text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
Unlike the avian ovary, where the follicles containing a large yolky egg look like a cluster of yellowish grapes, the human ovary is solid in structure, amygdaloid in shape, grayish white in color, and the follicles are usually invisible through the surface. Since the intraovarian follicle was firstly identi... | 16923182 | PMC1560142 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Aug 21; 4:42 |
Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important viral agent causing severe respiratory disease in infants and young children [1]. Although infrequently recognised, RSV infection is common in adults and sometimes causes severe illness especially in the elderly [2,3]. RSV infection presents with simila... | 16899110 | PMC1560143 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 9; 6:128 |
Background
Malaria remains one of the most important communicable diseases in the world. Despite enormous control efforts over many decades malaria is still a significant health problem. It is estimated that around 300–500 million cases occur each year with one to three million deaths. The problem is compounded by mult... | 16907979 | PMC1560144 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Aug 14; 5:71 |
Background
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains the most common deforming orthopedic condition in children [1,2]. It is manifested as a spinal curvature presenting at or about puberty which in its most aggressive form leads to progressive spinal curvature and vertebral rotation. In children it is associated wi... | 16923185 | PMC1560145 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Aug 21; 14:15 |
Background
Due to the physical requirements of their jobs, healthcare professionals can be susceptible to various physical injuries. A review of the literature, abstracts, bibliographies, and computer databases revealed numerous studies investigating the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in certain high-risk group... | 16930481 | PMC1560146 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Aug 24; 14:17 |
Background
Society assumes that all health care professionals will continue to learn and develop themselves professionally throughout their lifetimes [1]. Practitioners spend numerous hours each year in continuing education (CE) programs that ostensibly focus upon improving management performance and/or optimizing pati... | 16930482 | PMC1560147 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Aug 24; 14:18 |
Background
The meeting was attended by principally Brazilian scientists and students and a smaller number participants from other Latin American countries, Europe, the United States and Japan. Of the 546 participants 72.94% (380) were students. The scientific sessions were divided into 10 peer lectures, 13 round tables... | 16916462 | PMC1560148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2006 Aug 17; 5:4 |
Background
Three structurally and functionally distinct DNA polymerases, known as DNA polymerases α, δ, and ε (Pol α,-δ, and -ε, respectively), are required for chromosomal DNA replication in yeasts [1-3]. The complex structure of each Pol α, -δ, and -ε is well conserved from yeast to human [4], thus their function ins... | 16925818 | PMC1560149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Aug 22; 7:21 |
Background
Self-tests are those where an individual can obtain a result without recourse to a health professional: by getting a result immediately (e.g. most prostate specific antigen (PSA) and faecal occult blood (FOB) tests), or by sending a sample to a laboratory that returns the result directly to the individual (e... | 16934141 | PMC1560150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 25; 6:215 |
Background
Angiogenesis is an essential step in both tumour growth and the formation of distant metastases. Therefore, inhibition of tumour angiogenesis is currently being explored as a novel anti-tumour treatment [1-5].
One class of anti-angiogenic compounds consists of proteolytic fragments of larger parent molecule... | 16753063 | PMC1560151 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 5; 6:149 |
Background
About 25% of the total world male population is circumcised and circumcision remains one of the oldest and commonest operations performed all over the world [1-4]. The complication rates of the procedure range between 0.19% and 3.1% [1,5-7]. The Fetus and Newborn Committee of the Canadian Pediatric Society a... | 16934157 | PMC1560152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:45 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Aug 25; 6:21 |
Background
Orlistat is an anti-obesity drug licensed in the U.K. for 7 years. We present a case of a patient who developed pancreatitis four days after commencing orlistat.
Case presentation
A 36 year old man presented to the emergency department with a 24 hour history of central abdominal pain, two episodes of vomiti... | 16938137 | PMC1560153 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Aug 28; 5:19 |
Background
The concept of gender has been used in the social and humanistic sciences since the 1960s. It was originally introduced to designate how different societies and cultures interpret biological sex [1]. It refers to the constantly ongoing social construction of what is considered 'feminine' and 'masculine' ('do... | 16928283 | PMC1560154 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Aug 24; 4:20 |
Background
Since late September 2000, when the Al-Aqsa Intifada (the second Palestinian uprising) erupted, Israel has experienced repeated deadly terror attacks, which have claimed large numbers of civilian casualties, disrupted daily life, and created an atmosphere of fear and insecurity. By May 2004, 1030 people had ... | 16934160 | PMC1560155 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Aug 27; 4:21 |
Background
There are almost 515 million episodes of clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections [1]. Malaria treatment and control have been undermined by emergence and spread of drug-resistant malaria worldwide hereby increasing morbidity and mortality. World Health Organization's strategies to reduce malaria-re... | 16934158 | PMC1560156 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Aug 26; 5:18 |
Background
Telehealth is considered a major innovation at the technological, social, and cultural levels[1]. This technology has the potential to increase access to, and quality of, health care services and to lower health system expenditures[2,3]. Thus, introducing telehealth as a tool to support the delivery of healt... | 16930484 | PMC1560157 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Aug 24; 1:18 |
Background
The tripartite motif (TRIM) family is a well conserved family of proteins characterized by a structure comprising a RING domain, one or two B-boxes and a predicted coiled-coil region [1]. In addition, most TRIM proteins have additional C-terminal domains. Members of the TRIM protein family are involved in va... | 16925802 | PMC1560158 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Aug 22; 3:54 |
Background
The Myc protein, which has been shown to play an essential role in the control of cell proliferation, growth, differentiation and apoptosis [1,2], is a member of the basic region/helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper (b/HLH/Zip) family of transcriptional regulators that is capable of both transactivation and trans... | 16899113 | PMC1560159 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Aug 9; 5:31 |
Background
Atherosclerosis is characterized by a low-grade systemic inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction [1]. Endothelial dysfunction is comprised of increased expression of cellular adhesion molecules, loss of anticoagulant properties, and increased vascular tone due to loss of bioavailability of vasodila... | 16916467 | PMC1560160 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Aug 17; 6:35 |
Background
Of the approximately four million global neonatal deaths that occur annually, 98% occur in developing countries, where most newborns die at home while they are cared by mothers, relatives, and traditional birth attendants [1]. During the past two decades infant mortality rate has declined very slowly. This i... | 16928269 | PMC1560161 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Aug 23; 6:27 |
Background
Malignant gliomas are one of the more lethal forms of cancer. An estimated 18,000 new cases of brain and central nervous system tumors are diagnosed each year and approximately 13,000 people die of their disease in the United States alone [1]. Those diagnosed with the most malignant form of astrocytoma (glio... | 16914050 | PMC1560162 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Aug 16; 6:27 |
Background
Our everyday practice seems to suggest that people prefer, for their children with scoliosis, prevention instead of a "wait and see" approach, even if this prevention of progression implies efforts, expenses, time, and obviously a possible failure. We planned a study to verify this hypothesis.
Children are ... | 16930488 | PMC1560163 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Aug 24; 1:14 |
Predictive markers in carcinomas
Improving survival of cancer patients has been a difficult task for oncologists and all other related medical specialists due to the complexity of this group of diseases. Prevention, early detection and improvement in therapeutic options are the major approaches that can make a differen... | 16911776 | PMC1560164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Aug 15; 1:19 |
Background
Rhinosporidiosis is an infectious disease, endemic in some areas of Asia, such as India and Ceylon, although it may occur in the Americas, Europe, Africa, more commonly in the tropics. Outbreaks of human and animal disease have been recently described in Europe and reports of sporadical cases in temperate an... | 16945122 | PMC1560165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Aug 31; 1:25 |
Background
Successful metastasis entails acquisition of phenotypic qualities that may be atypical to the majority of cells within the primary tumor mass [1]. These traits include enhanced motility, increased degradation of the extracellular matrix, altered adhesion and the ability to survive apart from the homeotypic e... | 16928272 | PMC1560166 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Aug 23; 6:21 |
Background
Pertaining health needs and accelerating technological development put an ever-increasing demand on limited health budgets. Policy makers need to make important decisions on the use of public funds – to target which disease areas, which populations, and with which interventions. However, these choices may no... | 16923181 | PMC1560167 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Aug 21; 4:14 |
Background
One United States national health objective for 2010 is to have at least 95% of U.S. children aged <6 years participate in fully operational population-based immunization registries or immunization information systems (IIS) [1]. To achieve this objective the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ... | 16925823 | PMC1560168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Aug 22; 4:15 |
Background
Several publications have suggested the use of cDNA-microarrays for clinical diagnosis [1-4]. While today's microarrays can cover up to 50,000 genes, only a small percentage of them is needed for diagnosis. Most diagnostic microarray datasets can achieve optimal classification with no more than 5–50 discrimi... | 16925821 | PMC1560169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 22; 7:388 |
Background
The use of global gene expression profiling to identify sets of genes with similar expression patterns is rapidly becoming a widespread approach for understanding biological processes. Typically, gene expression data obtained by microarray analysis is organized in coherent groups of genes by several statisti... | 16916454 | PMC1560170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 17; 7:384 |
Background
Transcriptome profiling experiments documented changes in gene expresion in several areas or cellular populations of the developing mammalian brain [1-4]. The availability of genomic sequences of an increasing number of vertebrate species, including human and mouse, permits – by their comparison – the identi... | 16884529 | PMC1560171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 2; 7:367 |
Background
Genes and proteins are biological objects of primary importance for understanding biochemical processes. The exchange of knowledge on any kind of object requires consistent names or identifiers for each object. So far, even though nomenclature paradigms are provided by several communities, the generation and... | 16899134 | PMC1560172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 9; 7:372 |
At the end of 2005, about 40 million people worldwide were living with HIV/AIDS, most of them adults and 95 percent of them living in developing countries. Although vigorous prevention programs are under way in many countries, about 3 million people still died from AIDS in 2005 and more than 13,000 people became infect... | 16953657 | PMC1560173 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 5; 3(10):e398 |
Introduction
Matching one's own behavior with that of others allows individuals to detect contingencies in the social world. This process could allow an individual to synchronize its activity with those of its group members, to copy the behavior of other individuals, and to learn the context in which an activity should... | 16953662 | PMC1560174 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 5; 4(9):e302 |
Humans do it. Chimps do it. Why shouldn’t monkeys do it, too? Mimicry exists throughout the animal kingdom, but imitation with a purpose—matching one’s behavior to others’ as a form of social learning—has been seen only in great apes. (Mockingbirds can imitate an impressive number of other birds’ songs, but they can’t ... | 20076641 | PMC1560175 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 5; 4(9):e311 |
Disease name
Biliary atresia
Definition
Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare disease characterised by a biliary obstruction of unknown origin that presents in the neonatal period [1].
Background
BA is the most frequent surgical cause of cholestatic jaundice in neonates. The common histopathological picture is one of inflam... | 16872500 | PMC1560371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Jul 26; 1:28 |
Background
The cellular prion protein PrPc is a glycosylinositol phospholipid (GPI) anchored glycoprotein present on neuronal and other cells [1,2] with a demonstrable ability to bind and transport copper ions [3-6]. The protein is essential for susceptibility to the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) whe... | 16939649 | PMC1560372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Aug 29; 3:59 |
Background
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABGS) is aimed at alleviating patients' morbidity and prolonging their lives. Given the high success rate of such surgery in achieving these aims, it is clear why the assessment of health related quality of life (HRQoL) is of such importance. Longitudinal studies [1-3] ... | 16904010 | PMC1560373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 13; 4:49 |
Background
The protein folding problem has been one of the grand challenges in computational molecular biology. The problem is to predict the native three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence. It is widely believed that the amino acid sequence contains all the information necessary to make up... | 16893453 | PMC1560374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Aug 7; 3:28 |
Background
Modern contraceptive methods, by improving reproductive health, have a positive impact on women's overall health and quality of life [1]. To exert this beneficial effect, correct and consistent use of the contraceptive method chosen by the clients is necessary. This is achieved by promoting correct knowledge... | 16889672 | PMC1560375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:40 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Aug 6; 6:12 |
Background
Endometrial Stromal Sarcomas (ESSs) are very rare malignant tumors that constitute approximately 10% of all uterine sarcomas but only around 0.2% of all uterine malignancies [1]. The annual incidence of ESS is 1–2 per million women accounting for 400 to 700 new cases each year in Europe [2].
ESS can be mist... | 16895611 | PMC1560376 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 9; 4:50 |
After the publication of this work [1], we became aware of the fact that in Table 1 there was a mistake in the sequence of the forward primer used for the amplification of the ACTB gene. The correct sequence (Table 1, column 2, line 1) should read as follows: 5'-CTGAGCGCAAGTACTCCGTGT-3'
We regret any inconvenience tha... | 0 | PMC1560377 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Aug 16; 2:26 |
Background
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the principal cause of registered legal blindness among those over 65 years of age in the United States, Western Europe, Australia, Canada and Japan [1-5]. The clinical hallmarks of AMD are the formation of drusen, geographic atrophy and, in advanced stage, choroidal... | 16911781 | PMC1560378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Aug 15; 5:21 |
Background
It has frequently been noted that many island plant lineages show little genetic sequence divergence compared with their continental relatives [e.g., [1,2]]. This phenomenon can be associated with recent radiations and/or extensive gene flow, and in the case of young plant lineages, as in the Hawaiian Island... | 16928278 | PMC1560379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Aug 23; 6:16 |
Background
The history of government response to the emerging evidence on the harmfulness of secondhand smoke (SHS) typically presents intriguing case studies of incremental public health policy, often spanning decades. By incremental, we mean a process whereby governments gradually introduce restrictions on smoking in... | 16859560 | PMC1560380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 21; 6:192 |
Background
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is associated with intermittent exacerbations characterized by acute deterioration in the symptoms of chronic dyspnea, cough and sputum production. Worldwide, COPD is the only leading cause of death that still has a rising mortality rate. It has been estimated tha... | 16914029 | PMC1560381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Aug 16; 7(1):109 |
Background
Semen quality parameters are routine clinical measures used to assess testicular function and basal blood reproductive endocrine levels are used to assess the integrity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis. The GnRH stimulation test has also been used to indicate disruption in the normal hypothalami... | 16901337 | PMC1560382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Aug 10; 1:21 |
Background
To mathematically model a physiological mechanism, the factors that govern its modus operandi can be taken as independent or dependent variables in the mathematical model and the behavior of the whole system be described by a set of simple or complex, differential or integral equations. The minimal model of ... | 16842624 | PMC1560383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jul 14; 5:44 |
Background
Pyonephrosis refers to infected purulent urine in an obstructed urinary collecting system such as the renal pelvices. Although bacteria cause the majority of these infections, Candida species such as C. glabrata have been reported to be involved in 5% of cases [1].
We describe a case of pyonephrosis complic... | 16895593 | PMC1560384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 8; 6:126 |
Background
Infections with soil transmitted helminths (STH) are common worldwide, with prevalence and parasite burden being particularly high in developing countries among school-aged children [2], although in many communities the prevalence of hookworm is higher in adults than in children [3]. In children, STH are ass... | 16836746 | PMC1560385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 12; 6:110 |
Background
Recent advances in experimental methods have enabled the development of functional genomics, a genome-wide approach to understanding the inner workings of a cell. While such large-scale approaches will undoubtedly be instrumental in extending our knowledge of molecular and cellular biology, they produce enor... | 16869964 | PMC1560386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 25; 7:187 |
Background
Extreme environments provide simplified microbial communities which may be usefully compared and contrasted with more complex ecosystems. Community complexity is often assessed in terms of the diversity of phylogenetic markers such as 16S ribosomal RNA – but generally we do not know the extent to which organ... | 16820057 | PMC1560387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 4; 7:171 |
Background
Hypermethylation of the CpG islands of gene promoter is one of the earliest and most frequent alterations leading to cancer [1,2]. It is an important epigenetic mechanism for gene silencing, which may confer tumor cells of growth advantage [1,3]. Many cellular pathways are inactivated by this epigenetic even... | 16928264 | PMC1560388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 23; 6:212 |
Background
Apoptosis is a critical process that is dysregulated in tumourigenesis [1]. Bcl-2 was the prototypic anti-apoptotic protein, and Bcl-XL was the first protein discovered with similar function [2]. Since then the Bcl-2 family has expanded to include more than 6 anti-apoptotic and many pro-apoptotic members [3]... | 16928273 | PMC1560389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 23; 6:213 |
Background
The transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder is the second most common malignancy of all genitourinary tumours after prostate cancer. For the year 2006 the American Cancer Society published an estimated number of approximately 61,420 new cases of bladder cancer in men and of 44,690 new cases in women... | 16901349 | PMC1560390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Aug 10; 6:19 |
Background
Physical inactivity, diet and other risk factors contribute significantly to the global burden of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and breast and colon cancer [1]. Over one million deaths annually can be attributed to physical inactivity alone on a worldwide basis [1]. In th... | 16901346 | PMC1560391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Aug 10; 5:18 |
Background
The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are usually capped by telomeres which consist of repeated copies of a short DNA sequence and several associated proteins [reviewed in [1]]. The telomeres protect the chromosomes from damage and degradation and from being fused together by DNA repair mechanisms and are essen... | 16939641 | PMC1560392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:50 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Aug 29; 7:26 |
Background
The therapeutic efficacy of novel cancer therapeutic agents including genetic vectors that directly target tumor cells greatly depends on their adequate distribution to and within the tumor mass [1-6]. The capacity of adenoviral vectors to reach and transfect the highest possible number of cells that constit... | 16899125 | PMC1560393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Aug 9; 5:32 |
Background
Coronary heart disease and stroke as manifestations of atherosclerosis are among the leading causes of death. Consequently, there has been an intensive search for measures of atherosclerosis burden that would indicate the cardiovascular and overall risk of the individual patient [1]. An early indicator of po... | 16872534 | PMC1560394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jul 27; 6:33 |
Background
Adenoid basal carcinoma (ABC) of the cervix is a rare neoplasm with a predilection for postmenopausal non-Caucasian women. It accounts for less than 1% of all cervical adenocarcinomas. Since its original recognition in 1966 by Baggish and Woodruff [1,2], there have been fewer than 100 reported cases of this ... | 16914043 | PMC1560395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Aug 16; 1:20 |
Background
Retrotransposons replicate intracellularly through reverse transcription of their RNA and integration of the resulting cDNA into another locus of the host genome. Two main groups of retrotransposons are recognized: the long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons that have long terminal repeats at both ends; ... | 16914031 | PMC1560396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Aug 16; 6:62 |
Background
One of the more surprising observations in the early genome studies was the enormous variation in genome size, not only among eukaryotes in general (>200,000 fold variation), but also within kingdoms (e.g. plants, >1,000 fold variation) [1]. Even among closely related species, genome size has been found to e... | 16911784 | PMC1560397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Aug 15; 6:61 |
Background
Cellular metabolism is an essential process for the maintenance of life and metabolic networks have been extensively studied [1-7]. Although a large variety of metabolic reactions can be found in different organisms, metabolic networks are highly conserved across them. It remains a highly interesting and cha... | 16916470 | PMC1560398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 18; 7:386 |
Introduction
In the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), 21- to 23-nucleotide double-stranded RNAs, target a corresponding mRNA for post-transcriptional destruction. siRNAs act as guides for a protein complex, RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex), which mediates target RNA destruction [1–3]... | 16965178 | PMC1560399 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 8; 2(9):e140 |
Introduction
The identification of more than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the National Center for Biotechnology Institute single nucleotide polymorphism database dbSNP (build 124) provides an extensive database for human genetic analysis. In addition to information on the genomic location of the... | 16965180 | PMC1560400 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 8; 2(9):e142 |
Introduction
The rate of DNA replication and the rate of cell proliferation are dependent on the frequency of initiation events or density of replication origins utilized. This correlation has been observed in prokaryotes [1] and during development in metazoans [2,3]. Little is known about the regulatory mechanisms for... | 16965179 | PMC1560401 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:57 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 8; 2(9):e141 |
Introduction
Information extraction uses computer-aided methods to recover and structure meaning that is locked in natural-language texts. The assertions uncovered in this way are amenable to computational processing that approximates human reasoning. In the special case of biomedical applications, the texts are repre... | 16965176 | PMC1560402 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 8; 2(9):e118 |
Introduction
The mathematical modelling and simulation of genetic regulatory networks can provide insights into the complicated biological and chemical processes associated with genetic regulation. However, it is important that the models are kept simple but nevertheless capture the key processes. In addition, by incor... | 16965175 | PMC1560403 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 8; 2(9):e117 |
“Many scientists and engineers spend much of their lives writing, debugging, and maintaining software, but only a handful have ever been taught how to do this effectively: after a couple of introductory courses, they are left to rediscover (or reinvent) the rest of programming on their own. The result? Most spend far t... | 16965174 | PMC1560404 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 8; 2(9):e87 |
Introduction
Central nervous system (CNS) regulation of peripheral inflammation may be a component of many immunological diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. However, the mechanisms that allow the CNS to modulate peripheral inflammatory responses are largely unknown. For instance, neural mechanisms were recently d... | 16953659 | PMC1560929 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 5; 3(9):e338 |
Background
Malaria is the major parasitic disease of humans throughout the tropics and subtropics, mainly affecting children under 5 years of age and causing 500 million clinical cases and up to 2.7 million deaths each year [1]. In addition to infection-induced mortality, malaria is also associated with public-health p... | 16611373 | PMC1561486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | J Biol. 2006 Apr 12; 5(2):5 |
Background
Traumatic injury to the adult central nervous system (CNS) is associated with multiple different types of damage, all of which pose substantial challenges to attempts to carry out tissue repair. Promoting regenerative growth of severed motor and sensory axons requires the provision of appropriate substrates ... | 16643674 | PMC1561531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | J Biol. 2006 Apr 27; 5(3):7 |
Background
At its simplest, a neuron is composed of three major structures, a central cell body and two networks of extensively branched membrane structures, the dendrite and the axon. Growing axons respond to a wide variety of extracellular attractive and repulsive signals that direct migration to a fated location. Al... | 16725058 | PMC1561584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | J Biol. 2006 May 25; 5(4):9 |
Introduction
The molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been intensively studied for decades; it remains the best-understood eukaryote at the molecular genetic level. Completion of the S. cerevisiae genome sequence nearly a decade ago spawned a host of functional... | 16762047 | PMC1561585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | J Biol. 2006 Jun 8; 5(4):11 |
Background
Pregnancy duration at entry to antenatal care in Australia
Early entry to antenatal care (ANC) is important for early detection and treatment of adverse pregnancy related outcomes. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that pregnant women in developing countries should seek ANC within the first 4 mo... | 16916473 | PMC1562358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Reprod Health. 2006 Aug 18; 3:8 |
Background
Improving the health of local populations requires specific knowledge of the current levels of health status, which can be compared over time. However commissioning health care services carries with it the need to prioritize resources. For this reason policy makers have always expressed the necessity to iden... | 16901340 | PMC1562359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 10; 4:47 |
Background
Telesurveillance is a telemedicine application that permits to follow patients with medical needs, at home. Telesurveillance is based on communication technologies to put in contact patients with a call center where social and medical services are coordinated [1]. Emergency as well as services provided on a ... | 16827929 | PMC1562360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jul 7; 4:41 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Eric Bapteste, Adam Eyre-Walker and Alexey Kondrashov. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
The traditional view of evolution supports that DNA is transferred vertically from parent to offspring. Hybridization and genetic transfer between different... | 16872524 | PMC1562361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Jul 27; 1:21 |
Background
Lung development starts in mice at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5). By E16.5, airways have extensively grown and branched to form the bronchial tree. Between E16.5 and term (E20.5) lung cell proliferation is gradually reduced, and the distal lung undergoes significant morphogenetic changes to form the alveolar sacs... | 16869965 | PMC1562362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jul 25; 6:35 |
Background
Large conductance calcium- and voltage- activated potassium (BK) channels are key determinants in the regulation of vertebrate neuronal excitability by controlling action potential duration, firing frequency, spike frequency adaptation and neurotransmission [1-5]. In the adult vertebrate nervous system BK ch... | 16872513 | PMC1562363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jul 27; 6:37 |
Background
Elevated plasma LDL is recognised as a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and coronary vascular disease [1]. Mutations in the LDLR and APOB genes are well established as monogenetic causes of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and familial defective apoB (FDB) respectively [2]. These co... | 16875509 | PMC1562364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jul 31; 7:66 |
Background
Forests have played key roles in the lives of people living in both mountains and lowland areas by supplying fresh water and oxygen as well as providing a diversity of valuable forest products for food and medicine [1]. The age-old traditional values attached with the various forest types and the varieties o... | 0 | PMC1562365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Aug 8; 2:32 |
Findings
Injury to peripheral nerves cause rearrangement of synaptic contacts, wind up, central sensitization, long-term potentiation and loss of inhibitory neuron of the spinal dorsal horn [1-7]. Retraction and the following lack of signals from polymodal C-fiber terminals to dendritic targets in lamina II of the dors... | 16914035 | PMC1562366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Aug 16; 2:25 |
Background
Recent guidelines recommend 30 minutes or more of daily, moderate-intensity physical exercise on the basis of favorable biological adaptations and substantial health benefits, which include a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disorders, cancer and other chronic pathologies [1]. Although it appears to... | 16916446 | PMC1562367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Aug 17; 4:10 |
Background
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare skeletal developmental disorder whereby the medulla of bone is replaced by fibrous tissue leading to distortion of bony architecture, expansion and weakening of bones, easy fractures, joint subluxations or dislocations and compressive symptoms [1]. Four varieties of FD are re... | 16911793 | PMC1562402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Aug 15; 2:24 |
Background
Insite is North America's first supervised injection site – a landmark public heath initiative that has been operating since 2003 in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. The program is a vital component of that cities internationally recognized harm reduction strategy addressing it's serious problems with drugs, c... | 16899132 | PMC1562403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Aug 9; 3:24 |
Background
As policy makers grapple with the persistent social and economic costs of substance abuse and other risky behaviors, the need for prevention remains starkly evident. Studies have found that even brief, informational interventions can lead to significant reductions in risky behaviors [1-4]. Given the enormous... | 16887037 | PMC1562404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Aug 3; 1:21 |
Background
A World Health Organization (WHO) medical officer consulting with physicians at a hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam provided one of the earliest descriptions of a respiratory illness that later became known as SARS. Suspicions were first raised in Vietnam when staff at a small private health care facility, Hospital... | 16907978 | PMC1562405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 14; 6:207 |
Background
Members of the public have become more involved in their own care. They use pregnancy tests and tests to monitor diagnosed conditions, such as diabetes mellitus [1], and self blood pressure measurement is popular [2]. Initiatives such as NHS Direct and the need to control costs have contributed to the develo... | 16869960 | PMC1562406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 25; 6:193 |
Background
Planktonic cyanobacteria are common inhabitants of freshwater lakes and reservoirs throughout the world. Under favourable conditions, certain cyanobacteria can dominate the phytoplankton within a waterbody and form nuisance blooms. The principal public health concern regarding exposure to freshwater cyanobac... | 16606468 | PMC1562407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 11; 6:93 |
Background
Occupational asthma is caused by sensitisation to an agent inhaled in the workplace. Onset of symptoms occurs after repeated exposure to chemicals and allergens in the work environment [1,2]. However, while many subjects experience exposure to agents that are known or suspected to provoke occupational asthma... | 16893447 | PMC1562408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Aug 7; 5:23 |
Background
Of the 20.8 million Americans with diabetes, 6.2 million (30%) are unaware of their diagnosis [1]. It is unclear why nearly one-third of patients with diabetes are undiagnosed. One potential reason could be insufficient screening for diabetes in the context of medical care. Insufficient screening may occur, ... | 16836763 | PMC1562409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jul 12; 6:87 |
Background
Population health surveys are a common method of obtaining information on the extent and severity of self-reported health problems. Further information on the occurrence and treatment of symptoms and disease can be obtained from primary care consultation records. The increased recording of general practice d... | 16914041 | PMC1562410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 16; 6:101 |
Background
Since they are considered an important part of the Chinese Urban Health Reform System, Community Health Centers (CHCs) have been established throughout the entire nation; they are currently undergoing substantial re-construction. Until 2002, 31 provinces including the autonomous regions and central governmen... | 16887022 | PMC1562411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:46 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 3; 6:93 |
Background
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relies on signals emitted by hydrogen nuclei brought into a magnetic field and stimulated by an electromagnetic radio wave. The usual MRI rule is, the stronger the magnetic field, the stronger the signal. When signal strength is increased imaging is faster, the slices are thi... | 16889671 | PMC1562412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Aug 6; 7(1):106 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common inherited disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which is an epithelial chloride channel. The disorder affects multiple organs and the phenotype is extremely heterogeneous. However, CF morbidity and mor... | 16875506 | PMC1562413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jul 30; 7(1):104 |
Background
Transposable elements (TEs) were undoubtly closely involved in the evolution of the genomic sequences we observe today. TEs can be considered to be parasites, but they all have genome restructuring capabilities and appear to play an important part in genome evolution. The availability of the full genome sequ... | 16919158 | PMC1562414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 18; 7:214 |
Background
Trichoderma is a fungal genus that includes cosmopolitan fungi able to colonize different substrates under diverse environmental conditions. One of the most significant ecological niches occupied by Trichoderma species is the plant rhizosphere, which is effectively colonized due to the capacity of these fung... | 16872539 | PMC1562415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 27; 7:193 |
Background
Homeobox genes encode transcription factors defined by a 60 amino acid homeodomain motif and have fundamental roles in many aspects of biology [1-4]. The most studied example of these are the Hox genes which have an ancestral role in the patterning of the primary body axis and in vertebrates have adopted add... | 16916441 | PMC1562416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 17; 7:212 |
Background
Birth weight, conventionally used as a measure of fetal growth, is a composite of many components including, bone, internal organs, muscle, fat and fluids. These may be determined by different regulatory mechanisms, both environmental and genetic. It has been suggested that fat-mass reflects the intra-uterin... | 16916439 | PMC1562417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Aug 17; 6:24 |
Background
An early warning system is needed to identify surgical devices and techniques that perform poorly when introduced into general practice [1]. Expensive technological innovations commonly gain widespread use based on limited comparative data and minimal systematic post-marketing surveillance [2]. Thus, awarene... | 16787537 | PMC1562418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jun 20; 7:53 |
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