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Background
In today's world of increasingly complex and refined biological analytical techniques, spectroscopy has maintained its place at the forefront. One type of spectroscopy in particular, Raman spectroscopy, has proven especially useful in providing detailed analysis of a staggering variety of biological samples.... | 16805914 | PMC1526436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 28; 3:51 |
Background
Mapping spatial distributions of disease occurrence can serve as a useful tool for identifying exposures of public health concern, e.g., [1]. Epidemiologists often produce disease maps by combining registry information with census data, plotting mortality, incidence or prevalence by town, census tract, or ot... | 16764727 | PMC1526437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jun 9; 5:26 |
Background
Proteinases play an essential role in numerous biological processes such as cell growth and differentiation, embryonic development, wound healing, antigen presentation etc., but also for pathological events like inflammation, coronary heart failure or cancer [1,2]. Above all, tumour invasion and metastatic s... | 16768788 | PMC1526438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 12; 7:144 |
Background
miRNAs are endogenous non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNA) of approximately 22 nt [1]. They have the potential to bind to 3' UTRs of mRNAs via sequence complementarity and, with the aid of other cofactors, down-regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level [1]. An increasing body of evidence has show... | 16813663 | PMC1526439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 3; 7:164 |
Background
Emerging evidence about the link between organisation and quality of care has resulted in interest in stimulating primary care practices to assess and improve their levels of organisation [1-6]. This is designed to complement existing approaches which encourage practices to undertake audits, implement guidel... | 16784540 | PMC1526440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jun 19; 7:38 |
Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a common problem associated with significant losses in work time in the general population [1]. While LBP has been studied extensively in the literature for many populations, few clinical studies discuss LBP in fighter jet aviators. Neck pain in fighter pilots receives much attention, ... | 16820063 | PMC1526441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Jul 4; 14:11 |
Background
Depression affects more than 40 million Americans at some time during their lives and represents one of the most debilitating medical conditions. A substantial body of evidence drawn from a range of methods, proband groups, and diagnostic criteria has established that a familial phenotype is present in patie... | 16822313 | PMC1526442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Jul 5; 2:24 |
I was extremely delighted when when I was invited to review the book by Prof. Boris Mirkin. During my review period I realized once again that the most interesting fundamental feature for a good scientific book should be full of examples, as an example is like a picture which can carry thousand words.
Prof. Mirkin's b... | 0 | PMC1526443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 May 23; 5:34 |
Introduction
With efforts to scale-up the coverage of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) in Africa [1] there is increasing concern regarding the potential impact of insecticide resistance on malaria control [2,3]. The knockdown resistance (kdr) mechanism confers resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and DDT through point m... | 16820067 | PMC1526444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 5; 5:56 |
Background
Chronic neck pain is widely prevalent and a common source of disability in the working-age population. The clinical picture includes stiffness and/or pain in the dorsal cervical region between the occipital condyles and the vertebral prominence of C7 [1]. Several studies have shown significantly reduced rang... | 16800878 | PMC1526445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jun 26; 1:14 |
Introduction
Appropriate nutrition is essential for the proper performance of exercise. In particular, correct nutrition is critically important for improvement of athletic performance, conditioning, recovery from fatigue after exercise, and avoidance of injury. Although athletes need to eat a well-balanced basic diet,... | 16749944 | PMC1526446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Jun 5; 5:15 |
Background
Calcium oxalate dihydrate renal calculi constitute the most prevalent and recurrent type of renal lithiasis [1,2]. They are usually associated with hypercalciuria, and on occasions with urinary pH values above 6.0 [3-7]. The use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to treat these renal calculi com... | 16822299 | PMC1526447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:43 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Jul 5; 6:16 |
Introduction
Hafnia alvei has been recognized as an infrequent cause of human infections [1]. A number of case reports and series have identified this organism as an etiologic agent of urogenital, lower respiratory tract, intra-abdominal, and skin and soft tissue infections as well as a cause of endopthalmitis and bact... | 16707023 | PMC1526448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 May 18; 5:12 |
Background
This article reports on the results of a survey of international nurses working in London [1]. The United Kingdom (UK) has been active in the international recruitment of health professionals in recent years. There is devolved government in the UK. England, the largest country, has been the most active recru... | 16800868 | PMC1526449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Jun 26; 4:14 |
Background
There has long been consensus that there is a crisis in scholarly communications. The reasons are evident: rising costs for scholarly materials, particularly journals; stable or declining university budgets; declining numbers of society publishers providing reasonable pricing; mergers within the commercial p... | 16790049 | PMC1526450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 Jun 21; 3:6 |
Background
The testis specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY) gene was one of the early genes to be identified from the human Y chromosome [1,2]. TSPY is embedded in a 20.4-kb DNA fragment that is tandemly repeated ~35 times in humans [3]. The 2.8-kb TSPY transcriptional unit consists of six exons and 5 introns distributed p... | 16762081 | PMC1526451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 9; 6:154 |
Background
Dosage compensation in mammals is normally achieved by the transcriptional silencing of one of the two X chromosomes (Xi) in females early in development (X chromosome inactivation; XCI). It is widely assumed that an early event in XCI is a counting mechanism that senses the X chromosome:autosome ratio, such... | 16817970 | PMC1526452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:47 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jul 3; 7:41 |
Background
The advent of high-throughput technology is generating unprecedented amounts of genotypic data that are being used in association analyses for multiple phenotypes. A single project may involve genotyping many genes with several variants (such as single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) per gene and analyzing ... | 16716207 | PMC1526453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 May 22; 7:30 |
Background
To search for causal genes for asthma on chromosome 11q, a region previously highlighted in linkage and association studies on African American families by our group, a dense panel of SNPs was genotyped using an Illumina™ fine mapping panel in these African American subjects. The sliding window approach that... | 16774684 | PMC1526454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:47 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jun 14; 7:38 |
Background
The convincing results of drug elutings stents (DES) have ended the era of vascular brachytherapy as treatment strategy against restenosis. Before that time both β and γ radiation had been used as promising approach to inhibit restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions [1-4]. However, even before t... | 16827927 | PMC1526455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jul 7; 6:32 |
Background
The prevalence of heart failure has increased in the western world due to ageing of the general population and improved survival of patients with acute coronary artery disease [1]. Heart failure (HF) is a major concern for health care providers due to increasing prevalence and rising health care costs [2]. T... | 16796760 | PMC1526456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jun 24; 6:30 |
Background
Transcription is the fundamental biological process in which a selected region of DNA is transcribed into RNA by a molecular machinery, a core component of which is RNA polymerase. For most protein-coding genes, transcription is the intermediate step via which the information coded in their DNA is "expressed... | 16756683 | PMC1526457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 7; 7:287 |
Background
In recent years, complete genomic sequences of many eukaryotic organisms are available and identifying genes in genomic DNA sequences by computational methods has become an important task in bioinformatics. Computational gene prediction tools are now essential components of every genome sequencing project. T... | 16772025 | PMC1526458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 13; 7:297 |
Introduction
Life is rhythmic. Winfree made the shocking discovery that a stimulus of appropriate timing and duration can reset (stop) the biological rhythm by driving the clock to a “phase singularity,” at which all the phases of the cycle converge and the rhythm's amplitude vanishes. He theoretically predicted this i... | 16933980 | PMC1526460 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 2(8):e103 |
Introduction
Systematic binary protein–protein interaction maps with various percentages of proteome coverage are currently available for S. cerevisiae [1,2], C. elegans [3], D. melanogaster [4], H. pylori [5], and, most recently, for H. sapiens [6,7]. As a result of these studies, it is now proposed that most networks... | 16884331 | PMC1526461 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:39 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 2(8):e100 |
Each year, the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) takes nominations for its two major awards. An awards committee, composed of a group of current and past directors of the Society along with previous recipients, evaluates the nominations and selects the winners. In 2006, the awards committee honors ... | 0 | PMC1526462 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 2(8):e105 |
Introduction
In the context of comparative genome mapping, one seeks to identify “homologous” segments in different genomes and to classify them into orthologs and paralogs, as well as to identify segments “free of reordering.” Segments belonging to different genomes are said to be homologous if they descend from a sin... | 16933978 | PMC1526463 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:39 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 2(8):e75 |
Introduction
B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS; a trademark of Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) is a 285-amino-acid member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily [1-3]. A causal relation between constitutive overproduction of BLyS and development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like illness h... | 16356193 | PMC1526545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 15; 8(1):R6 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common rheumatologic disease, with high incidence and morbidity. Even though the early pathophysiological process remains to be elucidated, one of the first alterations in OA cartilage is a decrease in proteoglycan content [1]. Proteoglycans form a large group that can be cl... | 16507124 | PMC1526547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 3; 8(1):R26 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by a chronic Th-1 associated inflammatory process resulting in systemic immunological abnormalities and progressive joint destruction. Although the precise etiology and underlying mechanisms of RA remain to be elucidated, several mediators, and thus potential ther... | 16356194 | PMC1526548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 17; 8(1):R7 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most frequent cause of musculoskeletal disability in developed countries. Two main subsets of the disease are recognized: monoarticular OA and polyarticular OA [1]. Despite the fact that OA is the most common joint disease, its etiology remains unclear. Among the most commonly su... | 16507122 | PMC1526549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 30; 8(1):R20 |
Introduction
With the aging of the world population, osteoarthritis (OA) is becoming an increasingly common cause of disability [1,2] Diarthrodial joint damage assessment of the knee joint in particular is crucial for monitoring OA disease progression and for eventually evaluating the therapeutic effect of disease modi... | 16507119 | PMC1526551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 30; 8(1):R21 |
Introduction
Fibroblasts are cells of mesenchymal origin and are principally involved in the generation and maintenance of extracellular matrix. Fibroblast morphology, phenotype and function may vary depending on the tissue of origin and on whether the tissue is exposed to physiological or pathological conditions. Thus... | 16356198 | PMC1526552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 30; 8(1):R10 |
Introduction
Attacks of inflammatory arthritis in patients with gout are triggered by monosodium urate crystals, which result from the low solubility and high levels of uric acid in plasma and extracellular fluids [1,2]. Gout can usually be controlled by maintaining serum urate below the limit of solubility (about 7 mg... | 16356199 | PMC1526556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 2; 8(1):R12 |
Introduction
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic rheumatic condition, characterized by inflammation of the axial skeleton, particularly the sacroiliac (SI) joints. Patients fulfil classification criteria for AS if characteristic radiological changes of the SI joint are present, together with defined clinical sympt... | 16356197 | PMC1526558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 1; 8(1):R11 |
Introduction
The proteolytic degradation of articular cartilage, leading to loss of joint function, is a major characteristic of arthritis. Cartilage consists of an extracellular matrix composed mainly of proteoglycans and collagens, in which chondrocytes, the only cell type, are embedded [1]. Degradation of proteoglyc... | 16507127 | PMC1526559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 3; 8(1):R23 |
Introduction
The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a heterogeneous group of potentially serious diseases, defined by the presence of acquired muscle inflammation and weakness. Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are among the most frequently observed subtypes. Although steroids, immunosuppressive age... | 16507114 | PMC1526560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 5; 8(1):R13 |
Introduction
Recently, two novel genes have attracted attention in the investigation of autoimmune disease. The PTPN22 gene encodes a functional protein tyrosine phosphatase known as lymphoid phosphatase, which acts as a regulator of the negative regulatory kinase cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase in T cells, and may play a ... | 16507123 | PMC1526561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 3; 8(1):R27 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease. Environmental, hormonal, obesity, mechanical, and genetic factors have been implicated in its onset and progression [1]. OA is clinically heterogeneous because it can affect large or small joints, can be monoarticular or polyarticular, and can be associated ... | 16507126 | PMC1526562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 3; 8(1):R25 |
Introduction
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is defined as widespread pain combined with tenderness at 11 or more of 18 specific 'tender points' [1]. There is no consensus regarding the mechanisms underlying the set of symptoms reported by FMS sufferers. Additionally, several studies suggest heterogeneity in the diagnosis ... | 16356200 | PMC1526563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 30; 8(1):R9 |
Introduction
When initiated early in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), significant control of joint inflammation and damage and improvement in physical function are obtained with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), alone or in combination with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists [1]. Three TNF antagonists, inf... | 16507128 | PMC1526564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 6; 8(1):R29 |
Introduction
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to alleviate the symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA) [1]. OA is a slowly progressive degenerative joint disease, with a high incidence [2], and is characterized by gradual loss of articular cartilage [3]. Clinical efficacy and side effects in terms ... | 16356188 | PMC1526565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 9; 8(1):R2 |
Introduction
The Chinese anti-rheumatic remedy Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of a variety of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and psoriasis [1,2]. The therapeutic benefit of TwHF preparations in patien... | 16507125 | PMC1526566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 3; 8(1):R24 |
Introduction
The inflammatory arthritides, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), comprise autoimmune disorders characterised by chronic joint inflammation, immune cell infiltration to the synovium, fibroblast-like synoviocyte expansion and destruction of cartilage and bone. Extensive in viv... | 16507115 | PMC1526567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 16; 8(1):R15 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by joint destruction. Inflammation of the synovial tissue causes damage to articular cartilage and subchondral bone of the joints [1]. In established RA, radiographs reveal joint space narrowing as a result of cartilage loss and char... | 16507130 | PMC1526568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 10; 8(1):R31 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous disease characterised by a chronic, fluctuating, peripheral, symmetrical and erosive polyarthritis. It has been reported throughout the world, with a prevalence rate of approximately 1% in most populations [1]. Persistent synovial inflammation leads to progressi... | 16356189 | PMC1526569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 10; 8(1):R5 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation and progressive destruction of cartilage and bone [1,2]. In RA, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and adhesion molecules are produced by leukocytes and resident synoviocytes. These factors pe... | 16356201 | PMC1526570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 6; 8(1):R14 |
Introduction
Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is a rare, but severe, passively acquired autoimmune syndrome of neonates characterized by cardiac, dermatological, hepatic and hematological manifestations. Autoimmune-associated congenital heart block (CHB) is often detected between 18 and 24 weeks of gestation and, to ... | 16356190 | PMC1526571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 4; 8(1):R4 |
Introduction
Clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) blocking agents are highly beneficial for most patients refractory to classic treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs [1-4]. However, a significant proportion of patients are still relatively r... | 16356192 | PMC1526573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 9; 8(1):R3 |
Introduction
Polyclonal B-cell activation might be related to pathogenic over-expression of B-cell-activating factor (BAFF; also known as TNFSF13B, BLyS, THANK and TALL-1) in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and other autoimmune diseases [1]. In pSS, an increase in serum BAFF level was reported in all published surveys... | 16507129 | PMC1526574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 9; 8(1):R30 |
Introduction
Many studies support an important role for genetic factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility and progression [1]. Overall, the genetic component has been estimated to account for about 50% of the variance in disease susceptibility, the remainder being environmental and stochastic components. The ... | 16356191 | PMC1526575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 1; 8(1):R1 |
Introduction
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a type II transmembrane protein that was initially identified according to the homology of its extracellular domain with CD95L (FasL), TNF-α and lymphotoxin-α [1,2]. TRAIL induces apoptosis by binding and cross-linking the death-domai... | 16507116 | PMC1526576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 16; 8(1):R16 |
Introduction
Microvascular endothelial cells are active participants in a variety of diseases, including cancer [1] and chronic inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis [2]. In inflammatory reactions, endothelial cells facilitate transmigration of leukocytes by expression of cell adhesion molecules such as E-selectin,... | 16803639 | PMC1526577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 13; 8(1):R32 |
Introduction
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a slowly developing chronic disease that has a multifactorial origin. Although several environmental factors including obesity, acute joint injury and occupational factors are important in its pathogenesis [1], a modest but significant genetic effect for knee radiographic osteoa... | 16356187 | PMC1526579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 21; 8(1):R8 |
Introduction
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the PTPN22 gene encoding the lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase (Lyp) has recently been found to be associated with several autoimmune disorders. The PTPN22 1858C/T polymorphism was originally associated with type I diabetes [1] and later with other autoimmune disease... | 16507117 | PMC1526580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 22; 8(1):R19 |
Introduction
Blockade of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is effective in reducing disease activity [1] and in stopping joint destruction [2]. However, both non-responders and partial responders to TNF blockade are frequent [1], indicating a considerable influence of other pro-inflammato... | 16507118 | PMC1526582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 28; 8(1):R18 |
Indroduction
Human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic disorder of unknown aetiology, characterized by intimal lining layer hyperplasia, infiltration of the sublining area by macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, plasma cells and other inflammatory cells as well as progressive destruction of joint structures [1... | 16507120 | PMC1526583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 30; 8(1):R17 |
Introduction
Considerable evidence has accumulated indicating that adenosine, through its receptors, plays an important role in limiting inflammation. Adenosine's anti-inflammatory effects are manifested by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1 and IL-6 production [1-3]. These responses have been show... | 16507132 | PMC1526584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 13; 8(1):R33 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most typical examples of a chronic inflammatory process, which leads to profound changes of the skeleton [1]. In fact, RA and other forms of chronic arthritis are major precipitators of bone loss. Structural skeletal damage plays a major role in the outcome of RA pat... | 16507121 | PMC1526585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:44 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 30; 8(1):R22 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that affects 0.5–1% of the population [1]. It is a polyarthritis characterized by inflammation, altered humoral and cellular immune responses, and synovial hyperplasia, leading to destruction and subsequent loss of function of mu... | 16507131 | PMC1526586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 10; 8(1):R28 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic inflammatory disease, so far defined by a set of criteria [1] rather than by a knowledge of the underlying molecular pathogenesis. Substantial efforts have been made to characterize the synovial inflammation in RA, and during these studies it has become evident... | 16507157 | PMC1526587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Feb 16; 8(2):R47 |
Introduction
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a prototypical autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of salivary and lachrymal glands leading to xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Polyclonal B cell activation and systemic production of autoantibodies are the main laboratory findings cha... | 16507175 | PMC1526588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Feb 28; 8(2):R51 |
Introduction
CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor) is a member of the CCN family of matricellular proteins that share a similar predicted structure [1]. It is thought to comprise four protein modules sharing identity with insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, Von Willebrand factor, thrombospondin, and a cystein... | 16469114 | PMC1526589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 16; 8(2):R36 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disorder of immune regulation resulting in chronic inflammation that affects many organs. Treatment of lupus disease must be determined individually, since different patients may have diverse and multiple symptoms with variable severity. Mild disease requires no or l... | 16507146 | PMC1526590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Feb 13; 8(2):R42 |
Introduction
New aggressive and powerful treatments that permit fast and effective suppression of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) demand sensitive and specific methods for detecting disease signs and monitoring disease activity. Finger joints are frequently the first to be involved in RA, and therefore method... | 16519793 | PMC1526591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 6; 8(2):R52 |
Introduction
Chondrocytes are the only cells in articular cartilage, and thus they are responsible for its structural integrity by maintaining its extracellular matrix. Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by destruction of extracellular matrix and loss of chondrocyte function. Chondrocyte depletion was found to be a p... | 16469115 | PMC1526592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 16; 8(2):R37 |
Introduction
The hyperplastic and highly vascular synovial tissue that characterises the synovitis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has a dense infiltrate of activated inflammatory T cells, as well as B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells [1-3]. To enter the inflamed site, these cells migrate across an endothe... | 16507178 | PMC1526593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Feb 28; 8(2):R50 |
Introduction
Peptidylarginine deiminases (EC 3.5.3.15) are enzymes involved in the post-translational deimination of protein-bound arginine to citrulline [1]. Five different types of peptidylarginine deiminases encoded by the genes PADI1–PADI4 and PADI6 are currently known [1]. The presence of citrulline-modified targe... | 16469113 | PMC1526594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 16; 8(2):R34 |
Introduction
Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), which is homologous to lubricin [1], superficial zone protein (SZP) [2], megakaryocyte-stimulating factor precursor [2] and camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxavara-pericarditis protein [3], is a lubricating glycoprotein believed to be primarily responsible for boundary lubrication in syno... | 16469119 | PMC1526595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 31; 8(2):R41 |
Introduction
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement causes neuropsychiatric manifestations in up to 75% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [1]. If these neuropsychiatric symptoms are not attributable to secondary factors such as infections, medication, or metabolic derangements, then they can often b... | 16469116 | PMC1526597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 16; 8(2):R38 |
Introduction
Low-dose weekly methotrexate has become the mainstay treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, and it is the gold standard by which other systemic medications are measured in both disorders [1,2]. Methotrexate has been used to treat other inflammatory diseases including ankylosing spondylitis, multi... | 16519795 | PMC1526598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 6; 8(2):R53 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic proliferative synovitis, with hyperplasia of the synovial lining cells, inflammatory cell infiltration and angiogenesis in the sublining cell layer. Hyperplastic synovial lining cells overproduce such matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as MMP-1, MMP-2, MM... | 16507143 | PMC1526600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Feb 8; 8(2):R44 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by hyperplasia of synovial lining cells, consisting of macrophage-like type A synoviocytes and fibroblast-like type B synoviocytes [1]. It has been appreciated that type A synoviocytes, which are also called intimal macrophages, are ... | 16519794 | PMC1526601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 6; 8(2):R54 |
Introduction
Chemokines are a large family of soluble proteins involved in leukocyte activation and traffic during inflammatory responses. Chemokines signal through G-protein-coupled receptors [1]. In vivo, chemokine-dependent directional migration of leukocytes is supposed to require the immobilization of chemokines e... | 16507142 | PMC1526602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Feb 3; 8(2):R43 |
Introduction
The similarities between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in man and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice are well established, although differences in the disease pattern exist [1-3]. Characteristic of RA is the fact that women of reproductive age are more susceptible to the disease than men [4]. It has also... | 16507151 | PMC1526604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Feb 14; 8(2):R45 |
Introduction
The importance of genetic influences on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been recognized through cumulative genetic epidemiologic studies. Many population-based studies have shown associations between the disease and alleles of immunologically relevant genes, including certain major histocompatibilit... | 16507161 | PMC1526606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Feb 20; 8(2):R48 |
Introduction
Both secretory and membrane proteins destined for entry into the eukaryotic secretory pathway carry hydrophobic signal sequences that direct them to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The signal sequence is often located towards the amino terminus of the protein, and in the case of presecretory proteins it is... | 16469117 | PMC1526608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 26; 8(2):R39 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology that is characterized by symmetric synovitis and the propensity to cause joint destruction, disability and premature death [1-4]. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) slow the natural course of the dise... | 16507172 | PMC1526609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Feb 24; 8(2):R46 |
Introduction
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and maintain immune responses, and evidence suggests that they have an active role in the pathogenesis of lupus: human DCs progressively disappear from the blood of patients with lupus [1], possibly because they are sequestered in the secondary lymphoid organs; they show an a... | 16507174 | PMC1526610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Feb 28; 8(2):R49 |
Introduction
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely regarded as the agents of choice when treating the chronic pain of osteoarthritis (OA) [1-3]. This class of drugs prevents prostaglandin synthesis by nonselectively inhibiting both isoforms of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) [4,5]; this profile also accounts f... | 16469112 | PMC1526611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 16; 8(2):R35 |
Introduction
Autoantibodies to citrullinated cyclic peptides (CCPs) were recently described as useful diagnostic markers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1]. Studies that used the first-generation ELISA (CCP1) suggested that the presence of anti-CCPs might predict erosive disease in populations with early RA [2-7]. Simil... | 16469118 | PMC1526612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:45 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jan 26; 8(2):R40 |
Introduction
Many pathologic autoimmune responses are characterized by an imbalance in the T helper type (Th) 1/Th2 ratio in favor of the former [1]. As activated Th1 cells mediate their functions via their signature cytokine, interferon gamma (IFNγ), the interferon gamma receptor (IFNγR) plays an important role in the... | 16563189 | PMC1526613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 23; 8(3):R63 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease characterized by the production of a variety of auto-antibodies against ubiquitous intracellular and cell surface antigens. Detailed analysis of these autoantibodies by many researchers has revealed several key findings. First, nuclear antigens are prominent ... | 16606442 | PMC1526614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 10; 8(3):R68 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to long-term joint damage resulting in chronic pain, loss of function, and disability [1]. It causes substantial morbidity in most patients and premature mortality in many [2-5]. Some patients with severe RA may be at higher risk for... | 16542499 | PMC1526615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 14; 8(3):R57 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease with a strong genetic contribution to its pathogenesis. Studies on twins have shown concordance rates between 12% and 15% in monozygotic twins compared to 4% in dizygotic twins [1]. Calculations based on these data have estimated an overall heritabi... | 16635271 | PMC1526616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 24; 8(3):R75 |
Introduction
IL-18 is produced by a wide range of immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Initially thought to be an IFN-γ-inducing factor of T cells and natural killer cells [1,2], IL-18 has been found to have multiple biological functions. Interestingly, IL-18 is a unique cytokine that stim... | 16563174 | PMC1526617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 17; 8(3):R60 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that affects multiple tissues and organs [1]. The main immunological alterations observed in these patients are the loss of tolerance to self-antigens with polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes, production of different auto-an... | 16677395 | PMC1526618 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 May 5; 8(3):R83 |
Introduction
Conventional radiography offers information about destructive joint changes and has been the mainstay in diagnostic imaging in inflammatory arthropathies for decades. Radiographic erosion and/or periarticular osteopenia is one of the American College of Rheumatology 1987 revised criteria for the classifica... | 16542505 | PMC1526620 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 15; 8(3):R59 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototype autoimmune disease, is characterized by activation of lymphocytes and the presence of various types of autoantibodies in peripheral blood. These autoantibodies are considered to form immune complexes with their corresponding autoantigens and to mediate tissue... | 16563187 | PMC1526621 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 22; 8(3):R62 |
Introduction
Until recently, the IL-1 family of cytokines included four members, with three having pro-inflammatory effects (IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-18) and the fourth member being an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). IL-1 family members exert their effects through binding to receptors that belong to the IL-1 receptor (IL... | 16646978 | PMC1526623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 28; 8(3):R80 |
Introduction
Cartilage oligomeric protein (COMP) is a protein of the extracellular matrix and can be found in human articular cartilage [1], meniscus [2], and cruciate ligament and tendon [3]. Lower concentrations of COMP can also be detected in hyaline cartilage of the human rib and trachea [4]. It has also been extra... | 16542502 | PMC1526624 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 15; 8(3):R56 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage breakdown, synovial fibrosis, and bone spurs. An imbalance between catabolic and anabolic factors favoring the catabolic side is very likely involved in the pathological features of OA.
Currently, many attempts are being made t... | 16584530 | PMC1526625 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 29; 8(3):R65 |
Introduction
Behçet's disease (BD) is a systemic form of primary vasculitis characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers and ocular inflammation and with frequent involvement of the joints, central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Its aetiology is unknown. The most favoured pathogenetic mechanism is a g... | 16611372 | PMC1526626 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 12; 8(3):R71 |
Introduction
The meniscus is a fibrocartilaginous tissue found within the knee joint; it is responsible for shock absorption, load distribution, joint stability and protection of the articular cartilage [1-3]. Unfortunately, the reparative ability of the meniscus is limited, and injuries to the tissue are often treated... | 16563175 | PMC1526627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 17; 8(3):R61 |
Introduction
Inflammatory processes that target the skeleton are frequently accompanied by a localized disturbance in bone remodeling. The present study investigates a prototypical inflammatory disorder, namely peri-implant osteolysis after total joint replacement (TJR), in which localized bone resorption ultimately le... | 16613614 | PMC1526628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 13; 8(3):R70 |
Introduction
The measurement of body fluid levels of biochemical markers of structural or metabolic changes in joint tissues has begun to provide clinically useful information. Synovial fluid (SF) plays an important role in articular joint lubrication, nutrition and metabolism of cartilage and other connective tissues ... | 16646979 | PMC1526629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 28; 8(3):R73 |
Introduction
In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), joint pathology is mediated by typical changes in the synovial tissue. Hyperplasia of the synovial lining layer, infiltration of mononuclear cells into the sublining layer, activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and the production of catabolic mediators such ... | 16542506 | PMC1526630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 15; 8(3):R58 |
Introduction
The term spondylarthritis (SpA) refers to a group of conditions with inflammation at the entheses, axial skeleton, peripheral joints, and non-articular structures [1-3]. It includes ankylosing spondylitis (AS), reactive arthritis, undifferentiated SpA, juvenile spondylitis, and the arthritis associated wit... | 16620398 | PMC1526631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 18; 8(3):R72 |
Introduction
S100A8 and S100A9 are two members of the S100 protein family that are characterized by the presence of two Ca2+-binding sites of the EF-hand type. These proteins are also designated as migration inhibitory factor- or myeloid-related protein-8 (MRP8) and MRP14, or calgranulin A and B, respectively [1-3]. Mo... | 16613612 | PMC1526633 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 13; 8(3):R69 |
Introduction
Prostaglandins, especially prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), play an important role in bone and cartilage metabolism. Although PGE2 was initially described as a potent bone-resorbing substance [1], several studies have demonstrated its activity in bone-forming processes [2,3]. In osteoblast-like cells, endogenous P... | 16646980 | PMC1526634 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:39 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 28; 8(3):R78 |
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