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Background
The backbone of the modern taxonomy of the prokaryotes is almost exclusively based upon a phylogenetic network derived from comparative sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the respective phylogenetic marker genes [1]. Since the function of rRNA is largely determined by its structu... | 16672074 | PMC1513611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 4; 7:240 |
pmcBackground
Microarray experiments that monitor gene expression profiles associated with different disease phenotypes have become commonplace in biomedical research. Each DNA sequence represented in microarrays can be considered a potential biomarker. Classification and prediction using such genomic measurements may... | 16684357 | PMC1513612 | CC BY | 2023-04-19 23:17:18 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 9; 7:253 |
Background
It is commonly believed that sequence determines structure, which in turn determines function. This paradigm forms the basis of functional annotation methods using sequence or structure similarity. However, since the structure space is much smaller than either the sequence space or the function space, there ... | 16749925 | PMC1513613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 2; 7:278 |
Introduction
Characterizing the genetic changes that underlie evolutionary adaptation is important for understanding the emergence of new phenotypes. Experimental evolution makes it possible to follow the evolutionary history of populations exposed to known selective pressures. Moreover, the reproducibility of evolutio... | 16856782 | PMC1514788 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 4(8):e256 |
In vertebrates, neurons signal muscles to contract by releasing a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, into the intercellular space. They do so by fusing spherical acetylcholine-filled packages with the plasma membrane. But what controls when—and how many—such packages, known as synaptic vesicles, release their contents? A... | 20076629 | PMC1514789 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 4(8):e289 |
Introduction
Membrane fusion is mediated by the interactions of cognate SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptor) proteins associated with vesicle and target membranes [
1,
2]. Synaptic vesicle exocytosis is a highly specialized form of membrane fusion in which calcium triggers fusion of synaptic vesicles with th... | 16895441 | PMC1514790 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 4(8):e261 |
Introduction
Photoreception within the mammalian retina is not restricted to the activity of rod and cone cells but extends to a small number of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) [
1,
2]. These inner retinal photoreceptors provide information regarding environmental irradiance for a variety o... | 16856781 | PMC1514791 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 4(8):e254 |
Photoreceptors aren’t just for seeing. Deep within the retina of the vertebrate eye are photoreceptors that capture light to regulate non-visual processes such as day–night rhythms and the narrowing and widening of the pupil. To capture light, these special cells—called intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cel... | 20076619 | PMC1514792 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 4(8):e263 |
Life exists in an impressive variety of forms, but the processes responsible for generating all that variation typically take far longer than the average biologist’s career. Luckily, many single-celled organisms with short generation times and prolific reproductive capacity can be easily manipulated to study the mutati... | 20076623 | PMC1514793 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 4(8):e275 |
Ezekiel J. Emanuel's Viewpoint: Let's Dump the Outdated Ideology of “For-Profit Bad, Not-for-Profit Good”
It is commonly thought that for-profit companies are necessarily worse than not-for-profit organizations doing similar activities. According to this thinking, for-profit companies are heartless, place profits over ... | 16848618 | PMC1518668 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 25; 3(7):e309 |
I am a disease monger. I teach primary care doctors how to identify bipolar disorder. Worse yet, I take money from pharmaceutical companies for doing so. I use it to subsidize my practice so that I can treat patients with no insurance, or little money, who now account for over a third of my patients—in part because the... | 16848619 | PMC1518679 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 25; 3(7):e314 |
The Need for New Antiviral Therapies
Viruses are formidable targets for drug development. As obligate intracellular parasites that take over the host cellular machinery to further their own agenda, they seem to understand the intimate workings of cellular pathways better than those seeking to develop treatments against... | 16848617 | PMC1518680 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 25; 3(7):e242 |
We read with interest the article by Moynihan and Henry on disease mongering [
1]. The authors argued that disease mongering is the opportunistic exploitation of a widespread anxiety about frailty and of faith in scientific advance and “innovation.”
In South Asia there is a widespread preference for “fair skin” and t... | 16848620 | PMC1518681 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 25; 3(7):e315 |
I found Moynihan and Henry's article on disease mongering [
1] interesting, especially because I have previously suggested that the medical profession might consider being more proactive concerning various problematic areas in their interactions with the pharmaceutical industry by exercising their considerable power an... | 16848621 | PMC1518684 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 25; 3(7):e316 |
The series of disease mongering articles in the April 2006 issue of
PLoS Medicine overall seem to define the term as “widening the boundaries of illness” [
1] by “taking a normal function and implying that there's something wrong with it and that it should be treated” [
2]. While there is undoubtedly a strong case to b... | 16848622 | PMC1518688 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 25; 3(7):e317 |
Nassir Ghaemi has helped raise the profile of this truly debilitating disorder [
1], but he is wrong on the history of bipolar disorder. First, mental disease entities are a recent construct. No disease resembling bipolar disorder was described before 1854 in Paris, and the links between folie circulaire described then... | 0 | PMC1518689 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 25; 3(7):e320 |
In her recent
PLoS Medicine article, Christine Phillips writes: “ADHD [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder] joins dyslexia and glue ear as disorders that are considered significant primarily because of their effects on educational performance” [
1]. A “disorder” is “a disturbance of function, structure, or both,” ... | 16848623 | PMC1518691 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 25; 3(7):e318 |
David Healy raises intriguing questions regarding the rapid increase in bipolar diagnoses and the use of “mood stabilizing” medications [
1]. Although this phenomenon is multifactorial, surely consumer advertising has played a role.
A widely disseminated advertising campaign for aripiprazole (Abilify) claimed that it... | 16848626 | PMC1518694 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 25; 3(7):e321 |
I feel compelled to comment on your article on bipolar disorder by my friend and colleague David Healy [
1]. I respect Dr. Healy both as a historian of psychopharmacology and psychiatry and as a psychopharmacology researcher. I have been impressed by his historical scholarship over the years in bringing out the economi... | 16848624 | PMC1518696 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 25; 3(7):e319 |
The article on influenza in tropical regions by Viboud and colleagues outlines an alarming global burden of influenza, with an estimated one million annual deaths worldwide [
1]. We would like to give an example of the immense potential of Taiwan to assist developing world communities in fighting against emerging infec... | 16848627 | PMC1518698 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 25; 3(7):e322 |
Background
Dementia, characterised by a progressive decline in cognitive function, affects up to 11 percent of those 65 and over, and 25 to 47 percent of those over the age of 85 [1]. Dementia adversely affects physical function, as measured by dependence in activities in daily living (ADL) [2-6]. Such decline causes a... | 16584565 | PMC1522014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Apr 3; 6:7 |
Background
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the name used to designate a heterogeneous group of inherited progressive retinal dystrophies, characterized by photoreceptor degeneration, which initially affects the rod photoreceptors and the peripheral retina and often leads to legal and eventually functional blindness. It is... | 16759390 | PMC1522015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun 7; 6:23 |
Background
Over the past ten years, awareness of the importance of the quality of reporting of research articles has increased. Many systematic reviews have emphasized the poor quality of research reports. [1-3] Important aspects of design and results, such as a patient flow and adverse events, are often lacking in pri... | 16539705 | PMC1522016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Mar 15; 6:12 |
Background
One of the largest difficulties facing epidemiological research is that of measurement error in an exposure or relevant confounders [1-4]. Measurement error can lead to substantial bias in either direction, either diluting or exaggerating the apparent effect size [5]. There is a particular problem in the are... | 16674808 | PMC1522017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 May 4; 6:21 |
Background
The genetic mechanisms underlying interindividual blood pressure variation reflect the complex interplay of both genetic and environmental variables. Because of the considerable health and economic costs of hypertension, the identification of the genetic determinants of blood pressure homeostasis represents ... | 16716221 | PMC1522018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 May 22; 7:47 |
Background
Osteoarthritis is a major health problem affecting over 60% of adults in the Western world over 65 years of age, yet it receives scant resources for treatment or clinical research [1,2]. The knee is one of the most commonly affected joints and patients present with a combination of pain, deformity, inflammat... | 16776826 | PMC1522019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:38 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jun 15; 7:51 |
Background
The availability of many completely sequenced genomes provides rich material for studying protein evolution. Gene duplications, gene losses, gene acquisitions and horizontal transfer of genes make it very difficult to reconstruct the exact evolutionary history of a protein family. A widely used approach to s... | 16792802 | PMC1522020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jun 22; 6:51 |
Background
The existence of dominant predisposition alleles/mutations, conferring a high breast cancer risk, has been confirmed with the discovery of BRCA1 and BRCA2 [1,2]. The functionally defective mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 are strongly associated with dramatically increased breast cancer risk, however, such mutat... | 16672066 | PMC1522021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:38 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 3; 6:114 |
Background
Microarray is a powerful technique for simultaneously determining the expression of thousands of genes [1-3]. Such studies can quickly yield a genome-wide description of mRNA expression, called transcriptomes, in a given cell or tissue at a given physiologic or pathologic condition [4]. Even though, one of t... | 16737534 | PMC1522022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 31; 7:131 |
Background
Non-human primates are ideal animal models for many human diseases because of their closely related genetic relationship and numerous biological and behavioral similarities with humans. As an important example, the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) is one of the most widely used surrogate animal models... | 16618371 | PMC1522023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:38 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 18; 7:82 |
Background
There has been a tremendous increase in the volume and variety of data about biological systems and many biological databases have been developed for storing and querying the rapidly accumulating data[1]. There are increasing efforts to create databases that allow representation of biological processes at hi... | 16603083 | PMC1522024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 8; 7:196 |
Background
Determinative bacteriology often relies on culture-based methods involving time-consuming isolation, cultivation, and characterization of phenotypic traits. While in a few cases a rapid identification can be made using phenotypic methods, the phylogenetic resolution of such methods is usually quite low. Char... | 16796754 | PMC1522025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 23; 7:321 |
Background
Hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been extensively used for modelling genes. Ab initio HMM gene finders for eukaryotes include Genscan [1], Augustus [2], HMMgene [3,4], GeneMark.HMM-E [5], Genie [6], TigrScan and GlimmerHMM [7], Unveil and Exonomy [8], SNAP [9], and others. Examples of non-HMM approaches are ... | 16712739 | PMC1522026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 21; 7:263 |
Background
A key step in the regulation of gene expression is the sequence-specific binding of TFs to their DNA recognition sites. Since transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) are usually short (~5–15 basepairs (bp)) and a typical sequence-specific TF binds to sites that are similar to each other, a number of compu... | 16643658 | PMC1522027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 27; 7:229 |
Background
The genome sequencing projects have shown our limited knowledge of gene function. For example, the sequencing of the well-studied model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae has resulted in its total number of protein-encoding genes being estimated to be around 5,300 of which nearly 1,000 have a more or less unk... | 16753052 | PMC1522028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:54:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 5; 7:281 |
A growing number of studies demonstrate, or suggest, that vector-borne parasites manipulate phenotypic traits of their vectors and hosts in ways that increase contacts between them, and hence favour the parasites' transmission [1,2]. Understanding these processes is not only exciting for purely scientific reasons but a... | 16895446 | PMC1522036 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e72 |
Introduction
Phagocytic leukocytes, especially neutrophils, play a critical role in innate immune responses against bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens [1]. Neutrophil-mediated bacterial killing can involve both oxygen-independent and oxygen-dependent processes. Oxygen-independent microbial killing relies on the conte... | 16895445 | PMC1522038 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:35 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e76 |
In PLoS Pathogens, volume 2, issue 6: DOI: DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020066
The PDF version of the above article states that a previous version was published as an Early Online Release on June 23, 2006. This information appeared in error. No previous version of the article has been published.
Citation: Correction: ... | 0 | PMC1522039 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e80 |
INTRODUCTION
Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a common problem for an obstetrician. Nausea
and vomiting of pregnancy, commonly known as “morning sickness,” affects
approximately 80% of pregnant women and is generally a mild, self-limited
condition that may be controlled with conservative measures
[1]. A small percentage... | 17093356 | PMC1522059 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:46 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 2006:73073 |
Drs Giles and Mijch have provided a timely case of an
HIV-infected woman elected to exclusively breastfeed applying milk
pasteurization techniques [1]. This is the first report of
such a case in a developed country.
We would appreciate the opportunity to discuss the effect of
pasteurization in this paper. HIV RNA was ... | 17485800 | PMC1522060 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:46 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 2006:35482 |
SIGNIFICANCE OF HPV INFECTION
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common newly acquired
sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States, with an
estimated 20 million people infected [1]. Furthermore,
incidence of HPV infection has increased during the past two
decades, with approximately 6.2 million newly ... | 16967913 | PMC1522061 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:46 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 2006:83084 |
INTRODUCTION
Actinomyces is a gram positive,
non-spore-forming anaerobic or microaerophilic bacterial rod
[1]. Actinomyces israelii causes most
Actinomyces infections in humans, although other forms
such as Actinomyces Odontolyticus, Actinomyces
Viscosus, Actinomyces Meyeri, Actinomyces
Gerencseriae, and Propionibacte... | 17093351 | PMC1522062 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:47 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 2006:48269 |
INTRODUCTION
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually
transmitted infection (STI) and a known risk factor for cervical
cancer [1, 2]. HPV is highly prevalent in younger populations,
with prevalence rates of approximately 50% in sexually
active adolescent girls and young women [3]. Early age of
first sexua... | 16967911 | PMC1522063 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:46 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 2006:36797 |
INTRODUCTION
The soil-transmitted helminthiases are ancient diseases that
continue to cause misery and disability in poor populations. The
numbers affected are staggering. About 2 billion harbor these
infections worldwide, of whom 300 million suffer
associated severe morbidity. Of the total number infected, an
estimate... | 17093349 | PMC1522064 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:47 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 2006:23125 |
Background
The current recommendation is to administer the first routine immunization to preterm infants at the usual chronological age of 8 weeks as the immunologic response to vaccines at that age is almost equivalent to that of term infants [1]. However, in multiple previous studies, a 7 to 47% incidence of adverse ... | 16784533 | PMC1523189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Jun 19; 6:20 |
Background
Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can induce diverse intracellular signals by providing both mechanical and chemical stimuli to cells. These intracellular signals will mitigate and be affected by other sources of cell signals. Because of the importance of ECM cues in signaling pathways, careful control of ... | 16519810 | PMC1523190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Mar 6; 6:14 |
Background
Variability is an inherent feature of the cardiac interval time series reflecting joint modulation of sinoatrial pacemaker activity by sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Autonomic influences on heart rate variability (HRV) are readily apparent in autopower spectra computed from short records (3 – 5 min... | 16780581 | PMC1523191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Physiol. 2006 Jun 16; 6:5 |
Background
Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) – previously known as benign fibrous mesotheliomas – were considered being of serosal origin and being exclusively located in the thoracic cavity as pleural fibrous tumors. More recently, however, SFT have been reported in many extrapleural locations such as the head and neck re... | 16824225 | PMC1523192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:38 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Jul 6; 6:10 |
Background
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is associated with high mortality (~30%) and morbidity [1,2]. Up to 50% of BM survivors are affected by neurological sequelae that are due to a wide spectrum of brain injury including neuronal necrosis in the cortex (CX) and apoptotic neuronal death in the hippocampus (HC) [3-5]. De... | 16749930 | PMC1523193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:38 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Jun 2; 4:15 |
Background
The SWI/SNF complex is a 2MDa, multi-subunit complex that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to disrupt nucleosome structure thereby increasing accessibility of transcription factors to their specific sites on DNA and histones. It is well conserved, with homologous complexes isolated from yeast, Xenopus, Dros... | 16749937 | PMC1523194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:47 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jun 3; 7:34 |
Background
The development of the nervous system of higher organisms requires the generation of an extraordinary cellular diversity. One mechanism by which this diversity can be established is the segregation of cell fate determinants to one specific daughter during cell division thereby generating progeny with differe... | 16749923 | PMC1523195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jun 2; 7:33 |
Background
The mapping of complex diseases is one of the most important problems in human genetics today. The rapid development of technology has led to the discovery of millions of polymorphisms across the human genome, making it possible to conduct genome-wide association studies with hundreds of thousands of markers... | 16776843 | PMC1523196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jun 15; 7:39 |
Background
The analysis of large-scale gene expression has become a fundamental approach to functional genomics, the identification of clinical diagnostic factors and potential drug targets. DNA microarray technologies provide exciting opportunities for analysing the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneous... | 16790051 | PMC1523197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jun 21; 6:27 |
Background
Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, is clinically characterized by progressive cognitive impairment associated with severe neuropsychiatric disturbances. These behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) include hallucinations, delusions, aggressive behavior... | 16640790 | PMC1523198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Apr 27; 7:36 |
Background
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Kanwisher and coworkers [1] found an area in the fusiform gyrus that was significantly more active when the subjects viewed faces than when they viewed assorted common objects. The authors concluded that this area, hereafter called the fusiform face area (F... | 16762056 | PMC1523199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jun 8; 7:44 |
Background
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the inner cell mass of pre-implantation embryos, have been recognized as the most pluripotent stem cell population. Human ES cells (hESCs) can be maintained and propagated on mouse or human fibroblast feeders for extended periods in media containing basic fibroblast ... | 16672070 | PMC1523200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 May 3; 6:20 |
Background
The widespread success of the vertebrate lineage owes partly to the acquisition of the neural crest (NC)-derived jaw apparatus of the craniofacial skeleton [1]. The adult craniofacial skeleton forms through replacing and elaborating the underlying NC-derived embryonic cartilaginous skeleton. The pathways and... | 16759393 | PMC1523201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jun 7; 6:28 |
Background
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as an important model system in the study of vertebrate development due to its external development, transparency of embryos, and its demonstrated utility as a genetic model. The process of heart formation occurs in a similar way in all vertebrates [1]. Heart development i... | 16719917 | PMC1523202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 May 23; 6:23 |
Background
While the primary acquisition of the plastid from a free-living cyanobacterium is believed to have occurred only once [1], plastids have continued to spread through eukaryotes by means of secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis. This is the process whereby a plastid-containing, free-living eukaryote is consumed... | 16772046 | PMC1523203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jun 14; 6:46 |
Background
Evolutionary forces acting on genomes result in gene duplications, gene losses and gene acquisitions. Generally, it is difficult to reconstruct the exact evolutionary history of a protein family due to its complex nature. A widely used approach to study such history is to find orthologous groups by comparing... | 16792803 | PMC1523204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jun 22; 6:52 |
Background
The idea that teachers suffer from an excessively high rate of mental health problems is widely accepted among not only the general public, but among teachers themselves [1]. Teachers report they are exposed to a high risk of stress and occupational "burnout" [2] (i.e., syndrome of emotional exhaustion and c... | 16630336 | PMC1523205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 21; 6:101 |
Background
Childhood and maternal undernutrition is currently the single leading cause of the global burden of disease [1]. The fraction of total global health loss attributable to undernutrition was 9.5% in the year 2000, and 14.9% in high-mortality developing regions [1]. In Cameroon, the prevalence of childhood stun... | 16618370 | PMC1523206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 17; 6:98 |
Background
The benefits of regular physical activity (PA) include improved physical and mental health, as well as an enhanced quality of life [1-3]. Yet, despite the generally high levels of awareness of the benefits of being active within the general population, there is continuing evidence of declining levels of PA b... | 16719900 | PMC1523207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 23; 6:138 |
Background
Many studies have shown that premature mortality among illicit drug users is often due to toxicity or overdose. Ghodse, Oyefeso and Kilpatrick [1] reported that about 48% of deaths among opiate addicts were due to drug overdose, either accidental or deliberate. There seems to be less interest in examining th... | 16756659 | PMC1523208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 6; 6:148 |
Background
Advances in surgical techniques over the last decade improved the outcome of patients with squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the esophagus significantly. However, in comparison to other gastrointestinal malignancies, esophageal SCC belongs to the more aggressive tumors with 5-year survival rates averaging be... | 16796747 | PMC1523209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 23; 6:165 |
Background
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. In 2005, more than 49,500 new cases of breast cancer among Brazilian women are expected. Despite the recent trend in decreasing in mortality rates, probably due to improvements in early detection, approxim... | 16512896 | PMC1523210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 2; 6:48 |
Background
Large-scale transcriptional profiling and the availability of the complete genome sequences have made it possible for transcriptome mapping analysis in various organisms [1]. Transcriptome maps showing the density of expressed genes along the chromosome have revealed genomic regions that correspond to known ... | 16670017 | PMC1523211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 2; 7:103 |
Background
Considering Basques as the direct descendants of Paleolithic Europeans has become a multidisciplinary premise. However, there is no irrefutable evidence for this supposition. The Basque country has a well represented archaeological record in Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods [1] but Archaeology can seldom d... | 16719915 | PMC1523212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 23; 7:124 |
Background
Alternative splicing is an important source for complexity and diversity of eukaryotic proteomes. A couple of databases hold information of published alternatively spliced forms (e.g. ASDB [1], Alternative Splicing Database [2]). A new kind of database contains splice variants detected by sequence comparison... | 16772034 | PMC1523213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 13; 7:148 |
Background
Toxicogenomics is an evolving discipline investigating stressor impact at the genome level [1]. Microarrays are state-of-the-art tools for global gene expression profiling of the response of an organism in a particular biological context. However, expression levels of key genes responding on the microarray n... | 16827938 | PMC1523214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 7; 7:175 |
Background
With the completion of genome projects of human and other model species, functional studies on a genomic scale are coming to a frontier. The investigation of transcriptome reveals gene expression of organs and cells from normal and diseased animals and humans. By comparing transcriptomes of multiple organs, ... | 16533406 | PMC1523215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 13; 7:47 |
Background
Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) provides a quantitative measure of differences in copy number between two DNA samples [1]. The technique is typically applied to cancer studies because chromosome aberrations frequently occur during tumor progression [2]. Array-CGH facilitates the loc... | 16716215 | PMC1523216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 22; 7:264 |
Background
The availability of complete genome sequences from several organisms [1-5] and complementing transcriptomes [6-10] has facilitated the identification of genes and of highly complex biological patterns such as novel domain regions and binding or localization motifs. Several web-based tools are available that ... | 16542452 | PMC1523217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 16; 7:144 |
Background
Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are probabilistic models [1], commonly used during the last years for applications in bioinformatics [2]. These tasks include gene finding [3], multiple alignments [4] and database searches [5], prediction of signal peptides [6,7], prediction of protein secondary structure [8], pr... | 16597327 | PMC1523218 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 5; 7:189 |
Background
Gene expression microarrays have become well established technology with which the expression of 10,000's of genes can be measured simultaneously on a single glass slide. The primary limitation of large-scale gene expression studies has always been the requirement for relatively large amounts of input RNA. R... | 16608515 | PMC1523219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 11; 7:200 |
Background
New human viral pathogens, such as the etiologic agent causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza, continue to emerge and have become major health problems worldwide. Traditional viral detection techniques such as in vitro viral cultures, immunologic assays, and the PCR method [1] c... | 16643672 | PMC1523220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 28; 7:232 |
Background
In the current era of high throughput genomics there is a need for bioinformatic tools that are able to: 1. Automate and facilitate the storage and handling of large numbers of sequences and 2. Mine and decipher information contained therein. The interpretation of such data can provide new insight into seque... | 16524462 | PMC1523221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 8; 7:120 |
Background
Triggered and directed cell motion is a highly interesting research topic since it is involved in both essential physiological and important pathological processes. Indeed, organism development, tissue repair, inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis all rely on mobile cells. Correspondingly, the scie... | 16762054 | PMC1523222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 8; 7:289 |
Background
DNA, like any other form of information, can be both written and read. For DNA, reading is done by DNA sequencing and writing by gene synthesis. Most of molecular biology over the last decade has focused on reading and analyzing naturally occurring DNA sequences as revealed by massive worldwide sequencing ef... | 16756672 | PMC1523223 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 6; 7:285 |
INTRODUCTION
HIV drug resistance was first described three years after the introduction of zidovudine for treatment of HIV infection [1]. Resistance has subsequently been described for each licensed antiretroviral therapy (ART). Some mutations causing resistance to one drug are known to confer cross-resistance to other... | 16878178 | PMC1523224 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Jul 28; 1(3):e18 |
INTRODUCTION
The clinical daily routine indicates that slowing the rate of administration of propofol can lead to a reduction of up to 50% in the dose of propofol required to achieve the onset of a clinical endpoint of anesthesia (i.e., loss of consciousness [LOC]) when titrating to effect. Therefore, it has been concl... | 16878179 | PMC1523225 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Jul 28; 1(3):e17 |
Introduction
Injured mammalian hearts cannot regenerate; instead, they scar. Mammalian cardiomyocytes undergo hypertrophy to compensate for the loss of cardiac cells. Although it has been reported that cardiomyocytes in diseased human hearts can proliferate [
1], most evidence suggests that this is not a major response... | 16869712 | PMC1523227 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 1; 4(8):e260 |
Coronary disease has long been considered an affliction of the affluent, a lifestyle disease caused by eating unhealthy foods, drinking and smoking too much, and not getting enough exercise. But a recent study of the global burden of disease, published in
The Lancet, found that heart disease is the number one killer in... | 20076625 | PMC1523228 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 1; 4(8):e281 |
Introduction
The Red Queen hypothesis posits that host–parasite co-evolution plays an important role in the evolution of genetic mixing, e.g., segregation, recombination, and sex. Indeed, a number of empirical studies report patterns consistent with this idea [
1–
6]. Although the Red Queen hypothesis has been popular ... | 16869713 | PMC1523229 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 1; 4(8):e265 |
Introduction
In eukaryotes, the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway is essential for eliminating damaged or misfolded proteins and for the degradation of short-lived regulatory proteins [
1,
2]. The two major subcomplexes of the 26S proteasome are the 20S proteolytic core particle (∼700 kDa) and the 19S regulatory particle (∼... | 16869714 | PMC1523230 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 1; 4(8):e267 |
Why does sex exist? A long-popular view holds that sexual reproduction creates new gene combinations that help the next generation resist rapidly co-evolving parasites. Each species constantly changes to achieve the same result—evolutionary advantage—prompting evolutionary biologists to dub this hypothesis the Red Quee... | 20076627 | PMC1523231 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 1; 4(8):e285 |
Most cell diagrams ably illustrate the cell's major structural elements, but they can't convey the incredibly dynamic nature of cellular life. One cell can contain millions of ribosomes, each churning out a protein a minute. To make way for new proteins, obsolete proteins must be removed. Short-lived and misshapen prot... | 20076628 | PMC1523232 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 1; 4(8):e287 |
Introduction
Haplotype maps describe common patterns of genetic variation of genomes and have important applications in the design and analysis of genetic experiments [1–3], such as disease-susceptibility mapping efforts. The three major processes that shape haplotype structure are mutation, recombination, and selectio... | 16895449 | PMC1523234 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:59 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e121 |
Introduction
The problem of how genetic information gives rise to the spatial organization has long intrigued developmental biologists [1–3]. While cellular differentiation addresses the control of expression of specific genes within a cell, pattern formation addresses the spatial arrangement of distinct cell types. A ... | 16895450 | PMC1523235 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e119 |
Introduction
It is now commonly accepted that genetics plays a key role in the occurrence of common diseases, from diabetes and cancer to psychiatric disorders. At the same time, genetic approaches have been mostly successful in identifying the genetic component of Mendelian diseases. The construction of physical and g... | 16895448 | PMC1523240 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e100 |
Introduction
Over the past two decades, flower development has attracted widespread attention as an excellent model system for studying organogenesis in plants at a molecular level [1]. Extensive genetic analyses, especially in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and in Antirrhinum majus have led to the identification... | 16789830 | PMC1523247 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e117 |
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020096
In PLoS Genetics, volume 2, issue 6:
The second of the authors' institutional affiliations was incorrectly listed as Virtual Institute for Microbial Stress and Survival, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
The correct affilia... | 0 | PMC1523248 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e126 |
Introduction
The stomachs of half of the global human population are colonized by the Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which results in chronic gastritis and can cause peptic ulcers and gastric cancer [1]. Since the original description of H. pylori in 1984 [2], various Helicobacter species have been identi... | 16789826 | PMC1523251 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e120 |
Introduction
A long-standing controversy in the field of human evolution concerns the origin of modern humans [1,2]. The debate focuses on the relationship between various groups of archaic humans, such as Neanderthals or Asian Homo erectus, and anatomically and behaviorally modern Homo sapiens (i.e., modern humans). A... | 16895447 | PMC1523253 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e105 |
Background
Headaches are common, with almost everyone experiencing at least one during their lifetime [1]. The lifetime prevalence of headache has been estimated to be up to 96% in the adult population [1], and one-year prevalence estimates range from 38% [2] to 68% [3]. Many people experience headaches on a frequent b... | 16670013 | PMC1523257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 May 2; 7:27 |
Background
West Nile virus (WNv), a potentially debilitating and fatal mosquito-borne disease first discovered in Uganda in 1937, has recently emerged as a health threat to the North American population. After the initial disease outbreak in New York City in 1999, WNv has spread widely and quickly across North America ... | 16704737 | PMC1523258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 May 16; 5:21 |
Background
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been used extensively in recent years for the assessment of exposure to environmental pollution and related health risks. GIS technology is particularly well-suited for this research because it allows for the integration of multiple data sources (e.g., location of po... | 16725049 | PMC1523259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 May 25; 5:23 |
Introduction
System-level approaches in biology have both a long history [1] and a revived present [2
–6]. The main catalyst behind the renewed mainstream interest in the application of such approaches to the study of biological systems is their undeniable successes in the study of engineering systems. Indeed, system... | 16863396 | PMC1523291 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e59 |
Introduction
During the past decade, the highly successful field of functional genomics experienced huge growth as a result of the development of DNA microarray technology [1–4], which made it possible for the first time to measure the RNA expression of thousands of genes in parallel, in a single assay. Immune response... | 16863395 | PMC1523295 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e81 |
Authors' Reply
We thank Csűrös for his thoughtful remarks about our recent paper in PLoS Computational Biology [1,2]. Although both our method [2] and that of Csűrös [3] (the latter was published when the former was under review) assume the same model of intron evolution, and the results obtained by both methods for th... | 0 | PMC1523297 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:38 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jul 28; 2(7):e83 |
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