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Background
Both human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus-2 (HIV-2) have been evolutionarily linked to zoonotic transmissions of naturally occurring simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from Central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and West African sooty mangabey monkeys... | 15511293 | PMC535803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Oct 28; 1:34 |
Background
Between 2% and 5% of malignant germ-cell tumors in men arise at extragonadal sites [1]. Cytogenetically most extragonadal germ-cell tumors (EGGCTs) i.e., the seminomas and non-seminomas, are similar to their testicular counterparts [2,3]. But there are CIS in 31–42% of EGGCT patients' testes [4]. Ultrastruct... | 15546481 | PMC535804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Urol. 2004 Nov 16; 4:13 |
Background
A negative consequence of mechanical ventilation using lower tidal volumes (VT) in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is alveolar collapse [1-3]. Numerous strategies to recruit these collapsed units have been advocated, but the efficacy of various recruitment ... | 15563376 | PMC535805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Nov 24; 5(1):22 |
Background
In contemporary U.S. society, prospective users of preventive therapies often must evaluate complex information about therapeutic risks and benefits. While health information is increasingly available, it is frequently incomplete and sometimes inaccurate [1,2]. For people to be active participants in health ... | 15546488 | PMC535806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Nov 16; 4:20 |
Background
In the absence of organized screening, self-report is often the only means to monitor mammography utilization and to investigate trends in uptake at the population level [1]. In Canada, mammographic screening occurs both within organized programs and opportunistically through routine medical practice [2]. Th... | 15541176 | PMC535807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Nov 12; 4:32 |
Background
In tandem mass spectrometry proteins are identified by matching the measured fragment ion spectra derived from peptides with theoretical spectra calculated from known DNA or protein sequences, for example the NCBI sequence database [1]. Algorithms used for this purpose usually have their own input formats an... | 15507135 | PMC535808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 26; 5:162 |
Background
Embryogenesis in the period from fertilization to implantation involves various morphological, cellular, and biochemical changes related to genomic activity [1]. These changes include the elongation of embryonic tissues, cell-cell contact between the mother and the embryo, and placentation. The embryo begins... | 15560851 | PMC535809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Nov 24; 2:77 |
Background
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disorder of haematopoietic stem cells clinically characterized by acute intravascular haemolytic crisis, in particular nocturnal, often overlapped to chronic haemolysis, and by thrombotic events and bone marrow failure. It is associated with a ... | 15538949 | PMC535810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:20 | no | Thromb J. 2004 Nov 11; 2:10 |
Background
The cellular response of plants to water deficits has both economic and evolutionary importance directly affecting plant productivity in agriculture and plant survival in the natural environment. Ramanathan [1] has argued, based on predictions of global environmental changes, that developing crops which are ... | 15546486 | PMC535811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Nov 16; 5:89 |
Introduction
Cancer immunotherapy, using T lymphocytes that recognize tumor-specific antigens, holds great promise. Advantageous features include: exquisite specificity for targeted antigens, thereby sparing normal tissues, and the ability of effector T cells to traffic to tumor in all anatomic locations. Although most... | 15566571 | PMC535812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Nov 26; 2:41 |
Background
Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is a ubiquitous mechanism, indispensable for regulation of virtually any cellular function. Therefore, protein kinases and phosphatases are of paramount importance for normal functioning of all metabolic and signalling pathways. In eukaryotes, PPP family is one of the t... | 15555063 | PMC535813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Nov 19; 4:47 |
Background
Hypercholesterolemia is an established risk factor for atherosclerosis and a number of recent epidemiological studies have suggested a link between increased circulating cholesterol levels and Alzheimer's disease (AD) [1]. Lipoproteins in the serum and the central nervous system (CNS) mediate cholesterol hom... | 15546489 | PMC535814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Nov 16; 1:23 |
Background
Most medicinal preparations and biologically active substances do not penetrate into cells and must therefore exert their influence on intracellular processes by interaction with specific protein molecules at the cell surface [1-3], for which the name "receptors" is in common use. Hormones and drugs that int... | 15546491 | PMC535815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Nov 16; 1:11 |
Background
Facial expressions and facial identities are important cues for the evaluation of social contexts [1,2]. Two main types of information have to be processed while seeing other persons' faces: a face has to be identified as belonging to a unique individual, establishing facial identity, while facial expression... | 15548329 | PMC535816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Nov 17; 5:45 |
Background
Family physicians (FPs) play an important role in cancer control. Their traditional involvement has been primarily focused on opposite ends of the cancer control continuum: prevention, screening and diagnosis at the beginning of the continuum, and provision of palliative care at the other end. Treatment and ... | 15544701 | PMC535864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Nov 15; 5:25 |
Background
The escalation of parasite drug resistance has persisted as a major obstacle to malaria control for decades [1-3]. Owing to dwindling options for affordable, safe and effective drugs, rising clinical failure rates exact a substantial public health toll, especially in Africa [4,5]. In countries that recently ... | 15491495 | PMC535889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Oct 18; 3:35 |
Introduction
Control of the main African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) continues to rely heavily on application of residual insecticides, either for indoor residual house spraying [1] or bednet impregnation [2]. These approaches have been highly effective in reducing malaria morbidity and mortal... | 15566626 | PMC535890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Nov 28; 3:45 |
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most worldwide frequent primary tumors in man, with an estimated 564,000 new cases and almost as many deaths in 2000 [1]. It almost always develops in the setting of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, conditions in which many hepatocytes are destroyed, inflammatory c... | 15566568 | PMC535891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2004 Nov 26; 3:9 |
Background
Tumors and tumor-like growths arising from the odontogenic tissues constitute a heterogenous group of particularly interesting lesions, as they display the various inductive interactions that normally occur among the embryologic components of the developing tooth germ [1]. In humans, tumors of odontogenic ti... | 15566578 | PMC535892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Nov 27; 2:39 |
Background
Reproductive health is a major world priority, with particular problems in developing countries. However, as Ndong [1] states, "reproductive health generally has been synonymous with women's health", and reproductive health of men has received little attention [2]. Researchers and health planners have pointe... | 15555073 | PMC535893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:10 | no | Reprod Health. 2004 Nov 22; 1:7 |
Background
Chronic infections with soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis are common in Malaŵi and cause considerable morbidity [1]. The Ministry of Health wishes to establish the distribution of these infections prior to a reassessment of national policy regarding their control.
All water bodies in Malawi are... | 15546483 | PMC535894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 16; 4:49 |
Background
Radiotracers used for brain single photon emitted computed tomography (SPECT) pass the blood-brain barrier and bind intracellularly on their first pass through the circulation, providing a "snapshot" of cerebral perfusion at a particular timepoint. When injected during a focal epileptic seizure, an area of s... | 15569392 | PMC535895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:50 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2004 Nov 29; 4:2 |
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary malignant tumor of the liver [1]. It is usually seen in the 6th and 7th decades of life, and the most common etiologic factor is chronic viral hepatitis, particularly in the presence of cirrhosis. Chronic hepatitis B has been described as the most f... | 15574203 | PMC535896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Dec 1; 4:89 |
Background
GH is generally caused by HSV type 2 (HSV-2), though HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of primary infections [1]. Throughout the last few decades there were substantial advances in understanding the epidemiology of genital HSV infections. Primary infection is almost always ... | 15560847 | PMC535897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Virol J. 2004 Nov 23; 1:11 |
Background
In developed countries, data on disease-specific mortality by age are readily available from national vital registration. In developing countries, where 80% of the world's deaths occur, estimation of cause of death is more difficult because the levels of coverage of vital registration and reliability of caus... | 15488138 | PMC535898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Oct 15; 4:47 |
Introduction
T4 gp32, the single-strand binding (Ssb) protein of bacteriophage T4, is a well studied member of the Ssb protein family, and was the first such ssDNA-binding replication protein to be discovered [1]. The protein, product of T4 gene 32, is an essential component of the phage DNA replication complex and als... | 15507125 | PMC535899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Virol J. 2004 Sep 17; 1:4 |
Background
A relation between mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and drinking water characteristics was first shown in Japan in 1957 [1]. Since then, several studies have demonstrated the same relationships, one of the last being a study from Finland in 2004 [2] and reviews have been presented [3,4]. Other st... | 15571635 | PMC535900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Nov 30; 4:56 |
Background
Childhood mental health disorders are common. A Department of Health survey of 5 to 15 year-olds in England and Wales, 5% had conduct disorder, 4% had emotional disorders and 1% rated as hyperactive [1]. However, during consultations the psychosocial assessment of children is sometimes compromised. The reaso... | 15555066 | PMC535901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Nov 21; 4:25 |
Background
The enzyme porphobilinogen synthase (PBGS, EC 4.2.1.24) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole pigments such as heme, chlorophyll, and cobalamin [1]. PBGS is very highly conserved in sequence and structure but contains a remarkable phylogenetic variation in metal ion usage fo... | 15555082 | PMC535902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | BMC Biochem. 2004 Nov 22; 5:17 |
Background
In order to characterize the molecular basis underlying self-renewal versus differentiation decision-making process we investigated the transcriptomic changes of various states related to this process, in two model systems : one derived from chicken and the other from human cells. We decided to use Serial An... | 15469608 | PMC535903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 6; 5:143 |
Background
Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) has an established role in the treatment of patients presenting with cardiogenic shock [1-3], refractory heart failure [4,5], ischemia [6] and arrhythmias [7] as well as for prophylaxis [8,9] and treatment of complications of percutaneous coronary intervention (PC... | 15574201 | PMC535904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Dec 1; 4:22 |
Background
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the peptide responsible for the regulation of secretory activity of the pituitary gonadotropes, is found in a diffuse neuronal system situated in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamic area [1]. The neurons project their terminals to the median eminence where the p... | 15555074 | PMC535905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Nov 22; 5:46 |
Background
The circadian rhythm of about 24 hours is a fundamental physiological function observed in almost all organisms from prokaryotes to humans. Circadian rhythms have been known to be generated in pacemaker cells, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of hypothalamus in mammals, and entrained by environmental cues, s... | 15473909 | PMC535906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Oct 9; 5:18 |
Background
Selfish genetic elements that distort the sex ratio of their host are known widely in arthropods [1]. Despite over 70 years of research, we still do not fully understand the factors that dictate their presence or absence in different species in the field, nor the correlated question as to the factors causing... | 15571631 | PMC535909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Nov 30; 4:52 |
Background
Coronary calcium, assessed by computed tomography, strongly and independently predicts coronary risk [1-3]. Age is by far the most potent determinant of calcium score [4], although conventional risk factors also been associated with the extent of coronary calcification [4,5].
The rate of progression of coro... | 15574196 | PMC535923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Dec 1; 4:21 |
Background
We are now in an era where full genomes, data from high throughput experimental methods (e.g. micro-arrays) and electronic versions of scientific literature are easily available to every researcher over the Internet. These advances have made it possible to work on more than one gene at a time, ask complex qu... | 15494078 | PMC535924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 19; 5:155 |
Background
The genus Fusobacterium, together with some close relatives such as Leptotrichia, forms an ecologically and physiologically coherent group [1]. They seem to be inhabitants of the mammal gastrointestinal tract probably specialized in the oral cavity. Specifically, they are components of the dental plaque, a h... | 15566569 | PMC535925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 4:50 |
1 Background
The post-genomic revolution has ushered in an ensemble of novel crises and opportunities in rethinking molecular biology. The two principal directions in genomics, sequencing and transcriptome studies, have brought to light a number of new questions and forced the development of numerous computational and ... | 15555081 | PMC535926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 22; 5:181 |
Background
Interphase nuclei are structurally highly organized with chromosomes restricted to defined territories[1]. The movement of large complexes or nuclear bodies such as Cajal bodies or PML bodies in the nucleus has been described by various groups [2-4]. This type of organization of interphase chromosomes indica... | 15560848 | PMC535927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Nov 23; 5:45 |
Background
The body mass index (BMI) is an anthropometric measure of nutritional status that is calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters[1]. The relationship between BMI and mortality has been shown to be J- or U-shaped in large population studies; the highest mortality was ob... | 15462681 | PMC535928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:01 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2004 Oct 5; 4:3 |
Background
Prion diseases, while rare, invariably result in fatal neurodegeneration. At present, no therapy has been proven to be useful in the treatment of prion disease. However, acridine and phenothiazine derivatives have been evaluated [1,2] using an in vitro model, and quinacrine and chlorpromazine inhibit PrPSc f... | 15569390 | PMC535929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 29; 4:53 |
Background
Birth weight is arguably one of the strongest predictors of infant survival, yet its role as a causal predictor of mortality is poorly understood [1]. This is at least partly because low birth weight (<2,500 g) is a construct of two intricately intertwined components: preterm delivery and reduced fetal growt... | 15574192 | PMC535930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Dec 1; 4:22 |
Background
Several epidemiological studies have attempted to describe the prevalence, socio-demographic characteristics, comorbidity, and severity of clinical manifestations of Social Phobia (SP). Quality of life and functional status of affected individuals have also been investigated [1]. Lifetime prevalence of SP in... | 15488146 | PMC535931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Oct 15; 4:31 |
Background
Low back pain is a very common complaint with major social and economical consequences. In a recent cross-sectional study the annual prevalence of low back pain in the general Dutch population was estimated at 44% [1]. The course of low back pain is usually relatively short: about 80–90% of people with low b... | 15560843 | PMC535932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Nov 23; 5:45 |
Background
Varicella-zoster virus, member of Herpesviridae family has structural characteristics like a lipid envelope surrounding a nucleocapsid with icosahedral symmetry, a total diameter of 180–200 nm and centrally located double-stranded DNA about 125,000 bp in length. Varicella-zoster virus lies latent in sensory ... | 15575957 | PMC535933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:44 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2004 Dec 2; 4:3 |
Background
In Canada in 2001, 446 hysterectomies were performed per 100 000 women [1]. The rate however varies considerably as a consequence of factors such as acceptability of medical management in areas where there is limited availability of gynaecologists [2] and a lack of dissemination and implementation of guideli... | 15560842 | PMC535934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2004 Nov 23; 4:10 |
Background
Sensitivity of the breast to hormones and environmental exposures varies throughout a woman's life span [1]. During pregnancy, the breast undergoes extensive changes in preparation for lactation. High estrogenicity during pregnancy causes marked cellular proliferation, in both in the normal and tumor cells. ... | 15498103 | PMC535935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2004 Oct 21; 4:7 |
Background
Medical education is increasingly being conducted in community-based teaching sites outside of the traditional academic medical setting [1], At the same time, the economics of health care are requiring academic physicians to be more productive[2]. These trends in academic medicine are making it more difficul... | 15569389 | PMC535936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Nov 29; 4:27 |
Background
On March 19, 2004, the author published a new classification for neoplasms, now called "The developmental lineage classification of neoplasms"[1]. The classification was described as a schema providing a single class location for every tumor in man. The classification contains 39 class descriptors appearing ... | 15571625 | PMC535937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 30; 4:88 |
Background
It is now often possible to obtain the complete genome sequence of an organism in a few months, but without a directed approach, determining the function of potential gene products through biological experimentation is inefficient. Accordingly, methods for function prediction are required to direct experimen... | 15550167 | PMC535938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 18; 5:178 |
Background
Sulphasalazine (SA) has anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and antibiotic actions, and is a component in the therapy of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Bacterial enzymes in the colon split sulphasalazine into sulphapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid before it is absorbed. Sulp... | 15575961 | PMC535939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2004 Dec 2; 4:5 |
Background
Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved biological process that plays a fundamental role in development and tissue homeostasis in metazoans [1]. This type of cell death is executed by a family of proteases known as caspases [2]. There are two well-characterized apoptotic pathways that converge in caspase ac... | 15560849 | PMC535940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 23; 4:84 |
Background
Opportunistic infections as well as tumors and vascular and metabolic disorders are common in HIV-infected patients [1-3]. Generally, opportunistic viral infections are caused by a broad spectrum of different species with similar clinical patterns, especially those affecting the central nervous system (CNS),... | 15571633 | PMC535941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 30; 4:55 |
Introduction
Newly evolved sex chromosome systems, such as those in plants [1] and fish [2] allow study of the evolutionary processes causing degeneration of Y chromosomes. The genetic theory of sex chromosome evolution [3] predicts that initially one part of a chromosome pair containing the sex-determining genes evolv... | 15630476 | PMC536007 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 21; 3(1):e4 |
There are many different sex-determining systems in plants and animals with separate sexes (dioecious species). In some species, environmental factors activate sex-determining genes that trigger expression of genes leading to male or female development. Other species have evolved specialized sex chromosomes. In the wel... | 0 | PMC536008 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 21; 3(1):e28 |
Background
Protein structure is more conserved than protein sequence during molecular evolution [1-3]. Remote homologous proteins constitute an extreme example of sequence divergence where proteins with similar function and no apparent sequence similarity present almost the same fold [4]. However, protein sequences are... | 15500694 | PMC538250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Oct 22; 4:41 |
Introduction
The recent advances in gene therapy and molecular biology have improved the interest in methods of noninvasive delivery of therapeutic agents. Besides the well known application of microbubbles as contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound, microbubbles have also been demonstrated an effective technique for... | 15546496 | PMC538251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Nov 16; 2:23 |
Due to their beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR's) alpha agonists (fibrates) are good potential candidates for reducing the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in subjects with metabolic syndrome [1-3]. Although less clinical intervention studies have be... | 15574199 | PMC538252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:07 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2004 Dec 1; 3:10 |
Background
Consideration of the impact of neighborhood social environment on health is now common in social epidemiologic studies [1-7]. While studies of the influence of individual measures of socioeconomic status (SES) on health often include queries for various points during the life course [8-10], estimates of the ... | 15548332 | PMC538253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Nov 17; 3:27 |
Background
In general, colorectal cancer patients are three times more likely to be in atrial fibrillation preoperatively than matched controls undergoing non-colorectal cancer surgery [1,2]. It may also occur postoperatively. Recent data suggest that atrial fibrillation may be an inflammatory complication, resulting f... | 15569387 | PMC538254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Nov 29; 2:40 |
Introduction
Mitochondrion plays an important role in various cellular functions ranging from synthesis of lipids to maintenance of ion homeostasis [1,2]. However, the singular function that defines this organelle is the production of energy by the electron transport chain. Mitochondrion is also a significant source of... | 15574194 | PMC538255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Dec 1; 3:32 |
Background
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) belongs to the interleukin (IL)-6 family of cytokines, together with IL-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor, cardiotrophin-1, oncostatin M and neurotrophin-1/B cell stimulating factor-3. LIF is widely expressed in tissues and in many isolated cells. LIF expression is commonly up-... | 15566573 | PMC538256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2004 Nov 26; 3:10 |
Introduction
Over the last 30 years, medical cardiology imaging has rapidly grown, becoming an essential part of the cardiology clinical practice. Imaging procedures include conventional imaging tests such as echocardiography, radionuclide imaging, and angiography as well as a newer imaging techniques such as emission ... | 15555078 | PMC538257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Nov 22; 2:25 |
Introduction
Recurrent otitis media is often a problem in children with Turner syndrome (TS) [1,2]. More than 60% of the Turner girls (60–80%) aged 4–15 years suffer from repeated attacks of acute otitis media, as compared to 5% of children (aged 0–6 years) in the normal population [3,4]. These problems among the Turne... | 15563731 | PMC538258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2004 Nov 25; 3:6 |
Background
Increasing numbers of children are being diagnosed with diabetes mellitus [1] and, once diagnosed, these children and their families face major changes to their lives. However, the emphasis from health professionals is often on control of blood glucose levels and far less consideration is given to the impact... | 15535888 | PMC538259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Nov 9; 2:61 |
Background
Until recently only two human coronaviruses were known – human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E and HCoV-OC43, representatives of the group 1 and 2 coronaviruses, respectively. Both were identified in 1960s and are generally considered as common cold viruses. An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in... | 15548333 | PMC538260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Virol J. 2004 Nov 17; 1:7 |
Background
DNA microarrays have become a useful tool in biomedical research as they can be used to determine the relative expression of thousands of genes in a given sample. Such expression profiles could predict genetic predisposition to disease, serve as a set of diagnostic markers, define better drug treatments opti... | 15569388 | PMC538261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 29; 5:185 |
Background
By definition, parasites have a negative effect on host fitness. Since parasites usually show a shorter generation time than their hosts, they are also able to adapt rapidly to newly arising host genotypes. Both characteristics together select for hosts with efficient counter-adaptations. Subsequently, paras... | 15555070 | PMC538262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:02 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Nov 22; 4:49 |
Background
E. sakazakii is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen, implicated in food borne diseases causing meningitis or enteritis especially in neonates and infants [1,2]. Mortality rates of 20 – 50% are reported for patients who contract the disease [3]. The survivors often suffer from severe neurological disor... | 15563736 | PMC538263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Nov 25; 4:43 |
Background
Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates a variety of physiological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, extracellular matrix production, embryonic development and wound healing [1]. Altered expression of TGFβ plays a crucial role in organ fibrosis,... | 15571627 | PMC538264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Nov 30; 5(1):24 |
Background
Malaria is the most important vector-borne disease in Africa. It is estimated that 80 to 90% of the 300 million annual cases and one million deaths occur on this continent [1]. The sharp rise of its incidence in the past decades resulted in dramatic economic consequences for African countries [2]. The global... | 15569394 | PMC538265 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Nov 29; 3:46 |
Background
Edentulism (partial or total) is an indicator of the oral health of a population [1]. It may also be a reflection of the success or otherwise of various preventive and treatment modalities put in place by the health care delivery system [2]. Many patients also regard edentulism as self-mutilating and may be ... | 15555072 | PMC538266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2004 Nov 22; 4:3 |
Background
Mercury has been recognized as a significant environmental and public health problem for more than 40 years, primarily for its effects on the developing nervous system, as expressed in tragic episodes of human poisoning in Japan and Iraq [1]. Awareness of the effects of mercury on the immune system has incre... | 15522122 | PMC538267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Environ Health. 2004 Nov 2; 3:11 |
Background
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common cancers in women of all age groups. Among ovarian neoplasms, granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are relatively rare, accounting for approximately 3% of all ovarian cancers. One common DNA modification is promoter hypermethylation associated with loss of expression of a tumo... | 15574200 | PMC538268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Dec 1; 3:33 |
Background
Weak magnetic fields and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) are omnipresent in natural environmental and increasingly man-made factors. A possible influence on life processes was already mentioned in the late 19th century [1]. It is now recognized, that many organisms are capable of perceiv... | 15571630 | PMC538269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2004 Nov 30; 2:8 |
Introduction
In 2003, it was estimated that approximately 1.3 million Americans would be diagnosed with invasive cancer. Of this group, racial/ethnic minorities account for a disproportionate number of these cancers [1,2]. Invasive breast cancer usually begins in either the lobules or the ducts of the breast. These tum... | 15511301 | PMC538270 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:16 | no | J Carcinog. 2004 Oct 29; 3:15 |
Background
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) accounts for up to 20% of presenil dementia cases [1] and is, after Alzheimer's disease (AD), the second most common form of early onset dementia (at age < 65 years) [2]. The clinical picture in FTD is characterized mainly by changes in personality and social behavior, signs of ... | 15550170 | PMC538271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Proteome Sci. 2004 Nov 18; 2:7 |
Background
Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism are frequently observed in liver cirrhosis. Glucose metabolism impairment in cirrhotic patients, both in fasting state and in response to oral glucose or meals has been widely documented in the literature [1-5]. There is a wide variability in the prevalence of overt dia... | 15555059 | PMC538272 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2004 Nov 19; 4:4 |
'Essential healthcare information' is the basic information required by primary health care workers to perform their role within the community. This basic information would be most useful if it is informed by relevant research, produced locally, and made available in the local language. The potential benefits of Open A... | 15575959 | PMC538273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Dec 2; 2:42 |
Background
The blood coagulation system comprises three basic elements: platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation, fibrin formation, and fibrinolysis. These elements interact with each other and with the blood vessel wall and under physiological conditions blood flow to tissues is unimpaired by clotting [1]. Under ... | 15574198 | PMC538274 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:20 | no | Thromb J. 2004 Dec 1; 2:12 |
Introduction
This paper considers health sector reform and its impact on human resources for health (HRH) in developing countries and countries in transition. Health sector reform has been defined as the "sustained purposeful change to improve the efficiency, equity and effectiveness of the health sector" [1]. Health s... | 15560841 | PMC538275 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2004 Nov 23; 2:15 |
Background
As the genome projects continue to generate sequence data, it is increasingly common to find protein superfamilies with thousands of members in the protein database. Given sufficient numbers of sequences, sensitive iterative search and alignment procedures, such as PSI-BLAST [1] and SAM [2], often reveal tha... | 15504234 | PMC538276 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 25; 5:157 |
Background
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first characterized human retrovirus, causes adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and is associated with several lymphocyte-mediated disorders such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) [1]. Mature CD4+ T lymphocytes are the pri... | 15560845 | PMC538277 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Nov 23; 1:39 |
Background
The completion of the draft sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster genome in March 2000 [1,2] and the availability of quality annotations by FlyBase in 2002 [3] presents an excellent opportunity for the study of alternative splicing. Although the annotations themselves provide an insight to the amount of al... | 15581431 | PMC538278 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 7; 5:189 |
Introduction
Recent reports showing a greater weight loss with a free-living very low-carbohydrate ketogenic (VLCK) than a low-fat diet after 3 and 6 months [1-5] has generated interest in mechanisms that may account for these responses. Earlier work that involved comparison of isocaloric formula VLCK and low-fat (LF) ... | 15533250 | PMC538279 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Nov 8; 1:13 |
Background
The inward rectifier potassium channel IRK1/Kir2.1 helps controls cell excitability through setting the resting membrane potential [1]. Its dominant role of inward rectification for the normal function of skeletal and cardiac muscles is shown by the complete loss of inward rectifying current and K+-induced d... | 15569391 | PMC538280 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Nov 29; 5:90 |
Background
The 7TM (7 trans-membrane domain proteins) genes, also known as the hetero-trimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are members of a large family of genes with an estimated 700 members in the human genome [1]. These receptors are plasma membrane-bound and have evolved to respond to... | 15579207 | PMC538281 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Dec 4; 5:91 |
Background
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes acute lung injury associated with the activation of macrophages, an increase in alveolar-capillary permeability, neutrophil influx into the lungs, and parenchymal injury [1]. This pulmonary response contributes to the pathogenesis of various acute inflammatory respiratory dise... | 15566575 | PMC538282 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Nov 27; 5(1):23 |
Background
During development of higher vertebrates, motoneurons within the spinal cord are generated in excess, and about half the cells initially generated undergo programmed cell death (PCD) during the days following target muscle contact [1]. The most frequently proposed explanation for this death is that motoneuro... | 15569384 | PMC538283 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:45 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Nov 29; 5:48 |
Introduction
Malaria is prevalent in many parts of tropical Africa, where other concomitant parasitic infections are common. However, little is known about how concurrent infections affect the expression to and/or pathogenesis of each other. A recent study showed that Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium chabaudi co-infe... | 15544703 | PMC538284 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Nov 15; 3:43 |
Background
Acute respiratory infections and diarrhoeal diseases are the leading causes of childhood mortality, resulting in 25–33% of all deaths in children in developing countries. Worldwide, antibiotics are the most commonly prescribed and abused drugs for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) [1,2]. In surveys ... | 15574193 | PMC538285 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Dec 1; 5:28 |
Background
Swallowing is a physiologic process by which the food bolus is transmitted from the pharynx to the stomach without esophagopharyngeal or gastro-esophageal reflux [1]. A sphincteric action exists within the lower 4 cm of the esophagus which prevents reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus [2,3]. The mec... | 15458570 | PMC538286 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Sep 30; 4:24 |
Background
Rousseau and Moreau et al [1] demonstrated an ameliorated cardiac response to a mild socio-social stress in DHA (the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid) fed rats. The feeding schedule induced mild increases in heart rate in the sunflower oil fed group but not the DHA group. A corresponding increase in ... | 15566625 | PMC538287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Nov 28; 3:20 |
Background
The time intervals between successive heartbeats (e.g. the RR tachogram or, equivalently, the series of instantaneous heart rates) may be analyzed with different tools to obtain information about e.g. heart rate variability (HRV) [1], regularity of the time series [2-7], or large-scale correlations in the ti... | 15563735 | PMC538288 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Nov 25; 3:44 |
Background
Benign fibrous histiocytoma (BFH) is a tumor that occurs predominantly in the skin (also called dermatofibroma) and most commonly in younger individuals. The tumor typically presents as a painless nodule varying in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters.
BFH of the bone has been a subject of inc... | 15555083 | PMC538289 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:57 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Nov 23; 2:38 |
Background
Acute pancreatitis occurring secondary to hypercalcemia is rare. Most of the time adenomas are located in the neck. However, in 10–20% cases the parathyroid adenomas are found to be located within the mediastinum [1,2]. The lower parathyroid glands develop from the third pharyngeal pouch in close association... | 15571624 | PMC538290 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Nov 30; 2:41 |
Background
In many birds, day length regulates seasonal changes in fattening and body mass gain, gonadal growth and development, molt, and plasma levels of several hormones, including luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin and melatonin [1-4]. There occurs some degree of phase-relationship among various photoinduced event... | 15563739 | PMC538291 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Nov 26; 2:79 |
Background
Depressive disorders are among the most important contributors to disease burden at the population level . While primary prevention for this condition has remained an elusive goal, provision of treatment has been viewed as having the capacity to reduce its impact on population health. Randomized, controlled ... | 15518594 | PMC538292 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2004 Nov 1; 2:9 |
Background
Thrombosis is a dynamic balance between factors that promote clot formation, antithrombotic mechanisms, and fibrinolysis. Central to this balance is the thrombomodulin-protein C antithrombotic mechanism. Thrombomodulin forms a 1:1 complex with thrombin on the vascular endothelium, thereby inhibiting the proc... | 15574195 | PMC538749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Dec 1; 4:21 |
Background
The issue of job stress is of utmost important to the public health community and working people because it adversely impacts the workforce. Strain has been considered as an environmental condition, as an appraisal of an environmental condition, as a response to an environmental condition, and as a form of r... | 15581430 | PMC538750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 7; 4:59 |
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