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Introduction
Considering all available therapeutic options, today's treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) differs substantially from what it was a decade ago. The main objectives in the treatment of RA are now to induce remission, to prevent joint destruction and to enable the patient to lead a full life. The efficacy... | 16600016 | PMC1526636 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 5; 8(3):R66 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease that can involve many organ systems [1]. In Europe and the United States, estimates of the number of affected individuals range from 24 to 65 cases per 100,000 people [1,2]. The clinical course of SLE is episodic, with recurring activity... | 16630358 | PMC1526638 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 21; 8(3):R74 |
Introduction
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is the most potent naturally occurring immunosuppressant [1]; it is produced by all cells of the immune system and plays a fundamental role in controlling proliferation and the fate of cells through apoptosis. In TGF-β1 knockout mice [2] lack of TGF-β1 initiates indiscri... | 16646981 | PMC1526639 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 28; 8(3):R81 |
Introduction
The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. Although associations between some HLA-DRB1 alleles and RA were reported nearly three decades ago, the biological mechanism underlying this association remains unknown. The presence of the RAA... | 16646982 | PMC1526640 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 28; 8(3):R79 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, destructive autoimmune inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology that occurs in about 1% of the adult population [1].
The radiograph has evolved into the 'gold standard' for evaluation of RA progression because it best demonstrates the anatomical destruction of joi... | 16646983 | PMC1526642 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 28; 8(3):R76 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that mainly affects the joints. Rheumatoid factor (RF) is found in serum and synovial fluid (SF) of most RA patients [1], and the presence of RF is associated with a more aggressive and destructive disease course [2,3]. Although about 75% of RA pa... | 16569263 | PMC1526644 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 28; 8(3):R64 |
Introduction
Current concepts in osteoarthritis (OA) imply an imbalance of cartilage anabolic and catabolic processes in response to mechanical stress with the participation of inflammatory mediators [1]. Recent investigation has also shown that genetic factors account for a substantial portion of OA etiology [2,3]. Th... | 16542493 | PMC1526645 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Mar 10; 8(3):R55 |
Introduction
Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are the idiopathic inflammatory myositis subtypes most often treated by rheumatologists [1,2]. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs remain the mainstay of treatment [2], but the response to these agents is often disappointing, so chronic weakness and disabi... | 16606441 | PMC1526646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 10; 8(3):R67 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints and destruction of cartilage and bone. Activated macrophages have been identified as a key mediator of the disease, as numbers and level of macrophage activation correlate with the extent of joint inflammation an... | 16646988 | PMC1526647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:47 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 28; 8(3):R77 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic disease affecting primarily the synovium, leading to joint damage and bone destruction [1]. RA causes significant morbidity as a result of synovial inflammation, joint destruction and associated disability [2]. Epidemiological studies have shown an increased ... | 16646989 | PMC1526648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:46 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Apr 28; 8(3):R82 |
Introduction
CD8+ T-cell responses participate in immune control of a wide range of intracellular pathogens, including viral, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens [1]. Antigen (Ag)–specific CD8+ T-cell responses in viral and bacterial infections are focused on a small number of epitopes [2–4], and examination of these Ag... | 16879036 | PMC1526708 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 4; 2(8):e77 |
Introduction
Peri-appendicular abscess is usually due to primary appendicitis or it may be caused by various pathological conditions: inflammatory, infective, neoplastic, immunological, ischemic, occlusive (table 1).
Table 1 Causes of appendicitis
PRIMARY CAUSES OF APPENDICITIS
Idiopathic lymphatic hyperplasia
Feca... | 16759349 | PMC1526710 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Apr 4; 1:11 |
Background
An important decision when planning community-based health studies includes the choice of representative communities or neighborhoods. The communities selected for study will need to be few in number (for logistical and financial reasons), and must meet defined characteristics determined by the health condit... | 16573835 | PMC1526711 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Mar 30; 5:14 |
Introduction
Geographic access to hospital, primary and emergency care health services remains an important area for health service policy [1,2]. Many studies have investigated the spatial accessibility of health services using travel impedance models of road network travel time and travel distance using geographic inf... | 16613601 | PMC1526712 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Apr 13; 5:16 |
Introduction
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) triggers lipid peroxidation and inflammation, which exacerbate injury. Recognition of inflammatory components involved in stroke has expanded the list of potential targets for therapy [1]. They include inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nucl... | 16689995 | PMC1526713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 May 11; 3:12 |
Background
Current treatment goals in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are to maintain adequate oxygenation while minimizing ventilator-associated lung injury (VILI) [1,2]. Several experimental studies have shown that mechanical ventilation (MV) can cause or perpetuate lung injury if alveolar ov... | 16792808 | PMC1526714 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Jun 22; 6:8 |
Background
There exist a number of models that provide a conceptualization of health and disability. Within the traditional medical model, disability is viewed as a characteristic of an individual that is caused by the health condition, requiring the need for medical intervention by professionals to manage the conditio... | 16808842 | PMC1526715 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jun 29; 4:36 |
Background
Polyamines are small, ubiquitous organic molecules derived from arginine or methionine. They carry a positive charge on each nitrogen atom, which allows them to interact with polyanionic macromolecules like DNA, RNA and some proteins [1]. Often, these interactions are very specific, and play critical roles i... | 16542438 | PMC1526716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 16; 7:27 |
Background
Ultrasound has been proven to be an excellent adjunct to central and peripheral venous access procedures. [1-3] Initial publications in this area demonstrated that ultrasound guided venous access improved success rates and reduced procedure related complications. [1,2] Additionally, a recent systematic revie... | 16674829 | PMC1526717 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2006 May 5; 6:3 |
Introduction
mRNA profiling is very important for identifying new genes, determining gene function and elucidating genetic networks. Differential display [1,2], cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) [3-5], and microarray [6] technologies have been employed extensively for profiling of plant mRNAs. DNA... | 16509990 | PMC1526718 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Mar 1; 2:4 |
Background
Chemical signal perception represent an important part of communication and is used by a large variety of organisms from protozoans [1] and yeast [2] to insects [3], molluscs [4,5], fish [6], mammals [7] and humans [8]. Sea slugs of the genus Aplysia have been investigated intensively with respect to behavio... | 16597345 | PMC1526719 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Apr 6; 3:6 |
1. Introduction
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery mortality rates have declined significantly over the last decade, despite an increase in older, sicker, and higher-risk patients being treated [1]. However, the incidence of post-operative morbidity has been increasing, which can lead to prolonged lengths of s... | 16737548 | PMC1526720 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 May 31; 1:14 |
Background
For more than a generation, researchers have called upon the "biopsychosocial model" to explain disease in general [1]. In therapeutic circles, most back patients are probably, at least initially, considered from a pathoanatomical aspect, and in particular unsuitable ergonomic circumstances and excessive wor... | 16672044 | PMC1526721 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 May 3; 7:39 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Manyuan Long, Arcady Mushegian and Mikhail Gelfand. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Precise removal of introns from pre-messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) by splicing is a critical step in expression of most metazoan genes. The process requires accura... | 16584568 | PMC1526722 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Apr 3; 1:10 |
Background
Nitric oxide (NO) is a messenger molecule that is involved in a variety of biological and physiological processes in the lung. Constitutive endogenous formation of NO in airways is thought to play a role in neurotransmission, smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. [1] Airway NO formation by NO synthas... | 16764721 | PMC1526723 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 9; 7(1):87 |
Background
Employment, in most societies, is one of the factors used to describe the economic and social situation of the country. Employment facilitates the fulfilment of socially defined needs in two ways – social identity in a society where work is the norm and the means for economic participation in a society where... | 16822310 | PMC1526724 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 5; 6:174 |
Background
Both distal radius fractures and proximal femoral fractures are typical traumatic injuries affecting primarily elderly women. Women make up at least 70% of all patients with a distal radius fracture [1] or proximal femoral fracture [2]. More than 90% of these fractures occur in persons over 50 years of age.
... | 16594996 | PMC1526725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 4; 6:87 |
Background
Suicide rates are thought to fall during wartime. Durkheim [1] suggested this was due to increased social cohesion, while others have suggested that competing outcomes may be important, with individuals who might otherwise have died by suicide being more likely to die of other causes [2]. Neeleman [3] cites ... | 16796751 | PMC1526726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 23; 6:167 |
Background
The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a group of zinc-containing metalloenzymes that catalyse the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in a reaction CO2 + H2O ↔ H+ + HCO3 -. They are produced in a variety of tissues, where they play important roles in a number of biological processes such as acid-base balance,... | 16719910 | PMC1526727 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 May 23; 6:22 |
Background
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by a high degree of compartmentalization and most protein activities can be assigned to particular cellular compartments. Moreover, the accurate functions of protein interaction networks rely greatly on the proper localization of each protein component. In many cases, aberr... | 16780588 | PMC1526728 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 16; 7:155 |
Background
Infections of nosocomial origin are one of the most serious problems in modern neonatal units. Nursery-acquired infections are associated with increased mortality rates, prolonged duration of hospitalization in survivors, and high patient care expenditures. Because very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in neo... | 16709255 | PMC1526729 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 May 18; 6:16 |
Background
Broadly defined, shift work involves work at times other than normal daylight hours of approximately 7:00 A.M, to 6:00 P.M. because 24-hours operations are an inevitable component of numerous industries, night work or shift work is a necessary condition of employment for a significant segment of the work for... | 16606444 | PMC1526730 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Apr 10; 5:9 |
Introduction
Small vessel vasculitides, such as Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), are strongly associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), which are either directed to myeloperoxidase (MPO) or proteinase 3 (PR3) [1-3]. These diseases can occur in any organ system but th... | 16677376 | PMC1526731 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2006 May 5; 3:4 |
Background
The standard genetic code of protein coding DNA sequences shows a redundancy, since different triplet codons may be used to code for the same amino acid. In general, codon usages show organism-specific patterns. However, codon usage variation within a single genome can be an important source of information a... | 16808834 | PMC1526732 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Jun 29; 1:10 |
Background
Splenic metastases from colorectal carcinoma are very rare and usually occur as a component of disseminated disease. From the first case report of isolated metastasis to the spleen in the setting of colorectal carcinoma by Dunbar et al. [1] in 1969, only thirteen cases are reported in the English literature ... | 16824207 | PMC1526733 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 6; 4:42 |
Background
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) enhances differentiation along the neutrophil lineage, and accelerates maturation of metamyelocytes into mature neutrophils. G-CSF also prolongs the survival of neutrophils and their precursors, including stem cells[1]. Consequently, G-CSF is known to function as... | 16820056 | PMC1526734 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 4; 4:37 |
Background
The extensive collection of protein sequence and structure information has resulted in the creation of numerous classification resources for organizing proteins [1]. Two main structure-based classification databases, SCOP [2] and CATH [3], combine sequence, structural, and functional information to provide a... | 16762072 | PMC1526735 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Jun 8; 6:12 |
Background
We previously reported that 16 obese patients with type 2 diabetes, who were advised to lower their carbohydrate intake to 20 %, over 6 months achieved significantly better control of hyperglycemia and bodyweight than a control group of similar patients (n = 15), advised to follow the official dietary guidel... | 16774674 | PMC1526736 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jun 14; 3:22 |
Background
Mammalian cells inhabit a variety of biochemical and biophysical environments within the body, many of which are defined by exposure to distinct and dynamic fluid media. Flow of fluid plays a key role in mechanotransduction via direct transfer of mechanical forces from the fluid to the membranes of cells as ... | 16672051 | PMC1526737 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 May 3; 5:27 |
Background
Some metals, including iron, zinc, copper, manganese, etc. are micronutrients used in the redox processes, regulation of the osmotic pressure, and also enzyme components. Other metals are not essential. However, even essential metals such as zinc and copper are toxic at high concentrations. The effects of hi... | 16753059 | PMC1526738 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 5; 6:49 |
Background
Comamonas testosteroni is a ubiquitously occuring β-proteobacterial species which has been isolated from aquatic as well as terrestrial environments. It has been shown to be capable of transformations of steroid compounds [1-4] and also of degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons [5-10]. C. testosteroni is thus ... | 16772028 | PMC1526739 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 13; 6:54 |
Background
High concentrations (mM) of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate can accumulate in the brain and are thought to be involved in the etiology of a number of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease [1,2]. A number of invitro studies indicate that at high concentrations, glutamate is a pot... | 16776830 | PMC1526740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jun 15; 7:49 |
Background
Development of effective Plasmodium falciparum vaccines is a global health priority with all stages of the malaria lifecycle being investigated for possible vaccine strategies [1]. Mosquito-stage vaccines aim to induce immunity to the forms of the parasite found in the mid-gut of mosquitoes: the sexual stage... | 16820064 | PMC1526741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 5; 5:55 |
Background
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a rare breast cancer variant and optimal management is unclear. Salivary gland tumors having the same histological pattern as ACC of the breast were first termed "cylindroma" by Billroth [2]. Although ACC of the breast can occur between 30 and 90 years of age, ... | 16813652 | PMC1526742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 30; 3:17 |
Background
A retrospective, case control study of 147 with carcinoma of the cervix or vagina treated with chemoradiotherapy with or without erythropoietin showed a 23 versus 3% incidence of TE. [1] Such recent findings of an elevated risk of cardiovascular toxicity, specifically thromboembolic events (TE), in patients ... | 16722547 | PMC1526743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 May 5; 1:14 |
Background
Brain metastases represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and are the most common intracranial tumors in adults, occurring in approximately 10% to 30% of adult cancer patients [1]. The risk of developing brain metastases varies according to primary tumor type, with lung cancer accounting for ... | 16808850 | PMC1526744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Jun 29; 1:20 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. It is a primary neurodegenerative cerebral disease in the elderly, characterized by two major histopathologic changes in the brain, i.e., extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles [1,2].
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is o... | 16603077 | PMC1526745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Apr 7; 2:13 |
Introduction
Coughing and mucus secretion are coordinated neuronal reflexes that protect the respiratory tract from noxious exogenous substances under physiological conditions. However, within chronic exposure to noxious substances such as tobacco smoke, urban dust, or occupational factors [1-3], the originally protect... | 16722555 | PMC1526746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 May 18; 1:6 |
Background
The proportion of the population who consider themselves cancer survivors has grown in recent years and will continue to increase, partly because of improvements in early detection, treatment, and supportive care. The National Cancer Institute's Office of Cancer Survivorship reported an estimated 9.8 million... | 16620390 | PMC1526747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 18; 6:95 |
Background
Vitamin A, an essential micronutrient, is required for embryonic development and pattern formation, postnatal growth, reproduction, epithelial maintenance, immunity and vision [1-5]. With the exception of the retina, where 11-cis-retinal acts as the chromophore for rhodopsin [6], biological activities of vit... | 16504037 | PMC1526748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:50 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Feb 21; 7:7 |
Background
Rewards play an important role in organizations: they influence a variety of work-related behaviour [1,2], as well as the motivation of employees [3]. They are used to guide behaviour and performance in an attempt to attract and retain the best-qualified employees and keep them satisfied and motivated [4,5].... | 16824227 | PMC1526749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Jul 6; 4:15 |
Introduction
Malignancies of mature B lymphocytes are characterized by chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus on chromosome 14q32.3, resulting in the deregulated expression of the translocated proto-oncogene. Although t(2;14)(p16.1;q32.3) is a rare event in B cell malignancies, ... | 16704730 | PMC1526750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 May 16; 5:18 |
Background
The spectrums of diagnostic options for bone tumours in our environment are largely unavailable to majority of patients. Surgical biopsies are not always possible in patients suspected to have bone tumours on clinical and radiological grounds due to cost, competition with bone setters and healing homes and h... | 16776844 | PMC1526751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Jun 15; 3:16 |
Background
Bilateral simultaneous acute angle closure is a rare entity, infrequently reported after psychotropic drug intake, [1-3] general anesthesia, [4] or snake bite [5]. Spherophakia is an uncommon condition in which the small, spherical lens may led to pupillary block and secondary angle closure glaucoma. We pres... | 16827934 | PMC1526752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jul 7; 6:29 |
Background
Perinatal transmission occurs at a rate of approximately 30% and accounts for approximately 90% of all HIV-1 infections in children [1]. The infection can occur antepartum (before childbirth; during pregnancy); intrapartum (during childbirth), or postpartum (through breastfeeding). Data from well-performed s... | 16820061 | PMC1526753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jul 4; 3:42 |
Background
Primate lentiviruses HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV infect macrophages and T lymphocytes via CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 chemokine receptors, respectively. Infected individuals eventually develop the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The course of their disease varies greatly, which depends on genetic factors and h... | 16764724 | PMC1526754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jun 9; 3:33 |
Background
Although maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) is a highly sensitive marker for certain congenital malformations such as open neural tube and ventral wall defects, its usefulness as a screening test for fetal hydrocephalus is uncertain. Since Seppala and Unnerus [1] first noted the possible association be... | 16824231 | PMC1526755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Jul 7; 6:23 |
Background
Vitamins, minerals and dietary supplements are among the most commonly used complementary or alternative medical (CAM) therapies in the United States [1,2]. Health care professional's personal use of dietary supplements is of interest for several reasons. Patients ask health care professionals (HCP) to provi... | 16768802 | PMC1526756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Jun 12; 6:21 |
Background
The amines octopamine and tyramine are apparently ubiquitous in arthropods, with neuromodulatory roles in a wide range of behaviours including jumping, flight, courtship and even social interactions (see [1,2] for reviews). Although cellular actions of these neuromodulators have been described, in both the C... | 16768790 | PMC1526757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:17 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Jun 12; 4:17 |
Background
Numerous models of parasite evolution predict that mixed infections have higher virulence (host mortality rate) than do single-genotype infections. This is attributed to increased competition for host resources, favouring more rapid host exploitation [1-5]. There is, however, little empirical support for thi... | 16827933 | PMC1526758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Jul 7; 4:21 |
Background
The genera of Microbotryaceae
Anther smuts of the genus Microbotryum that parasitise members of the Caryophyllaceae are well-established model organisms. They have been subject to research in different areas, i.e. genetics (e.g. [1]), population analysis (e.g. [2]), phylogenetics (e.g. [3]), host-parasite ev... | 16638136 | PMC1526759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Apr 25; 6:35 |
Background
The general or spontaneous motor activity of animals is a useful parameter in chronobiology. Since this type of research generally requires a large amount of data from several weeks of monitoring, the use of automatic systems is necessary.
Various types of automatic systems to measure the locomotor activity... | 16674816 | PMC1526760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 May 4; 4:7 |
Background
A large number of methods for low-level analysis of microarray data have been developed, but the relative merits of these methods are generally not easy to assess [1]. Analytical methods are commonly motivated by theoretical properties or how well they perform on simulated microarray data [2-4]. Neither appr... | 16774679 | PMC1526761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 14; 7:300 |
Background
A large proportion of proteins are found to be intrinsically disordered, which refers to segments of protein sequences that do not form well-defined three-dimensional structures in their native states [1-6]. Many proteins contain local regions of such disorder, and in some cases entire proteins appear to exi... | 16796745 | PMC1526762 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 23; 7:319 |
Background
Alternative splicing (AS) is suggested to be a mechanism to relax selection pressure [1-3]. It allows generation of different transcript/protein isoforms from the same genes, leading to increased functional diversity of the proteome. The evolution of alternatively spliced exons (ASEs) has been a topic of ext... | 16709259 | PMC1526763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:14:48 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 19; 7:259 |
Introduction
Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB) constitute a phylogenetically diverse group that spans from hyperthermophilic Archaea to anaerobic Proteobacteria [
1,
2]. Among those, species of the
Geobacter and
Shewanella genera are the most intensively studied metal-reducers, whose hallmark feature is a re... | 16875436 | PMC1526764 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 8; 4(8):e268 |
More than 50 years after developing the nuclear bomb, the US Department of Energy is still grappling with the toxic consequences of nuclear weapons production. By the agency's own reckoning, more than 2,500 billion liters of groundwater and 200 million cubic meters in 30 states and territories are contaminated with ura... | 20076626 | PMC1526765 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 8; 4(8):e282 |
Introduction
In some human populations, nongenetic departures from neutral evolution can occur via processes in which the number of progeny of an individual is positively correlated to the number of progeny of his/her parents [1]. In these populations, individuals whose parents had many children are more likely to have... | 16933997 | PMC1526766 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 4; 2(8):e122 |
Introduction
UNAIDS estimates that 24.5 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were living with HIV by 2005. The estimated annual 2.0 million AIDS-related deaths in sub-Saharan Africa in 2005 represent a dramatic impact on patterns of adult mortality [1]. However, direct assessment of the level and causes of mortality is... | 16881730 | PMC1526767 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 8; 3(8):e312 |
Introduction
The basic reproductive number R
0 is the average number of people infected by a typically infectious individual in an otherwise susceptible population [5]. If the basic reproductive number is greater than one, the disease has the potential to spread. If it is less than one, the disease will die out after o... | 16881729 | PMC1526768 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 8; 3(9):e361 |
Introduction
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading infectious cause of blindness and the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection. In the United Kingdom, the Health Protection Agency found that in 45- to 64-y-old women, rates of chlamydial sexually transmitted infection increased by 177% between 1995 and 20... | 16881731 | PMC1526769 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 8; 3(8):e266 |
In recent years, globalization has forced a deeper appreciation of the relationship between intellectual property (IP) law and global health. The threat of an emergent avian bird flu pandemic led to calls for Roche to relax patent restrictions on oseltamivir, a drug with potential efficacy against bird influenza [1,2].... | 16881728 | PMC1526770 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 8; 3(8):e332 |
The Problem
The challenge of newborn health in India
In India, 26 million babies are born every year, and 1.2 million die in the first four weeks of life (Figure 1)—a figure that accounts for a quarter of global neonatal deaths. India thus faces the biggest newborn health challenge of any country in the world [1]. Surv... | 16881727 | PMC1526771 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 8; 3(9):e339 |
Background
Odors are the principle sensory signals that direct female mosquitoes to their preferred blood meal hosts [1,2]. Antennae of adult mosquitoes bear numerous sensory structures called sensilla, which are the physical sites of chemical detection. Within sensilla, olfactory signal transduction relies on odorant ... | 16573828 | PMC1532926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Mar 30; 5:26 |
Background
DIC is a combination of enhanced thrombosis and decreased fibrinolysis. It is precipitated by some underlying disorder, e.g. sepsis, that results in production and release of proinflammatory cytokines. These activate the coagulation cascade, inhibit physiologic anticoagulant pathways, and depress fibrinolysi... | 16707024 | PMC1533804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Thromb J. 2006 May 18; 4:7 |
Disease name and synonyms
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis – Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Definition
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a pulmonary disease with symptoms of dyspnea and cough resulting from the inhalation of an antigen to which the subject has been previously sensitized. Acute and subacute HP represent ... | 16817954 | PMC1533805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Jul 3; 1:25 |
Background
Hypophosphatasia (HP) (MIM 241510) is an inborn error of bone metabolism, characterized by a genetic defect in the gene encoding the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) [1-3]. The HP phenotype displays considerable clinical variability. Five major subtypes of HP (perinatal, infantile, childhood,... | 16803637 | PMC1533806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Jun 28; 1:24 |
Background
In French Guiana (South America), about 4 × 105 eggs in more than 5000 turtle nests are laid every year over a 3.6 km stretch of beach in the Awala-Yalimapo villages. The nesting season of the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) takes place from March to July, peaking in May. The females come ashore at... | 16681850 | PMC1533807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:05 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 May 8; 6:6 |
Background
The cytokines interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β (collectively referred to as IL-1) are dramatically and rapidly induced following injury to the CNS and elevated IL-1 levels are associated with many neurodegenerative diseases [1]. For instance, IL-1β is rapidly induced in experimental models of stroke [2,3] a... | 16808851 | PMC1533808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Jun 30; 3:15 |
Background
The incidence of biliary tract disease during pregnancy ranges from 0.05% to 0.3% [1]. Despite the rarity of the condition, complications of gallstones represent the second most common nongynecologic condition requiring surgery in pregnancy after appendicitis [2]. The most common indications for intervention... | 16831223 | PMC1533809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Jul 10; 1:21 |
Background
The B-cell-tropic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with lymphoid malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin's disease, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease [1]. Consistent with its role as a tumor virus, EBV can transform human B cells in vitro [2], and EBV-harboring cell lines... | 16756670 | PMC1533810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 6; 3:43 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is estimated to infect 170 million people worldwide and creates a huge disease burden from chronic, progressive liver disease [1]. HCV has become a major cause of liver cancer and one of the commonest indications of liver transplantation [2,3]. HCV has been classified in the family Fl... | 16813646 | PMC1533811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 30; 3:53 |
Background
N-acetyltransferases (NAT; E.C.2.3.1.5) catalyze the metabolism of various aromatic amine drugs and carcinogens. Sequence variations in the human NAT1 (MIM# 108345) and NAT2 (MIM# 243400) have been associated with drug-induced toxicities and disease (see reviews, [1-4]. Such sequence variations result in the... | 16827944 | PMC1533812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jul 9; 7:58 |
Background
The cullins are a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins that play important roles in many aspects of cell biology [1]. Cullin serves as a scaffold to assemble multisubunit ubiquitin E3 ligase complexes through its C-terminal interaction with the small Ring finger-containing protein ROC1 or its homolog R... | 16831222 | PMC1533813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Jul 10; 1:14 |
Background
Cubilin is a 460-kDa peripheral membrane protein expressed by a number of absorptive epithelial cells including those of the renal proximal convoluted tubule, ileum and yolk sac extraembryonic visceral endoderm (VE) [1]. The first described function of cubilin was as the receptor for intrinsic factor-vitamin... | 16787536 | PMC1533814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jun 20; 6:30 |
1. Background
Obesity and overnutrition are becoming major global health issues. In 2000, the World Health Organization stated that overeating is the "fastest form of malnutrition", and estimates that the number of people worldwide that are overweight and malnourished equals the number of people that are underweight an... | 16834782 | PMC1533815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Global Health. 2006 Jul 11; 2:10 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Alexander Karpikov (nominated by Mark Gerstein), Eugene V. Koonin, and Jordan King. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
The usefulness of DNA microarray technology in the exploration of gene expression profiles can hardly be overstated. Along with... | 16787528 | PMC1533816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Jun 20; 1:18 |
Background
The concept of need is central to planning, provision and evaluation of health care services. Traditionally, need has been estimated by using professionally based measures, known as normative need. Although normative need is important, it mainly reflects the clinical aspects of illness. However, subjective m... | 16813660 | PMC1533817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jul 1; 4:38 |
Background
Normal cells cultured in vitro undergo a characteristic number of divisions before entering a non-dividing state termed senescence [1]. Most cells are unable to overcome senescence to continue dividing unless key tumor suppressor pathways are first altered. Cellular immortalization has been achieved by the i... | 16813656 | PMC1533818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 7:27 |
Background
Listing medical and health-related issues in the Middle East, the first things that come to one's minds might be problems like infectious diseases that are more common in developing countries. However, by merely focusing on specific types of endemic diseases in the region, we undermine significant problems l... | 16784543 | PMC1533819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:05 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 20; 6:158 |
Background
Pneumonia is the most common cause of death due to infectious diseases in industrialized countries [1]. Over 40 % of all cases are due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is the most frequent etiologic agent of community-acquired pneumonia [2,3]. Despite the availability of vaccines and antibiotic treatments,... | 16834785 | PMC1533820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jul 12; 7(1):98 |
Types of pneumonia, different types of pathogens, economic burden of pneumonia
Pneumonia is the third leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of death due to infectious disease in industrialized countries. In developing countries, approximately 2 million deaths (20% of all deaths) of children are due to ... | 16827942 | PMC1533821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jul 8; 7(1):97 |
Background
A number of high-throughput technologies have been developed that are able to measure the abundance of many mRNA transcripts within a sample. These include microarray technology[1,2], SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) technology[3,4] and most recently MPSS (Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing) te... | 16603069 | PMC1533822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 7; 7:77 |
Background
Leishmania spp. (Trypanosomatidae: Kinetoplastida) are vector-borne parasites of Man worldwide. The precise pathology of leishmaniasis varies across the world depending on which species and strain are concerned, but many result in acute tissue necrosis and can be fatal. The genome sequence of the aetiologica... | 16756660 | PMC1533823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:05 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 6; 7:137 |
Background
The role of submicroscopic DNA copy number variation in genetic pathologies has been established now for two decades [1]. Early investigations recognised the importance of deletions or duplications in specific genes as causative mutations in clinical conditions, such as BRCA1 in familial breast and ovarian c... | 16813644 | PMC1533824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:05 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 30; 7:163 |
Background
RNA interference (RNAi) provides a powerful tool for silencing gene expression. Large-scale phenotypic or pathway-driven screens of siRNA libraries may help to identify novel genes that may be targets for therapy in cancer and other diseases. Two different methods have been used to construct genome-wide siRN... | 16790063 | PMC1533825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:05 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jun 21; 6:28 |
1. Background
Metabolic abnormalities have consistently been identified as a part of schizophrenic illness [1-4], but with the introduction of second generation antipsychotics and their possible association with metabolic abnormalities [5-7], the interest in this topic has been renewed.
Many studies have since then pr... | 16803620 | PMC1533826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:03 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Jun 27; 2:14 |
Background
It is now widely recognized that the carbon dioxide (CO2) we emit to the atmosphere is the dominant agent of climate change in the Anthropocene [1]. There is mounting pressure to curb emissions of this greenhouse gas from various segments of the global society, including advocates of environmental protection... | 16930460 | PMC1533827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Jul 13; 1:4 |
Background
Stem cell transplantation, in particular transplantation of mesenchymal autologous bone marrow stem cells, is currently discussed to be a possible alternative to heart transplantation and may be of therapeutic interest in ischemic heart disease [1-3]. The use of autologous bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) has t... | 16800896 | PMC1533828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Jun 26; 1:17 |
Background
High dose estrogens (HDEs) were the alternative modality of endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer besides surgical ablation of ovaries before the advent of modern endocrine agents. The discovery of tamoxifen relegated use of HDEs as first line endocrine therapy to history.
In almost all women with adv... | 16834778 | PMC1533829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 11; 4:44 |
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