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Background
Anthropogenic emissions continuously add about 7000–8000 million metric tons of carbon to the atmosphere per annum [1]. Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements show that the rate of increase of atmospheric CO2 varies substantially from year to year [2]. It is widely accepted that these variations are caused ... | 16930463 | PMC1557496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Jul 27; 1:7 |
Background
Adult patients with aortic coarctation (CoA) and concomitant cardiac surgically correctable lesions is still dilemma for the surgeons. The optimal operative approach for such patients remains unsettled. Different surgical strategies have been described. One approach is to perform the CoA operation and the ad... | 16803624 | PMC1557497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Jun 27; 1:18 |
Background
When available, the information provided by whole-genome sequencing projects provides an entry into an understanding of genome structure and evolution and gene discovery, and function. Unfortunately, the size and complexity of the genomes of many agronomically important species currently hinders the undertak... | 16899135 | PMC1557498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 9; 7:204 |
Background
The epsilon (ε-) proteobacteria comprise one of the five Classes within the phylum Proteobacteria [1-4]. These bacteria inhabit a wide variety of ecological niches ranging from gastrointestinal tracts of animals to water reservoirs, sewage, oil-field community and deep-sea hydrothermal vents [2,5-10]. Recent... | 16817973 | PMC1557499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 4; 7:167 |
Background
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common knee problem among young active individuals [1-3]. The mechanism of PFPS is not well understood. It has been proposed that PFPS may arise from abnormal muscular and biomechanical factors that alter tracking of the patella within the femoral trochlear notch cont... | 16579850 | PMC1557500 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Mar 31; 7:33 |
Background
Non-viral gene delivery systems are potentially useful in gene therapies for tissue regeneration or repair [1,2]. In particular, electroporation is attractive, because it is an easy and inexpensive method that requires only a plasmid and a device for performing electroporation [3,4]. In addition, the method ... | 16887039 | PMC1557501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Aug 3; 7:62 |
Background
Osteonecrosis is hypothesised to be caused by insufficient circulation [1]. It can occur after trauma or be the result of other events or conditions that compromise the circulation, such as corticosteroid treatment, scuba diving, sickle cell anemia, alcoholism and pregnancy [2]. Necrotic bone retains its loa... | 16889666 | PMC1557502 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Aug 4; 7:63 |
Background
An estimated 24.8% of South Africa's population are HIV+, with 4.7 million infected by 2001 [1]. Numbers of children parentally bereaved by AIDS in South Africa are expected to rise from 1.1 million in 2003, to 3.1 million by 2010 [2], peaking at 5.7 million in 2015. Even with the proposed full administratio... | 16848910 | PMC1557503 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jul 19; 5:8 |
Background
Tobacco use increases the risk of many fatal diseases such as cancer, emphysema, heart disease and other circulatory diseases[1]. If trends in tobacco use continue, approximately 500 million people alive today will die from smoking, and, by 2030, tobacco is expected to be the leading cause of premature death... | 16800880 | PMC1557504 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Jun 26; 4:6 |
Abstract
Background
Numerous studies have reported inverse associations between birth weight and a range of diseases in later life. These have led to the development of the 'foetal origins of adult disease hypothesis'. However, many such studies have only been able to demonstrate a statistically significant association... | 16884533 | PMC1557505 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006 Aug 2; 3:9 |
Background
A variety of the granulomatous lesions of the prostate have been described with varied etiology and pathogenesis [1]. Xanthogranulomatous prostatitis is one such rare benign inflammatory lesion of prostate that can clinically mimic prostatic carcinoma. Sometimes condition may be mistaken for high-grade prost... | 16753061 | PMC1557506 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 5; 4:30 |
Background
Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become the standard of care in staging the clinically negative axilla in patients with breast cancer. Although its role in patients with ductal carcinoma-in-situ is controversial, most would agree that it is indicated in the patient being described, as she had both micro-invasi... | 16759381 | PMC1557507 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 7; 4:31 |
Background
Mammary Paget's disease occurs exclusively on the nipple/areola complex from where it may spread on to surrounding skin. Extramammary Paget's disease occurs most commonly in the anogenital region but can arise in any area of skin and mucosa.
Mammary Paget's disease accounts for 2–3% of neoplastic conditions... | 16899115 | PMC1557508 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 9; 4:51 |
Background
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are infectious fatal disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) which include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheincker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, and kuru in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, s... | 16846506 | PMC1557509 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Jul 17; 6:16 |
Background
Though infertility affects 10–15% of couples, only a small number of genes have been shown to be associated with infertility in women and men [1]. In women, family history is a significant predictor of early menopause (menopause at age < 47 years); a woman with an immediate family member who experienced an e... | 16884537 | PMC1557510 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Aug 2; 4:40 |
Introduction
Several publications have challenged the concept that acetycholine (ACh) in the ovary derives from a cholinergic innervation of the gland [see [1-5]]. Instead, ACh is produced by non-neuronal cells of the ovary, and specifically by granulosa cells (GCs). HPLC measurements provided unequivocal evidence for ... | 16846505 | PMC1557511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Jul 17; 4:37 |
Background
Streptococcus pyogenes or group A streptococcus (GAS) is a human bacterial pathogen that colonizes the throat or skin surfaces of the host. GAS infection can lead to a number of diseases including pharyngitis, impetigo and necrotising fasciitis. In a small percentage of individuals that are left untreated or... | 16895610 | PMC1557512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Aug 9; 6:71 |
Background
Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes a potentially life-threatening disease called tularemia [1]. There are several subspecies of Francisella but F. tularensis tularensis and F. tularensis holarctica, also known as Type A and Type B, respectively, are the most prevalent. Type A iso... | 16879747 | PMC1557513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jul 31; 6:69 |
Background
Cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a holoenzyme that consists of a regulatory (R) subunit dimer and two catalytic (C) subunits [1]. The enzyme is activated when two cAMP molecules bind each R subunit, causing a conformational change that releases the C subunits [2]. Different isoforms of both R and... | 16889664 | PMC1557514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Aug 4; 7:20 |
Background
Throughout history the opening of travel and trade routes between countries has been accompanied by the spread of diseases and their vectors [1,2]. Air travel has been identified as a prime factor in the global spread of both infectious and vector-borne diseases [3,4] and represents a longstanding concern [5... | 16842613 | PMC1557515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 14; 5:57 |
Background
According to many mare owners, strong oestrous symptoms result in difficulties with training and handling of the animal [1,2]. One method used earlier was to treat such mares with long-acting progesterone [3,4]. However, this treatment is not permitted for use in racing or competition mares according to many... | 16987391 | PMC1557516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Jul 26; 48(1):12 |
Background
The process of ovulation has continued to attract attention since the appreciation that it is triggered by a surge of gonadotrophic hormones detectable in the systemic circulation [1-4]. This surge is known to be prompted by either a positive feedback influence of oestradiol from the maturing follicle(s) in ... | 16987392 | PMC1557517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Aug 3; 48(1):13 |
Introduction
A CT scan acquired for treatment planning usually represents only a single snapshot of the anatomical structures in time and is gathered several days before treatment. The shape and location of internal soft tissue structures at the time of treatment may deviate considerably from the initial scan. This pro... | 16723023 | PMC1557518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 May 24; 1:16 |
Introduction
Tumors of the paranasal sinuses (PNS) and nasal cavity are relatively rare, accounting for about 3–5% of all head and neck tumors; they are commonly associated with a poor prognosis [1,2]. Their incidence amounts to about 0.5% of all malignant diseases, and they show a wide variety of histologic subtypes [... | 16859556 | PMC1557519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Jul 21; 1:23 |
Background
Tobacco use is a leading cause of preventable diseases in the world and causes nearly 5 million tobacco-related deaths annually [1]. According to the World Health Organization, 1.3 billion people are smokers and half of the smokers in the world today will die of smoking related diseases [2]. Nicotine is the ... | 16887046 | PMC1557520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Aug 4; 2:28 |
Background
There is an ongoing debate over the appropriate cut-off of blood lead concentration to detect lead poisoning [1-6]. Starting from 60 μg/dL the cut-off recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) receded to 25 μg/dL and then to the currently used value of 10 μg/dL[5]. This was essentially due to a se... | 16803627 | PMC1557521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Jun 27; 2:22 |
Background
Colchicine (2) is a major alkaloid found in the plant, Colchicum autumnale. It has antiinflammatory and anticancer properties and is used in the treatment of gout [1]. Colchicine binds tightly to the tubulin subunits that compose the microtubule. Tubulin is a dimeric protein of 110,000 Daltons consisting of ... | 16813651 | PMC1557522 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Jun 30; 2:13 |
Background
By means of surface electrodes placed at the skin above a muscle the electrical activity accompanying muscle contractions can be measured non-invasively (surface electromyography, EMG). Parameters based on the amplitude of the signal such as root-mean-square value (RMS) are commonly used in e.g. movement ana... | 16846508 | PMC1557523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Jul 17; 3:15 |
Background
Search filters or hedges play an important role in evidence-based medicine. For example, work of the HEDGES team has enabled focused clinical searches on PubMed [1] and the original and recently revised highly sensitive search strategy[2] aid in building the evidence base for systematic reviews. Filter valid... | 16848895 | PMC1557524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jul 18; 6:33 |
Background
The formation of at least one crossover between pairs of homologous chromosomes is necessary for their correct segregation at meiosis I. The stages of interactions between homologous chromosomes that lead to crossover formation have been broadly grouped as: an initial localization of homologous chromosomes w... | 16872528 | PMC1557525 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Jul 27; 7:24 |
Background
Candida albicans is an important human fungal pathogen that is associated with biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices like urinary catheters, dental prostheses and silicone voice prostheses [1-3]. Cells released from these biofilms can migrate to the bloodstream and can cause systemic infections [4,... | 16889665 | PMC1557526 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 7:25 |
Background
The epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) shows a uniquely skewed geographic distribution. The disease is rare in most parts of the world, where incidence rates are generally below 1 per 100,000 person-years [1]. However, in southern China and southeastern Asia, the rates can be as high as 20 to 50 ... | 16822324 | PMC1557527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 6; 6:178 |
Background
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in Europe and North America and accounts for nearly 30% of the total [1,2]. Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is poor: only 5–15% of patients survive 5 years after diagnosis, mainly in function of t... | 16872493 | PMC1557528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 26; 6:200 |
Introduction
The use of antiretroviral therapies (ART) is recommended worldwide for the management of HIV/AIDS. Different types of ART or combination therapies are available, and the prescription and use of a particular therapy depends on tolerabity, the cost, and the therapeutic objectives. The initiation of therapy i... | 16859567 | PMC1557529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Jul 22; 3:19 |
Background
Patient-oriented health outcomes are key to assessing health care in chronic illness. Chronic disability, as a result of adult musculoskeletal or childhood disorders, is profound and comprises a large component of practice for a variety of health care providers. Musculoskeletal diseases of adulthood are the ... | 16820055 | PMC1557530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Jul 4; 1:14 |
Background
For more than 40 years there has been an interest in making objective measurements of cough frequency. The original published systems consisted of reel-to-reel tape recorders with patients confined to a single room containing a microphone [1-3]. Coughs were manually counted by listening to the sound recordin... | 16887019 | PMC1557531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Cough. 2006 Aug 3; 2:6 |
Finding
Integrase (IN) catalyses the integration of viral DNA into the host genome, which is an essential step of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication [1]. Integrase interactor 1 (INI1), also known as hSNF5, a core component of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complex [2], directly interact... | 16889668 | PMC1557532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Aug 5; 3:47 |
Background
Mammalian RNA polymerase II transcription (RNAP II) is a complex and coordinated process and its regulation is involved in many important cellular events such as differentiation, activation, and stress response. While the regulation of transcription initiation has been an actively studied area for decades, t... | 16764723 | PMC1557533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jun 9; 3:32 |
Background
Land use development patterns contribute to physical inactivity and obesity [1,2]. The increasing distance between households and destinations, a consequence of urban sprawl, results in fewer transport related walking trips as well as reductions in recreational physical activity undertaken at some destinatio... | 16854232 | PMC1557534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Jul 19; 3:18 |
Background
The weather has been suggested as an environmental factor affecting physical activity [1]. Using surveys, Humpel et al. [2] showed that weather was least inhibiting for individuals who walked specifically for exercise or who were "high neighborhood walkers". Neighborhood walkers were defined as individuals w... | 16893452 | PMC1557535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Aug 7; 3:21 |
Background
Spina bifida is a disorder of the cerebrospinal fluid system resulting from a failure of neural tube closure in the fetus and associated with accompanying deformities leading to hydrocephalus. Over the past twenty-five years, a number of studies [1] have demonstrated that environmental and genetic factors pl... | 16879755 | PMC1557536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:41 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 Aug 1; 3:10 |
Background
Herbs and dietary supplements (HDS) are the most commonly used complementary or alternative medical (CAM) therapies in the US besides prayer [1]. In national telephone surveys of US adults, the prevalence of using HDS increased from 14% in 1998–1999 to 19% in 2002; it doubled in those 65 years and older [2].... | 16646964 | PMC1557537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Apr 28; 6:15 |
Death certificates represent a data source that many health researchers find useful and attractive for analysis. Along with birth certificates, they are the basis of many of the key indicators used for the comparison of health among populations. Though the amount of data contained in each death certificate is limited, ... | 16800881 | PMC1557538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Jun 26; 4:6 |
Background
Diastolic heart failure, with marked increase in filling pressures secondary to less compliant ventricles is now well evaluated by new echocardiographic modalities. On the other hand, the effect that the left atrial compliance may have on pulmonary artery pressure is not considered in the daily practice. Thi... | 16901350 | PMC1557539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Aug 10; 4:31 |
History of the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience (CBN)
The Center for Behavioral Neuroscience was originally funded in 1999 as part of the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Science and Technology Center (STC) initiative. The STC program was designed in the late 1970s to enable innovative research and education proje... | 16846500 | PMC1557540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Jul 17; 1:9 |
Background
Proteins carry out the majority of the biological processes in cells. Most often, proteins accomplish this task in association with protein partners, forming stable or transient protein complexes. It is therefore generally accepted that protein-protein interactions are responsible for the cell's behaviour an... | 16872538 | PMC1557541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 27; 7:365 |
Introduction
One hallmark of Yersinia infections is colonization of the lymph nodes. After subcutaneous delivery of Y. pestis by the bite of an infected flea, Y. pestis usually migrates to draining lymph nodes and causes a fulminant infection leading to severe swelling of these organs, termed buboes, and then spreads s... | 16948531 | PMC1557584 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Sep 1; 2(9):e86 |
Introduction
A problem in mammalian pre-mRNA splicing is deciphering the mechanisms underlying the recognition of authentic signals for proper splicing. The accurate recognition of exons is a process that requires assembly of the major spliceosome, a macromolecular machinery that involves the coordinated action of smal... | 16948532 | PMC1557585 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 1; 2(9):e138 |
Introduction
The genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and Oryza sativa (rice) contain substantial proportions of duplicated chromosomal segments, presumably reflecting ancient polyploidy (paleopolyploid) events. In Arabidopsis, for example, there have been at least three paleopolyploid events [1], with the mos... | 16948529 | PMC1557586 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 1; 2(9):e115 |
Introduction
Infections caused by viruses persistently threaten human health. For example, 40 million, 350 million, and 170 million people in the world are carrying human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively [1–3]. Annually 5% to 15% of the global pop... | 16948530 | PMC1557587 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 1; 2(9):e116 |
Introduction
X-chromosome inactivation suppresses gene expression on one of the two X chromosomes in female mammals to achieve dosage compensation between males and females ([1]; reviewed in [2,3]). During early stages of embryo development, one X chromosome is randomly chosen for inactivation. The chosen chromosome st... | 16948528 | PMC1557588 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 1; 2(9):e113 |
Background
In recent decades considerable progress has been made in developing methods which use the immune system to treat cancer. One particularly noteworthy series of events was the discovery of the first genes encoding human tumor antigens recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) [1-3]. Since then, dozens of ot... | 16820060 | PMC1557589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jul 4; 4:27 |
Background
BSCTs although rare, include benign and malignant lesions, necessitating different therapeutic approaches. Within the benign group that may mimics carcinoma clinically and radiologically, and are treated by conservative approach, one should differentiate between spindle cell lipoma (SCL) [1,2] myofiboblastom... | 16859566 | PMC1557590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Jul 22; 1:13 |
"laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths discovered and manners and opinions change, with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also to keep pace with the times. We might as... | 16670010 | PMC1557662 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 May 2; 3:16 |
Background
During the end of life patients often experience changes or transitions in where and by whom they are cared for. These situations may result in increased anxiety for both the patient and their caregivers [1]. Such transitions may involve a change in hospital wards, a move from hospital to home or long-term c... | 16734892 | PMC1557663 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2006 May 30; 5:4 |
Background
Various sources of measurement error have substantial implications for the accuracy of epidemiologic estimates. Exposure measurement error, for example, may arise when geographic information systems are trusted without recognizing the limitations of processes that rely on them. One such process is address ma... | 16857050 | PMC1557664 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006 Jul 20; 3:8 |
Background
Many youth today are physically inactive. Considerable evidence documents that nearly 35% of youth in the US fail to meet the minimum physical activity guidelines, and another 14% are completely inactive [1,2]. Low levels of physical activity and the failure to meet physical activity recommendations have not... | 16872543 | PMC1557665 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Jul 27; 3:19 |
Background
This study presents analyses of Massachusetts Cancer Registry (MCR) melanoma incidence data for cases diagnosed from 1990 to 1999. The study is an observational epidemiological investigation but uses complex statistical methods to determine whether variations in observed rates may be considered random or whe... | 16884528 | PMC1557666 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Aug 2; 5:31 |
Background
Exposure to dioxins causes a diverse spectrum of toxicities in humans and laboratory animals [1-4]. The fetus is one of the most sensitive targets of dioxins and a broad range of pathophysiological abnormalities, such as, disorders of brain development, thyroxin resistance, hepatic damage, hematopoietic diso... | 16704738 | PMC1557667 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 May 17; 4:27 |
Background
For patients with single brain metastasis, the addition of surgical resection or radiosurgery to whole brain radiation therapy improves survival [1,2]. In Gamma Knife® stereotactic radiosurgery (GKSRS), a single fraction of radiation is used to treat metastatic lesions in the brain. There appears to be a fin... | 16887031 | PMC1557668 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Aug 3; 1:26 |
Human recombinant interleukin (rIL)-2 is a cytokine approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced melanoma and renal cell cancer because it can induce complete cancer regression in a small but consistent proportion of patients [1,2]. In addition, systemic rIL-2 alone [3] or in combination w... | 16805915 | PMC1557669 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jun 28; 4:26 |
Background
Increased neoangiogenesis has a governing role in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple myeloma (MM) [1], and is a reliable treatment target that has significantly improved outcome [2-6]. Increased circulating endothelial cells in cancer contribute to tumor neovascularization and growth [7,8].
We rec... | 16790068 | PMC1557670 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 22; 6:161 |
Background
Bone metastases are present in approximately 85% of patients who die due to advanced prostate cancer. Tumor cells metastasize to bone via the venous plexus and spread to the axial skeleton, pelvis and spine. Although the pattern of metastasis of some cancers may be explained by anatomy of the efferent venous... | 16859559 | PMC1557671 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 21; 6:195 |
Background
Large-scale sequencing projects offer a possibility for low cost SNP discovery since sequence variants can be found computationally by analysing the redundancy in sequence databases. For example, this approach has facilitated SNP-based genetic mapping in human [1,2], Arabidopsis [3-5], and rice [6,7]. Follow... | 16824208 | PMC1557672 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 6; 7:174 |
Background
The mammalian homologues of the Drosophila transient receptor potential (TRP) channel are plasma membrane cation channels sharing significant sequence homology and a common structure. In mice 28 genes have been described coding for TRP proteins [1]. The superfamily of TRP channels has been divided into six s... | 16787531 | PMC1557673 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 20; 7:159 |
Background
The genome project has greatly increased our knowledge of genome sequences, the genes that they encode, and made it possible to investigate diverse physiological and disease conditions in detail. However, owing to the layered complexity of biological systems, studying one gene or one protein at a time is not... | 16762055 | PMC1557674 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 8; 7:290 |
Background
The platelet-derived lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an endogenous ligand of the endothelial differentiation gene (EDG) family of G protein-coupled receptors [1]. S1P is involved in various cellular responses such as apoptosis, proliferation, and cell migration [2,3]. The specific effects of ... | 16901352 | PMC1557675 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 10; 7:373 |
Introduction
On a mammogram, fat appears radiolucent or dark, whereas stromal and epithelial tissue appears radio-dense or white. The amount of mammographic density is a strong independent predictor of breast cancer risk [1,2]. The biological basis for this increased risk is poorly understood. A critical question is wh... | 16646977 | PMC1557710 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 28; 8(2):R24 |
Introduction
RAS pathway activity is critical for tumour growth [1]. In breast cancers, activity of the ras signalling pathway appears to be increased chiefly via activation of wild-type ras proteins by upstream growth factor receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB-2 (HER2) [2,3]. Expression o... | 16611371 | PMC1557711 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 12; 8(2):R21 |
Introduction
Germline mutations in BRCA1 (MIM # 113705) and BRCA2 (MIM # 600185) are estimated to account for about 80% of breast/ovarian cancer families and 20% to 50% of site-specific breast cancer families [1-3]. Mutation carriers face substantially increased risks of developing both breast and ovarian cancer; the l... | 16563180 | PMC1557713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Mar 21; 8(2):R15 |
Introduction
Humans, in common with most other vertebrates, show bilateral symmetry in paired morphological traits such as ear size, digit length and breast volume. Perfect symmetry may be disturbed by a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including the secretion of hormones such as oestrogen [1,2]. The small, r... | 16563179 | PMC1557716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Mar 20; 8(2):R14 |
Introduction
Flavonoids are a diverse class of naturally occurring polyphenolic plant compounds that have a variety of therapeutically important biological activities. Several thousand plant flavonoids have been identified and biologically significant levels of bioflavonoids are consumed (about 1 g/day) by humans livin... | 16569260 | PMC1557718 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:53 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Mar 27; 8(2):R17 |
Introduction
Breast cancer affects one in ten women in developed nations. The prognosis is favorable for women with clinically confined tumors at the time of diagnosis, but mortality rates are greater than 80% in cases where the tumor has metastasized to distant sites [1]. Metastasis to bone occurs frequently in advanc... | 16608535 | PMC1557720 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 11; 8(2):R20 |
Introduction
Cycles of proliferation and invasion followed by massive apoptosis are central to the physiology of the mammary gland. The branching ductal architecture develops postnatally in response to hormone stimulation during puberty, but does not reach a fully differentiated state until pregnancy and lactation when... | 16584539 | PMC1557721 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 3; 8(2):R18 |
Introduction
Current management of breast cancer is based on anatomic staging (tumor size/node involvement/metastasis) and morphological features such as the tumor grade [1]. Although anatomic staging and histological grade are important prognostic factors [2], they often fail to predict the clinical course of the dise... | 16626501 | PMC1557722 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 20; 8(2):R23 |
Introduction
Adjuvant therapy of primary operable breast cancer using endocrine or chemotherapy represents a major advance in the treatment of this disease and has resulted in a significant improvement in relapse free and overall survival [1,2]. Bone is the most common distant site of recurrence for patients with breas... | 16542503 | PMC1557723 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Mar 15; 8(2):R13 |
Introduction
Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels, is required for the growth of microscopic cancers into larger, clinically relevant tumors [1]. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is believed to play a central role in angiogenesis through a variety of mechanisms, including effects on endothelial c... | 16613616 | PMC1557725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 13; 8(2):R22 |
Introduction
Overexpression of members of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family has been widely studied in breast cancer. Whereas the biology underlying the role of HER2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been increasingly documented, more confusion exists in establishing a role for HER4 ... | 16606438 | PMC1557726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 7; 8(2):R19 |
Introduction
Oestrogens induce diverse physiological effects that allow normal development and growth of female reproductive tissues, and regulation of bone integrity, cardiovascular function and the central nervous system. Aberrant expression of oestrogen can induce pathophysiological effects that give rise to the gro... | 16805920 | PMC1557727 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jun 28; 8(3):R33 |
Introduction
Breast tumours are routinely subclassified according to microscopic morphology, immunohistochemical staining, and stage. On the basis of this clinical information and patient age, an estimate of prognosis may be derived [1,2]. Most clinicians make recommendations regarding the need for adjuvant chemotherap... | 16790077 | PMC1557729 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jun 21; 8(3):R32 |
Introduction
In breast cancer, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 is a protease produced essentially by stromal cells. In vitro studies have clearly demonstrated that it degrades molecules that are abundant in the extracellular matrix (ECM) [1]. MMP-2 is also one of the major targets of recently developed synthetic MMP i... | 16776850 | PMC1557730 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:53 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jun 15; 8(3):R28 |
Introduction
As a result of increasing early detection efforts, breast carcinoma in situ (CIS) constitutes more than 20% of newly diagnosed breast cancer cases in the USA [1]. Although breast CIS shares a number of risk factors with invasive breast cancer, and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is considered... | 16796758 | PMC1557731 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:53 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jun 23; 8(3):R30 |
Introduction
The mammary gland is unique in that its development primarily occurs postnatally. However, the tissue is initially formed during embryonic development (reviewed in [1]). A milk line first appears at about embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5). At E11.5, five pairs of placodes have formed at specific positions along t... | 16790075 | PMC1557733 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jun 21; 8(3):R29 |
Introduction
Primary breast carcinomas treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or primary systemic therapy (PST) provide an ideal model to evaluate the role of biological markers as predictive and prognostic factors. Many retrospective studies have identified patterns of biomarker expression before or after chemotherapy ... | 16790076 | PMC1557736 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jun 21; 8(3):R31 |
Introduction
Approximately 65% of women currently diagnosed with invasive breast cancer have lymph node-negative disease at diagnosis [1], and 85% of these women are expected to be alive and free from distant metastasis at 10 years [2]. Chemotherapy in this group of patients, especially among patients with estrogen rec... | 16737553 | PMC1557737 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:41 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 May 31; 8(3):R25 |
Introduction
Hereditary breast cancer accounts for around 5–10% of all breast cancer cases, while the other 90–95% is assumed to be 'sporadic', with no apparent family history. A large proportion of familial breast cancer (<40%) can be attributed to mutations in the high-risk genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 [1]. Additional breas... | 16762046 | PMC1557738 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:53 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jun 8; 8(3):R26 |
Introduction
Outcomes of breast cancer treatment have improved, mostly as a result of earlier diagnosis. Although newer modes of therapy are being applied, traditional therapy involving surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, followed by long-term antioestrogen therapy continues to be used. Immunotherapy could be a use... | 16776849 | PMC1557739 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:53 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jun 15; 8(3):R27 |
Background
In order to understand how gene networks function, it is necessary to identify their components and to quantitatively describe how they relate to one another [1-3]. Subsequent prediction of gene network behavior requires identification of important parameters and variables, and estimation or measurement of t... | 16584535 | PMC1557743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Mar 31; 7(3):R25 |
Background
Biological entities such as individual cells, organs, and entire organisms display phenotypes that are simultaneously dictated and constrained by the composition of nucleic acids comprising their genomes. Differences in DNA sequence between individuals within the same species may produce qualitative and quan... | 16584536 | PMC1557746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:06 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Mar 31; 7(3):R26 |
Background
Meiosis is a specialized cell division by which haploid gametes are generated from diploid cells. The principal features of meiosis are common to all eukaryotic organisms and include a single round of DNA replication ('premeiotic' replication) followed by two consecutive nuclear divisions, meiosis I and meio... | 16542486 | PMC1557749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Mar 8; 7(3):R20 |
Background
Whole-genome expression profiling has many applications in areas of research where acquisition of small, highly specific tissue or cell samples is required for accurate expression analysis, such as oncology, neuroscience and development biology [1,2]. The application of array technology or sequencing-based e... | 16542485 | PMC1557751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 7(3):R18 |
Background
Many of the 4,500 aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) cause serious physical and economic damage to cultivated and ornamental plants throughout the world. Aphids affect plant growth not only directly through feeding on phloem sap but also as vectors of plant viruses [1]. The extent of losses due to aphids i... | 16542494 | PMC1557754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Mar 10; 7(3):R21 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer death in the Western world, although cancer therapy has benefited from promising new compounds directed to various targets [1-3]. For instance, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy, usually biomodulated with low-dose leucovorin (folinic acid (FA))... | 16542501 | PMC1557757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Mar 15; 7(3):R19 |
Background
Maize geneticists and breeders utilize thousands of inbred and hybrid lines in their research. The diversity of extant lines reflects both the ease of crossing corn (Zea mays L.) and the long life of seeds. These lines are derived from hundreds of landraces collected in US farmers' fields and from native Ame... | 16542496 | PMC1557758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Mar 13; 7(3):R22 |
Background
Kinetochores are eukaryote-specific structures that assemble on centromeric (CEN) DNA and perform three crucial functions: they bind paired sister chromatids to spindle microtubules (MTs) in a bipolar fashion compatible with chromatid disjunction; they couple MT (+)-end polymer dynamics to chromosome movemen... | 16563186 | PMC1557759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Mar 22; 7(3):R23 |
Background
Malaria, a mosquito-transmitted disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, infects as many as 500 million people per year. Approximately two million people die from malaria each year, with 75% of the deaths occurring in African children [1]. Human malaria parasites are transmitted by anopheline mos... | 16569258 | PMC1557760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Mar 27; 7(3):R24 |
Introduction
Like many other organs, mammary glands are formed by an exchange of signals between epithelia and mesenchyme [1–3]. However, the processes by which undifferentiated tissue is directed to form the mammary epithelial bud during embryogenesis have yet to be fully elucidated. It is unknown precisely how the ma... | 16933995 | PMC1557774 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e112 |
Introduction
The phenotype of an organism is a complex product of its genetic constitution and various environmental influences. Determining and measuring phenotype has been a goal of all biologists, as the phenotype is an indicator of how an organism functions in different environments and under various challenges and... | 16933996 | PMC1557775 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e118 |
Introduction
Complex traits, including aging-associated conditions, can be influenced by a multiplicity of genetic and environmental factors. Because each factor is expected to make only a small contribution to trait variability, and this contribution may itself be influenced by interactions with other susceptibility f... | 16934002 | PMC1557782 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:00:02 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e132 |
Introduction
RNA silencing represents an important regulatory mechanism of gene expression, in which short RNAs regulate mRNA stability and translation or control transcription via chromatin modification [1]. Such short RNAs include small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNA). Small RNAs are produced from lar... | 16934003 | PMC1557783 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e134 |
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