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Background
Dynamical models based on system of differential equations have been successfully used for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases [1,2]. Two landmark papers appeared in 1995 demonstrating the high turnover of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and infected CD4+ T lymphocytes ce... | 16879756 | PMC1559636 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Aug 1; 6:38 |
Background
Like many areas of healthcare practice and policy, the literature on access to healthcare is large, diverse, and complex. It includes empirical work using both qualitative and quantitative methods; editorial comment and theoretical work; case studies; evaluative, epidemiological, trial, descriptive, sociolog... | 16872487 | PMC1559637 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jul 26; 6:35 |
Background
Acute cough is a common presentation of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) encountered in general practice [1]. In Australia in 1999, cough was treated in 7.5% of general consultation [2]. Cough can lead to high morbidity and cause debilitating symptoms such as exhaustion, insomnia, hoarseness, muscul... | 16790070 | PMC1559638 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Cough. 2006 Jun 22; 2:5 |
Background
Since plant extracts are increasingly used as phytotherapeutics or dietary supplements information on bioavailability, bioefficacy and safety are warranted. Safety studies concerning herbal extracts mostly focus on their impact on metabolic enzyme activity and interactions with defined chemical drugs [1,2]. ... | 16887024 | PMC1559639 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Aug 3; 6:4 |
Background
In Continental Europe [1-3] especially in Germany, a conservative treatment approach is pursued actively from the time of diagnosis [4-9]. In adolescence, this approach includes outpatient physiotherapy beginning at 15° according to Cobb. Scoliosis intensive rehabilitation (SIR) is recommended for curvatures... | 16872503 | PMC1559640 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Jul 26; 1:13 |
Background
Epstein-Barr (EBV) is a widespread human herpesvirus mainly B-cell tropic but capable of infecting T-cells and epithelial cells [1,2]. Initial exposure to EBV usually occurs in the first decade of life producing persistent, latent asymptomatic infection. EBV infects more than 90% of the healthy population an... | 16893464 | PMC1559641 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Aug 7; 1:17 |
Background
Self-rated health (SRH) is one of the most widely used single measures of perceived current health status [1-9]. In spite of variation in wording of the question, there is extensive evidence that SRH is a potent predictor of future survival/mortality and morbidity [5,10], functional decline and disability an... | 16879745 | PMC1559642 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Jul 31; 4:8 |
Background
Numbers of death and mortality rates are among the simplest indicators for presenting mortality. However, crude or adjusted mortality rates are highly influenced by the health problems of the more advanced age groups at which most deaths occur [1]. While simple death rates constitute an important measure of ... | 16893472 | PMC1559643 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Aug 8; 4:9 |
Background
In the mid 1980s, Don Swanson developed the concept of "undiscovered public knowledge":
"Imagine that the pieces of a puzzle are independently designed and created, and that, when retrieved and assembled, they then reveal a pattern – undesigned, unintended, and never before seen, yet a pattern that commands... | 16817965 | PMC1559644 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Jul 3; 1:8 |
Background
Budding yeast has one class II myosin, Myo1 [1,2], with the classic myosin superfamily domain organisation consisting of a conserved motor domain, a neck domain of 2 IQ motifs that binds the light chains Mlc1 and Mlc2 [3-5] and a tail region with a predicted coiled coil, as seen for all class II myosins so f... | 16800887 | PMC1559645 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Jun 26; 4:19 |
Background
Affective processes can be viewed as action dispositions, regulating and optimizing an individual's response to motivationally relevant stimuli [1]. From an evolutionary point of view, it has been suggested that affectively arousing stimuli are preferentially selected from the sensory input [e.g., [2,3]]. In... | 16857054 | PMC1559646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Jul 20; 4:23 |
Background
While responsiveness to growth factors is central to a host of normal cellular events, aberrant activity plays a key role in tumour development [1-3]. Among the numerous growth factors identified, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-1 (TGFβ1) are key players in neoplastic progression... | 16643659 | PMC1559647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Apr 27; 6:12 |
Background
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27(Kip1) is a key cell-cycle regulator of G1-to-S phase transition [1]. Transcriptional and translational control, sequestration in cyclin D1 complexes and localization all regulate p27 in G1 phase.
Preliminary studies using either N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-in... | 16899133 | PMC1559648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Aug 9; 6:20 |
Background
Gene regulation and metabolic reactions are two primary activities of life. Despite vast amount of works have been dedicated to study each system, the coupling between the two systems is relatively less probed. It is therefore necessary to shift focus from individual systems to their integration.
The coupli... | 16820044 | PMC1559649 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 4; 7:332 |
Background
Physical interactions between proteins are central to many cellular processes [1]. For example they are crucial to the functioning of the immune system and are involved in the regulation of enzyme activity. In order to understand how these interactions are related to biological and biochemical processes, str... | 16790041 | PMC1559650 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 21; 7:310 |
Background
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) has been a successful technique for identification and visualization of post-translational modifications [1] (reviewed in [2]), and is increasingly used to determine accessible parts of the proteome in human cells [3]. To a certain extent has 2DE been used to propose... | 16606449 | PMC1559651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 10; 7:198 |
Background
Genome annotation relies heavily on bioinformatics methods. The identification of homologous relationships is a powerful and frequently used approach for protein-level annotation [1], where query protein sequences are compared to sequences of characterized proteins in order to find homologies. Based on this ... | 16776819 | PMC1559652 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 15; 7:302 |
Background
Plant genotyping is a technology that has widespread applications in the fields of breeding, research and commerce. With the increasing availability of sequence information, more and more molecular markers are becoming available for use in plant genotyping; for example SSRs (simple sequence repeats) and SNPs... | 16914063 | PMC1559653 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 17; 7:383 |
Background
Cellular metabolism represents a collection of enzymatic reactions and transport processes that convert metabolites into molecules capable of supporting cellular life. It is the best-studied biological network, with highly branched pathways describing the enzymatic processing of metabolites. Though underappr... | 16854231 | PMC1559654 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 19; 7:351 |
Background
Trinidad and Tobago is located northeast of the Venezuelan coast and has a humid tropical climate. British Columbia (BC) is the western-most province in Canada and has a temperate climate. This paper describes a selection of the ethnoveterinary medicines used for horses in Trinidad and Tobago and in British ... | 16893454 | PMC1559680 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Aug 7; 2:31 |
Background
Asbestos is a group of naturally-occurring silicate minerals. Silicates are the most abundant minerals (comprising at least 30% of all minerals), which consist of various metals associated with silica and oxygen – the silicate part of the molecule [1]. Asbestos, being an inorganic fibrous mineral, is used in... | 16925806 | PMC1559681 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Aug 22; 5:23 |
Background
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States and many other western countries [2,3]. The five-year survival rate is less than 5% in most countries [4]. About 75% of human pancreatic cancer is ductal adenocarcinomas, whereas acinar cell carcinomas and other histological t... | 16822304 | PMC1559682 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Jul 5; 5:19 |
Background
Osteoporosis and obesity are two common disorders that affect a large number of elderly in the general population [1-3]. Approximately 30% of women and 12% of men are affected by osteoporosis or low bone mass at some point during life [4]. Moreover, about 31% of elderly men and 35% of elderly women are class... | 16820065 | PMC1559683 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jul 5; 7:57 |
Background
By 2020, depression is projected to become the second most common cause of loss of disability-adjusted life years in the world [1]. The majority of cases are diagnosed and managed by general practitioners [2]. There is evidence for effectiveness of pharmacological and psychological interventions when tested ... | 16842629 | PMC1559684 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jul 16; 6:88 |
Background
Panic disorder is a common but disabling anxiety disorder. The chief defining criteria for panic disorder are recurrent unexpected panic attacks, persistent concern about having an additional attack, and worry about the implications of an attack or its consequences [1]. The essential feature of a panic attac... | 16911803 | PMC1559685 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 16; 6:32 |
Background
In western countries, many important and valuable psychiatric surveys have been conducted in prison populations. A systematic review of 62 surveys was reported in 2002 [1]; it found prevalence rates as high as 3.7% for psychotic illnesses and 10% for major depression.
Such results are however difficult to i... | 16923177 | PMC1559686 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 21; 6:33 |
Background
Oral health is fundamental to general health and well being [1]. From a theoretical point of view, three major dimensions of oral health has been identified; clinically assessed disease and impairment, disease and treatment specific symptoms and functional and psychological disabilities [2]. It is now widely... | 16817952 | PMC1559687 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Jul 3; 6:10 |
Background
Most African studies on HIV associated oral lesions have been done during pre-HAART era [1-11]. The relatively few studies of oral lesions in patients on HAART have been conducted elsewhere and do indicate significant differences in the influence of HAART on types of oral lesions [12-14]. For example, oral c... | 16916469 | PMC1559688 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Aug 18; 6:12 |
Background
Throughout most of the world, the primary response to the health and social impacts of illicit drug use has been to intensify the enforcement of drug laws in an effort to limit the supply and use of illicit drugs [1]. The consequences of this policy approach include an unprecedented growth in prison populati... | 16911792 | PMC1559689 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Aug 15; 3:25 |
Background
Insomnia is defined as difficulty in falling asleep, prolonged nighttime awakenings, or insufficient amount or quality of sleep, which affects daytime functioning, despite adequate opportunity for sleep [1,2]. Daytime somnolence associated with insomnia in childhood and adolescence may cause impairment in at... | 16914044 | PMC1559690 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Aug 16; 6:23 |
Background
Navigating the US health care system requires sophisticated reading, writing, and numeracy skills that go beyond the health literacy abilities of many Americans [1,2]. Adults with limited health literacy face challenges interpreting and analyzing health information, becoming knowledgeable about their specifi... | 16907968 | PMC1559691 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Aug 14; 7:49 |
Background
Despite evidence that optimal diabetes care can result in reduced complications and improved economic outcomes, such care is often not achieved [1-4]. Through the 1990s, the number of primary care visits among patients with diabetes listing at least 5 prescription medications increased from 18% to 30%, and t... | 16911789 | PMC1559692 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Aug 15; 7:50 |
Background
Although cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults [1], the incidence of other serious conditions also increases with age. These competing causes of mortality decrease the likelihood that an older individual could experience a survival benefit from cancer screening [2] because c... | 16887040 | PMC1559693 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Aug 3; 6:10 |
Background
Despite improvements in surgical techniques and development of new immunosuppressive drugs, infections remain the second most frequent cause of mortality in kidney transplant patients.
Enterococci are frequent causative agents of both nosocomial and community acquired infection in transplant patients, inclu... | 16923193 | PMC1559694 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 22; 6:133 |
Background
Water is one of the major commodities used by the pharmaceutical industry. It may be presented as an excipient, or used for reconstitution of products, during synthesis, during production of finished product or as a cleaning agent for rinsing vessels, equipment, primary packing materials [1]. Purified water ... | 16914053 | PMC1559695 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 16; 6:131 |
Background
In any structure determination process of a biological macromolecule the general goal is to obtain from the available data a structure as accurate as possible. For all high throughput procedures as used in structural genomics projects the structure determination process has to be as fast as possible, demandi... | 16800891 | PMC1559696 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Jun 26; 6:14 |
Background
Every year in the United Kingdom, 10,000 people will die from accidental injury and the treatment of these injuries will cost the NHS £2 billion and the consequences of injuries received at home cost society a further £25 billion [1]. Non-fatal injuries result in 720,000 people being admitted to hospital a y... | 16914049 | PMC1559697 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 16; 6:210 |
Background
Methamphetamine abuse is increasingly one of the most serious public health problems in the United States. Among men who have sex with men (MSM), including both gay and bisexual men, methamphetamine is a popular street drug [1,2], especially along the West Coast. Prevalence rates for methamphetamine use in t... | 16919170 | PMC1559698 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 18; 6:214 |
Background
The global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic strongly influences the incidence of TB within California, as evidenced by the occurrence of 75 percent of California TB cases in 2002 in persons born outside the U.S. [1]. Screening of foreign-born persons is often recommended [2] to detect active TB at an earlier stage... | 16784541 | PMC1559699 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:44 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 19; 6:157 |
Background
High blood pressure [1] has been identified as a major risk factor for stroke, congestive heart failure, renal disease and myocardial infarction [2,3]. According to World Health Organization the number of people with high blood pressure levels, worldwide, is estimated to be about 600 million and the annual m... | 16904009 | PMC1559700 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 13; 6:206 |
Background
About 1–2% adults [1] and 4–6% children [2] suffer from IgE mediated food allergy (FA). The clinical symptoms of FA vary from slight abdominal discomfort to life-threatening anaphylactic shock. Avoidance of offending food is the only effective therapeutic measure currently. FA are prevalent irrespective with... | 16919166 | PMC1559701 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Aug 18; 6:24 |
Background
In malaria endemic areas, the increased risk of P. falciparum infection during pregnancy, which is associated with placental parasitaemia, imposes a heavy burden on the health of mothers and newborns [1,2], contributing to maternal anaemia, low birth weight, and infant mortality especially among primiparae [... | 16916459 | PMC1559702 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Aug 17; 5:72 |
Background
The enzyme Aβ-binding alcohol dehydrogenase/17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (ABAD/HSD10) belongs to short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family and its distinct features include the capacity to bind amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) [1] and the ability to use a broad array of substrates, encompassing 3... | 16899120 | PMC1559703 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 9; 7:202 |
Background
Transcriptional programs are extremely complicated, and include a great many indirect effects. One of the great challenges in systems biology is to de-convolute complex transcriptional responses to identify the underlying network of direct, transcription-factor mediated control. An important step in that dir... | 16923194 | PMC1559704 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 22; 7:215 |
Background
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involve two complementary base substitutions, one on each DNA strand. Where the two DNA strands are functionally distinct (such as in transcribed sequences), the two complementary substitutions may not occur with equal frequency on each strand[1], due to transcription-r... | 16916449 | PMC1559705 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 17; 7:213 |
Background
The Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) gene family encodes Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I specific receptors that are expressed on Natural Killer (NK) and T cells [1,2]. In humans, these are encoded within the Leukocyte Receptor Complex (LRC) [3] on Chromosome 19q13.4, which like the M... | 16911775 | PMC1559706 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 15; 7:209 |
Background
Infections with Borrelia species cause thousands of human disease cases per year [1]. The major causative agents of this disease are three species of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex (Bbsl), B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, and B. afzelii [2-4]. As was shown previously using phylogenetic ... | 16914037 | PMC1559707 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 16; 7:211 |
Background
The production of research by chiropractors has been extremely limited for many years [1]. This historic lack of endeavor appears to be universal. The nature of publication output of Australian academics has not yet been measured. Despite many Australian chiropractic academics having called for a commitment ... | 16872544 | PMC1559708 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Jul 27; 14:13 |
Background
Recruitment to randomised trials can be very poor [1,2]. A recent survey of corresponding authors of randomised trials published between the years 2000 and 2001 in the Lancet or BMJ found that nearly 60% had either failed to meet their recruitment target or required an extended recruitment period [3].
Poor ... | 16854229 | PMC1559709 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jul 19; 6:34 |
Background
Disease specific mortality is often used as outcome rather than total mortality in clinical trials. This approach assumes that the classification of cause of death is unbiased. However, a comparison of noncancer death rates in cancer patients with noncancer death rates in a matched population showed that use... | 16907965 | PMC1559710 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Aug 14; 6:40 |
Background
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that about 20 000 Africans leave Africa every year to take up employment in industrialized countries. While we do not know how many of these are health professionals – largely because of inadequate systems for gathering such statistics in African c... | 16907969 | PMC1559711 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Aug 14; 4:22 |
Background
Mycoplasmas are a group of the smallest free-living organisms that commonly infect or colonize the oral-respiratory and urogenital tracts of humans and animals. These wall-free mycoplasmas are among the few prokaryotes that can grow in close interaction with mammalian cells, often silently, for a long period... | 16674811 | PMC1559712 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 4; 6:116 |
Background
Numerous studies indicate that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is highly expressed in a variety of human cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate. In breast cancer, the expression of the COX-2 gene is associated with high tumor grade [1], which suggests it may serve as a prognostic biomarker for the prese... | 16831226 | PMC1559713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 10; 6:181 |
Background
In the prostate, cell-matrix adhesion, cell motility and invasive behaviors are regulated by an interplay of signals between the epithelial cells and surrounding stromal cells [1-6]. Signal reciprocity allows prostate stromal fibroblasts to control epithelial cell proliferation [7], while epithelial cells co... | 16869958 | PMC1559714 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 25; 6:197 |
Background
Genetic association analysis aims to detect gene-disease association through linkage-disequilibrium of a disease susceptibility gene with adjacent genetic markers. Historically, association analysis was limited to single markers. It is anticipated that greater power may be gained by utilizing linkage-disequi... | 16907993 | PMC1559715 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Aug 15; 7:43 |
Background
From a bioengineering standpoint, the integration of biological strain and process development is crucial to maximizing output. Optimisation of the production of recombinant protein in cells involves maximizing the number of cells that can massively produce the protein of interest properly. However, strong p... | 16911799 | PMC1559716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Aug 15; 5:27 |
Background
The prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases (rhinitis and eczema) has increased in industrialised countries in the last 2 decades [1-3]; in the same countries, there is tendency for the prevalence to be higher in urban than rural areas and to vary according to socio-economic status, although these finding... | 16796729 | PMC1559717 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Jun 23; 6:15 |
Background
In ventilated newborns respiratory problems are often caused by impaired lung development and uneven alveolar ventilation. Surfactant deficiency or dysfunction may increase the ventilatory inhomogeneity by collapse or over distention of the alveoli. Thus, there is an increasing clinical interest in multiple ... | 16916474 | PMC1559718 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Aug 18; 6:20 |
Background
Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are the principal hosts of Sin Nombre virus (SNV), which causes the great majority of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) cases in North America [1-3]. Despite a neutralizing antibody response, deer mice become persistently-infected with SNV without discernible patho... | 16916450 | PMC1559719 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Aug 17; 7:18 |
Background
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent for melioidosis, an infectious disease endemic in South-east Asia and northern Australia [1,2]. It has also been increasingly reported in other tropical and subtropical regions [3]. The bacillus is a facultative intracellular microbe and can invade and replica... | 16919160 | PMC1559720 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Aug 18; 7:19 |
Background
ORFans are defined as ORFs (Open Reading Frames) having no sequence homologs in other genomes [1]. ORFans with homologs in the same genome are called paralogous ORFans, and those without any homolog whatsoever are called singleton ORFans. In addition, orthologous ORFans are defined as those ORFs with homolog... | 16914045 | PMC1559721 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Aug 16; 6:63 |
Background
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS; NOS3) produces nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. NO has diverse physiologic regulatory functions and is involved in smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, immune regulation, neurotransmission and blood pressure regulation [1-3]. NO deficiency ... | 16923191 | PMC1559722 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Aug 21; 4:33 |
Background
High-throughput transcriptional profiling using DNA microarrays has enabled routine measurements of genome-wide regulatory changes in a variety of contexts. This technique has been applied to the analysis of gene expression within relatively homogeneous cellular populations as well tissues or tumors consisti... | 16817968 | PMC1559723 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 3; 7:328 |
Background
As the number of protein structures continues to grow, structure comparison techniques have become an increasingly crucial bioinformatics tool. Because protein structures evolve more slowly than protein sequences, structure comparison can be used to assess distant evolutionary relationships and common functi... | 16842622 | PMC1559724 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 14; 7:346 |
Background
The past few years have seen an impressive growth in the amount of research dedicated to biomedical text mining, (see several recent reviews [1-11] and a recent edited collection [12]). The field that originally focused on medical text [13-16] has expanded since the onset of the genomic era into the biologic... | 16867190 | PMC1559725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 25; 7:356 |
Background
With so many Biology papers being published each month, researchers have a difficult time keeping track with the latest developments or finding details that were not important when the paper was published. Automated information extraction and retrieval are thus important tools for biologists (for reviews, se... | 16893465 | PMC1559726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 7; 7:370 |
Background
Onychomycosis is a common, chronic fungal infection of the keratinized tissue of the nail bed and nail plate that may impact patients' quality of life. Patients often experience pain and discomfort, and normal tactile functions can be impaired or lost. Toenail dystrophy can interfere with walking, standing, ... | 16911778 | PMC1560108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 15; 4:50 |
Background
Patient-reported outcomes, such as patient perceptions of symptom frequency and severity and their health-related quality of life (HRQL) are important for clinical management and for evaluating new treatments for asthma [1]. These patient based outcomes have been used to evaluate pharmacologic and behavioral... | 16911790 | PMC1560109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 15; 4:51 |
Introduction
Health status questionnaires are increasingly used in medical research and clinical practice. They are attractive because they provide a self-report of patients' perceived health status. However, the meaning of the (changes in) scores on these questionnaires is not intuitively apparent. The interpretation ... | 16925807 | PMC1560110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 22; 4:54 |
Background
Equality in health is among the main objectives of health policy in many countries [1-3]. The present study considers the SF-36 instrument which is frequently used in health assessments or in health surveys to monitor health outcome as health-related quality of life (HRQoL). SF-36 has become one of the most ... | 16925801 | PMC1560111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 22; 4:53 |
Background
The number of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus, L.) phenotypes varies considerably within and across localities on Disko Island off the west coast of Greenland [1,2]. Two landlocked populations have been described here as well as dimorphic populations with an anadromous morph and a resident morph in rivers [... | 16934162 | PMC1560112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Aug 27; 6:10 |
Background
The WHO International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes (WHO Code) aims to protect and promote breastfeeding, and ensure the proper use of breast milk substitutes (Table 1) [1,2]. Japan ratified the WHO Code in 1994, but there are no penal regulations for the Code in Japan.
Table 1 International ... | 16925828 | PMC1560113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Aug 22; 1:12 |
Findings
Temporal polyethism is widespread among social hymenopteran, and particularly in the honey bee Apis mellifera L. [1,2]. The behavioural shifts that occur as a worker ages are associated with physiological changes such as variation in juvenile hormone titres in the insect haemolymph [3] or variation in octopami... | 16942620 | PMC1560114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Aug 30; 3:61 |
Review
Tobacco dependence among drug treatment patients is prevalent and deadly
Globally, millions of people have alcohol and illicit drug use disorders [1,2]. In the U.S. alone, over a million people receive treatment for drug misuse annually [3]. Although no strong population-based data are available, rates of smokin... | 16907984 | PMC1560115 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Aug 14; 1:23 |
Introduction
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) belongs to the genus Cardiovirus of the family Picornaviridae and is classified into two subgroups of strains [1-4]. Although the sequence identity between strains from these two subgroups is 90.4% at the nucleotide (nt) level and 95.7% at the amino acid (AA)... | 16911804 | PMC1560116 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Aug 16; 3:19 |
Background
There is a large body of evidence that patients with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN), in contrast to other chronic kidney diseases [1,2], do not manifest increased blood pressure [3-9]. However, little is known about the development of blood pressure in BEN patients, in particular, whether increased blood p... | 16928270 | PMC1560117 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Aug 23; 7:12 |
Background
Introduction
Many patients appear to be dissatisfied with legal litigation procedures [1] and also with non-legal complaints handling in hospitals [2-4]. This phenomenon is not well understood.
Little is known on patients' motives to lodge complaints and about patients' needs and expectations regarding the ... | 16919165 | PMC1560118 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 18; 6:106 |
Background
In the past, black veterans hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were less likely to undergo cardiac revascularization procedures, including percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), than their white counterparts [1-7]. These differences in the use of cardiac revascularization procedures were ... | 16923183 | PMC1560119 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 21; 6:107 |
Background
Continuous quality improvement, comparison of quality across hospitals, and demands for accountability are some of the reasons that drive hospitals to measure patient satisfaction. An unresolved issue is whether surveys of psychiatric patients should employ generic instruments or questionnaires specifically ... | 16938136 | PMC1560120 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 28; 6:108 |
Background
Bipolar disorder is a very common mood disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of depression, mania, and/or mixed symptom states. These episodes cause unusual and extreme shifts in mood, energy, and behaviour that interfere significantly with normal, healthy functioning and strongly affects the quality ... | 16930471 | PMC1560121 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Aug 24; 2:19 |
Background
Personality Disorders (PDs) affect a substantial proportion of the population. While community surveys estimated that between 4.4 and 13% of individuals have a PD [1], surveys carried out in outpatient psychiatric settings estimated that nearly one third of psychiatric patients were diagnosed with one specif... | 16939659 | PMC1560122 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Aug 30; 2:20 |
Background
Despite most persons with anxiety disorder and/or depression do not attend their GP [1,2] major depressive episode (MDE) and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) are common mental disorders in general practice. Studies have shown that general practitioners (GPs) under-identify these disorders when compared to ... | 16942610 | PMC1560123 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Aug 30; 2:21 |
Background
The balance between constrictor and relaxant stimuli influences the contractile state of the airway smooth muscle cell (SMC). In order to be able to propose novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of airway obstruction associated with several diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ... | 16938132 | PMC1560124 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Aug 28; 7(1):113 |
Background
Myocardial necrosis causing release of cardiac enzymes (CE) following otherwise uncomplicated percutaneous coronary intervention has been associated with increased medium term mortality [1,2]. Myocardial necrosis occurs frequently in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Putative mechanisms of cardiac myonecr... | 16911773 | PMC1560125 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Aug 15; 1:20 |
Background
Mediastinitis is a well known complication of open heart surgery. Chronic mediastinal abscess presenting years after the original heart operation is a medical curiosity. We report the unusual case of a chronic encapsulated mediastinal abscess presenting with cutaneous fistulization in the epigastrium 12 year... | 16930485 | PMC1560126 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Aug 24; 1:22 |
Background
The health benefits of a physically active lifestyle have been extensively documented and generally accepted [1]. The majority of the UK adult population do not engage in sufficient physical activity to reap these health benefits [2], and despite a variety of promotional efforts, there are few examples of pu... | 16889657 | PMC1560127 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 4; 6:202 |
Background
Improving population health through effective interventions remains a fundamental challenge for policy makers. Decision-makers at the population and individual levels each need to choose the 'best intervention' for a specific health problem. However, limitations on resources, time and information can make th... | 16919155 | PMC1560128 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 18; 6:213 |
Background
Despite public health improvements on several parameters over recent decades, many western countries report an increasing number of people living on health related benefit schemes, leading to calls for welfare systems reform [1-3]. A recent review concluded that research on most aspects of disability benefit... | 16939642 | PMC1560129 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 29; 6:219 |
Background
Telephone surveys have been used widely in public health research internationally [1-3]. In Ireland and the U.K., the use of this survey methodology has been dominated by market research companies and has only recently been used for public health based research [4-6]. The use of computer-assisted telephone i... | 16911771 | PMC1560130 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 15; 6:208 |
Background
Pain and discomfort from the neck and the low back are very common complaints in the general population. The majority of middle aged people have experienced such symptoms for shorter or longer periods [1-4]. In Sweden, musculoskeletal disorders are still the most common reason for sick leave and disability p... | 16907991 | PMC1560131 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Aug 14; 7:66 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a common disease in the elderly, and is characterised by a generalised reduction in bone-mineral density (BMD) or mass (BMC), microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue and an increased risk of low-energy fractures. The disease is divided in two groups: primary and secondary osteoporosis... | 16928265 | PMC1560132 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Aug 23; 7:69 |
Background
Efforts to control lymphatic filariasis (LF) have a long history in the Pacific island countries and territories. Although only Wuchereria bancrofti is found in the South Pacific, the epidemiology of transmission is complex. In Micronesia and in the Melanesian countries of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Vanuatu,... | 16914040 | PMC1560133 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Filaria J. 2006 Aug 16; 5:10 |
Background
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a rare variety of soft tissue sarcoma of ectomesenchymal origin [1,2]. World Health organization (WHO) coined the term MPNST replacing previous heterogeneous and often confusing terminology, such as malignant schwannoma, malignant neurilemmoma, and neurofibr... | 16923196 | PMC1560134 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 22; 4:55 |
Background
Hepatocellular adenomas are considered the most common benign liver tumors. They are proliferative lesions arising from hepatocyte. They occur primarily in women between 20 to 40 years of age and are usually related to oral contraceptive intake. Even though the hepatic adenoma is not a malignant tumor, surgi... | 16934137 | PMC1560135 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 25; 4:58 |
Background
Continued improvement in sequencing quality, combined with increasingly sophisticated bioinformatic analysis of sequence data, has increased the relevance of whole genome sequencing to many fields of biological science including the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, national defence and medicine [1]. Sim... | 16928277 | PMC1560136 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 23; 7:216 |
Background
The proper functioning of a cell is ensured by the precise regulation of protein levels that in turn are regulated by a balance between the rates of protein synthesis and degradation. Protein degradation is mediated by proteolysis, which paves the way for recycling of amino acids into the cellular pool. In a... | 16895613 | PMC1560137 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 9; 7:200 |
Background
Amphibians (salamanders, frogs, and cecilians) arise from a branch of the vertebrate evolutionary tree that is juxtaposed between aquatic fishes and more terrestrial amniotes (Figure 1). This phylogenetic location therefore positions amphibians to provide important comparative perspective for reconstructing ... | 16939647 | PMC1560138 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 29; 7:219 |
Background
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a human pathogen that causes hemorrhagic colitis in humans and in some cases may incite hemolytic uremic syndrome [1]. Cattle are a principal reservoir and contaminated ground beef is most frequently implicated in foodborne outbreaks associated with this human pathogen [2,3]. Adul... | 16911800 | PMC1560139 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Aug 15; 6:72 |
Background
It has been widely documented and reported the rise in obesity rates across the globe in all ethnicities and genders [1,2]. The link between obesity and its related co-morbidities and death is the concomitant increase in fat mass observed as body weight increases [3]. Accordingly, weight loss programs should... | 16925811 | PMC1560140 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Aug 22; 3:32 |
Background
Granular cell tumours are rare benign tumours and were first described by Weber in 1854 [1]. Abrikossoff, in his publication of 1926 [2] reported the occurrence of granular cell tumour in the tongue. He initially proposed that these tumours originate from striated muscle cells and as such referred to them as... | 16930486 | PMC1560141 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 24; 3:21 |
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