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Introduction
Segregation of homologous chromosomes is one of the key events of the meiotic process and is perhaps the only universally conserved feature throughout the evolution of meiosis in all eukaryotes. During the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes, as a rule, migrate to opposite poles of the dividing ... | 16934004 | PMC1557784 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e136 |
Introduction
When two or more populations have been separated by geographic or cultural boundaries for many generations, differential selection pressures, drift, and spontaneous mutations may lead to different allele frequencies in each population. If individuals from these founding populations subsequently mate, diseq... | 16934005 | PMC1557785 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e137 |
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common form of heart disease in the Western world. It affects more than 13 million Americans and is one of the leading causes of death in the United States [1]. CAD is a complex genetic disease; despite substantial evidence of a genetic contribution for CAD and its... | 16934006 | PMC1557786 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e139 |
INTRODUCTION
Soft-tissue sarcomas (STSs) are relatively uncommon tumors,
representing 1% of adult and 7%–15% of pediatric
malignancies. They are a relatively heterogeneous group of cancers
that occur anywhere in the body, with 60% arising in the
extremities. There are at least 30 distinct histologic subtypes of
sarcoma... | 17040093 | PMC1557794 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006; 2006:91671 |
INTRODUCTION
Soft tissue sarcomas account for approximately 5−10% of all
mesenchymal malignancies. Synovial cell sarcomas are the commonest
of the soft tissue sarcoma especially in people aged between
fifteen and forty years. Overall there are two hundred new cases
in the UK and eight hundred in the USA presenting to c... | 17251656 | PMC1557795 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006; 2006:27212 |
INTRODUCTION
Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeted to
BCR-ABL, PDGFR, and KIT. It has unprecedented activity in chronic
myelogenous leukaemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal tumours
(GISTs), and has dramatically changed the clinical management of
these tumour types [1–4]. GISTs characteristically... | 17040091 | PMC1557796 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006; 2006:48948 |
INTRODUCTION
Sarcomas in the head and neck area are rare. The management
of soft tissue sarcomas in the head and
neck is primarily surgical. However, the critical anatomy of the
head and neck limits the capacity to obtain wide surgical margins.
Postoperative radiotherapy improves the local control rate
[1, 2]. Despite ... | 17251660 | PMC1557797 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006; 2006:85234 |
Introduction
Most pathogenic bacteria are nonobligate parasites that have the ability to switch between alternative ecological niches with extremely different characteristics. In the environment, the pathogen needs to mobilise scarce metabolic resources and vie with numerous competitors in order to survive. On the othe... | 16933989 | PMC1557829 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e82 |
Introduction
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) complexes of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and the related lentivirus simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mediate viral entry into their respective host cells. The complex is initially assembled from three copies of the precursor polypeptide gp160, which are cl... | 16933990 | PMC1557830 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e83 |
Introduction
Staphylococcus aureus requires iron to successfully colonize the host [1]. To ensure efficient uptake and metabolism of host iron sources, bacterial pathogens regulate a variety of genes in response to the levels of available iron. The canonical bacterial repressor responsible for this iron-dependent regu... | 16933993 | PMC1557832 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:37 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e87 |
In PLoS Pathogens, volume 2, issue 7: DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020070
Page 3, column 1, line 3 should have included this reference for the Raji-DC-SIGN cells:
Wu L, Martin TD, Carrington M, KewalRamani VN (2004) Raji B cells, misidentified as THP-1 cells, stimulate DC-SIGN-mediated HIV transmission. Virology 318: ... | 0 | PMC1557833 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e88 |
Strategies to inhibit the cellular entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) constitute an important element of current approaches to develop an effective vaccine against AIDS [1]. The entry of viruses such as HIV-1, and its closely related simian counterpart simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), is mediated ... | 16933994 | PMC1557834 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 12:11:34 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e91 |
In PLoS Pathogens, volume 2, issue 6: DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020057
In the Materials and Methods section, the following Supporting Information files were mislabeled: Table S7 should be Table S10, Table S8 should be Table S11, and Table S9 should be Table S12. The corrected citations in text follow:
To identify p... | 0 | PMC1557835 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:21:58 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e96 |
Background
Of the many skin conditions that are externally visible, acne is probably the most common. A survey of Japanese students from elementary school through university revealed that 58.6% were suffering from the condition, and that 93.3% of the university students had suffered from acne at one time [1]. In a surv... | 16884543 | PMC1557837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 3; 4:46 |
Background
Herpesviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that establish life-long infections in their animal hosts, and which alternate between two programs of gene expression: i. productive replication, or ii. latent infection in which most of the viral genome is transcriptionally silent.
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-... | 16764725 | PMC1557838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 9; 3:44 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through air by a person suffering from TB. The 1990 World Health Organization (WHO) report on the Global Burden of Disease ranked TB as the seventh most morbidity-causing disease in the world, and expecte... | 16901341 | PMC1557839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Aug 10; 5:33 |
Background
The normal cell cycle consists of four main phases; G1, S, G2 and M. G1 is further subdivided into two parts, G1pm and G1ps [1]. In G1pm, a series of mitogenic events prepares the cell to enter G1ps and to continue to S and M [1,2]. At the end of G1pm, there is a restriction point, R, which monitors the cell... | 16867189 | PMC1557840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Jul 25; 3:26 |
Background
Osteoid osteoma was firstly described by Jaffe in 1935. It is a small, benign osteoblastic tumor, comprising 12% of the benign osseous tumors. Osteoid osteoma is characterized by varying intermixtures of osteoid, newly formed bone, and highly vascular supporting osseous tissue (nidus) surrounded by a distinc... | 16887047 | PMC1557841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Aug 4; 2:23 |
Background
Deposition of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in brain is a prominent pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a number of related disorders [1,2]. Aβ is a 39–43 amino acid peptide that exhibits a high propensity to self-assemble into β sheet-containing oligomeric forms and fibrils. Aβ peptides are pr... | 16887032 | PMC1557842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Aug 3; 3:18 |
Background
In 1997 the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC) recommended that a postal survey of sheep farmers in Great Britain (GB), to which farmers could respond anonymously, should be carried out [1]. The first such survey was undertaken in 1998 [2-4], and aimed to improve estimates of the incidence o... | 16887027 | PMC1557843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Aug 3; 2:25 |
Background
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), with their unique self-renewal and differentiation capacity, offer great potential for the treatment of hematological disorders, immunodeficiency and inborn errors of metabolism [1,2]. HSCs can be collected from mobilized peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM) and cord blood ... | 16882340 | PMC1557844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Aug 1; 7:30 |
Background
Derived from ancient salmonid fish sequences [1], the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon is a member of the Tc1/mariner superfamily of cut-and-paste transposable elements [2] and has been developed as a vertebrate transformation tool [3] and germline insertional mutagen [4,5]. We and others have shown that the ... | 16800892 | PMC1557845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jun 26; 6:30 |
Over thirty years ago an editorial appeared in The New York Times under the headline, "A Drug Success." [1] The focus was the New York City Health Department's Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program, which had expanded "so swiftly and so successfully...that there no longer are waiting lists for admission..." Recently,... | 16859549 | PMC1557846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Jul 21; 3:20 |
Background
Chest radiographs are frequently obtained in intensive care unit (ICU)-patients [1]. Two different schools of thought exist regarding the utility of chest radiographs in these patients: chest radiographs should be obtained on indication only, specifically when there is a sound reason to obtain a film (so-cal... | 16848892 | PMC1557847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2006 Jul 18; 6:8 |
Background
Scientific endeavour is stimulated by researchers who not only communicate their ideas but also reflect upon them in light of the arguments of others. Different scientists have varying perspectives because of, for example, their differing areas of expertise and biographies. Varying points of view may add arg... | 16854222 | PMC1557848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Jul 19; 3:8 |
Background
Death is inevitable in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Mortality rates differ from 3,8% to 13% in PICUs in North and South America and Europe [1-4]. Nowadays practice of withholding and withdrawal of treatment (W/W) and do not resuscitate (DNR) orders in children are medically and ethically accept... | 16893468 | PMC1557849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Aug 7; 6:22 |
Background
Herbs and dietary supplements (HDS) are the most commonly used complementary medical therapies purchased in the United States [1], leading to concerns about HDS safety and efficacy[2]. Health care professionals have expressed a strong interest in HDS training courses[3-5]. However, face-to-face Continuing Me... | 16893458 | PMC1557850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Aug 7; 6:39 |
Background
Hallucinations may occur in any sensory modalities. Formed musical hallucinations (i.e. Perception of either vocal or instrumental melodies) reported in English literature to date have typically been associated with marked hearing loss, advanced age, female sex (71%), lack of response to treatment and associ... | 16889667 | PMC1557851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 4; 5:10 |
Background
The diversification of the variety of molecular markers available has been an important development in the field of genetics over the past two decades [1], with one of the more recent additions to the 'molecular toolbox' being single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): a variant of traditional DNA sequencing wh... | 16872523 | PMC1557852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 27; 7:192 |
Background
Falls in hospital and their consequences place an increased burden on health services [1-3]. While falls are frequent, accounting for 38% of incident reports in Australian hospitals [4], relatively few studies have demonstrated effective strategies to reduce falls among inpatients [5]. A systematic review of... | 16895609 | PMC1557853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Aug 9; 6:11 |
Background
Pneumonia is one of the most common and significant health problems in the elderly. Together with influenza, it remains the eighth-leading cause in the United States and the leading infectious cause of death in this age group [1]. Approximately 366,000 elderly persons are discharged annually from short-stay ... | 16899118 | PMC1557854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Aug 9; 6:12 |
Background
Numb Chin Syndrome (NCS) is characterised by hypoesthesia, par aesthesia or pain over the chin in the region supplied by mental nerve and its branches [1,2]. This is a pure sensory neuropathy because the inferior alveolar nerve has no motor fibres. The chin numbness is caused by malignant infiltration of the... | 16899116 | PMC1557855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 9; 4:52 |
Background
The saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei is an opportunistic pathogen that is capable of intracellular survival [1,2] and causes melioidosis, a frequently fatal disease of humans and animals, which can be difficult to diagnose [3]. Although the pathogen is mainly distributed in the soil and water of tropical... | 16893462 | PMC1557856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Aug 7; 6:70 |
Background
The diagnosis of suspicious bladder lesions is, in part, dependent on the demonstration of atypical cells in the cytological examination of voided urine or bladder washings. However, the relatively low diagnostic sensitivity of urinary cytology warrants the development of improved non-invasive diagnostic tec... | 16901344 | PMC1557857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Aug 10; 3:18 |
Background
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic heterogeneous disorders with unpredictable clinical course. Studies on Crohn's disease (CD) behaviour have been hampered by the variability of classifications used and by their unsatisfactory degree of inter-rater agreement [1-4]. The Vienna classification of CD ... | 16869971 | PMC1557858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul 25; 6:21 |
Background
Food neophobia is defined as avoidance of, and reluctance to taste, unfamiliar foods [1,2]. It might be assumed that such a behaviour pattern would have negative dietary consequences in terms of the variety of foods consumed although logically, a highly neophobic child need not have a limited dietary reperto... | 16824218 | PMC1557859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Jul 6; 3:14 |
Background
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major causes of morbidity and mortality in most Western countries [1], including the Netherlands [2]. CVD risk is influenced by multiple behaviors among which different dietary behaviors, e.g., fruit, vegetable and fish consumption [1]. To identify high-risk groups and to un... | 16784520 | PMC1557860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Jun 19; 3:13 |
Background
Transmission of malaria relies on the successful development of Plasmodium parasites within mosquitoes, a process termed sporogony. Sporogony is a complex event involving several morphologically distinct life-stages [1,2] and begins when mosquitoes ingest blood containing male and female gametocytes. Sporogo... | 16887043 | PMC1557861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Aug 3; 5:68 |
Introduction
Family practice is a new concept in Thailand. The (modern) Thai health care system is essentially based upon biomedical and hospital-centred care and has been so since its introduction, at the end of the nineteenth century. Both supply and demand are dominated by a reliance on technology and specialization... | 16872512 | PMC1557862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Jul 27; 4:19 |
Background
The World Health Report 2005 calls for "Realizing the Potential of Antenatal Care" [1]. While antenatal care interventions, in and of themselves, cannot be expected to have a major impact on maternal mortality, their purpose is to improve maternal and perinatal health, 'this being an end in itself and necess... | 16796749 | PMC1557863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Jun 23; 6:22 |
Background
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancer in the Western world [1]. The treatment of ovarian adenocarcinoma has improved over the last 20 years owing to the combined treatment of cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy [2]. Although the response of the primary tumor to taxane and ... | 16879751 | PMC1557864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 31; 6:201 |
Introduction
ZincAge [1] is a specific targeted research project (STREP) funded by the European Union in the 6th Framework Program (FP6). It involves epidemiological studies on the influence of diet and lifestyle on healthy ageing, aimed at preventing adult degenerative disease, particularly focusing on cardiovascular ... | 16800874 | PMC1557865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Immun Ageing. 2006 Jun 26; 3:6 |
Background
Systems biology is a new frontier for bioinformatics research, aimed at understanding complex biological systems in cells by integrating interactions between large numbers of constituent components, including genes, proteins, and metabolites. Examples of systems biology research include studies of gene inter... | 16863590 | PMC1557866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 24; 7:355 |
Background
Experiments in transgenic mice showed that mammary carcinogenesis driven by the HER-2/neu oncogene can be completely prevented by prophylactic vaccines that elicit protective immune responses [1,2]. One of the most effective vaccines was made of cells expressing the HER-2/neu antigen and two adjuvant signals... | 16857043 | PMC1557867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 20; 7:352 |
Rationale
With large scale sequencing of vertebrate, fly, and worm genomes now underway, it is imperative to develop methods that produce high quality annotations of these newly sequenced genomes. Lack of genome wide, full length cDNA sequences for these species will make it virtually impossible to annotate these genom... | 16600017 | PMC1557983 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Apr 5; 7(4):R29 |
Background
The advent of microarray technology has allowed parallel measurements of abundances of thousands of transcripts [1]. The obtained information has been used to describe and understand the transcriptional dynamics in the cell and gene-interaction networks. Such analysis can be reduced to several basic question... | 16626502 | PMC1557986 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Apr 20; 7(4):R32 |
Background
Single amino acid tandem repeats, also called homopolymeric amino acid tracts, are very abundant in eukaryotic proteins and are present in nearly one-fifth of human gene products [1,2]. They can be encoded by runs of a single codon or by a mixture of synonymous codons. Pure runs of the same codon will be sus... | 16640792 | PMC1557989 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Apr 26; 7(4):R33 |
Background
The symbiosis between legumes and N2-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) is of huge agronomic benefit, allowing many crops to be grown without N fertilizer. It is a sophisticated example of coupled development between bacteria and higher plants, culminating in the organogenesis of root nodules [1]. There have been ma... | 16640791 | PMC1557990 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Apr 26; 7(4):R34 |
Background
Defining the location of genes and the precise nature of gene products remains a fundamental challenge in genomics. High throughput tandem mass spectrometry based proteomics provides an important new source of information to help define both the location of transcription units and the reading frame of protei... | 16646984 | PMC1557991 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 7(4):R35 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (around 20-22 nucleotides) RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by base-pairing with complementary sequences in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of protein-coding transcripts and directing translational repression or transcript degradation [1-5]. There are ... | 16594986 | PMC1557993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Apr 4; 7(4):R27 |
Background
Methods for building protein interaction networks
The assembly of networks of interacting proteins and genes has provided a new perspective on the organization and regulation of cellular processes, allowing the superimposition and interpretation of a variety of types of functional information [1]. Detailed a... | 16606443 | PMC1557994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Apr 10; 7(4):R30 |
Background
Estrogenic hormones are key regulators of growth, differentiation, and function in a wide array of target tissues, including the male and female reproductive tracts, mammary gland, and skeletal and cardiovascular systems. Many of the effects of estrogens are mediated via their nuclear receptors, estrogen rec... | 16606439 | PMC1557996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:43 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Apr 7; 7(4):R28 |
Background
Orthology is one of the central concepts of comparative genome analysis, but is often misused as a description of functionally equivalent genes in different species. By definition, the term describes the evolutionary relationship between homologous genes whose independent evolution reflects a speciation even... | 16613613 | PMC1557999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:07 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Apr 13; 7(4):R31 |
Definition
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a tumor arising from the epithelial cells that cover the surface and line the nasopharynx. NPC was first described as a separate entity by Regaud and Schmincke in 1921 [1,2]. Approximately one third of nasopharyngeal carcinomas of the undifferentiated type are diagnosed in a... | 16800883 | PMC1559589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Jun 26; 1:23 |
Background
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle characterized by ventricular dilatation and impaired systolic function [1]. DCM is a leading cause of heart failure and arrhythmia. Due to its significant prevalence, high mortality and morbidity, including frequent hospitalizations, DCM is a majo... | 16839424 | PMC1559590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Jul 13; 1:27 |
Background
Intradermal injection of capsaicin provides a useful and reversible experimental model for the study of an inflammatory pain state, characterized by hyperalgesia and allodynia [1-5]. Intradermal injection of capsaicin in human and primate subjects produces an acute inflammation, mechanical allodynia, primary... | 16846502 | PMC1559591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Jul 17; 2:23 |
Background
It is obvious that body size in the nematode C. elegans is genetically regulated: many mutations in C. elegans result in abnormal body sizes. Examples include mutations that affect cuticle collagen and cause Dumpy (Dpy) phenotypes [1]. There is a number of genes that seem to regulate body size in a more indi... | 16884547 | PMC1559592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Aug 3; 6:39 |
Background
Dengue virus infection is now recognized as one of the most important mosquito borne human infections of 21st century. The global incidences of the dengue infection has now increased enormously and an estimated 50–100 million cases of dengue infections are now reported annually from more than 100 tropical an... | 16824209 | PMC1559593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jul 6; 3:55 |
Background
There are presently limited therapeutic options for patients with chronic hepatitis C, especially those who have failed interferon (IFN) based modalities. The HCV replicon system, originally described by Lohmann and colleagues [1], has proven to be an effective in vitro model for pre-clinical evaluation and ... | 16854226 | PMC1559594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jul 19; 3:56 |
Background
Pattern recognition plays an important role in the analysis of geographic distributions
of human disease, providing an objective basis for evaluating whether pattern on a map
may be explained by chance [1]. Only after such an objective evaluation (e.g. finding a statistically
significant cluster) is one just... | 16887016 | PMC1559595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:28:54 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Aug 3; 5:32 |
Background
Direct immunization with aggregated amyloid β protein (Aβ) and passive immunization with anti-Aβ antibodies (Abs) reduce plaque burden in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models and improve cognitive deficits present in those models [1-5]. Although no adverse effects of immunization were noted in earlier studi... | 16872492 | PMC1559596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Jul 26; 3:17 |
Background
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a result of chronic reflux disease and is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma [1] following a proposed dysplasia-carcinoma sequence: intestinal metaplasia (BE); to low grade dysplasia (LGD); to high grade dysplasia (HGD); to adenocarcinoma. Daily symptoms of gastroesophage... | 16884539 | PMC1559597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 2; 4:45 |
Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinical arrhythmia and accounts for approximately 3% of all medical admissions [1]. It is a major source of morbidity and mortality, due to chronic medication use, stroke and congestive heart failure[2,3]. While much is known of the mechanisms of AF initiation and... | 16887036 | PMC1559598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Aug 3; 7:70 |
Background
Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the human glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA)[1] (for a review, see Grabowski[2]). There is considerable interest in clinical and research analysis of GBA. Assay methods have typically involved combinations of long-template PCR, gel electrophor... | 16887033 | PMC1559599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Aug 3; 7:69 |
Background
Several distinct processes contribute to the pathologic changes observed in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). The most apparent of these are chronic inflammation, destructive remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and depletion of vascular smooth muscle cells [1]. Local immune responses in the aorta are an... | 16879749 | PMC1559600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jul 31; 7:67 |
Background
Unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), together denoted acute coronary syndrome (ACS), are consequences of acute coronary artery disease with myocardial ischemia. Despite considerable progress in the treatment of ACS with antithrombotic drugs and catheter-based interventions (balloon... | 16824205 | PMC1559601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jul 6; 6:28 |
Background
The increasing importance of evidence-based practice in medicine highlights the desirability of clinical practitioners keeping in touch with clinical research. The growing volume of information is available in many different forms, but Schein et al[1] found that the traditional, peer-reviewed journals were t... | 16762051 | PMC1559602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jun 8; 6:24 |
Background
Obesity is a risk factor for many chronic diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and is a major causes of preventable death in Western countries, and increasingly also in developing countries[1]. In addition, obesity can also be a psychological problem as a slender posture is associated wit... | 16884541 | PMC1559603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 2; 6:199 |
Background
Nicaragua has one of the highest adolescent fertility rates of Latin America, with 119 births annually per 1000 young women aged 15–19. By the age of 19, 45% of the girls are either pregnant or have already given birth. High fertility rates are associated with low socio-economic status and low educational at... | 16893463 | PMC1559604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 7; 6:204 |
Background
Cyclin D1 is a focal point for integrating mitogenic stimulation with cellular proliferation [1,2]. Mitogenic signals typically induce increases in cyclin D1 mRNA expression and translation, thereby increasing the cellular pool of the protein product. The pro-proliferative function of cyclin D1 is mediated t... | 16863592 | PMC1559605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Jul 24; 1:15 |
Background
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic threw the world into turmoil during the first half of 2003 [1,2]. Since then, thousands of papers had been devoted to this novel virus, many have addressed its impact on health service utilization [3-8], but few have focused on hospice palliative care [9]... | 16889656 | PMC1559606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 4; 6:94 |
Background
Until recently, occupational health within the ambulance services has received relatively little attention from researchers. In the past few years, researchers have become increasingly aware that ambulance personnel may be at risk of developing work-related health problems [1,2]. This is the first systematic... | 16817949 | PMC1559607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jul 3; 6:82 |
Background
Accurate measurement of DNA using quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) techniques is fundamental to many molecular tests with clinical [1], environmental [2], and forensic applications [3]. Quantitative DNA analysis at high target concentration is reproducible [4], but demand for increasing sensitivity require... | 16824215 | PMC1559608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jul 6; 6:33 |
Background
Oxygen supplement is used in different therapeutic interventions. Respiratory diseases in neonates such as hyaline membrane disease and persistent pulmonary hypertension often require high concentrations of supplemental oxygen. Such concentrations are known to cause cellular damage and death in lungs and oth... | 16869980 | PMC1559609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jul 26; 7(1):100 |
Background
The normal tracheal airway epithelial layer is composed primarily of pseudostratified ciliated, basal and secretory cells that maintain contact with each other and to a thin basement membrane [1]. Molecules comprising the airway extracellular matrix (ECM) consist of fibrous (e.g., collagens and elastin) and ... | 16884540 | PMC1559610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Aug 2; 7(1):105 |
Background
The mitotic spindle consists of a dynamic array of microtubules and their associated proteins [1,2]. Dynamic microtubules are critical both for spindle assembly and for chromosome movement by capturing chromosomes at the kinetochore, the specialized site where microtubules contact mitotic chromosomes [3,4]. ... | 16796742 | PMC1559611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jun 23; 7:26 |
Background
Unlike mammals, the defense against microorganisms and foreign organisms in insects relies exclusively on the innate immune response composed of complex and interconnected humoral and cellular mechanisms [1,2]. The humoral response consists of the synthesis of a large variety of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)... | 16790040 | PMC1559612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 21; 7:160 |
Background
Insects are evolutionarily successful organisms and occupy almost all habitats in nature. An efficient immune system is one of the attributes for this evolutionary success. However, unlike mammals, the insects lack an adaptive immune system. The insect immune response is comprised of cellular and humoral com... | 16857061 | PMC1559613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 21; 7:184 |
Background
The detection and mapping of loci affecting quantitative traits (QTLs) of interest in human, animal, and plant populations have attracted considerable research interest for several decades. This work has mainly concentrated on the use of pedigree or family data, especially in animal and plant populations whe... | 16542433 | PMC1559614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 16; 7:54 |
Background
The mitochondrial DNA referred to as the kinetoplast (kDNA) is a spectacular structure that comprises approximately 20–25% of the total cellular DNA in Trypanosoma cruzi, a member of the flagellated protozoans of the Order Kinetoplastida [1]. The equally dramatic process of RNA editing is also found in this ... | 16553959 | PMC1559615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 22; 7:60 |
Background
In living cells, most energy is produced in the mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation. In this process, the electron flow from reduced substrates to oxygen generates an electrochemical proton gradient across the inner membrane. This force drives the proton back into the matrix and results in ATP syn... | 16899121 | PMC1559616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 9; 7:203 |
Introduction
Measurement error is recognized as a common problem in epidemiological studies. Many interesting variables are registered with a relatively large degree of uncertainty, often due to low-price and simple measurement methods. The errors could be either random (e.g. due to biological fluctations about a mean)... | 16820052 | PMC1559617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Jul 4; 3:6 |
Background
Sex determination in reptiles is remarkably labile, and includes genotypic sex determination (GSD) with or without sex chromosome heteromorphy, parthenogenesis, and temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) [1]. TSD is a form of environmental sex determination that occurs when embryonic incubation temper... | 16808840 | PMC1559618 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Jun 29; 3:9 |
Background
Eosinophils are thought to play a critical role in allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis.[1] In patients with asthma, activation of eosinophils is thought to cause epithelial tissue injury, and increased bronchial responsiveness.[2] Apoptosis or programmed cell death is ... | 16834783 | PMC1559619 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:39 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Jul 12; 3:10 |
Background
Although it has been more than 20 years since the discovery that HIV-1 is the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), we are not yet close to realizing a vaccine to halt the devastation created by the AIDS pandemic [1]. HIV-1 clearance by the human host immune system and development of effective... | 16674822 | PMC1559620 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Med Immunol. 2006 May 18; 5:1 |
Background: the evolution of numbers
Speaking today about cognitive and behavioral disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) means more and more speaking about dementia. This was not the case in the beginning, when James Parkinson, in his "Essay on the shaking palsy" of 1817 [1], gave his well-known definition of the disea... | 16895606 | PMC1559621 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 8; 5:12 |
Background
Lasègue and Falret [1] first described the phenomena of the transference of delusional ideas from a 'primary' affected individual to one or more 'secondaries', in close association. They coined the term 'Folie à Deux', a relatively rare syndrome that has long since attracted much clinical attention. Although... | 16895601 | PMC1559622 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 8; 5:11 |
Background
Tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Pick's disease (PiD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), argyrophilic grain disease and frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that are patholog... | 16930454 | PMC1559623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Jul 31; 1:7 |
Background
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes sepsis and meningitis in young infants, febrile complications in pregnant women and invasive disease in adults with underlying medical conditions [1]. Capsular polysaccharide, which defines GBS serotype, is the primary virulence factor found in most GBS strains, and differe... | 16846499 | PMC1559624 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 17; 6:116 |
Background
The tick-borne obligate intracellular bacteria Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Rickettsia rickettsii are the causes of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) diseases, respectively [1]. E. chaffeensis is transmitted by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum, and human infectio... | 16859547 | PMC1559625 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 21; 6:121 |
Background
The best approach for advanced head and neck cancer (HNC) is the combined modality using surgery, adjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. For patients who refuse surgery, the superiority of radiation (RT) concurrent with chemotherapy (CHT) in local and regional tumor control has been established ... | 16895605 | PMC1559626 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Aug 8; 1:27 |
Background
Provision of informal care may be essential for an elderly person to live in the community[1,2] and is associated with reduced home health care use and delayed entry to nursing homes[3]. In the care of seniors, the usual two person (dyadic) doctor-patient encounter frequently expands into a three person (tri... | 16854239 | PMC1559627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jul 19; 7:46 |
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory airway disease that is characterized by hypersecretion, cough and inflammatory cell influx [1,2]. COPD is currently estimated to become the 3rd most common cause of death in 2020 [3]. The clinical and morphological features of the disea... | 16759388 | PMC1559628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jun 7; 1:12 |
Background
Successful transmission of excitation from one myocardial cell to the next contiguous myocardial cell can occur without the necessity of gj-channels between the cells. This has been demonstrated to be possible in theoretical and modeling studies by Sperelakis and colleagues [1-4]. In addition, the essential ... | 16875501 | PMC1559629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jul 28; 5:46 |
Background
Bacteria exist in both planktonic and biofilm states [1,2]. Recent findings indicate chronic infections are associated with the formation of in vivo biofilm which renders the bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment [3]. This resistance has been believed to be due to the structural properties of the biofil... | 16854240 | PMC1559630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jul 19; 6:65 |
Background
Research into the etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exemplifies the way that inter-disciplinary research fosters collaboration and opens up new avenues of investigation. International research has established that there is a strong genetically inherited contribution to ADHD and the ... | 16887023 | PMC1559631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Aug 3; 2:27 |
Background
The virulence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is believed to relate in part to adhesion of parasitized erythrocytes to postcapillary venular endothelium and other uninfected blood cells. At the molecular level, surface antigens from infected erythrocytes interact with several host recepto... | 16887017 | PMC1559632 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Aug 3; 5:67 |
Background
Lack of self-control abilities is an important symptom of many psychiatric disorders, notably in the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Sagvolden and Sergeant, 1998; Swanson et al., 1998; Sonuga-Barke, 2003). There is indeed a growing interest in the study of impulsive decision in humans (Krawczyk, 20... | 16796752 | PMC1559633 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jun 23; 7:52 |
Background
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a definite morphologic, uncommon, very aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is predominantly localized in the upper aero-digestive tract. In the head and neck region, this distinctive tumour has a strong predilection for extra-laryngeal sites, ... | 16740156 | PMC1559634 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 1; 6:146 |
Background
Patients with endometrial cancer (EC) are traditionally divided into risk categories, conventionally based on anatomical-surgical prognostic factors. The most significant prognostic factors are stage, histologic type, depth of myometrial invasion, grade of differentiation and lymph-node metastases [1]. Stage... | 16869961 | PMC1559635 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 25; 6:198 |
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