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Background
Significant differences in life expectancy exist between whites and blacks in the United States. According to a 2004 report by the Nation Center for Health Statistics, the life expectancy for white females born in 2001 is 80.2 years, compared to 75.5 years in black females, 75.0 years in white males, and 68.... | 16817956 | PMC1533830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Jul 3; 5:8 |
Background
The development of ovarian follicles leading to ovulation requires endocrine regulation by the gonadotropins FSH and LH as the main actors. The complex regulatory network also includes steroids and peptides (e.g. growth factors, inhibins) acting via the autocrine and paracrine pathways. Recent studies have h... | 16827936 | PMC1533831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Jul 7; 4:35 |
Introduction
Phagocytosis and killing of pathogens by resident alveolar macrophages and recruited polymorphonuclear leuckocytes (PMNs) is integral in clearing bacterial respiratory tract infections. Because alveolar macrophages (AM) do not efficiently phagocytose most strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococc... | 16836747 | PMC1533832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:05 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jul 12; 6:61 |
Background
Reliable methods for detection and sub-typing of HSV infections have included enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence microscopy (IFA) and virus isolation by cell culture. While each of these methods has been very useful in assisting clinical diagnosis, time and technological progress h... | 16796763 | PMC1533833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 24; 6:104 |
Background
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disease in developed countries and prevalence is increasing worldwide [1]. In Germany, about 5% of the population are affected and the prevalence is increasing dramatically with age [2]. Patients with type 2 diabetes have an approximately threefold r... | 16824234 | PMC1533834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jul 7; 7:42 |
Background
General practitioners (GPs) play a central role in the diagnosis and management of heart failure (HF). Over half of the patients with HF are diagnosed in primary care, and one third is solely managed by the GPs [1,2]. In the last 15 years, new insights have changed the treatment of HF. In the 1970s and 1980s... | 16822303 | PMC1533835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jul 5; 7:40 |
Background
The main African vectors of malaria are in the Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes [1]. In general, all species of Anopheles have been found to be susceptible to a certain extent to infection by some strain of human plasmodia [2]. Studies on lepidopteran insects revealed several types of Bt toxin-binding pr... | 16716213 | PMC1533836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 May 22; 7:16 |
pmcBackground
The equatorial Pacific coral atoll lakes and lagoons of Kiritimati (Christmas) and Teraina (Washington) Islands, Republic of Kiribati (Figure 1), possess a breadth of lacustrine environments from fresh to hypersaline in which a range of tropical limnologic conditions can be examined within a small geogra... | 16817958 | PMC1533837 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:41 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Jul 3; 2:8 |
pmcBackground
Urmia Lake, due to its unique characters, is designated as an international park and protected biosphere reserve by the United Nations [1]. Also, there is a strong tendency by the Iranian Environmental Protection Organization to protect the lake's environment. At the same time, increased demands to explo... | 16834770 | PMC1533838 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:40 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Jul 11; 2:9 |
Background
Malaria remains one of the major infectious diseases threatening the health of pregnant women in Africa [1]. Pregnancy associated malaria affects birth outcome by causing maternal anaemia, stillbirths, abortion and low birth weight infants [2-9].
Case management of malaria in pregnancy should include effect... | 16776817 | PMC1533839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jun 15; 5:49 |
Background
Under Soviet rule, malaria was reported having been nearly eradicated in Tajikistan by the end of the 1960s; only in the region bordering Afghanistan, in the southern part of the country, did a low level of Plasmodium vivax transmission persist [1]. However, since 1992 the situation appears to have deteriora... | 16780577 | PMC1533840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jun 16; 5:51 |
The problem
Whenever drug treatment is required to control a pathogen, selection of drug resistance is inevitable [1]. The huge size of pathogen populations and their short generation times guarantee the outcome. Plasmodium falciparum is a prime example. In humans, an acute infection can produce a population as high as... | 16774688 | PMC1533841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jun 15; 5:48 |
Background
Chemosensation from the mammalian nasal cavity is predominantly mediated by two independent neural systems, the olfactory and somatosensory (trigeminal) system. The primary function of the intranasal trigeminal system is to act as a sentinel of the airways [1]. It can reflexively stop inspiration to prevent ... | 16762059 | PMC1533842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jun 8; 7:46 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) still is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in developed countries and adenomas are the predominant precursors of this disease [1].
The risk of sporadic CRC is mainly associated with lifestyle factors and may be modulated by several genetic factors of low penetrance [2,3]. Ge... | 16817948 | PMC1533843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 3; 6:175 |
Background
While various anti-cancer drugs have been developed, many patients with solid tumors still exhibit poor prognosis. Accordingly, it is now important to determine the appropriate use of such drugs clinically. With respect to treatment of lung cancer, there are many anti-cancer agents in use, such as cisplatin ... | 16813650 | PMC1533844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 30; 6:174 |
Background
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among all gynaecologic cancers in Europe and the United States. The incidence of ovarian cancer has been steadily increasing over the past 10 years in many countries, reaching the overall lifetime risk of 1.8% [1]. Despite new medical and surgical advances and new... | 16759398 | PMC1533845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 8; 6:153 |
Background
Neuroblastoma is a common childhood tumor arising from neural crest-derived cells of the sympathetic nervous system. It is one of the most extensively characterized solid tumors at the genomic level and provides the paradigm for the clinical utility of genomic alterations in defining tumor phenotype. Much of... | 16822308 | PMC1533846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 5; 6:177 |
Background
Approximately more than 10,000 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) – widely acknowledged as the gold standard for the evaluation of medical interventions – are published each year. Systematic reviews of RCTs, such as those disseminated through the Cochrane Collaboration, synthesise the results of individual ... | 16824217 | PMC1533847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jul 6; 6:30 |
Background
All organisms need to ensure the integrity of their genome. A major threat are inter-strand cross-links and double strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA that can cause cell death or cellular transformation. The repair of inter-strand cross-links appears to be achieved via two pathways, including proteins involved ... | 16780573 | PMC1533848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Jun 16; 7:20 |
Background
Food-induced allergic reactions are responsible for a variety of symptoms involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract, and proceed through IgE- and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms. The major foods responsible for food-induced allergic reactions are milk, eggs, peanuts, fish, and tree nuts i... | 16817976 | PMC1533849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 Jul 4; 4:10 |
Introduction
Microbial biosynthesis of natural products is an emerging area of metabolic engineering and industrial biotechnology that offers significant advantages over conventional chemical methods or extraction from biomass. Lower energy requirements, lower CO2 emissions, less toxic waste in the form of solvents and... | 16719921 | PMC1533850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 May 23; 5:20 |
Review
Introduction
The display of proteins on the surface of biological organisms is of major interest in biotechnology and medicine. Several techniques have been developed to display polypeptides on the surface of viruses, yeast or bacteria [1]. Bacterial surface display has found many applications in recent years [1... | 16787545 | PMC1533851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Jun 20; 5:22 |
Background
A wide range of different particles from ambient air and occupational settings is known to elicit inflammatory processes and to induce cell death in the lung [1-3]. Inflammation is an important protective response, but may also be involved in triggering acute adverse health effects and development of chronic... | 16774673 | PMC1533852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Jun 14; 3:10 |
Background
Evidence based practice is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the health care of individuals and groups. The process of evidence based practice involves creating a clinical question from a problem arising from the care of a patient, searching the ... | 16836760 | PMC1533853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 Jul 12; 3:8 |
Background
Many researchers have an interest in finding citation information about a given article – both how many times the article is cited and who is citing that article. This may be for the completeness of a literature search, or perhaps to find how often his or her own publications are cited. Eugene Garfield made ... | 16805916 | PMC1533854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 Jun 29; 3:7 |
Findings
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are becoming increasingly associated with several aspects of cancer progression including not only carcinogenesis but also tumor cell proliferation and invasion [1]. In prostate cancer, oxygen radicals are reported to arise from several sources within the cells including the NADPH... | 16756681 | PMC1533855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jun 6; 5:21 |
Background
It is estimated that 2.1 million children are infected with HIV worldwide. About 90% of the HIV-infected children are in Africa and over 95% of HIV infections in children below the age of 15 years are due to mother-to-child-transmission[1]. Antenatal voluntary counselling and HIV testing (VCT), followed by t... | 16670031 | PMC1533856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2006 May 3; 6:6 |
Background
Chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and multiple sclerosis still pose a large unmet medical need despite recent therapeutic advances such as inhaled steroids (asthma) or TNFα antagonists (RA and IBD). Thus, significant subpopulations of p... | 16772045 | PMC1533857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Jun 13; 7:12 |
Background
In utero transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is one of the routes through which infants acquire HIV-1 from their mothers [1]. However, the placenta forms an efficient barrier between maternal and foetal circulations and plays a crucial role in the regulation of mother-to-child tra... | 16796744 | PMC1533858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jun 23; 3:36 |
Background
Progression to AIDS during HIV-1 infection is linked directly to generalized T cell activation, but only indirectly to viral load (VL) [2,3]. Moreover, increased T cell activation levels from the initial stage of infection have a predictive value for AIDS progression even before seroconversion [4,5]. The pre... | 16800882 | PMC1533859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jun 26; 3:37 |
Background
Foamy viruses (FVs) are members of the Spumavirus genus of the Retroviridae family [1]. These exogenous complex retroviruses are highly prevalent in several animal species, including primates, felines, bovines and equines where they cause persistent infections [2-7]. Simian foamy viral (SFV) infection has al... | 16608518 | PMC1533860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Apr 11; 3:23 |
Background
Heart failure (HF) is a well-recognized clinical syndrome that affects both children and adults in the United States. HF in adults has received considerable attention, with multiple large, randomized trials that have evaluated the etiology and therapy of this condition. For example, the Framingham Heart Stud... | 16725044 | PMC1533861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 May 25; 6:23 |
Background
Some of the most important components of life history decisions refer to the optimal timing of accumulation of resources and their allocation to growth and reproduction. At any time during its life an organism has not only to spend resources on the conflicting requirements for maintenance, somatic growth, an... | 16749922 | PMC1533862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jun 2; 6:45 |
Background
The global and secular tendency to more and more collaboration in scientific research has been demonstrated in many scientometric and other studies. To establish and maintain collaboration links can be more or less easy, depending on scientific, cultural, political, and geographical barriers which have to be... | 16774681 | PMC1533863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Jun 14; 1:6 |
Background
Thyroid papillary microcarcinoma (TPM), also known as occult papillary carcinoma (OPC), is usually defined as a thyroid tumor smaller than 1–1.5 cm [1,5]. The term "occult thyroid papillary carcinoma" had been used before the WHO proposed a major diameter of 1 cm for occult papillary carcinoma, and renamed i... | 16822319 | PMC1533864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jul 5; 4:28 |
Background
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is linked to increased levels of vascular damage [1], cardiovascular morbidity and cardiovascular mortality [2-4]. A survey of the most recent evidence estimated that cardiovascular disease risk is increased ~2-fold in both men and women with MetS [2]. Non-invasive carotid ultra... | 16827932 | PMC1533865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jul 7; 4:28 |
Background
The development of functional genomics technologies has led in recent years to a proliferation of databases for storage and delivery of microarray data. Since the introduction of the MIAME standard [1] and associated community- level annotation guidelines [2-4], experimental descriptions have become more pre... | 16790046 | PMC1533866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 21; 7:311 |
Background
With the completion of the human genome project, substantial effort has been made to identify all common genetic variations, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), from different populations in order to have a detailed understanding of heritable variation in the human genome. While millions of SNPs ... | 16709248 | PMC1533867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 18; 7:258 |
Background
In the design, analysis and interpretation of experiments, biomedical and clinical
researchers encounter the problem of evaluating and summarizing prior knowledge on
the subject under investigation. Traditional solutions include examining articles in
scientific journals, primarily via PubMed access to MEDLIN... | 16681860 | PMC1533868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:42:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 8; 7:250 |
Background
During the last decade microarray technology has become an increasingly popular tool for gene expression profiling. Microarrays have been used in numerous biological contexts from studies of differentially expressed genes in tumours [1-4] to identification of cell cycle regulated genes in yeast [5]. A theme ... | 16780582 | PMC1533869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 16; 7:306 |
Background
The study of proteins and their properties is of uttermost importance for biology, and computational tools have become an important ingredient in this endeavor. A very large number of protein sequences are already known: About 200,000 at the highly curated, non-redundant, Swiss-Prot section of the UniProt Kn... | 16749920 | PMC1533870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 2; 7:277 |
Background
The extracellular matrix (ECM) exerts major modulatory effects on the phenotype of both malignant and normal epithelial cells [1-5]. Malignant cells remodel the local ECM, which then becomes permissive for malignant growth [6,7]. In earlier reports from our laboratory we have developed a model for investigat... | 16749926 | PMC1534010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Jun 2; 4:13 |
Background
Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) is an important patient-centered endpoint to consider when assessing the impact of oral diseases in populations and evaluating the professional interventions used in attempt to improve oral health [1-19]. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) is a questionnaire de... | 16827940 | PMC1534011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Jul 7; 6:11 |
Introduction
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that production of pesticides tops 1.1 billion pounds annually, amounting to about $11 billion in sales [1]. In the United States about 900 pesticide active ingredients are registered for use with the EPA [2] and over 20,000 pesticide produc... | 16725037 | PMC1534012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 May 25; 5:15 |
Background
Patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction presenting with symptoms of either angina pectoris or heart failure may be considered for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, however, latter is associated with increased risk in this patient population [1]. In a subset o... | 16842625 | PMC1534013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2006 Jul 14; 6:7 |
Background
Klotho is a mammalian hormone with an important role in insulin signalling and the development of ageing-like phenotypes. Klotho binds to a cell surface receptor and represses intracellular signals of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) [1]. Mice with a defect in Klotho expression exhibit phenot... | 16753056 | PMC1534014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jun 5; 7:51 |
Background
The Wnt signaling pathway is largely conserved from Drosophila to humans and has been shown to regulate diverse embryonic processes including axis specification and organogenesis. Wnt signaling events have also been implicated in a number of cancers, bone density phenotypes, and neurological conditions in ad... | 16824228 | PMC1534015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jul 6; 7:28 |
Background
Even with the most disordered prison inmates diverted from our prison systems, there remain a large number of inmates suffering from a variety of mental disorders [1-5]. Severe personality disorders and substance-use disorders are prevalent. These disorders are often chronic and do not lend themselves easily... | 16759383 | PMC1534016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Jun 7; 6:27 |
Background
Through the release of proteins and peptides the salivary glands are active participants in the digestion and in the maintenance of the health and integrity of the oral and gastric mucosa [1]. Less well recognized is the role of salivary endocrine factors in the modulation of systemic immune and inflammatory... | 16776845 | PMC1534017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Jun 15; 3:9 |
Background
Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) provide important mechanisms for integrating scientific evidence with clinical care. The process of developing guidelines, however, depends largely on data from randomized controlled trials, and the resulting recommendations are not always generalizable to real-world popul... | 16774672 | PMC1534018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:03 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Jun 14; 2:13 |
Background
With the prospect of more than half the African population living in urban areas by the year 2030, it is anticipated that the challenge and opportunity for tackling malaria burden in urban areas will also grow [1-3]. Compared to rural settings, malaria in urban Africa is generally characterized by lower inte... | 16776829 | PMC1534019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 15; 6:154 |
Background
Classical swine fewer (CSF) is an economically important viral infectious disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boars. Infected animals develop severe leukopenia and immunosuppression accompanied by hemorrhagic lesions, with a mortality of about 90% in infected young pigs [1,2]. The etiological agent of t... | 16792815 | PMC1534020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jun 22; 6:29 |
Background
In our laboratory we routinely produce and apply vectors derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Since lentiviral vectors (LV) integrate stably into the host-cell genome of non-dividing cells such as neurons and in haematopoietic stem cells [1-3], they offer great potential for gene the... | 16836756 | PMC1534021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jul 12; 6:34 |
Background
Genital herpes is a highly prevalent sexually transmitted disease found world-wide and is considered to be a major health burden [1,2]. The causative agent is usually Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) although genital herpes caused by the closely related HSV-1 is becoming more prevalent [3,4]. Transmission... | 16822314 | PMC1534022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jul 5; 3:54 |
Background
In Japan, the emergency medical system has been provided systematically as a result of the Medical Care Law enacted in 1985, to ensure that "anyone can receive appropriate emergency medical care anytime, anywhere". The actual framework and infrastructure of emergency medical care have been developed through ... | 16749943 | PMC1534023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jun 4; 5:25 |
Background
Asthma exacerbation is the major contributor to morbidity, mortality and health care costs associated with this highly prevalent disease. Approximately 80% of asthma exacerbations in children [1-4] and about 70% in adults [5,6] are associated with respiratory viral infections. Rhinovirus (RV) is by far the m... | 16670028 | PMC1534024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 3; 7(1):71 |
Introduction
Environmental factors play an important role in the increasing prevalence of atopic diseases. The observation of an inverse association between family size and hay fever prompted the hygiene hypothesis suggesting that the protective effect of siblings on atopic diseases might be mediated by infections [1].... | 16719901 | PMC1534025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 23; 7(1):81 |
Background
The presence of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air was first described in 1991 by Gustafsson et al.[1], and this was soon followed by a number of publications reporting high fractional concentrations of orally exhaled NO (FENO) in subjects with various pulmonary diseases [2]. FENO is generally measured on line... | 16813647 | PMC1534026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 30; 7(1):94 |
Background
One important pathologic feature of allergic airway inflammation is associated with T lymphocyte activation and increase in eosinophil numbers in the airways [1-3]. Accumulation of eosinophils is considered to be the result of increased production and traffic of cells from the bone marrow (BM) into the airwa... | 16740158 | PMC1534027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 1; 7(1):83 |
Background
Patient falls in hospitals are common and affect approximately 2% to 17% of patients during their hospital stay [1-5]. Fall rates vary from 1.4 up to 17.9 falls per 1,000 patient days depending on hospital type and patient populations [5-17]. Fall related injuries occur in 15% to 50% of the patients, includi... | 16759386 | PMC1534028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 7; 6:69 |
Background
Record linkage techniques are used widely in epidemiological studies to obtain comprehensive information and conduct more robust analyses [1-13]. For any record linkage project, two questions must be answered: 1) What is the best way to achieve a high linkage rate in a cost-effective manner? 2) What is the c... | 16597337 | PMC1534029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Apr 5; 6:48 |
Background: conceptualizing normalization processes
Health care providers increasingly seek new technological and organizational means of improving the efficiency and clinical and cost effectiveness of clinical care and health service delivery [1]. The assessment and evaluation of these solutions has become a major foc... | 16827928 | PMC1534030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jul 7; 6:86 |
Background
Comorbidity, defined as the occurrence of one or more chronic conditions in the same person with an index-disease, occurs frequently among patients with diabetes [1,2]. Currently, integrated diabetes care programs focus on diabetes-related comorbidities like cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy, nephropathy ... | 16820048 | PMC1534031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jul 4; 6:84 |
Background
Variability in human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) offers valuable information to trace the genetic history of humans, because of the high rate of mutation and absence of recombination. Analyses of the frequency of variation and distribution of mtDNA haplogroups have been used to evaluate current models concerni... | 16776823 | PMC1534032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 15; 7:151 |
Background
Functional genomics approaches are increasingly being used for the elucidation of complex biological questions with applications that range from human health [1] to microbial strain improvement [2]. Functional genomics tools have in common that they aim to measure the complete biomolecule response of an orga... | 16762068 | PMC1534033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 8; 7:142 |
Background
Understanding the genetic basis of human inherited disorders is one of the primary goals of medical genetics. By applying the knowledge gleaned from this research, disease prevention and treatment can be improved. Currently, there are more than 1600 human genes known to be associated with particular Mendelia... | 16817963 | PMC1534034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 3; 7:165 |
Background
Most Gram-positive bacteria are known to produce a multiplicity of extracellular proteins, many of which are destined to become attached to the cell surface [1-5]. These surface-exposed proteins serve to communicate and interact with the environment. Particularly in pathogenic streptococci, staphylococci and... | 16723015 | PMC1534035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 24; 7:126 |
Background
The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is valued for its uniquely flavored eggs and meat and is reared in many countries of the world, particularly on a large scale in China, Japan, Brazil, Hong-Kong, France and Spain [1]. It is also an important animal model used in a range of scientific disciplines includi... | 16669996 | PMC1534036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 2; 7:101 |
Background
The last decade has witnessed an increased effort at bringing together methods and ideas from evolutionary and developmental biology (evo-devo) to explore the genetic basis of morphological diversity [1-7]. Understanding the genetic bases of phenotypic variation is a fundamental challenge for evo-devo and fo... | 16737530 | PMC1534037 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 31; 7:130 |
Background
With recent advances in DNA sequencing technology and reductions in sequencing costs, it has become relatively easy to sequence the complete genomes of many viruses and it is not uncommon for researchers to determine the sequence of multiple virus isolates as part of a single experiment. Although this abilit... | 16772042 | PMC1534038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 13; 7:150 |
Background
Atlases of distribution data have provided a popular and successful way of assembling spatial information on a variety of organisms, including amphibians and reptiles. Most mapping projects are terminated on the production of the atlas while others are continued to improve coverage and to increase spatial an... | 16674803 | PMC1534039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 May 4; 3:8 |
Background
Computer literacy has been a subject of educational research ever since personal computers were introduced to the classroom, either as teaching aids or as tools for self-study. In the 1980s, research on computer literacy focused on the question whether medical students were ready for the foreseeable omnipres... | 16784524 | PMC1534040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jun 19; 6:34 |
Gazi et al [1] presented results of evaluation the accuracy of various formulas for the calculation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels – indirect methods – in patients with the metabolic syndrome. LDL-C according Friedewald's formula showed significant differences from other formulas in the total coh... | 16808846 | PMC1534041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Jun 29; 5:18 |
Background
The leptospires are motile, helical bacteria constituting a physiologically unique genus of spirochetes that includes the saprophyte L. biflexa and the pathogen L. interrogans. Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species including L. alexanderi, L. borgpeter... | 16762078 | PMC1534042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 9; 6:51 |
Background
Enterococci are important causes of hospital-acquired infections, and treatment of infections due to these opportunistic pathogens is becoming increasingly difficult because of their resistance to multiple antibiotics [1]. The clinical importance of biofilm formation has been proposed for several enterococca... | 16834772 | PMC1534043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jul 11; 6:60 |
Background
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the known cause of Johne's disease of wild and domestic ruminants, in particular dairy cattle [1]. Although cattle are usually infected with Map during the first six months of life, via the faecal oral route, clinical signs, such as diarrhoea, emaciation a... | 16839422 | PMC1534044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:06 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jul 13; 6:63 |
Background
The development and continuous remodeling of the skeleton demand a tightly regulated balance between the bone-forming and bone-resorbing processes. One of the key components of bone remodeling is constant development of vasculature. Vasculature is required for transport of nutrients and precursor cells, such... | 16839420 | PMC1534045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jul 13; 7:56 |
Background
Osteochondromas usually develop in relation to the periosteum, and occur around the growth plate of long bones, especially the knee [1]. The tumor usually stops to grow with closure of the growth plate [1]. Intra-articular osteochondromas are rare in older individuals [2]. In joints with a large capsular spa... | 16842627 | PMC1534046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jul 15; 7:57 |
1- Introduction
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder that includes behavioral and cognitive features such as inattention and impulsivity/hyperactivity. There is evidence of impaired cognitive control processes [1] and poor inhibition [2] in ADHD. This heterogeneous synd... | 16768795 | PMC1534047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Jun 12; 2:21 |
Background
Dysfunction of the immune system is evident in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-patients, even from the early phase of the HIV infection. The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) dramatically affects the course of HIV-infection [1,2], because it induces a significant immunological improvement assoc... | 16839416 | PMC1534048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 13; 6:112 |
Background
Influenza, with its annual epidemics, is the infection associated with highest mortality in the developed world. In the United States, an average of more than 18,000 annual deaths are due to influenza, and the influenza epidemics cause almost 50,000 annual hospitalizations in influenza and pneumonia among el... | 16549029 | PMC1534049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 20; 6:58 |
Background
Classic Hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder that is associated with a deregulation of the iron metabolism [1]. Clinical features often include cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes, hypermelanotic pigmentation of the skin, and heart failure [2]. Hemochromatosis is most often caused by mutations in ... | 16824219 | PMC1534050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jul 6; 6:24 |
Background
Spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury may present immediate or delayed paraplegia that occurs 4% to 33% of patients undergoing surgery on the thoracic aorta [1]. Therefore, In attempt to prevent this complication, various methods of spinal cord protection have been suggested, including temporary shun... | 16774675 | PMC1534051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jun 14; 7:48 |
Background
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a polypeptide trophic factor playing important roles in the survival and differentiation of both neuronal and non-neuronal cells [1,2]. The biological actions of IGF-1 are mediated by a heterotetrameric tyrosine kinase receptor, the IGF-1 receptor, which is similar to ... | 16792806 | PMC1534052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jun 22; 7:51 |
Background
Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae), known as Maca, is a Peruvian hypocotyl growing exclusively between 4000 and 4500 m altitude in the central Peruvian Andes, particularly in Junin plateau and is used traditionally to enhance fertility in men and women. In fact, Father Bernabe Cobo, a chronicler of the Sp... | 16796734 | PMC1534053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Jun 23; 6:23 |
Background
Preferentially mating with one's own species (behavioral isolation) is an important barrier to gene flow separating many animal species [1]. The complex behaviors associated with mating allow organisms to choose the best mate and/or to distinguish between species. The evolution of these behaviors is hypothes... | 16824212 | PMC1534054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jul 6; 6:54 |
Background
Vascular development and homeostasis are regulated by a number of cytokines including members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily that resemble a group of structurally related secreted polypeptides that regulate numerous cellular activities including proliferation, differentiation, mig... | 16594992 | PMC1534055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Apr 4; 6:13 |
Background
In most western countries the life-time breast cancer risk is around 10%. About 20–40% of these patients will ultimately develop metastatic disease and 4–10% of patients will present with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) at diagnosis [1]. Once metastases are detected, the median survival time is about 24 month... | 16824210 | PMC1534056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 6; 6:179 |
Background
Cancer is the second most common cause of death during the reproductive years [1] and complicates 0.02–0.1% of all pregnancies [2]. However, the development of cancer during pregnancy is difficult to predict [3]. Indeed, some studies have suggested that pregnancy does not favour the development of cancer and... | 16800886 | PMC1534057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 26; 6:168 |
Background
Biopsy-proven benign breast disease (BBD) is a well-defined risk factor for developing invasive breast cancer [1,2]. However, little is known about which women with BBD progress to have a subsequent in situ or invasive cancer. A woman's level of endogenous estrogen may be important in the progression of BBD ... | 16808847 | PMC1534058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 29; 6:173 |
Background
Ovarian cancer represents the fifth leading cause of death for cancer in women [1]. More than 70% of cases present with advanced stage of disease at diagnosis and despite advances in cytoreductive surgery and establishment of carboplatin/paclitaxel combination as the standard chemotherapy regimen, intrinsic ... | 16831230 | PMC1534059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 11; 6:182 |
Background
In line with the global tuberculosis-related Millennium Development Goals to halt and begin to reverse the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) by 2015, the Stop TB Partnership set targets to halve TB prevalence and death by 2015 [1]. To achieve and sustain these targets, a variety of provision and financing model... | 16756653 | PMC1534060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Jun 6; 4:11 |
Background
Many aspects of biological sciences have profited from the recent advances in the field of bioinformatics. New computational methodologies and tools allow researchers to capture, store, analyze and model large volumes of data, thereby dramatically affecting the pace, depth and scope of scientific investigati... | 16836764 | PMC1534061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 12; 7:341 |
Background
cDNA microarrays monitor gene expression for thousands of genes simultaneously. Two experimental conditions are compared by examining the ratio of expression between two samples, e.g. treatment versus control, wildtype versus mutant, or disease versus healthy. The primary goal of these experiments is to iden... | 16677390 | PMC1534062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 5; 7:247 |
Background
The availability of pathway databases such as Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), What is there? (WIT3), PathDB, and MetaCyc opens up various new possibilities for comparative analysis. In particular, information about metabolic pathways in different organisms yields important information about t... | 16753070 | PMC1534063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 6; 7:284 |
Background
The high-throughput genome projects have resulted in a rapid accumulation of predicted protein sequences for a large number of organisms. Researchers have begun to systematically tackle protein functions and complex regulatory processes by studying organisms on a global scale, from genomes and proteomes to m... | 16790052 | PMC1534064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 21; 7:312 |
Background
The development and evaluation of new energy functions is critical to the accurate modeling of the properties of biological macromolecules [1]. A potential that can discriminate between the native and miss-folded structures is crucial for any protein structure prediction protocol to be fully successful. Towa... | 16803615 | PMC1534065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 27; 7:324 |
Background
The objective of most gene-expression measurements is to assess the expression levels of (all or a subset of) genes in one or several cell populations. Typically, mRNA abundances are measured, although techniques for measuring protein-levels also exist. The microarray technique [1] provides a way to measure... | 16509971 | PMC1534066 | CC BY | 2023-04-16 23:15:13 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 1; 7:100 |
Background
There are two major computational approaches to determining the exon-intron structures of genes: expression-based and de novo. Expression-based systems predict that a genomic nucleotide is exonic only if a transcript from it, or from a homologous gene (or a corresponding protein), has been sequenced. This ap... | 16817966 | PMC1534067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 3; 7:327 |
Background
Protein-DNA interactions play a pivotal role in gene regulation. The ability to identify amino acid residues that are responsible for the specificity and affinity of the interactions can significantly improve our understanding of macromolecular functions and contribute to advances in drug discovery [1,2]. He... | 16712732 | PMC1534068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 19; 7:262 |
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