text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by episodes or attacks of inflammation and narrowing of small airways in response to exposure to environmental stimuli [1]. Asthma attacks can vary from mild to life-threatening. Asthma has been a significant health problem in the world, with an ever-incr... | 16677400 | PMC1524974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 May 7; 4:7 |
Background
Quantum dots (QDs) have been introduced as a promising new tool in life sciences, because of their unique optical properties [1]. They are highly stable during excitation and have characteristic absorption and emission spectra [2]. The emission peak of these nanoparticles is comparatively narrow and the dots... | 16776835 | PMC1524975 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Jun 15; 4:5 |
Findings
The cellular HERV-W envelope protein, also named syncytin-1, is a fusogenic glycoprotein probably involved in the formation of the placental syncytiotrophoblast layer [1-3]. This protein, encoded by the envelope gene of the ERVWE1 proviral locus [4] is synthesized as a gPr73 precursor and is specifically cleav... | 16820059 | PMC1524976 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jul 4; 3:41 |
Our colleague Charles J. Greenberg founded Biomedical Digital Libraries (BDL) in 2004, with the support of an outstanding team of editors and advisors [1]. He envisioned the journal as a "legitimate alternative to traditional specialty journals in the field, which have subscription fees and assumption of copyright by t... | 0 | PMC1524977 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 Jun 13; 3:5 |
Background
Cells with "hand mirror" morphology have not, to the best of our knowledge, been described in a primary effusion fluids [1]. The cells were first described and evaluated by EM in 1977 by Shhumacher [2,3]. This paper describes a case of T-cell lymphoma with eosinophilia in a patient with suspected peritoneal ... | 16681858 | PMC1524978 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 May 8; 3:13 |
Background
'Atypical squamous cells- cannot exclude HSIL' (ASC-H) was recognized in 2001 Bethesda System [1,2] and [3]. The previous category of ASCUS was replaced by (a) 'ASC of undetermined significance' (ASC-US) and (b) ASC-H [1,2]. This new category includes cases with atypical squamous cells that exhibit some equi... | 16686950 | PMC1524979 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 May 10; 3:14 |
Background
Cell proliferation and differentiation are coordinated by synchronized patterns of gene expression. The regulation of these patterns is achieved, in part, through epigenetic mechanisms that affect the nature of DNA packaging into chromatin [1]. Specifically, post-translational covalent modifications to histo... | 16805913 | PMC1524980 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jun 28; 5:26 |
Background
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a worldwide disease that is endemic in 88 countries [1]. It is estimated that 1.5 million people suffer from CL annually and that more than 350 million are at risk of contracting the infection [2-4]. In America, 60,000 new cases of CL are reported annually [5], being endemic i... | 16700912 | PMC1524981 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 May 15; 7:14 |
Background
VEGF, VEGF receptor antagonists, and the C-terminal collagen XVIII fragment endostatin, an inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth [1], have been tested for use in long-term therapies to enhance or reduce vascularisation [2]. Therefore, knowledge of VEGF and endostatin receptor expression patterns as well... | 16737552 | PMC1524982 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Jun 1; 5:8 |
The elastic properties of the large arteries are important determinants of circulatory physiology [1]. Such properties can be assessed noninvasively by pulse-wave analysis, by ultrasound techniques, or by calculating the velocity of pulse-wave transit in a given arterial segment. The measurement of pulse-wave velocity ... | 16768804 | PMC1524983 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Jun 12; 5:9 |
Background
The successful application of marker-assisted selection in the commercial animal population will depend on the identification of genes, including identification of genes underlying quantitative traits, exploration of genetic polymorphisms that are involved in different phenotypes of quantitative traits, and ... | 16749938 | PMC1524984 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jun 3; 7:35 |
Background
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Australia and is associated with significant cost [1]. Australian guidelines recommend all persons with unstable angina (UA) or myocardial infarction (MI) participate in secondary prevention [2] incorporating risk factor management. ... | 16762079 | PMC1524985 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jun 9; 6:26 |
Background
Induced sputum examination is a relatively non invasive method standardized by Pin et al[1] as an alternative to bronchoscopy procedure for collecting secretions and inflammatory cells from the airways of subjects with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma. The method consists of ... | 16808839 | PMC1524986 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Jun 29; 6:17 |
Background
Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography (DASE) is well established in clinical practice, as it is considered to be one of the main methods of imaging to determine the presence of myocardial ischemia.
Currently, the use of the 3 min. protocol has become the most popular, beginning at 5 mcg/kg/min infusio... | 16569248 | PMC1524987 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Mar 29; 4:17 |
Review
Left ventricular pressure overload due to aortic valve stenosis (AS) leads to a marked hypertrophic response of the myocardium, which is probably an adaptative reaction aimed at normalizing the increased wall stress. Although a small percentage of patients with critical AS do not develop left ventricle (LV) hype... | 16803632 | PMC1524988 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jun 27; 4:25 |
Introduction
Immortalization is a key step in malignant transformation, as it allows a cell to indefinitely proliferate while accumulating genetic abnormalities. Normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) initially proliferate robustly in tissue culture before encountering a proliferation block termed stasis [1,2]. C... | 16729884 | PMC1524989 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 May 26; 6:15 |
Background
The shift of biological research towards massively parallel techniques opens new opportunities but at the same time raises problems in deriving meaningful information out of the wealth of generated data. Such data might be represented as networks, in which the vertices (e.g. transcripts, proteins or metaboli... | 16630347 | PMC1524990 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 21; 7:219 |
Background
DNA microarray is a technology that can simultaneously measure the expression levels of thousands of genes in a single experiment. It is commonly used for comparing the gene expression levels in tissues under different conditions, such as wild-type versus mutant, or healthy versus diseased [1]. Some of the g... | 16643657 | PMC1524991 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 27; 7:228 |
Background
In the field of biological research, recent advances in functional genomics technologies have given the opportunity to carry out complex and possibly high-throughput investigations. Consequently, the storage, management, exchange and description of data in this domain present challenges to biologists and bio... | 16725019 | PMC1524992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 25; 7:267 |
Background
In the post-genome era, microarray technology becomes a powerful tool for global gene expression profiling. However, some genes show significant variability in their expressions. These observed differences should be validated through more accurate tools. In addition, microarray methodology can not credibly m... | 16571141 | PMC1524993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 30; 7:179 |
Background
Cells mount adaptive responses that involve changes in gene expression in order to survive environmental stress. These changes lead to shifts in the activity of the corresponding proteins and often to observable phenotypes. In each stress condition, the effectiveness of the cellular responses is subordinated... | 16584550 | PMC1524994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 3; 7:184 |
Background
Antibodies are used as tools throughout biomedical science, and they are, increasingly, being incorporated into clinical practice in such specialties as rheumatology, oncology, and infectious diseases [1]. They are also finding more and more application in the new high-throughput biotechnologies such as anti... | 16600027 | PMC1524995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 6; 7:192 |
Background
Conducting microarray experiments using Affymetrix arrays is expensive. The quality of the starting material, for instance human post-mortem tissues, is often predetermined and samples may be scarce, leading to variable quality of the extracted RNA. We set out to explore the relationship between quality cont... | 16623940 | PMC1524996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 19; 7:211 |
Background
Ortholog prediction is an important facet of comparative genomics and is frequently used in genome annotation, gene function characterization, evolutionary genomics, and in the identification of conserved regulatory elements. As the number of genome sequences grow, comparative genomics has become increasingl... | 16729895 | PMC1524997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 28; 7:270 |
Background
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological mechanism by which double stranded molecules inhibit gene expression by mediating sequence-specific mRNA degradation [1]. The process starts when dsRNA molecules are degraded into short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, about 21–23 nucleotides in length, by the RNase ... | 16729898 | PMC1524998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 29; 7:271 |
Background
The extraction of biological information from high throughput genomic expression data is a fundamentally network-based systems biology problem [1]. Complex cell properties such as pathogenicity, growth control, and metabolic capabilities arise from networks of molecular interactions. Control of such cell pro... | 16756676 | PMC1524999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 6; 7:286 |
Background
To cooperate towards the execution of a common physiological function (metabolic pathway, signal-transduction cascade, etc.), proteins must be localized in the same cellular compartment. There is an involved machinery within the cell for sorting newly synthesized proteins and sending them to their final loca... | 16774677 | PMC1525000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 14; 7:298 |
Background
Most mitochondrial mRNAs in trypanosomatid parasites such as Trypanosoma, and Leishmania species undergo RNA editing [1-3]. This post-transcriptional process produces mature and functional mRNAs through a series of coordinated steps catalysed by a multi-protein complex that inserts and deletes uridylates (Us... | 16780580 | PMC1525001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 16; 7:305 |
Background
The central assumption of comparative genomics is that functional sequences evolve under constraints while non-functional sequences evolve neutrally. This simple assumption underlies several useful algorithms that identify coding genes [1,2], non-coding RNAs [3-5], and cis-regulatory sites [6-11]. However, c... | 16716228 | PMC1525002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 22; 7:266 |
Background
When patients are asked what they find most anxiety provoking about having surgery, the top concerns almost always include postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) [1,2]. Anesthesiologists agree that PONV is an important issue for patients [3]. Since PONV is important to patients, improving the quality of an... | 16740165 | PMC1525160 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Jun 1; 6:6 |
Background
Stigma has been identified by policy makers, professional and non-government organisations, researchers and consumers as a key issue in mental illness ([1-7]). Stigmatising attitudes may inhibit help seeking among individuals with a mental disorder [8,9], provide barriers to their successful reintegration in... | 16716231 | PMC1525161 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 May 23; 6:21 |
Background
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) released from sensory fibers originating in the trigeminal ganglia [1] or the adventitial-medial border of arteries supplying the heart [2] causes a potent, efficacious and long-lasting dilation of cerebral and coronary vessels, respectively [3,4]. Vasodilatation of cer... | 16776831 | PMC1525162 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:08 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Jun 15; 6:9 |
Background
Although appropriate use of drugs may indeed be of vital importance to elderly patients, drugs represent a double-edged sword due to their potential adverse effects. Age-related changes in drug metabolism and sensitivity put frail elderly patients at particular risk for adverse drug events (ADEs) [1,2]. The ... | 16764734 | PMC1525163 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 11; 6:72 |
Background
Transposon-mediated germ-line transformation of insects is a powerful technique for investigating gene function [1] and is also being used for the development of insect strains suitable for area-wide control programs [2,3]. piggyBac is a type II (short inverted repeat DNA) transposon from the cabbage looper ... | 16776846 | PMC1525164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jun 16; 6:27 |
Background
The ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B), encoded by the PTPN1 gene, catalyzes the dephosphorylation of tyrosine residues from the insulin receptor kinase activation segment [1] and IRS1 [2] resulting in the down-regulation of insulin signalling. PTP1B also inhibits leptin signallin... | 16677372 | PMC1525165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 May 5; 7:44 |
Background
Animal models of human diseases are used extensively to study basic disease processes and test potential therapies. Even though these proxies have ethical and practical advantages, they generally do not completely recapitulate the human disease phenotype. For example, mdx and mdx5cv mice have mutations in th... | 16522209 | PMC1525166 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Mar 7; 7:23 |
Background
Most eukaryotes and some prokaryotes have evolved a circadian clock to adapt to the 24 h day/night cycle. These clocks drive biological rhythms in many aspects of metabolism, physiology, and behavior, all with a period close to 24 h [1]. Circadian rhythms affect fundamental processes of plant life, such as p... | 16737527 | PMC1525167 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 May 31; 6:10 |
Background
The inflorescences of Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) are composed of three different types of flowers (ray, trans, disc) that are tightly packed into a condensed, radially organized flower head (capitulum). The presence of morphologically different flower types within a single genotype makes gerbera a unique t... | 16762082 | PMC1525168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 6:11 |
Background
Automated, high-speed, high-resolution whole side imaging (WSI) robots, introduced as prototypes only a few years ago, are becoming increasingly robust and capable. Current devices can automatically image several hundred slides per day and these volumes will only increase in the future. With time, this techn... | 16643664 | PMC1525169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:20 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2006 Apr 27; 6:4 |
Background
Obesity is an increasing epidemic in both the general US population [1] and veterans [2] and is an important etiologic factor in heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, depression, and various types of cancers [3,4]. It is estimated that among the 6 million users of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) services,... | 16756673 | PMC1525170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jun 6; 7:35 |
Background
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have a central role in the treatment of asthma. They are the most effective prophylactic agents available, particularly in patients with mild to moderate asthma and persistent symptoms[1] and are recommended for most adult patients with chronic asthma whose symptoms are not cont... | 16753053 | PMC1525171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jun 5; 7:34 |
Introduction
The emergence of indium(III) compounds as efficient Lewis acid catalysts presents new and exciting opportunities for organoindium chemistry. [1–2] It was found that the low reactivity of trivalent organoindium reagents can be increased by complex formation with organolithium compounds.[3] The tetra-organo-... | 16768808 | PMC1525172 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:53 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Jun 13; 2:11 |
Background
In recent years, it has become clear that the healthcare system in the United States does not provide the same quality of care for minority populations that it does for the majority white population [1]. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report "Unequal Treatment" confirmed that racial and ethnic disparities i... | 16635262 | PMC1525173 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 24; 6:104 |
Background
The anthrax attacks that followed the events of September 11th, 2001 focused attention on the threat of terrorism with biological agents including variola major, the causative agent of smallpox [1]. There is concern that an attack with smallpox could result in many deaths because of the susceptibility of the... | 16677388 | PMC1525174 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 5; 6:126 |
Background
The 1992 American Association on Mental Retardation's (AAMR) definition and classification of mental retardation differs from the previous classification system in that: (a) a single diagnostic code of mental retardation is used if the individual meets the three criteria of age of onset (18 or under), signif... | 16584554 | PMC1525175 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 3; 6:85 |
Background
Compared to men, women live longer but, paradoxically, report greater morbidity and disability and make greater use of health-care services at the end of life [1-3]. Nevertheless, the greater utilization of health services by women is not a constant finding but depends in part on the type of service. Women t... | 16780576 | PMC1525176 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 16; 6:155 |
Background
Motor vehicle occupant injuries represent the leading cause of injury mortality in the United States [1]. These preventable injuries are a major cause of cognitive and functional impairment, resulting in significant financial losses to both individuals and society [2]. The most effective means for motorists ... | 16643663 | PMC1525177 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 27; 6:111 |
Background
Previous research suggests that psychosocial and mental health sequelae are some of the most disabling consequences of injury [1-4]. However, few studies have considered the presence of pre-existing mental health conditions as a potential confounder when investigating injury as a risk factor for subsequent m... | 16650287 | PMC1525178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 2; 6:114 |
Background
Enterobacter (E.) sakazakii is considered a food borne pathogen that can cause severe illness and death in newborns, particularly in prematures or infants with weakened immune system [1,2]. Pathogenesis involves bacteraemia and/or sepsis, cerebro spinal fluid infection and meningitis, intracerebral infarctio... | 16800879 | PMC1525179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 26; 6:58 |
Background
By the end of year 2004 nearly 5.1 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in India [1]. Patients with HIV infection are frequently co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) as routes of transmission are shared. The prevalence of HBV co-infection depends on the prevailing risk factor for acquiring infection ... | 16571140 | PMC1525180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 30; 6:65 |
Background
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a sexually transmitted pathogen that infects both the oral and genital mucosa of humans and is a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. A mouse vaginal model of HSV-2 infection has been developed by several investigators [1-4]. Although the degree of pathogenicity of... | 16772029 | PMC1525181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 13; 3:45 |
Background
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major public health problem. Transmission of CMV in utero results in substantial long-term morbidity in newborns, including mental retardation and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL; reviewed in [1]). Treatment of the affected newborn with the anti-CMV nucleoside... | 16509982 | PMC1525182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Mar 1; 3:9 |
Background
Cell lines derived from primary tumor tissues have provided a valuable tool for the understanding of cancer biology at the molecular level. Ever since the development of Hela, the first human cancer continuous cell line by George Gey, Margaret Gey and Mary Kubicek more than 50 years ago, cancer cell lines ha... | 16817967 | PMC1525183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 3; 7:166 |
Background
HSP90 proteins, named according to the 90 kDa average molecular mass of their members, are highly conserved molecular chaperones that account for 1–2% of all cellular proteins in most cells under non-stress conditions [1]. They participate in the regulation of the stress response [2,3] and, when associated w... | 16780600 | PMC1525184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 17; 7:156 |
Background
Cell-based microarray technology was first described by Ziauddin and Sabatini in 2001 [2] for use in performing high throughput over-expression studies. The technique entails printing the full-length ORF of genes inserted into an expression vector onto a glass microscope slide to form a microarray. The array... | 16768789 | PMC1525185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 12; 7:145 |
Background
Microarrays are rapidly becoming a standard tool for molecular biologists. The technology can reveal a multitude of information from even the simplest biological experiment. The technique is primarily used by scientists to generate ideas in experiments colloquially referred to as "fishing expeditions". Howev... | 16776839 | PMC1525186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 15; 7:153 |
Background
Venomous snakes possess one of the most sophisticated integrated weapons system in the natural world. It has been hypothesized that the snake venom gland itself evolved in the mouth region as a consequence of an evolutionary change in the pancreatic trait, and consequently, some of the toxins should show str... | 16776837 | PMC1525187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 15; 7:152 |
Background
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which causes a variety of infections including bacteremia in burns patients, urinary tract catheter infections and chronic colonisation of the lungs of Cystic Fibrosis patients [1]. This bacterium is a common nosocomial contaminant and its persistence as a ... | 16800888 | PMC1525188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 26; 7:162 |
Background
The term "REP sequences" encompasses repetitive and palindromic sequences with a length between 21 and 65 bases [1] detected in the extragenic space of some bacterial genomes. The function of REP elements is not completely determined but there are important processes in which REP sequences are involved. It w... | 16563168 | PMC1525189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 24; 7:62 |
Background
Many mammalian species have long served our human society by providing food, materials, and labor, providing companionship as pets, and serving as model organisms for biological studies. Besides the seven mammals (human, mouse, rat, chimpanzee, macaque, dog and cattle) whose genomic sequence data are already... | 16759380 | PMC1525190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 7; 7:140 |
Background
Autism and related autism spectrum disorders (including Asperger's Syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)) are considered to be among the most devastating psychiatric illnesses affecting children. The three core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are: 1) defi... | 16709250 | PMC1525191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 18; 7:118 |
Background
Parasitic nematodes have complex life-cycles that are affected and controlled by factors both within and outwith their hosts. In the genus Strongyloides, the life-cycle, unusually, includes both an obligate female-only parasitic generation and a facultative dioecious adult free-living generation. In recent y... | 16784522 | PMC1525192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 19; 7:157 |
Background
Arthritis is recognized as a major health problem [1-3]. In North America more than 40% of older adults aged 65 and over suffer from arthritis [4,5] Moreover, musculoskeletal problems including arthritis cost the government billions of dollars annually in hospitalizations, treatments, and medications [6,7].
... | 16734904 | PMC1525193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 May 30; 3:12 |
Background
Mutation and recombination are important mechanisms by which HIV evades host immune responses and antiretroviral drug pressure [1]. Recombinant strains of HIV-1 have been found worldwide [2-8]. To date, sixteen Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs) have been characterized according to the Los Alamos HIV seque... | 16817969 | PMC1525194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jul 3; 3:40 |
Background
It is customary for spirometers to print out Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) measurements as well as measurements of Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). It is not known if these PEF measurements correspond to those made on Wright's or Mini-Wrights meters. Previous studie... | 16787543 | PMC1525195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Jun 20; 6:14 |
Background
The sympathetic nervous system modulates both hepatic glucose production and the glucose uptake in peripheral tissues [1].
A relation between insulin resistance and cardiac autonomic regulation has been identified: some studies demonstrated that the increase of plasma insulin level was related to increased ... | 16670002 | PMC1525196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 May 2; 6:19 |
Background
Rodents as well as many mammals are characterized by the presence of vibrissae or whiskers located on both sides of the muzzle [1]. During exploration, rats actively sweep their vibrissae in a rhythmic forward and backward motion [2-4]. It has been stated that rats, due to their poor vision, use this behavio... | 16719904 | PMC1525197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 May 23; 7:42 |
Background
Matriptase also known as MT-SP1, epithin, TADG-15 and SNC19, is the prototypic member of a recently identified matriptase subfamily of type II transmembrane serine proteases together with matriptase-2 and matriptase-3 [1-7]. It has a multi-domain structure, including an amino-terminal cytoplasmic tail, a tra... | 16820046 | PMC1525198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 4; 6:176 |
Background
The development of cancer is a multifactorial process that depends on alterations in both proliferation control and the cell death machinery. The disruption of these regulatory networks, especially of those involved in cell death signaling, plays a key role in the acquired or constitutive resistance of malig... | 16686938 | PMC1525199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 10; 6:124 |
Background
Because of the high incidence, long preclinical period, and availability of treatment which gives a favorable prognosis with early diagnosis, screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) has been shown to lead to substantial mortality reductions in Western countries; 15–33% with fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), 3... | 16723013 | PMC1525200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 24; 6:136 |
Background
Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) or Stress Proteins are one of the most evolutionarily conserved classes of molecule and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Under physiological conditions, they act as "molecular chaperones", by assisting protein folding, transport and degradation; d... | 16803633 | PMC1525201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 27; 6:171 |
Background
Hyponatremia, defined as a serum sodium concentration ([Na+]) less than 135 mEq/L [1], represents a relative excess of body water relative to body sodium content. Clinical symptoms are largely related to dysfunction of the central nervous system, and are more evident when the decrease in the serum sodium con... | 16737547 | PMC1525202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 May 31; 4:10 |
Background
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial cancer, the histology of which ranges from well-differentiated, keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma to undifferentiated, non-keratinizing carcinoma according to the World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification of the tumors. The etiology of NPC ... | 16729897 | PMC1525203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 May 29; 4:23 |
Background
Profile Hidden Markov Models [1] are a popular way of modelling nucleic-acid or protein sequence families for database searching, see [2] for a review. Like other Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), profile HMMs consist of so-called states that can emit symbols of the underlying alphabet, i.e. nucleotides or amino ... | 16716226 | PMC1525204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 22; 7:265 |
Background
Autoimmune diseases are commonly considered complex immune disorders. While many autoimmune diseases are rare, collectively these diseases afflict millions of patients. According to [1] 5–8% of the US population suffers from this group of chronic, debilitating diseases. Despite their clinical diversity, they... | 16803617 | PMC1525205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 27; 7:325 |
Background
A microarray is defined as an ordered array of microscopic elements on a planar substrate which allows specific binding of genes or gene products [1]. For spotted cDNA microarrays double-stranded DNA sequences of length 500 to 2500 base pairs are printed on the substrate, which is usually a glass slide. The ... | 16504173 | PMC1525206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 28; 7:96 |
Background
Genetic association studies at the population level are one of the most promising ways to discover the genetic basis of subtle human phenotypes such as complex diseases or drug responses [1-3]. The aim of these studies is to map genetic factors underlying such phenotypes by comparing genetic information and ... | 16776821 | PMC1525207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 15; 7:303 |
Background
Several motif detection algorithms have been developed to discover overrepresented motifs in sets of coexpressed genes (for instance [1-8]). The rationale behind these methodologies is that a set of genes regulated by the same transcription factor should contain in their intergenic regions motifs that are st... | 16549017 | PMC1525208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 20; 7:160 |
Background
Complex human genetic disease
Molecular biologists and geneticists alike now acknowledge that the most common human diseases with a genetic component are likely to have very complex etiologies, involving such complicating factors as locus heterogeneity, trait heterogeneity, and gene-gene interactions (Figure... | 16611359 | PMC1525209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 12; 7:204 |
Disease name
Lowe and colleagues in 1952 described a unique syndrome with organic aciduria, decreased renal ammonia production, hydrophthalmos and mental retardation [1]. In 1954, a renal Fanconi syndrome was recognised as being associated with the syndrome [2] and in 1965, a recessive X-linked pattern of inheritance w... | 16722554 | PMC1526415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 May 18; 1:16 |
Introduction
The current use of anticoagulants is extensive and it is estimated that 0.7% of the population in the Western world receive these drugs [1]. Broader indications for anticoagulants and their increased use in the outpatient settings as well as for long-term dosing has stimulated renewed interest in developin... | 16686945 | PMC1526416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Thromb J. 2006 May 10; 4:6 |
Background
IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in Caucasians and is sometimes associated with deficiency of IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 and IgE [1]. Genetic studies indicate that IgAD may have an inherited component and the disease is associated with certain susceptibility genes located in the major ... | 16803619 | PMC1526417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jun 27; 7:56 |
Background
There is widespread agreement that breastfeeding has health benefits for both babies and mothers, and government health departments are keen to increase breastfeeding rates [1,2]. Recent systematic review of randomised controlled trials [3] concludes that 'supplementary breastfeeding support should be provid... | 16822298 | PMC1526418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Jul 5; 1:11 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Eugene V. Koonin, Chris Adami and Arcady Mushegian. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Introduction
The phenomenon of system complexity attracts attention of scientists from different areas of expertise from biologists and economists to mathematicians and c... | 16768805 | PMC1526419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Jun 12; 1:17 |
Background
Medicare beneficiaries without prescription drug coverage have considerable difficulty filling prescriptions due to costs. The Kaiser Family Foundation found that 26% of seniors reported medication non-adherence due to cost, including 35% of those with three or more chronic conditions [1]. Medicare beneficia... | 16824211 | PMC1526420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Jul 6; 7:11 |
Background
The consistent increase in the number of children considered overweight or obese in the last thirty years [1] has highlighted the need for an accurate technique to quantify body fat in children. One promising technique is air-displacement plethysmography (ADP), which applies densitometry in determining body ... | 16753062 | PMC1526421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Jun 5; 6:18 |
Background
Anemia and subsequent fatigue have long been recognized as common side effects of cancer itself and its treatments [1,2]. Depending on the type and stage of cancer and the definition of anemia, the prevalence of anemia among cancer patients may be quite high. Rates of anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] <12.0 g/dL) have... | 16672069 | PMC1526422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 May 3; 4:28 |
Review
Management of malignancy-related pain continues to be a major problem due to undertreatment and/or inadequate selection of adjunctive medications and other modalities combined with opioid therapy. Significant pain is reported in at least one-third of newly diagnosed oncology patients, and 65 to 85 percent of tho... | 16573839 | PMC1526423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Mar 31; 4:24 |
Background
Due to its very high sensitivity, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [1] is an extensively used technique for the detection of even very low copy mRNA transcripts. This remarkable sensitivity is also its major shortcoming – RT-PCR is extraordinarily susceptible to DNA contamination. Sin... | 16820068 | PMC1526424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jul 5; 6:31 |
Background
Historically, both New Zealand and Sweden have had a long tradition of universalism and welfarism, and targeted policies for equity. However, in the late 1980s and beginning of 1990s there was a substantial economic recession in both countries. New Zealand responded by considerable reduction in welfare and p... | 16790061 | PMC1526425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 21; 6:164 |
Background
There is broad consensus among health professionals that health information systems (HIS) should play an integral part of any health system [1-3]. Health information is essential in determining whether a health system is effective in detecting health problems, defining priorities, identifying solutions, and ... | 16822316 | PMC1526426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 5; 6:175 |
Background
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most frequently observed nutritional deficiencies among pregnant women in developing countries [1]. The World Health Organization estimates that the worldwide prevalence of IDA among pregnant women is 55.8% [2]. IDA is also an important risk factor in maternal morbi... | 16753068 | PMC1526427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 6; 6:144 |
Background
Public services, including health, have increasingly been subjected to performance assessments, designed to fulfil the Government's "commitment to providing patients and the general public with comprehensive, easily understandable information on the performance of their local health services" [1]. Furthermor... | 16805907 | PMC1526428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 28; 6:81 |
Background
With the rising costs of new technology for the diagnosis and management of disease, data concerning cost effectiveness of health care has become increasingly important, particularly for policy makers and managers of health services when making resource allocation decisions. It is also important that health ... | 16756662 | PMC1526429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 6; 6:67 |
Background
The financial status of many NHS organisations including Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) has come under considerable scrutiny in recent months and this has attracted much political and media interest. Department of Health figures show that in the year 2004–05, 90 of the 303 PCTs in England were overspent, 92 brok... | 16740151 | PMC1526430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 1; 6:64 |
Background
A number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among elderly residents in nursing homes: almost half, in fact, present symptoms of depression which are clinically significant [1-3] and an extremely high percentage of these, varying between 14 – 26%, come into... | 16772021 | PMC1526431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 13; 6:73 |
Background
Malignant mixed mullerian tumors (MMMT) are rare biphasic malignant neoplasm. The commonest site of occurrence of female genital tract MMMT is the uterine corpus. MMMT of the cervix is extremely rare. It was first described by Ferriera in 1951 [1]. Approximately 50 cases have been reported in the English lan... | 16813659 | PMC1526432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 1; 4:36 |
Background
We report the case of a young woman in whom a lipoma-like well differentiated liposarcoma presents as a sciatic hernia. This case therefore highlights two unusual surgical phenomena, and illustrates the need for clinicians to be aware that hernias may not always simply contain intra-abdominal viscera. We als... | 16790047 | PMC1526433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 21; 4:33 |
Background
The moss Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B. S. G. is an important model organism for comparative studies in plant science [1]. The ancestors of mosses and seed plants separated shortly after the transition from water to land at least 500 million years ago [2,3]. The moss Physcomitrella is therefore placed in a... | 16734891 | PMC1526434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 May 30; 6:9 |
Background
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, slowly progressive neurological disorder of children and young adults, caused by the persistent infection with measles virus (MV). After acute infection with MV, typically at a very young age, the patients appear to recover normally. Following a period of... | 16790043 | PMC1526435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 21; 3:49 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.