 15538945 | PMC534803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Nov 11; 5(1):21 |
Background
Management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has underwent considerable changes in the last two decades and the management of patients with AMI has become more established [1,2]. In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), primary angioplasty is becoming first-choice therapy [2-4]... | 15538946 | PMC534804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:31 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2004 Nov 11; 5(1):11 |
Background
The mechanism of action of homeopathic remedies has baffled practitioners and scientists for two centuries. A widely accepted premise of those doing research in this field is that if remedies are more than placebos, then the process of making remedies by alternating dilution and succussion must alter the sol... | 15518588 | PMC534805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Nov 1; 4:15 |
Background
Cellular genes are likely to participate in all phases of viral life cycles including attachment to cellular receptors, internalization, disassembly, translation of mRNA, assembly and egress from the cells [1]. The susceptibility to virus infection varies greatly among different cell types, and virus-resista... | 15522117 | PMC534806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Nov 2; 5:41 |
Background
An association between allergic conditions and cancer risk has been the subject of several epidemiological studies. Both positive and negative associations have been observed and two hypotheses have been formulated to explain such relationships. First, the immune surveillance hypothesis, which proposes that ... | 15527506 | PMC534807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Nov 4; 4:51 |
Introduction
How is complex organization produced and maintained by physical processes? One may look to biology, where we find the most sophisticated organization of matter, often spanning more than 24 orders of magnitude from component molecules (0.1 attograms) to entire organism (100 kilograms). This organization is ... | 15583715 | PMC534809 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 7; 2(12):e424 |
Introduction
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest felid species and a widely recognized symbol of wildlife conservation. Historically tigers inhabited much of Asia, including the regions between the Caspian and Aral Seas, southeastern Russia, and the Sunda islands (Mazak 1981; Hemmer 1987; Herrington 1987). Since... | 15583716 | PMC534810 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 7; 2(12):e442 |
In his seminal exploration of the properties of living organisms, What Is Life?, Erwin Schroedinger concluded that life depends in large part on storing and processing information. For genetic material to carry the diverse instructions required for living processes, he proposed, it must be stored in an aperiodic crysta... | 0 | PMC534811 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 7; 2(12):e448 |
Tyger! Tyger! burning bright
In the forests of the night
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
When William Blake wrote these words in the late 1700s, the deforestation and habitat destruction that would decimate wild tiger populations had already begun. In 1900, an estimated 100,000 wild t... | 0 | PMC534812 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 7; 2(12):e453 |
Introduction
The two orangutan species, Pongo abelii in Sumatra and Pongo pygmaeus in Borneo, are threatened with extinction in the near future [1,2]. A prerequisite for conserving great apes in their natural habitat is good knowledge of population distribution, density, and size. However, precise information is still ... | 15630475 | PMC534813 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 7; 3(1):e3 |
After apprenticing at her mother's side for some eight years—the first three clinging to her body—an orangutan is ready to make her own way in the forest canopy. The only great ape specializing in arboreal living, orangutans forage the treetops mostly for fruit, nuts, insects, leaves, and tree bark. They can recognize ... | 0 | PMC534815 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 7; 3(1):e22 |
Background
Snoring occurs when there is an obstruction to the free flow of air through the airways at the back of the mouth and nose. The prevalence of habitual snoring in children has been reported to vary between 3.2 and 11%. Infrequent snoring is present in 17–27% of all children [1-3]. A study of young Australian c... | 15527500 | PMC535337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Nov 4; 5(1):19 |
Introduction
Conlon and Raff [1] recently stated that constant size distribution is maintained in a culture of proliferating rat Schwann cells without the need for any size checkpoint, in contrast to the situation in yeast. Before discussing their conclusion, it is important to consider their techniques and nomenclatur... | 15546490 | PMC535338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Nov 16; 1:12 |
Introduction
Two classes of viral envelope proteins that mediate virion:cell fusion have been described. Class I and II fusion proteins (aka α-and β-penetrenes) are distinguished, in part, by the location of the "fusion peptide," a cluster of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids that appears critical for fusing viral a... | 15544707 | PMC535339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Nov 15; 1:10 |
Background
Microarrays are routinely used for large scale transcriptome analyses and have been widely and successfully employed for simultaneously monitoring the expression of a potentially unlimited number of genes in parallel, thus providing the basis for identifying genes differentially expressed in distinct cell-ty... | 15511299 | PMC535340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Oct 28; 5:83 |
Background
Pregnancy outcomes are not only important measures of health status of the mothers and infants, but are important measures of socioeconomic development in a society. For example, infant mortality has been considered the single most comprehensive measure of the health and wealth in a society [1,2]. Both mater... | 15541183 | PMC535341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Nov 13; 4:21 |
Introduction
Platelet activation and aggregation play an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death in the United States. Over the last several years, enormous advances have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate platelet function. A gener... | 15544706 | PMC535342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:20 | no | Thromb J. 2004 Nov 15; 2:11 |
Background
There are controversial results on the efficacy of the nowadays still abandoned, intrathecal steroid application predominantly due to a missing detailed evaluation of patients' characteristics, careful monitoring and standardized outcome measurements in multiple sclerosis (MS) [1]. Initially, case reports of... | 15530171 | PMC535343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Nov 7; 4:18 |
Background
Fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system, which is mediated predominantly by the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors, can undergo long-term bi-directional modifications in strength [1-3]. These persistent changes have been proposed to be key synaptic processes involved in learning ... | 15538948 | PMC535344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Nov 11; 5:44 |
Background
Many American Indian and Alaska Native people experience problems with alcohol abuse that lead to social, psychological, and physical problems [1-3]. Unfortunately, little is known about American Indian or Alaska Native people who live sober and healthy lives. This paper presents initial findings from the Pe... | 15548331 | PMC535345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:44 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2004 Nov 17; 1:10 |
Introduction
A strategic aim of the global commitment to Roll Back Malaria is the development of reliable and practicable forecasting methods to enable the containment of epidemics. Much of the basis of our knowledge about the causes and dynamics of malaria epidemics comes from the qualitative analyses of the large sca... | 15533243 | PMC535346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Nov 8; 3:39 |
Before beginning the review of this book, we had no particular opinion about the role of low carbohydrate diets in diabetes. In order to write a fair and unbiased review, we have done a rather extensive search on the subject. One of the most disturbing findings of our search is the amount of hostility towards low carbo... | 15535891 | PMC535347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Nov 9; 1:14 |
Background
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cause of death all over the world. Reduction in the blood flow to myocardium leads to IHD and its restitution (reperfusion), spontaneously or by drug / surgery, is essential for tissue/organ survival. However, reperfusion itself exacerbates myocardial injury, commonly ... | 15535879 | PMC535348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Nov 9; 4:29 |
Background
Aquifoliaceae comprise one genus, Ilex [1] and approximately 400 species. The fossil record indicates that the genus was cosmopolitan during the Eocene. It is now largely extinct in Australia, Europe and Africa where only few species persist. Most diversity is currently found in South-America and in Southeas... | 15550175 | PMC535349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Nov 18; 4:46 |
Background
Appropriate T- and B-cell migration and timely interaction with antigen presenting cells (APC) are essential for the development of humoral immune responses [1,2]. Specialized compartments within lymphoid tissues facilitate these interactions [3]. Distinct populations of B-cells reside in these microenvironm... | 15369600 | PMC535350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Immunol. 2004 Sep 15; 5:20 |
Background
Septins are a conserved family of GTPases implicated in various cellular processes. Septin-requiring processes include cytokinesis, polarity establishment, cell cycle checkpoints and formation of a diffusion barrier in yeast [1], as well as cytokinesis, vesicle trafficking and exocytosis in mammalian cells [... | 15541171 | PMC535351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:36 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Nov 12; 5:43 |
Background
In most models of host-parasite dynamics, the parasites are considered as part of discrete infections, involving only a single parasite. However, as the transmission stages of parasites tend to be clustered, the majority of host-parasite interactions will rather involve multiple parasite individuals. This is... | 15541185 | PMC535352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Nov 14; 4:45 |
Background
During the last years, a large number of machine learning approaches have been developed to analyze and annotate genomic sequence data. Different concepts of statistical pattern analysis and modelling are successfully used for this purpose. Sophisticated methods like Hidden Markov Models [1], neural networks... | 15511290 | PMC535353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 28; 5:169 |
Background
In the past years, there has been much confusion concerning the definition of the entity of rare focal lesions of the peripheral nerves since terms such as perineurioma, localized hypertrophic neuropathy, or hypertrophic neuritis have been used as synonyms [1-5]. According to the revised World Health Organiz... | 15555068 | PMC535354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Nov 21; 4:19 |
There is a well-documented relationship between short sleep duration and high body mass index (BMI). In the largest study, a survey on sleep duration and frequency of insomnia in more than 1.1 million participants, increasing BMI occurred for habitual sleep amounts below 7–8 hours [1]. A recent prospective study found ... | 15599390 | PMC535424 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 7; 1(3):e61 |
Background
Over the past decade ICD implantation has become increasingly straightforward, yet ICD programming and follow up has become more complex due to device feature and capability enhancements. While sophisticated algorithms provide high sensitivity and improved specificity of arrhythmia detection, allowing delive... | 15541169 | PMC535530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:31 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2004 Nov 12; 5(1):12 |
Background
Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy poses a substantial risk to pregnant women and their offspring: it has been estimated that malaria in pregnancy is the primary cause of up to 10,000 maternal anaemia-related deaths in sub-Saharan Africa annually [1]. Further, malaria in pregnancy increases the risk ... | 15541178 | PMC535531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Nov 12; 3:42 |
Review
1. General background
Knowledge about living organisms increased dramatically during the 20th century and has produced the modern disciplines of genomics and proteomics. Despite these advances, however, there remains the great challenge of learning how the different living components of the cell are integrated a... | 15555071 | PMC535532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2004 Nov 22; 2:11 |
Introduction
Many Canadian cities are currently experiencing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemics as a result of illicit injection drug use [1,2]. Other costly infectious diseases that can be easily acquired from non-hygenic injection practices, such as endocarditis and cellulitis, a... | 15535885 | PMC535533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:44 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2004 Nov 9; 1:9 |
Introduction
Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa), originally developed for the treatment of acquired inhibitors associated with hemophilia [1,2], has been successfully used for bleeding due to acquired or congenital thrombocytopathy [3,4], extensive trauma and a variety of surgical procedures, including anecdotal reports ... | 15530167 | PMC535534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:20 | no | Thromb J. 2004 Nov 5; 2:9 |
Introduction
In vivo gene targeting of highly specific cell subsets remains the main challenge for gene therapy of a broad range of conditions associated with acquired diseases, including infectious disorders, cancer and failure of the hematopoietic system [1,2]. In vivo gene transfection is more appealing than in vitr... | 15509303 | PMC535535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Oct 27; 2:16 |
Introduction
D-dimer is considered a marker of hypercoagulable state besides of endogenous fibrinolysis, so increased d-dimer is detectable in patients affected by arterial and/or venous thrombosis [1]. Yet, several studies showed increased d-dimer also in patients affected by subclinical thrombophilia without ongoing ... | 15535889 | PMC535536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Nov 9; 2:38 |
Introduction
Arguably, the major pathogenic factor in the metabolic syndrome is central obesity [1,2]. While abdominal obesity is determined by the accumulation of both subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), the excess accumulation of VAT appears to play a more significant pathogenic role... | 15530168 | PMC535537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Nov 5; 1:12 |
Background
EphA2 is a member of Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases comprised of two major classes (EphA and EphB), which are distinguished by their specificities for ligand (ephrin-A and ephrin-B, respectively [1-3]). Recent reports suggest that EphA2 is frequently overexpressed and often functionally dysregulated... | 15563374 | PMC535538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Nov 24; 2:40 |
West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA flavivirus (family Flaviviridae, genus flavivirus) with a worldwide distribution ranging Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. WNV was first recognized in the Western Hemisphere in 1999. The emergence of WNV has been associated with a dramatic increase in severity of ... | 15550172 | PMC535539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Virol J. 2004 Nov 18; 1:9 |
Background
Malaria epidemics due to Plasmodium falciparum are reported frequently in the East African highlands [1-6]. Immunity to malaria in the populations of these epidemic-prone regions is often incomplete, so that epidemics cause high case fatality rates among all age groups. In 1958, a malaria epidemic covering o... | 15541174 | PMC535540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Nov 12; 3:41 |
Background
Malaria epidemics are reported frequently and have caused high morbidity and mortality among all age groups in the African highlands [1-4]. Early detection and accurate forecasting of the time, place and intensity of these epidemics is important for emergency preparedness, planning and response [5,6]. Consid... | 15555061 | PMC535541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Nov 19; 3:44 |
Background
Androgens, growth factors, neuropeptides, and other trophic agents are involved in normal and neoplastic growth of the prostate. Prosaposin is the intracellular precursor of four lysosomal glycoproteins, saposins A-D, that are involved in lysosomal hydrolysis of sphingolipids. These saposins, through their i... | 15548330 | PMC535542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Nov 17; 3:31 |
Background
Caring for the institutionalized dementia patient can be challenging for nursing staff [1,2]. Persons with dementia often exhibit such disturbing behaviors as pacing, use of inappropriate language, acting out, refusal of necessary care, hallucinations, and delusions. Nursing staff caring for persons with dem... | 15535887 | PMC535543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Nov 9; 2:62 |
Background
The adrenal gland is a common site for metastases in breast, lung and renal cell carcinomas, melanoma, and lymphoma [1]. Adrenal metastasis, at the initial diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer, occurs in less than 10% of lung cancer patients [2]. Most cases involve solitary, unilateral, small asymptomatic... | 15541184 | PMC535544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Nov 13; 2:37 |
Background
Implantation of the embryo, formation of the placenta and successful pregnancy are dependent on the proliferation and differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells. Decidualization occurs in response to endometrial and embryonic signals and is thought to involve complex interactions betwee... | 15537430 | PMC535545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Nov 10; 2:76 |
Background
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that infects domestic and feral cat populations worldwide. Infected cats exhibit similar disease patterns as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients by developing multiple immuno-depletive symptoms collectively referred to as acquired immunodef... | 15555065 | PMC535546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Nov 19; 1:38 |
Background
Libraries have the objective to build collections that support the communities they serve. To build a viable collection the collection development librarian, outreach/marketing librarian, and others, must determine exactly what populations reside in the neighborhood, in respect to race, spoken language, educ... | 15550171 | PMC535547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2004 Nov 18; 1:3 |
Background
The Merkel cell is the namesake of an F. Merkel who in 1875 described distinct round cells in the basal layer of the epidermis [1]. The distinctive Merkel cell with its round shape and salt and pepper chromatin is known to be present in the epidermis and dermis [2]. Toker first described Merkel cell carcinom... | 15550173 | PMC535548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | Cytojournal. 2004 Nov 18; 1:5 |
Background
Vaccinia virus, the prototype of the Poxviridae, is a large DNA virus whose replication takes place in the cytoplasm of the infected cell [1]. Although well characterized in vitro, little is known about the ability of vaccinia virus to infect different cell types in vivo. Vaccinia virus host range in cell cu... | 15555076 | PMC535549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Virol J. 2004 Nov 22; 1:10 |
Introduction
A landmark in the battle against viral infectious diseases was made in 1798 when Jenner first inoculated humans against smallpox with the less virulent cowpox. For about two centuries since then, humans relied almost exclusively on vaccines for protection against viruses. Only in the recent years, new stra... | 15560846 | PMC535550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Virol J. 2004 Nov 23; 1:12 |
Findings
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus that is the leading cause of congenital viral infection in the United States and Europe. Intrauterine transmission of the virus occurs in approximately 40% of pregnant women with primary HCMV infection, and the incidence of congenital HCMV infection... | 15548334 | PMC535551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Virol J. 2004 Nov 17; 1:8 |
Background
It is well documented that essentially all living systems spontaneously generate and emit very low levels of light (reviewed in [1]). This ultra-weak bioluminescence is generally characterized by emission of photons (sometimes termed "biophotons") at an intensity less than 10-14 W.cm-2 (< 1000 photons.sec-1.... | 15550176 | PMC535552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2004 Nov 18; 4:19 |
Background
Cohort studies have provided valuable information on the clinical course of HIV infection in patients from Europe [1-16], North America [3,17-21], South America [22,23] and Africa [24-32]. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy has dramatically altered the incidence of AIDS-defining illnesses in the West... | 15538953 | PMC535553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 12; 4:47 |
Background
Although the use of Systems Biology to understand the function of neurons recently started to gain momentum, it is still in its infancy. A crucial step leading to meaningful simulations is the reconstruction of large neuronal systems based on the elementary building blocks. However, this approach suffers fro... | 15518589 | PMC535554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 1; 5:174 |
Background
The expression of a gene is controlled by other genes expressed at the same time and by external signals, a process called gene regulation [1]. Due to the combinatorial complexity of regulation, a large number of functional tasks can be performed by a limited number of genes. Differences in gene regulation a... | 15511291 | PMC535555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Oct 28; 4:42 |
Background
It is a longstanding observation that chromatin distribution in the interphase cell nucleus varies with the cell type. Flemming described differences in nuclear appearance in 1882 [[1], p.100]. Since then methodological advancements have made it possible to study nuclear chromatin architecture in much more d... | 15555075 | PMC535556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:36 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Nov 22; 5:44 |
Background
The availability of genome sequences from several model organisms, including humans, and of high-throughput technologies to study gene function is dramatically changing the approach to biological problems. In particular, the consolidated reductionist gene-by-gene strategy is being replaced by a 'modular appr... | 15550177 | PMC535557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 19; 5:179 |
Background
The greater complexity of cluster randomised controlled trials (RCTs) compared with their individually randomised counterparts has led to much methodological work concerning their design and analysis[1]. However, the analysis of cost data from these trials has received little attention to date. The conceptua... | 15550169 | PMC535558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:29 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Nov 18; 4:33 |
Background
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is involved in many cellular processes including cell proliferation, motility, adhesion and angiogenesis via the activation of three pathways: phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3)/Akt pathway, the Jak/STAT pathway and the ras/raf pathway. EGFR is expressed or highly... | 15560844 | PMC535559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 23; 4:83 |
Background
The incidence of depression in people living with HIV (PLWH) has consistently been reported to be higher than the 12–15% rates reported for the general population [1]. Depression in this population is largely untreated. Estimates suggest that this comorbid condition of HIV affects 10% – 50% of PLWH [2]. The ... | 15538952 | PMC535560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Nov 11; 4:38 |
Background
Structure-function analysis seeks to elucidate how the structural attributes of a protein serve its function. The function of a carrier protein is to catalyse transmembrane solute translocation. However, without a productive conspiracy among catalysis-promoting residues in the protein fold, transport protein... | 15548327 | PMC535561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | BMC Biochem. 2004 Nov 17; 5:16 |
Background
The development of insecticide resistance in insect pest populations is a population genetic process, in which insecticides select for initially rare resistant mutants within a population [1]. Although the development of insecticide resistance is an inevitable consequence of insecticide application, because ... | 15563373 | PMC535562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:34 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Nov 24; 5:31 |
Background
Reserpine, an alkaloid isolated from Rauwolfia species, was introduced for the treatment of hypertension and schizophrenia in 1950's but was replaced by more effective drugs by the end of 1970's [1-6]. Reserpine is known to act centrally as well as peripherally by depletion of biogenic amines like noradrenal... | 15546495 | PMC535563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Nov 16; 4:30 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus is a disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality [1,2]. Patients with diabetes have higher rates of coronary artery disease, retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy [1]. Many of these complications can be prevented with appropriate medical care[3,4] This care, however, often... | 15546482 | PMC535564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Nov 16; 5:26 |
Background
A critical function of the endotracheal tube cuff is to seal the airway, thus preventing aspiration of pharyngeal contents into the trachea and to ensure that there are no leaks past the cuff during positive pressure ventilation. However, complications have been associated with insufficient cuff inflation. C... | 15569386 | PMC535565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:02 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2004 Nov 29; 4:8 |
Background
Salmonellosis, resulting from the ingestion of contaminated poultry, beef, pork, eggs, and milk [1], is an important public health problem worldwide [2]. Although the high temperature of the baking process would suggest that baked goods provide a relatively inhospitable environment for colonization with infe... | 15541186 | PMC535566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 15; 4:48 |
Background
The first case of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in India was detected in 1986 in the state of Tamilnadu [1] and since then the spread of HIV/AIDS across the nation has been relentless. Cases have been reported from all states and union territories of India. Though... | 15555069 | PMC535567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 22; 4:52 |
Background
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in North America [1]. Lung cancer is divided into two morphological types: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The results of surgery still remain unsatisfactory; even in stage I NSCLC (no lymph node metastasis and no ... | 15541182 | PMC535568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 13; 4:79 |
The rich get richer while the poor get poorer. This is as true for research in the life sciences as it is for society in general. Why is this? To put it simply: because existing resources can be leveraged to generate new ones. In life science research, these resources are often expressed in terms of people, equipment, ... | 15597114 | PMC535569 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 14; 2(12):e372 |
‘You’, your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will, are in fact no more than the behavior of a vast assembly of nerve cells…” —Crick (1994, p. 3)
Francis Crick was an evangelical atheist. He believed that scientific understanding removed the need for ... | 17593891 | PMC535570 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 14; 2(12):e419 |
Reinforcement, like sympatric speciation (see Box 1), has charisma. Evolutionary biologists are still deeply uncertain about how often these processes take place, and hence how important they are in explaining the biological diversity we see today. Empirical and theoretical support for both ideas has waxed and waned ov... | 15597115 | PMC535571 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 14; 2(12):e420 |
“Dr. Octopus,” the villain that terrorizes the city in the most recent film of the popular Spider-Man comic, is the ultimate characterization of a brain–machine interface (BMI) on the big screen. In Spider-Man 2, the brain is that of nuclear physicist Dr. Otto Octavius, who dreams of harnessing nuclear fusion. The mach... | 0 | PMC535572 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 14; 2(12):e430 |
How did life emerge from a soup of chemicals? How do patterns such as schools of fish form from individuals? How do voting patterns emerge? Such a diverse array of problems seems completely unrelated. However, they all involve “emergence of complexity.” When individuals come together, they form patterns, structures, an... | 15597116 | PMC535573 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 14; 2(12):e431 |
Although mathematics has long been intertwined with the biological sciences, an explosive synergy between biology and mathematics seems poised to enrich and extend both fields greatly in the coming decades (Levin 1992; Murray 1993; Jungck 1997; Hastings et al. 2003; Palmer et al. 2003; Hastings and Palmer 2003). Biolog... | 15597117 | PMC535574 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:09 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 14; 2(12):e439 |
Life is complicated. It comes in all sorts of shapes, sizes, places, and combinations, and has evolved a dizzying variety of solutions to the problem of carrying on living. Yet look inside a cell and life takes on, if not simplicity, then at least a certain uniformity—a genetic system based around nucleic acids, for ex... | 15597118 | PMC535575 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 14; 2(12):e440 |
Creating a new species is a bit like climbing a greased flagpole—it's hard to get started and even harder to keep going. Random genetic variations may introduce slight differences between two groups but, without some means to keep them apart, sexual interbreeding will quickly remix the genes and obliterate the differen... | 0 | PMC535576 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 2(12):e454 |
Introduction
In population studies, a dose-response relationship between short sleep duration and high body mass index (BMI) has been reported across all age groups [1–7]. In the largest studied sample, elevated BMI occurred for habitual sleep amounts below 7–8 h [2]. A U-shaped curvilinear relationship between sleep d... | 15602591 | PMC535701 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 7; 1(3):e62 |
Some of us, when awake in the middle of the night, feel an urge to visit the kitchen. This could explain results of previous studies that have shown a link between short sleep duration and high body mass index (BMI). But a study by Emmanuel Mignot and colleagues suggests that it's not just the additional snacking oppor... | 0 | PMC535702 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 7; 1(3):e68 |
Background
Several factors relating to family structure have been suggested as risk factors for schizophrenia. They include sibship size, number of older siblings, birth order in the sibship, age difference to older siblings, and age-at-onset, and sex of the affected siblings. These family-related risk factors may prov... | 15566576 | PMC535802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Nov 27; 4:41 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.