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PLoS Computational Biology recently published an article about spliceosomal intron evolution by Nguyen, Yoshihama, and Kenmochi [1]. The authors were unaware of some earlier independent results. Foremostly, the main point of the article—that of estimating the density of potential intron sites—is not novel. It was descr... | 16863393 | PMC1523298 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:39 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e84 |
Introduction
Circadian rhythms are environmentally adaptive and homeostatically regulated oscillators found in many organisms. In cyanobacteria, fungi, flies, and mammals, transcriptional-translational negative feedback loops of clock genes have been identified [1,2] and modeled [3–6] as constituents of the circadian p... | 16863394 | PMC1523307 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:39 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e96 |
In PLoS Computational Biology, volume 2, issue 6: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020055
The Figure 5 title and legend should read:
Figure 5 Variance of the Natural Logarithm of Size of Memory Lineages as the Function of the Number of Exposures in the Absence (squares, 0) and Presence (diamonds, ) of Variation in Cro... | 0 | PMC1523308 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e97 |
Introduction
Understanding the factors that affect protein folding, misfolding, and aggregation remains a subject of intense academic and medical interest, in part because of the now clear link between these processes and a variety of common diseases [1]. Significant insights into the process of protein refolding in vi... | 16789821 | PMC1523309 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:39 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e98 |
Disease name and synonyms
Thromboangiitis obliterans
Buerger's disease
Definition
Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a segmental occlusive inflammatory condition of arteries and veins, characterized by thrombosis and recanalization of the affected vessels [1,2]. It is a non-atherosclerotic inflammatory disease affec... | 16722538 | PMC1523324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Apr 27; 1:14 |
Disease name and synonyms
Microvillous inclusion disease
Microvillous atrophy
Congenital enteropathy
Congenital familial protracted diarrhea with enterocyte brush-border abnormalities
Definition and diagnostic criteria
Microvillous inclusion disease (MVID) or microvillous atrophy (MVA) is a congenital and constitut... | 16800870 | PMC1523325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Jun 26; 1:22 |
Introduction
Earlier studies have shown that pyrite/aqueous suspensions generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the absence of oxygen [1] and during pyrite oxidation [2]. While the formation of H2O2 has been established in pyrite suspensions, its fate is not clear. Borda and coworkers reported a single experiment in which... | 16759350 | PMC1523326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Geochem Trans. 2006 Apr 4; 7:3 |
Three months have passed since the WJES was launched. [1] In these few months, we have received a substantial amount of feed-back: 70 papers have been submitted and 10 invited reviews were published. The popularity of the topic has aided the growth and effectiveness of the journal. Now, it is the time to change; the jo... | 0 | PMC1523327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Jun 28; 1:19 |
Background
Having the first completed plant genomes of the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous reference species rice (Oryza sativa) and thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) in hand [1-3], the analysis of protein function(s) represents a major scientific challenge of the post-genomic era. Many researchers who identified ... | 16800872 | PMC1523328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Jun 26; 2:12 |
Background
Chronic neutrophil inflammation of the respiratory tract tissues plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cystic fybrosis (CF). It has been shown that CF breast-fed children have a bronchopulmonary inflammation before the appearance of bacterial infections [1-3]. It is therefore evident that an anti-inflammat... | 16719931 | PMC1523329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 May 24; 6:17 |
Background
Malaria has been recognised as a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality in Africans [1] but neonatal malaria was thought to be rare. This was thought to be partly due to the protective effect of Hb F on the neonates [2]. Recent report however seems to suggest that malaria is not as rare among newbor... | 16768801 | PMC1523330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Jun 12; 6:19 |
Background
Pulse-oximetry oxygen saturation (POOS) monitors are now commonplace in paediatric intensive care areas and in neonatal units. A variety of probes are available for use with saturation monitors. Adult finger-clips have a longer useful life than neonatal clip probes and disposable wrap-around probes. In the l... | 16677394 | PMC1523331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 May 6; 6:14 |
Background
Mutations in the LDLR gene are the most frequent cause of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH; Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) #143890), an autosomal dominant condition characterized by elevated concentrations of LDL in blood plasma. The condition increases the risk of premature coronary artery disease due ... | 16796766 | PMC1523332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jun 26; 7:55 |
Background
Signal transduction, vesicle trafficking, retroviral assembly, and other central biological processes involve the directed binding of proteins to membranes. Soluble proteins may associate with membranes through well-defined structural domains (e.g., pleckstrin-homology, PX (phox), C2, amphipathic helices and... | 16569237 | PMC1523333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Mar 28; 3:17 |
Background
Recent technical developments have enabled many phenomena to be detected at the single-cell level. For example, improved amplification of RT-PCR now enables single-cell analysis, while the micro-fabrication technique allows better control of cell positioning, morphological analysis, and examination of interc... | 16790072 | PMC1523334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jun 22; 7:25 |
Background
In Sweden the number of patients with type 2 diabetes accompanied by end-stage renal failure has increased by 80 % since 1991 [1]. Control of blood glucose is crucial because of the proven link between HbA1c and the rate of decline of the kidney function in diabetic nephropathy [2]. Metabolic control in such... | 16774676 | PMC1523335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jun 14; 3:23 |
Background
Mongolia has a population of 2,504,000. The average life span is 62 years for males and 69 years for females (WHO World Health Report, 2005). This life span is shorter than that of Japanese (male, 79 y; female, 85 y) [1]. In 2002, we investigated the health status of the residents in Ulaanbaatar, the capital... | 16759377 | PMC1523336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jun 7; 3:21 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Wen-Hsiung Li (nominated by Eugene V. Koonin), Robert Shafer (nominated by Eugene V. Koonin), and Shamil Sunyaev. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers’ comments section.
Background
During the past two decades, researchers and clinicians have made enormous efforts to identify dr... | 16737543 | PMC1523337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 May 31; 1:14 |
Background
The geography of disease has been dramatically improved by information technology since the map of cholera cases in Soho by John Snow [1]. The proliferation of computers, associated with the rapid growth in the number of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools, has made spatial analysis of pathological fa... | 16749942 | PMC1523338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jun 3; 5:24 |
Background
Over 1.1 billion adults and 10% of children worldwide are now classified as overweight or obese [1]. Because of a substantial adverse impact on health and well-being [2], stabilising or decreasing the number of people with overweight is addressed as a target of many regional and national health programs in d... | 16800869 | PMC1523339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:40 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 26; 6:168 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction due to chronic inflammation. COPD is closely related to cigarette smoking, which is the main environmental risk factor. Longitudinal studies show that only a minority of cigarette smokers develop airflow limitat... | 16700921 | PMC1523340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 15; 7(1):76 |
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most prevalent disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and the majority of the people at risk of HIV and TB are living in Sub Sahara Africa [1]. The risk of developing active TB in HIV positive individuals is increased many fold even when antiretroviral chemotherapy ... | 16579856 | PMC1523341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 1; 7(1):56 |
Background
The imaging of electrical properties of different materials has been the main topic of many investigations for a number year [1-3]. In EIT, the contrasts in electrical properties, i.e. the conductivity distribution inside an object, is used to generate a tomographic image [2,4]. EIT has potential application... | 16672061 | PMC1523342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 May 3; 5:28 |
Background
The healthy, intact vaginal epithelium provides a significant barrier against infection: To transmit infection reliably, 10,000 times more SIV must be delivered to the macaque vagina than that required intravenously [1], and in humans, heterosexual transmission of HIV is estimated to occur in only ~1/1000 co... | 16740164 | PMC1523343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 1; 6:90 |
Background
Schistosomiasis is a major parasitic disease in developing countries in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and Asia where it is estimated that 200 million people are infected with the parasite while a further 600 million are at risk of infection [1]. Schistosoma haematobium, the causative agent of urinar... | 16764709 | PMC1523344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 9; 6:96 |
Background
Even in the post-genomic era, genome information is often difficult to obtain. This is especially true for organisms that are difficult to collect due to the extremes of their living environment. Radiolaria are protozoa used in the study of geology and environmental and ecological sciences because they leave... | 16740170 | PMC1523345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:40 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 2; 7:135 |
Background
The depiction of interactions between genes, proteins and metabolites as networks has uncovered unexpected similarities in the organization of various biological networks, indicating that generic principles and mechanics give rise to their structure. Although such networks vary extensively in their complexit... | 16716232 | PMC1523346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 23; 7:122 |
Background
Patients vary widely in their decisions to consult primary care when they are faced with symptoms [1-3]. This has important consequences. On the one hand, patients who delay with symptoms caused by life threatening conditions (like heart disease and cancer) can miss out on life saving treatments [4,5]. On th... | 16640780 | PMC1523347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Apr 26; 7:26 |
Background
Musculo-skeletal dysfunction requiring physical rehabilitation can be quite diverse in cause, severity, chronicity, complicating factors, location of injury, and the anatomy involved. Because of the multifactorial involvement of musculo-skeletal dysfunction, it can be a challenge knowing when and where to st... | 16759396 | PMC1523348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Jun 8; 14:9 |
Background
In the preceding accompanying article [1], we described the development and validation of software designed to remediate dyscalculia. In this article, we first put the use of the software in its context with a discussion of dyscalculia including its symptoms, causes, and possible subtypes. We then present re... | 16734906 | PMC1523349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 May 30; 2:20 |
Background
In rural areas, pharmacists often take on an extended health care role, offering cognitive or counselling services as well as standard dispensing services, and organise other health professionals to work in their pharmacy or local area [1-3]. However, not all residents of Western Australia are receiving the ... | 16800871 | PMC1523350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 Jun 26; 3:8 |
Background
Local control of a limited number (mostly 1–3, in some series >3) of brain metastases can effectively be achieved by surgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with or without adjuvant whole-brain radiotheray (WBRT) [1-9] (Table 1). The number of patients dying from uncontrolled brain metastases d... | 16800900 | PMC1523351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Jun 27; 1:19 |
Background
Systemic sclerosis is a rare multisystem disease with a reported incidence of 2 to 12 cases per million people per year [1]. The disease is characterized by microvascular alteration and massive deposition of collagen affecting connective tissue in many parts of the body, especially skin, oesophagus, lungs, g... | 16817950 | PMC1523352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jul 3; 1:15 |
Background
The recent completion of sequencing of the genome of Plasmodium falciparum has stimulated studies on new proteins and biochemical systems that need further experimental validation. This influx of potentially useful vaccine and drug candidates against malaria has added to the backlog of targets currently unde... | 16796764 | PMC1523353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jun 25; 5:52 |
Background
Prior to product registration and marketing, data about the safety and efficacy of drugs are limited to observations from pre-clinical animal studies and initial clinical trials (Phase I-III). This is the basis for the summary of product characteristics or the label of the product. Although such trials are u... | 16780575 | PMC1523354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jun 16; 5:50 |
Background
Although many types of "evidence" can help guide clinical practice, [1-3] the randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the standard by which we define "evidence-based" medicine and is the preferred "evidence" when setting guidelines and policies for patient care [4-8]. It is well known, however, that the average... | 16613605 | PMC1523355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Apr 13; 6:18 |
Background
Ethics and professionalism training is becoming ubiquitous in both undergraduate and graduate medical education. Indeed, in the United States the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) now requires that all residency training programs focus resident education around six core competencie... | 16808848 | PMC1523356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 Jun 29; 1:10 |
Background
Penile erection is produced by relaxation of cavernosus smooth muscles of the penis with a resulting filling of the sinusoids of the corpus cavernosum with blood. Penile erection and detumescence depend on relaxation and contraction of the cavernous smooth muscle [1-5]. The male erectile response is a neurov... | 16723018 | PMC1523357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:40 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 May 24; 6:13 |
Background
Green sprouts have been a part of the human diet for much of recorded history. Their commercial production has been a small niche industry in the U.S. for the past 30 or so years, but they are much more widely consumed in countries like Japan, where they are part of mainstream diets. In the past 8 years broc... | 16630354 | PMC1523358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Apr 21; 5:13 |
Background
The recent evolution of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) in the 1990s has given cause to reconsider research into decision-making in relation to all health and allied health disciplines, but especially the practice of medicine. EBP is the process of using the best available research evidence combined with the p... | 16725023 | PMC1523359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 May 25; 1:12 |
Review
Introduction
The advent of molecular biology and genetic-manipulation technology over the last quarter of a century has had a dramatic effect upon the pharmaceutical/healthcare industries, with a large number of the many applications of this technology being based on the ability to create recombinant cell lines ... | 16725043 | PMC1523360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 May 25; 5:21 |
Background
Despite gradual improvements over the years, the survival rate among children with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) was only 50 to 60% during the last decade [1-6]. About 10% of children do not enter first complete remission (CR). In addition, second CR is often difficult to achieve, even with high-dose cyt... | 16805911 | PMC1523361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:40 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 28; 6:172 |
Background
The incidence of skeletal muscle metastases is reported to be less than 1% of metastases of haematogenous origin, despite the fact that skeletal muscle accounts for nearly 50% of the total body weight and is characterized by a rich blood supply [1]. The reasons for the rarity of metastatic involvement of ske... | 16800899 | PMC1523362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:40 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 27; 6:169 |
Background
Chronic cough is a common and disruptive symptom, which impacts adversely on a patient's quality of life [1]. Individuals with a persistent cough frequently report exhaustion, sleep deprivation and social withdrawal and it is reasonable to expect an increased level of emotional distress in this patient group... | 16780586 | PMC1523363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Cough. 2006 Jun 16; 2:4 |
Interview
In 2005 thanks to the generosity of Ming K. Jeang Foundation, an educational foundation based in Houston, Texas, the M Jeang Retrovirology prize was inaugurated [1]. The award goes to a scientist in mid career who in the opinion of the panel of judges [2] has, from the list of nominations, made the most signi... | 16872546 | PMC1523364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jul 27; 3:45 |
Background
Clinical trials often test a causal association between intervention and outcome [1]. However, Ernst has asserted that, "Viewed from a scientific perspective, acupuncture is rarely, if ever, a causal therapy" [2]. Perhaps acupuncture is not causal – no more so than flipping a light switch "causes" illuminati... | 16824230 | PMC1523365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Jul 7; 6:25 |
Background
The fluorophotometer can detect clinical and subclinical changes in the corneal epithelium by quantitatively measuring the barrier function of the corneal epithelium [1-3]. Corneal epithelial cells are associated with tight junctions that provide ocular protection by forming a resistant barrier to the passag... | 16729882 | PMC1523366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 May 26; 6:20 |
Background
Visual acuity is a clinical measure of an individual's ability to perform specific visual tasks. Previous population-based studies have shown that reduced visual acuity, so called 'visual impairment', is related to an individual's everyday task performance and self-reported difficulty with everyday tasks rel... | 16764714 | PMC1523367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun 9; 6:24 |
Background
Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) is a summary measure of population health that has been introduced as part of the Health Expectancy Network (Réseau Espérance de Vie en Santé, or REVES) and is defined as: "a generic term for a weighted expectation of life summed over a complete set of health states" [1... | 16606448 | PMC1523368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Apr 10; 4:1 |
Introduction
Over the past two decades, there has been increasing concern that patents on biological tools could impede their dissemination and use in the research community. In an attempt to examine the extent to which these concerns might be valid, we sought to explore a number of case histories of seminal genomic te... | 16817955 | PMC1523369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Jul 3; 1:7 |
Background
Poincaré plot is an intuitive and commonly used method to assess complex non-linear behavior in the study of physiological signals [1-6]. In the assessment of heart rate variability (HRV), Poincaré plots are constructed by plotting duplets of successive R-R intervals [1,2,4-6], with an implicit assumption th... | 16768800 | PMC1523370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jun 12; 6:27 |
Background
Peliosis was first described in the liver (peliosis hepatis) by Schoenland in 1916 [1]. Most cases of splenic peliosis are associated with peliosis hepatis. Isolated splenic peliosis (peliosis lienis) is extremely rare. Its presence has only been reported thirty four times in the literature with only seven d... | 16800889 | PMC1523371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:40 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Jun 26; 6:9 |
Background
The continually increasing number of whole genome sequencing projects has underscored the need for a high-throughput methodology to sort genes into orthologous sets to facilitate genome analysis. With a more robust understanding of the evolutionary history for each gene in the genome, not only can we more ac... | 16608522 | PMC1523372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 11; 7:201 |
Background
Most approaches for drug discovery start with the identification of a target which plays an important role in the protein interaction network of a particular disease. Proposals of novel ligands which inhibit such targets are a great challenge for drug design [2]. Fortunately, the increasing number of known 3... | 16764718 | PMC1523373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 9; 7:293 |
Introduction
One major medical intervention by medical practitioners is the provision of reassurance that symptoms are not caused by serious medical conditions. However, in a subgroup of patients, reassurance of normal test results fails, and patients remain concerned [1]. Reassurance appears to be particularly ineffec... | 16866576 | PMC1523375 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 1; 3(8):e269 |
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) persists as a leading global cause of death. In 2003, nearly 9 million new cases of active pulmonary TB and 2 million deaths from TB were reported [1]. After major and sustained progress in reducing the burden of TB—marked by declines for over a century in some industrialized countries [2... | 16866578 | PMC1523376 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 1; 3(8):e273 |
In the past couple of years, several investigations by the Office of the Inspector General (OIG) of the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) have drawn attention to the use of recruitment incentives in research. In 2003, Toronto's Globe and Mail reported that the pharmaceutical company Biovail became the s... | 16866575 | PMC1523377 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 1; 3(8):e330 |
The humanistic principles of the medical profession are nicely condensed in Oliver Wendell Holmes's old maxim stating that the key role of the physician is “to comfort always.” Thus, beyond the specificity of diagnoses and the effectiveness of treatments, the traditional practice of medicine gave high importance to bed... | 16866577 | PMC1523378 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 1; 3(8):e313 |
Introduction
The evolution of large brains in primates required the solution of diverse geometrical problems, including the need for more and longer neural connections between increasingly distant cortical areas and the transport of substrates to meet the metabolic requirements of larger numbers of more distant cells. ... | 16866579 | PMC1523379 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 1; 3(8):e265 |
Background
The ability to identify the sex of a DNA sample is an important tool in molecular ecology and conservation genetics. The optimal marker would work on small amounts of non-invasive samples that are likely to include highly degraded DNA and be applicable in many species.
Molecular sex identification normally ... | 16762053 | PMC1524723 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Jun 8; 6:8 |
Background
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) yields an estimate of muscle oxygenation (MO) patterns in the microcirculation of humans during exercise.[1] NIRS is well suited to the analysis of muscle microcirculation due to the minimal amount of light absorption in arterioles, capillaries and venules compared to feed a... | 16817964 | PMC1524724 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Dyn Med. 2006 Jul 3; 5:8 |
Background
Inflammatory periodontal diseases are characterized as local and peripheral infection involving multiple species of gram-negative organisms. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (aa) is an anaerobic gram-negative rod which is considered to be one of the major etiological agents of chronic periodontitis [1]. ... | 16787530 | PMC1524725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Jun 20; 2:17 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Scott Weiss (nominated by Neil Smalheiser), Roberta Pagon (nominated by Jerzy Jurka) and Val Sheffield (nominated by Neil Smalheiser). For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Introduction
Already today, and much more so in the future, DNA sequence information wi... | 16756678 | PMC1524726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Jun 6; 1:16 |
Background
Lassa virus belongs to the family of Arenaviridae which includes other important human pathogens like Machupo virus, Junin virus, Guanarito virus and Sabia virus as well as the prototype of this family, Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Lassa virus is endemic in certain parts of West Africa and caus... | 16737539 | PMC1524727 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 May 31; 3:41 |
Background
Rotaviruses have a wide host range and can be recovered from many animal species [1]. The ability to isolate and maintain rotaviruses and to use them in animal model systems has contributed to studies of the mechanisms of pathogenesis and immunity and to the development of vaccines. Several rotavirus isolate... | 16737519 | PMC1524728 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 May 31; 3:40 |
Background
Several studies have shown that some individuals repeatedly exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or its antigens are resistant to HIV infection [1-6]. Despite multiple exposures to HIV, several of these resistant subjects have no detectable anti-HIV IgG antibodies in serum but instead present high ... | 16808849 | PMC1524729 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 29; 3:52 |
Background
There is an ongoing, broad policy debate about the value of communications technology in promoting development objectives. The literature is diverse in its opinions. Some view computer/web/phone communications technology as merely providing a 'quick fix' for solving development problems that must be solved w... | 16719925 | PMC1524730 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Global Health. 2006 May 23; 2:9 |
Background
Information transmitted by signaling pathways determines whether a cell continues the proliferative cycle or adopts an alternative fate. This decision requires regulating Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs), which are activated by phosphorylation and temporal association with a unique cyclin subunit (D, E or A t... | 16780593 | PMC1524731 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Jun 16; 1:11 |
Cohesin and sister chromatid cohesion
Sister chromatid cohesion is established during DNA replication and maintained throughout G2 and mitotic prophase and metaphase. At the molecular level, cohesin mediates sister chromatid cohesion through formation of a proposed "ring" structure that entraps chromosomes [1]. The coh... | 16759372 | PMC1524732 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 May 26; 1:9 |
Introduction
Cannabis abuse is considered a major public health problem worldwide [1] and moreover, cannabis is the most frequent drug of abuse among adolescents [2]. Despite being illegal in many countries it is easily obtainable and even homegrown. Most individuals who frequently use it report a mild euphoric feeling... | 16684342 | PMC1524733 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 May 9; 3:17 |
Background
Introduction
Nina Glick-Schiller [1] aptly captured the dehumanization and distortion of relatively stable intimate partnerships among drug-users when she wrote, "While other people have lovers and spouses, drug users have only 'sex partners."' This ethnographic study contributes to a broader, more nuanced p... | 16722522 | PMC1524734 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Mar 28; 1:7 |
Prescription stimulants that have been used non-medically/illegally often have been referred to as "study drugs" or "cramming drugs," and sometimes "kiddy coke." Methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) is the most widely misused and researched of these drugs and has been referred to as "Vitamin R", "Skippy", "the Smart Drug", ... | 16764722 | PMC1524735 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Jun 9; 1:15 |
Background
This exploratory study used in-depth interviews and ethnographic engagement to better understand the relationship between interpersonal dynamics and the treatment experience of ten relatively stable drug-using couples in Hartford, CT. The idea for the study grew out of an all-too-frequent predicament. As an ... | 16722545 | PMC1524736 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 May 3; 1:12 |
Background
Heroin use causes considerable harm to individual users through the development of dependence upon the drug, fatal and nonfatal overdose, mental health problems, and blood borne virus transmission. It also adversely affects the community through drug dealing, property crime and reduced public amenity. Recent... | 16722543 | PMC1524737 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 May 2; 1:11 |
Background
Breast cancer remains a leading killer among cancers that affect women in the United States and around the world. It was estimated that in 2005, in the US alone, there were 211,240 new cases of female breast cancer and 40,410 deaths [1]. This remains a destructive disease despite the advent of new and aggres... | 16700914 | PMC1524738 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 May 15; 5:15 |
Background
The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been recently estimated at 2% in the general population [1-3]. Traditionally OCD was believed to be a much more uncommon disorder. It has been hypothesised that patients were reluctant to disclose OCD symptoms in medical consultations and deliberately... | 16684346 | PMC1524739 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 May 9; 6:20 |
Background
Genetic vaccination with plasmid DNA expression vectors encoding the sequence of a specific antigen offers a promising and practical approach for the induction of protective immunity. This type of vaccine has been shown to induce a protective immune response against viral [1], bacterial [2] and parasitic [3]... | 16764710 | PMC1524740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jun 9; 2:18 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all infants should be exclusively breastfed from birth to six months of age followed by continued breastfeeding and the gradual introduction of solids [1]. In Australia, health policy makers support these recommendations [2]. Although breastfeeding initiati... | 16722530 | PMC1524741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Apr 7; 1:7 |
Background
HIV infection in the UK
There has been a marked shift in the epidemiological pattern of HIV infection in the UK since 1997. While men who have sex with men remain the group at greatest risk of acquiring HIV infection in this country, the number of new diagnoses among heterosexuals has risen steadily year by ... | 16764715 | PMC1524742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 9; 6:150 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a common disorder in the elderly population, and represents one of the most significant public health problems in the world. Osteoporosis can be assessed indirectly through a non-invasive measurement of bone mineral density (BMD). BMD is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, a... | 16712731 | PMC1524743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 19; 6:135 |
Background
Giardia lamblia (syn. intestinalis or duodenalis) is an important cause of gastrointestinal illness throughout the world [1,2]. The most common identified non-human source of infection has been water[3], both through drinking water exposure [4-6] and through recreational exposure in swimming pools or during ... | 16725025 | PMC1524744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 25; 6:141 |
Background
Lead is a ubiquitous and poisonous heavy metal. It is widely distributed in the environment (air, soil, sediment, surface and ground water, food, dust, paint) and in biological systems [1]. It occurs both naturally and as a result of human activities [2]. One of the most common sources of human exposure to l... | 16571128 | PMC1524745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 29; 6:82 |
Background
Over a million blood units are collected from donors every year; nevertheless, many more millions still need to be collected to meet the global demand and ensure sufficient and timely provision of blood [1]. This shows that blood donation is a highly relevant issue worldwide that calls for the government com... | 16792814 | PMC1524746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 22; 6:166 |
Background
For many people, periodontal disease causes problems in day-to-day life due to loss of teeth. Recently, it has been argued that periodontal disease may be an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. The potential mechanisms that could explain a role for periodontal disease in atheroscl... | 16696868 | PMC1524747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 14; 6:131 |
Background
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a complex disease with genetic and environmental factors involved in its etiology [1,2]. T1D carries a substantial risk of morbidity and early mortality due to its complications, which affect the macro- and microvasculature [3]. An impaired production of cytokines by monocyt... | 16566827 | PMC1524748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Mar 27; 5:5 |
Background
The publication of a microarray analysis of selected Neisseria lactamica strains by Snyder and Saunders [1] has raised some interesting questions regarding the distribution of genes between pathogenic Neisseria species and the non-pathogenic N. lactamica, especially with regard to previously reported "virule... | 16734889 | PMC1524749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 30; 7:129 |
Background
Genomic data for clinical decision making
Genomic data are becoming a routine component of clinical diagnosis and treatment. Prospective parents with familial or ethnic history of genetic disease have long been encouraged to undergo genetic counseling, including genotyping for disease alleles such as Tay-Sac... | 16638151 | PMC1524750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 26; 7:93 |
Background
Transcriptional regulation is an important mechanism for controlling many biological phenomena, such as development and cell proliferation. Regulation of gene expression in an organism involves a complex network mediated by DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) which respond to changes in the cellular envi... | 16772031 | PMC1524751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 13; 7:147 |
Background
Simple Sequence Proteins (SSPs) are composed of various types of amino acid repeats such as amino acid runs [1], regular repeats and cryptic repeats [2]. SSPs can be recognized by their compositional bias. Early work by Wootton and Federhen [3] showed that simple sequence segments are either part of non-glob... | 16762057 | PMC1524752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 8; 7:141 |
Background
The presence of ribonucleases on human and rodent skin surfaces was described more than 40 years ago.[1,2] Subsequently their distribution within different skin layers was studied by different techniques.[3-5] However, the diversity, specificity and activity of extracellular (i.e. secreted or originating fro... | 16732888 | PMC1524753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2006 May 29; 4:4 |
Background
Anoxic injury to the fetal brain as a result of birth asphyxia may lead to cerebral palsy. Intrapartum asphyxia alone however accounts for only a small proportion of cases of cerebral palsy (CP) [1,2]. In a consensus statement, the Australian and New Zealand Perinatal Societies have estimated that around 10%... | 16626486 | PMC1524754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Apr 20; 6:13 |
Background
The intraoperative management of hemodynamic changes in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB) is still a challenge [1-3]. Altered coronary perfusion by manipulation on the beating heart can lead to an interruption of myocardial oxygen supply in the affected areas with metabolic changes and electrop... | 16723014 | PMC1524755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 May 24; 1:12 |
Background
Patient satisfaction surveys have been seen as offering an invaluable reflection of the quality of services, especially in countries where other reliable data for quality monitoring is lacking.
The present study focuses on the standard morning operation of the outpatient clinics of Greek National Health Sys... | 16756658 | PMC1524756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 6; 6:66 |
Background
Consumer use of vitamins, minerals, and herbs increased dramatically during the 1990s. A 2001 survey found that 75% of Canadians had used a natural health product (NHP), such as vitamins, minerals, and/or herbal remedies, for a health condition[1]. In the United States, the use of herbals increased 380% duri... | 16734916 | PMC1524757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 May 31; 6:63 |
Background
The NHS Plan signalled the creation of General Practitioners with Special Interests (GPwSI) in the UK.[1] A GPwSI was initially conceived as a GP who supplemented their important generalist role by delivering services beyond the scope of traditional primary care, with the primary aim of reducing waiting list... | 16734893 | PMC1524758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 May 30; 6:62 |
Background
The present foreseeable demographic development in Germany shows a strong increase in the proportion of older people in the total population, which is even stronger than in most other developed countries [1]. Due to the reduced mortality rate, a very dynamic development will take place in the higher age grou... | 16762052 | PMC1524759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 8; 6:70 |
Background
Kinematic growth analysis aims at the quantitative description of spatial growth patterns to provide a basis for the study of developmental mechanisms [1,2]. As the term kinematic indicates, this approach focuses on the movement of parts of a growing organ relative to each other. The concepts for kinematic g... | 16749928 | PMC1524760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Jun 2; 2:11 |
Background
The construction of a fingerprint-based physical map in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) has relied on three large insert genomic libraries [1,2]. Two large insert DNA libraries were constructed in the pCLD04541, a 27.6 Kbp oriT based low copy per cell, T-DNA with nptII, binary, tetracycline resistance conferr... | 16725032 | PMC1524761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 May 25; 2:9 |
Background
Cell walls are natural composite structures, mostly made of high molecular weight polysaccharides, proteins, and lignins, the latter found only in specific cell types. They are dynamic structures contributing to the general morphology of the plant. Cell walls are involved in cell expansion and division, and ... | 16729891 | PMC1524762 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 May 27; 2:10 |
Background
Operative reconstruction of bone defects beyond a certain size is mandatory and still remains a challenge to trauma and orthopedic surgeons. Every year, millions of people are suffering from bone defects arising from trauma, tumor or bone diseases [1]. In about 10% of all reconstructive operations because of... | 16762071 | PMC1524763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jun 8; 7:50 |
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