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Background
About 10% of men and 18% of women aged 60 years and over suffer from symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) [1]. Due to increasing life-expectancy as well as constant increase in the average Body-Mass-Index, which constitutes a principal risk factor for OA [2], the incidence of OA is expected to rise in years to co... | 16749935 | PMC1524764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jun 2; 7:48 |
Background
Musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs), a major health problem worldwide [1,2], probably has a multifactorial etiology and genetic factors may be involved. Recently, a relationship between pain sensitivity and a polymorphism at codon 158 in the Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene has been found [3]. COMT is ... | 16674809 | PMC1524765 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 May 4; 7:40 |
Background
Exposure assessment is typically the greatest weakness of epidemiologic studies of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water [1-4]. This largely stems from the difficulty in obtaining accurate data on individual-level water consumption patterns and activity. In these investigations, an individual's r... | 16729887 | PMC1524766 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006 May 26; 3:6 |
Background
Perforation of gastric carcinoma results in an acute abdominal syndrome due to the spilled gastric contents and the consequent peritonitis. It is a rare condition representing less than 1% of gastric cancer cases in the reports of the last years[1,2] and up to 6% in reports dated before 1980 [3-5]; it has be... | 16573818 | PMC1524767 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Mar 30; 4:19 |
Introduction
Adequate surgical lymphadenectomy and pathological evaluation of lymph nodes is a prerequisite for tumor staging and subsequent decision regarding adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with loco-regionally advanced rectal cancer [1]. In the 1997 TNM classification, of both the American Joint Committee on Cance... | 16749931 | PMC1524768 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 2; 4:29 |
Background
The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)/SHAGGY-like kinases are non-receptor serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in a variety of signal transduction pathways [1]. In animals, they are involved in cell fate determination, in metazoan pattern formation, and in tumorigenesis [2-6]. In mammals, two ... | 16504046 | PMC1524769 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Feb 21; 6:3 |
Background
The QT interval in the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the duration of ventricular depolarization and subsequent repolarization. It is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. The 'group-Q-onset' and a 'group-T-wave end' are defined, respectively, as the earliest Q-onset an... | 16707025 | PMC1524770 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 May 18; 5:31 |
Background
The residual stress is the stress remaining in an organ when external forces are removed (no-load state) and residual strain is the deformation from the no-load state to the zero-stress state (the residual stress released), have important physiological implications. It makes the stress distribution more unif... | 16759387 | PMC1524771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jun 7; 5:37 |
Introduction
The use of social factors to explain community health status is not a new phenomenon. Since Durkheim's classic work on suicide, the importance of social integration and social capital has been recognised for population well-being [1]. Nonetheless, the notion of 'social capital' has attracted wide-ranging a... | 16597324 | PMC1524772 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Apr 5; 5:3 |
1 Introduction
Viewing the subject sequences aligned to a query sequence that result from a BLAST-based [1] comparison, in many cases one can identify groups of sequences clustering around different subintervals of the query sequence. Often, the decision by eye to which cluster a certain sequence belongs, is strongly d... | 16737529 | PMC1524773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 May 31; 1:9 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a chronic and progressive condition that leads to decreased bone mass and skeletal fragility; in turn, these conditions can lead to fractures, disability, pain and even death. [1-5]
The lifetime risk for a typical osteoporotic fracture (for example of the wrist, hip or vertebrae) is about 40... | 16684358 | PMC1524774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 May 9; 7:31 |
Background
The prostate is a key gland in the sexual physiology of male mammals.
Its location in the reproductive tract influences several vital functions as those related to micturition, seminal emission and ejaculation. In the rat, it is wrapping the proximal region of the urethra, known as the prostatic urethra, wi... | 16707016 | PMC1524775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 May 17; 4:28 |
Introduction
The general mechanism of ovarian folliculogenesis in mammals is reasonably well understood, implying a complex endocrine dialog between the central nervous system and the ovary, and various intraovarian paracrine regulations. However, in female mammals, the underlying mechanisms that control the number of ... | 16611365 | PMC1524776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Apr 12; 4:20 |
Background
ERK mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are commonly activated by 7TMRs, which leads to a wide array of cellular processes including cell proliferation and cell differentiation. In the last decade, a tremendous amount of works have been dedicated to elucidate the cell signaling mechanisms whereby 7TMRs a... | 16787538 | PMC1524777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Jun 20; 4:33 |
Background
Amphibian populations worldwide are experiencing unprecedented declines. In the U.S. alone, 55 of 262 amphibian species, or about 21%, are threatened with extinction [1]. One of these threatened species is the Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri) with the last census revealing less than a hundred animals located in t... | 16790071 | PMC1524778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Jun 22; 4:34 |
Background
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important bioactive molecule that regulates a variety of normal physiological functions and is involved in the mediation of several pathologic processes [1,2]. It is a short-lived free radical gas and endogenous signalling molecule produced by the intracellular enzyme NO synthase [2].... | 16729893 | PMC1524779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 May 27; 7:17 |
Background
Gravity is a universal force and affects everything in nature. Gravitational effects on biological events and functions, including the mechanism of gravity sensation in cells, remain unclear. Previous spaceflight experiments have reported the irregular formation of cytoskeletal fibers in spaceflown experimen... | 16803636 | PMC1524780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Jun 28; 7:19 |
Background
Capsular and slime matrices of pathogenic bacteria play an important role in host defense and the immune response. In particular the significance of neutral and/or acidic EPS in biofilms, either 'in vitro' or 'ex vitro', is known [31,3]. In this context it is of importance to obtain ultrastructural informati... | 16803626 | PMC1524781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 27; 6:59 |
Background
Whiplash injury is an important health problem with a significant economic and health burden [1]. There has been considerable research on the cervical response to rear-end impacts using volunteers [2-18], but much less research with volunteers in frontal impacts, most of the early frontal impact studies bein... | 16704734 | PMC1524782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 May 16; 3:10 |
Background
The involvement of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in squamous cell carcinomas of the anogenital region is widely accepted. HPV infection has also been demonstrated in several disorders of the oral and tonsillar regions [1] but unlike cervical cancers where almost 100% of tumours contain HPV DNA [2], only up to... | 16762074 | PMC1524783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 8; 6:95 |
Background
Injecting drug use is a key risk factor, and injecting drug users (IDUs) are a core group for several infections of public health importance, especially hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV). In England and Wales, where less than 1% of the population are likely to be IDUs [1], approximately 38% of laborato... | 16762050 | PMC1524784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 8; 6:93 |
Background
Influenza A viruses belong to Orthomyxoviridae, a family of enveloped negative-sense, segmented single stranded RNA viruses. Based on major differences within the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been recognized, all of which have been isolated from avian speci... | 16725022 | PMC1524785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 May 25; 6:87 |
Background
Norovirus (NV), one genus of the family of Caliciviridae, is one of the most commonly reported etiological agents of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in human world-wide. In Germany, increasing numbers of NV cases have been reported to the public health authorities between 2001 (9,223 reports) and 2004 (64,893 ... | 16606447 | PMC1524786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 10; 6:69 |
Background
Antibiotic guidelines and associated interventions have been demonstrated to be effective in improving antibiotic use. [1] Some countries, including Australia, have incorporated these principles into a national drug policy and provided government funding for a range of activities aimed at improving rational ... | 16732892 | PMC1524787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 May 30; 3:5 |
Background
Dapsone has been used for many indications because of its antibiotic and anti-inflammatory effects [1]. Not only has it been the drug of choice for the treatment of leprosy (Hansen's disease) since the middle of the 20th century, but it has also been used for the treatment of brown recluse spider bite [1,2],... | 16756657 | PMC1524788 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jun 6; 1:9 |
Changing face of pig industry in Canada
Canada is among the top five pork exporters of the world with a total pork export of 970,000 tons in the year 2004, which translates into cash receipts of $4.2 billion in the year 2004 representing a 25% increase over the year 2003. In 2005, Canada had 14.9 million hogs which is ... | 16756675 | PMC1524789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jun 6; 1:10 |
Introduction
Heterogeneity in urban malaria transmission patterns is driven mostly by human activity, urban development and environmental determinants. The dynamics of urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) greatly affect eco-systems and, hence, population health and this is currently insufficiently documented at pre... | 16749927 | PMC1524790 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jun 2; 5:45 |
Background
In Ethiopia, malaria is endemic in three quarters of the national territory [1] with Plasmodium falciparum predominating over Plasmodium vivax. Some 13–28% of deaths in children under five years of age are attributed to falciparum malaria [2]. Recently, a considerable increase in malaria morbidity has been n... | 16817953 | PMC1524791 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 3; 5:54 |
Introduction
In recent years there has been a surge of interest in cyclic β-amino acids and this has been accompanied by the proliferation of procedures for their synthesis.[1] Much of the interest in these compounds emanate from the ability of oligomers or short polymers of cyclic β-amino acids to adopt well-defined s... | 16674802 | PMC1524792 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 May 4; 2:9 |
Introduction
Most organic radical reactions occur through a cascade of two or more individual steps [1–2]. Knowledge of the nature and rates of these steps – in other words, the mechanism of the reaction – is of fundamental interest and is also important in synthetic planning. In synthesis, both the generation of the i... | 16725051 | PMC1524793 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:53 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 May 25; 2:10 |
Background
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioural disorder of childhood onset that often persists into adulthood. The neurobiology of ADHD is not well understood, but there is converging evidence implicating the catecholamine rich frontal-striatal circuitry [1]. Specifically, dysregulat... | 16729883 | PMC1524794 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 May 26; 2:18 |
Background
There has been growing public concern regarding the ethical conduct of healthcare professionals. This is often reflected as complaints about poor ethical conduct and an increasing use of litigation against healthcare practitioners.
Although ethics as applied to medical practice dates back to the ancient civ... | 16764719 | PMC1524795 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:00 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Jun 9; 7:7 |
Introduction
The prevalence of allergy is increasing in the westernized part of the world with estimates suggesting that 20–30% of the population is affected [1]. However, unlike the reaction of most IgE-sensitized individuals who upon re-exposure to the allergen develop symptoms due to activation and release of mediat... | 16623955 | PMC1524796 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 Apr 19; 4:6 |
Background
HIV-1 is an enveloped virus that gains entry into target cells by mediating the fusion of viral and cellular membranes. The first step of this fusion process involves the binding of gp120, the surface subunit of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), to its primary receptor, CD4. This interaction induces con... | 16762062 | PMC1524797 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jun 8; 3:31 |
Background
A small group of LTR-retrotransposons from insects is very similar in structure and replication cycle to mammalian retroviruses [1]. They contain three open reading frames, the first two of which correspond to retroviral gag and pol genes, whereas the third one, ORF3, is a retroviral env gene whose function ... | 16684341 | PMC1524798 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 May 9; 3:25 |
Background
Central African Republic (CAR) has a high prevalence rate of HIV-1 infection estimated at 18% among pregnant women [1]. The primary route of transmission is heterosexual. High rates of infection in HIV-1-infected individuals in Africa have been suggested to be related to immune hyperactivation driven by envi... | 16792805 | PMC1524799 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jun 22; 3:35 |
Background
Meningiomas occur more frequently in women than men and have the highest incidence in the fifth and sixth decades of life[1,2]. Consistent with data from other studies in North America and Europe, we have previously reported the incidence of intracranial meningioma in western Washington State to be 3.2 per 1... | 16759391 | PMC1524800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 7; 6:152 |
Background
80% of all lung cancers are non small cell carcinomas. For these tumours, complete surgical resection still yields the best treatment results so far. However, only 25% of all patients have the option of surgical treatment.
In the event of the tumour being surgically not resectable or the patient functionall... | 16681848 | PMC1524801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 8; 6:122 |
Background
5-fluorouracil is a chemotherapeutic drug used worldwide in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, either alone or in combination with irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor. 5-FU is considered to be purely an S phase-active chemotherapeutic agent, with no activity when cells are in G0 or G1 [1]. It... | 16709241 | PMC1524802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 May 18; 5:20 |
Background
The protein phosphatase Cdc14 has been shown to be essential for survival and critical for the resolution of mitosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans [1-3]. It is thought that Cdc14 in S. Cerevisiae is regulated both spatially and temporally by cyclin B-Cdk and the mitotic-exit network ... | 16784539 | PMC1524803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jun 19; 5:25 |
Background
Context
A range of geopolitical factors have affected the economy in Indonesia. Current poverty estimates suggest that almost a third of Indonesia's population are living below the World Bank poverty line [1], with all the implications this has for health status. Poverty levels have contributed to a number o... | 16630363 | PMC1524804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Apr 23; 4:10 |
Background
Diesel exhaust particles (DEP), which are generated by heavy-duty diesel engines, are major constituents of the atmospheric respiratory particles of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in industrialized urban areas. With diameters < 2.5 μm, these particles can remain airborne for long periods of time and get deposited ... | 16723032 | PMC1524805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 May 25; 3:9 |
Background
The extent of equivocal research findings related to the associations between physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and overweight may be associated with inadequate measures of physical activity. It has been demonstrated that the type of physical activity measure used in research studies can be critical wh... | 16725055 | PMC1524806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 May 26; 3:10 |
Background
There are several therapies for patients with ischemic stroke that have been proven in clinical trials and are recommended widely in consensus guidelines [1-3]. These include prophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) [4], antithrombotic therapy within 48 hours [5], and antithrombotic therapy at discharge ... | 16740167 | PMC1524807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jun 1; 6:20 |
Background
Issues of cost have influenced, dramatically, health care delivery in Western countries. General practitioners were encouraged to see and treat a wider spectrum of conditions in order to decrease costs [1].
In Greece, primary care is not fully developed, especially in urban areas. There is a lack of primary... | 16759394 | PMC1524808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Jun 7; 6:12 |
Background
In recent literature, algorithms and software were developed to simulate the segregation process of marker loci that are in linkage disequilibrium (LD), some allowing for the possibility for the markers to also be associated with a trait [1-3]. These tools were developed to answer important methodological qu... | 16803631 | PMC1524809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jul 3; 7:40 |
Background
Implantable defibrillator therapy terminates ventricular tachyarrhythmias and improves survival of patients in multiple populations at risk of sudden cardiac death. [1-3] Initially, ICD therapy was applied only to secondary prevention patients: that is, those who had been resuscitated from a cardiac arrest o... | 16725036 | PMC1524810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 May 25; 7:18 |
Background
Personal direct cigarette smoking is the most important single causal factor for developing COPD. The view that cigarette smoking is the sole meaningful factor in the epidemiology and natural history of COPD, however, is a misconception. Although direct cigarette smoking is the major cause of COPD, up to two... | 16756671 | PMC1524811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Jun 6; 6:12 |
Background
Diabetic retinopathy is the major cause of blindness in the United States in patients younger than 50 years of age, and macular edema is the leading cause of visual impairment in diabetic patients [1]. As might be expected, the prevalence of macular edema is directly related to the overall severity of the re... | 16595011 | PMC1524812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Apr 4; 6:15 |
Background
Age-related cataract is the leading cause of reversible visual impairment in older persons [1-6]. In Australia, it is estimated that by the year 2021, the number of people affected by cataract will increase by 63%, due to population aging [7]. Surgical intervention is an effective treatment for cataract and ... | 16623958 | PMC1524813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Apr 20; 6:17 |
Background
Tissue – based diagnosis procedures comprise a broad spectrum of techniques. These include, for example, conventional light microscopy images (vessels, cells, nuclei, membranes, extra-cellular substances, etc), visualization of macromolecules and their functions (antibodies, receptors, glycoproteins, etc.), ... | 16764733 | PMC1524814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Jun 10; 1:10 |
Background
At the Millennium Summit in 2000, Member States of the United Nations (UN) reaffirmed their commitment to eradicate world poverty and improve the health and welfare of the world's poorest by 2015 [1]. Health is at the centre of the MDGs. Three of the eight goals are health MDGs – MDGs 4, 5 and 6 related to c... | 16566818 | PMC1524815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Mar 27; 4:5 |
Introduction
Modern medicine is successful in achieving disease-free survival in a good number of cancer patients. However, in a majority of cases, medical intervention is only successful in prolonging the life of a patient from months to a few years. Cancer is essentially a pathology with various mechanisms at its dis... | 16792817 | PMC1524816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Jun 23; 6:17 |
1. Background
It is estimated that over 170 million people are infected globally with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and its devastating impact is further magnified by the high frequency of HCV persistence during infection, i.e., establishing a chronic infection in up to 85% of cases [1]. HCV infection has become the most co... | 16803625 | PMC1524817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Jun 27; 6:18 |
Background
Mass spectrometry has proven essential in structural studies in which biopolymer molecules of a variety of polymer chemistries are involved. Indeed, while proteins were once the main biopolymeric analytes studied by mass spectrometry, oligo(deoxy)ribonucleotides and saccharides also are routinely analyzed to... | 16643644 | PMC1524818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 27; 7:226 |
Background
Molecular biology has made great progress in observing and quantifying the patterns by which amino acids exchange for one another within protein sequences over time. A key motivation here has been to create amino acid substitution matrices (such as the PAM and BLOSUM matrix families), which lie at the heart ... | 16817972 | PMC1524819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 3; 7:329 |
Background
Classifier complexity and overfitting
The small-sample problems with microarray-based classification have long been recognized [1]. The potential number of features (variables) upon which a classifier can be based is extremely large, the potential features consisting of all the gene-expression levels measure... | 16737545 | PMC1524820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 31; 7:274 |
Disease name and synonyms
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly, (CCA);
Beals syndrome;
Beals-Hecht syndrome;
Arthrogryposis, distal, type 9.
Definition
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA; Beals syndrome, MIM # 121050) is an autosomal dominantly inherited connective tissue disorder that shares phenotypica... | 16740166 | PMC1524931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Jun 1; 1:20 |
Background
Many studies of the impact of breastfeeding on child or maternal health have relied on data reported retrospectively. For example, the U.S. National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS) asked mothers to recall how many times a day they fed breast milk, formula, and other foods each month during the firs... | 16722521 | PMC1524932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Mar 9; 1:4 |
Background
Increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of health services is important everywhere but particularly so in developing countries with limited resources [1]. In the UK, clinical audit is seen as a useful, but not always effective tool in quality improvement. There are remarkably few reports on the benefits ... | 16759384 | PMC1524933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Reprod Health. 2006 Jun 7; 3:4 |
Introduction
A model for retrograde transport of ER-trafficking toxins and viruses from the cell surface to the ER suggests an obligatory interaction with a glycolipid receptor at the cell surface (1).
The bacterial and plant protein toxins that disrupt mammalian cell signalling, cytoskeletal assembly, vesicular traff... | 16603059 | PMC1524934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Apr 7; 3:26 |
Background
The T4-like phages are a diverse group of lytic bacterial myoviruses that share genetic homologies and morphological similarities with the well-studied coliphage T4 [1,2]. These phages provide an attractive model for the study of comparative genomics and phage evolution for several reasons: They possess rela... | 16716236 | PMC1524935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 May 23; 3:30 |
Background
Peptides that bind major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules serve as recognition targets for cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs). The major function of CTLs is recognition and destruction of infected (e.g. viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi), mutated (e.g. cancer), or foreign (e.g. transplants) ... | 16719926 | PMC1524936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Immunome Res. 2006 May 23; 2:3 |
Background
The constructs of depression, mental and physical health, and quality of life (QOL) are believed to be distinct but closely related. Depressed persons had worse health status and QOL than others in several cross-sectional comparisons [1-6]. Cross-sectional data cannot address whether changes over time in one... | 16638129 | PMC1524937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Apr 25; 4:27 |
Background
Successful aging encompasses multiple dimensions of health, including physical, functional, social, and psychological well-being [1]. Maintaining a high level of quality of life into advanced age is a growing public health concern as the older adult population continues to increase. In fact, one of the prima... | 16813655 | PMC1524938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jun 30; 4:37 |
Background
The Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid
The Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid (caBIG™) [1,2] is a voluntary association or Grid dedicated to creating an interoperable network of data and analytical services that benefits the cancer research community. Currently, there are over 800 participants in caBIG™ from... | 16787533 | PMC1524939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jun 20; 6:25 |
Background
Understanding the evolution of sexually dimorphic development is a key goal in many biological contexts [1-3]. However, in many taxa the ability to investigate dimorphism in early gene expression and development is impeded by the lack of a reliable method for assigning sex to embryos, larvae or other early l... | 16780578 | PMC1524940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jun 16; 6:29 |
Background
Tumor invasion in functional cortex areas, tumor-related mass displacements and functional cortical reorganization can greatly impede intraoperative orientation in eloquent areas of the brain, such as the primary motor cortex (Brodman Area 4). Intraoperative neurophysiological examination methods are nowaday... | 16817959 | PMC1524941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Jul 3; 2:20 |
Background
Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies (CMT), also named as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN) are a group of genetically heterogeneous diseases of the peripheral nervous system. CMT has been classified into two major subgroups. A severe reduction of nerve conduction velocities (NCV) with NCV < 38 m/... | 16762064 | PMC1524942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jun 8; 7:53 |
Background
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons produced commercially in the U.S. from 1929 to 1977 and used as electrical insulating and heat exchange fluids due to their high stability, dielectric properties, resistance to oxidation, and incombustibility [1,2]. Peak product... | 16716225 | PMC1524943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 May 22; 5:13 |
Background
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is a cytokine involved in regulation of the whole-body carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. One of the main metabolic effects of TNFα action is the development of insulin resistance [1]. In insulin resistant states, the cytokine acts mostly in an auto- and paracrine manner in adi... | 16803616 | PMC1524944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Jun 27; 5:14 |
Background
Patterns of under-five mortality are heterogeneous among different regions in the world and within countries. Data on global causes of child death have been published. They show that 90% of deaths occur in 42 countries, diarrhoea, pneumonia and neonatal disorders explaining about 74% of these deaths [1,2]. T... | 16820049 | PMC1524945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 4; 6:173 |
Background
Socioeconomic deprivation is strongly linked to both health and health care access [1], and is therefore of interest to policy makers, commissioners, public health professionals and researchers.
A measure of the socioeconomic deprivation experienced by the registered patient population of a general practice... | 16820054 | PMC1524946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jul 4; 5:29 |
Introduction
The most important factor causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is cigarette smoking which causes increased oxidative and nitrosative stress in this disease [1-3]. One major contributor to the increased oxidant burden in COPD is evidently nitric oxide (NO) since cigarette smoke contains the ... | 16646959 | PMC1524947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 28; 7(1):69 |
Introduction
The interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a heterogeneous group of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases comprising different clinical and histopathological entities that have been broadly classified into several categories [1,2] including sarcoidosis and idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs). The latter h... | 16725031 | PMC1524948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 25; 7(1):82 |
Background
Acute alveolar hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction [1]. This hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) directs blood flow towards well ventilated areas of the lung, and, hence, optimizes gas exchange by matching lung perfusion to ventilation. This principally beneficial reflex may turn into a pathogenet... | 16808843 | PMC1524949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 29; 7(1):93 |
Background
The lower respiratory tract receives primary afferent fibres both from vagal sensory (nodose and jugular) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) that transmit information to the brainstem and spinal cord, respectively [1-5]. To date, the vagal airway afferents have received particular interest. Functionally, they can... | 16813657 | PMC1524950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jul 1; 7(1):96 |
Background
The sequenced genome of the principal vector of human malaria parasites in subSaharan Africa, Anopheles gambiae [1], has raised expectations for the development of new and unexpected ways to manage or manipulate vector populations to control disease transmission [2]. As part of efforts to meet these expectat... | 16707020 | PMC1524951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 17; 7:116 |
Background
Photosynthesis is one of the most important and fundamental metabolic processes in the biosphere. The appearance of photosynthesis in prokaryotic organisms early in the earth's history fundamentally changed the composition of the atmosphere and subsequently determined the evolution of organisms. According to... | 16646993 | PMC1524952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 30; 7:100 |
Background
Cell cycle regulation plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis and contributes to determine the fate of cells. Most factors influencing the decision, whether to start a new round of division or not, act at the G1/S transition. Mitogenic factors induce expression of cyclin D and therefore stimulate the... | 16759374 | PMC1524953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Jun 6; 1:10 |
The many roles of sumoylation
Sumoylation, which consists in the covalent and reversible conjugation of Small Ubiquitin-related Modifiers (SUMO-1, 2 and 3 in mammals) to target proteins, is an essential cellular process from yeasts to mammals. In S. cerevisiae, disruption of the SUMO pathway leads to a G2/M cell cycle ... | 16805918 | PMC1524954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Jun 29; 1:13 |
Background
The appearance of a bronchopleural fistula is a well-known and frightening complication of pulmonary surgery. Different methods have been used to solve this problem conservatively, from bronchial gluing [1] to stent placement. The latter includes the self-expandable stent [2] or classic Dumon stent [3]. In t... | 16796736 | PMC1524955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Jun 23; 1:16 |
Background
Job satisfaction is defined as "the favorableness or unfavorableness with which employees view their work" [1]. Determinants of these views include the work environment and the personality of workers. In operationalizing the work environment, it is most often split into multiple factors (or domains) such as ... | 16723022 | PMC1524956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:41 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 May 24; 6:60 |
Background
Genomics tools such as DNA sequencing, microarrays and yeast-two-hybrid assays have propelled the field of genetics forward at a remarkable rate, yet mechanisms for defining gene function lag behind. To date, even for model systems such as rice and Arabidopsis, only a fraction of the total genes have been st... | 16808845 | PMC1524957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Jun 29; 2:13 |
Background
The lungs with about 140 m2 surface area [1] represent the organ of the human body with the biggest contact area to the environment. Every breath transports many environmental particles into the lungs, which are partially removed and deposited. The different areas of the lung have different mechanisms of dep... | 16700919 | PMC1524958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2006 May 15; 4:4 |
Background
Ultrasound is commonly used for orientation and prey localization by diverse taxa, including bats, odontocete whales, insectivores, and rodents. Ultrasonic signals in these groups range from simple broadband clicks produced by whales, insectivores, and some megachiropteran bats, to highly modified, tonal sig... | 16507093 | PMC1524959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Feb 28; 3:3 |
Background
The macrophage foam cell is a prominent feature of all stages of atherosclerosis, but the effect of foam cell transformation on macrophage functional properties remains to be fully characterized. A body of evidence has identified uptake of oxidized low density lipoproteins (OxLDL) as the major cause of foam ... | 16800873 | PMC1524960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Jun 26; 5:17 |
Background
Fibromatosis (also synonymous with the term desmoid tumor) is a rare soft tissue tumor that is composed of a bland-appearing proliferation of spindle cells [1,2]. Although fibromatosis is thought to be a benign entity that lacks metastatic potential, it can be characterized by a locally aggressive and infilt... | 16768799 | PMC1524961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 12; 4:32 |
Background
Carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumours that arise from neoplastic proliferation of enterochromaffin or Kulchitsky cells [1]. In 1963, carcinoids were classified according to their embryologic site of origin as foregut carcinoids (respiratory tract, stomach, duodenum, biliary system and pancreas), midgut carci... | 16800893 | PMC1524962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 26; 4:35 |
Background
The Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), Vav1, plays a central role in transducing signals from cell surface receptors, such as integrin, growth factor and immune response receptors, to stimulate multiple cellular activities. These activities include many that involve changes in the actin cyt... | 16709244 | PMC1524963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2006 May 18; 4:5 |
Background
Mammary ductoscopy (MD) is a new endoscopic technique that has been evolving over the last 15 years [1-3].
The initial scopes were of a large calibre with limited optics and lacked any working channels thus leading to a poor image quality [4]. Furthermore the images generated by the earlier scopes were too ... | 16808852 | PMC1524964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 30; 3:16 |
Review
Squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) remains a challenging clinical problem, due to the persisting high rate of local and distant failure, as well as the occurrence of second primaries. Treatment for early stage disease involves usually surgery and radiation therapy (RT). Locally-advanced tumors ... | 16722544 | PMC1524965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 May 2; 1:11 |
Background
Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) by modulating the beam intensity (photon fluence) across each treatment field allows for better dose conformation to 3 dimensionally and particularly to concavely shaped contours of the target volume compared to conventional 3D conformal radiotherapy [1]. For fluence m... | 16790059 | PMC1524966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Jun 21; 1:18 |
Introduction
Arising out of the uncertainty in decision making in any health care sector decision makers are faced with the dilemma of determining which has the greater risk, making available medical procedures that are ineffective or even harmful (Type I error) or, denying access to medical procedures that are benefic... | 16684362 | PMC1524967 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 May 10; 3:3 |
Introduction
Spermatozoa leaving the testis are immature and lack fertilizing ability. During their passage through the epididymis, which provides the environment for sperm maturation and storage, the spermatozoa acquire fertilizing ability and forward motility after interacting with proteins secreted by the epididymal... | 16643671 | PMC1524968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Apr 28; 4:23 |
Review
Although a substantial amount of research has been conducted to associate occupational exposure to pesticides with fertility problems in men [1-4], studies among women are scarce. One reason may be that exposure to pesticides is higher among men, because men usually apply pesticides whereas women get exposed thr... | 16737536 | PMC1524969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 May 31; 4:30 |
Background
In Brave New World,[1] Aldous Huxley imagined a society in which the government manufactures five different human castes designed to perform different roles. Four decades after the publication of that dystopia, Robert Nozick[2] developed another futuristic scenario, the genetic supermarket, to prompt discuss... | 16800884 | PMC1524970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 Jun 26; 1:9 |
Background
Renal oncocytoma (RO) is a benign tumour of the kidney accounting for approximately 5% of renal cell tumours. A typical RO shows a nested or acinar growth of polygonal cells with central small nuclei and abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm when stained with H&E. However, RO as well as the malignant chro... | 16640776 | PMC1524971 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 26; 6:106 |
Background
The search for differentially expressed genes in tumours has made extensive use of array technology. Most studies have involved tumour biopsy samples or established tumour-derived cell lines [1]. Differentially expressed genes may help to identify tumours with high metastatic potential and pathways that migh... | 16626496 | PMC1524972 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 20; 6:99 |
Background
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Until recently, the standard treatment approach in patients with GBM was neurosurgical resection, as radical as possible, followed by postoperative radiotherapy (RT). However, in spite of technical advances in surgery... | 16709245 | PMC1524973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 18; 6:133 |
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