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Background
Physiology of ion transport
Ion transport across cell membranes and epithelial cell layers is the basis for generation of membrane potentials and provides the osmotic gradients for transmembranous and paracellular fluid transport. Transport of sodium [Na+], potassium [K+] and chloride [Cl-] are involved in m... | 16571116 | PMC1562419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:39 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Mar 29; 3:5 |
Background
This article represents one of the consecutive publications dedicated to the following problem: how much does the urbanisation process influence the Global Carbon Cycle (GCC), which was begun by the work [1]. At present there are a lot of different models, which describe various aspects of the GCC, as well a... | 16930464 | PMC1562420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Aug 15; 1:8 |
Background
Mathematical models have long been used to further our understanding of the spread of close-contact infections, such as measles and tuberculosis, and make quantitative predictions regarding the possible impact of control policies [1-4]. Largely through the development and exploration of these models the pivo... | 16907980 | PMC1562421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Aug 14; 3:10 |
In the early 1980s, soon after we had characterized the IL2 molecule as a 15.5 kDa variably glycosylated protein[1,2], had purified it to homogeneity[2], and had discovered and characterized the IL2 receptor (IL2R)[3], our attention turned to trying to determine exactly how IL2 binding to its receptor leads to signals ... | 16907989 | PMC1562422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Med Immunol. 2006 Aug 14; 5:3 |
Background
The original definition of alexithymia is the inability to identify and use verbal language to describe feelings [1,2]. Alexithymia has been associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders as well as physical illness [3-10]. As a measure, Toronto Alexithymia Scale was significantly correlated with the mea... | 16911802 | PMC1562423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 15; 5:13 |
Background
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a poorly understood symptom complex with abdominal pain and altered bowel function. Its basis likely involves visceral hypersensitivity and altered intestinal motility, perhaps mediated by the serotonin (5-HT) receptors [1]. IBS is not merely a motility disorder confined to ... | 16792807 | PMC1562424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Jun 22; 5:15 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) causes an estimated 2 million deaths per year [1], the overwhelming majority occur in developing countries [2], and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects approximately one third of the world's population [3]. While the incidence of TB has stabilised or is on the decrease in many parts of the w... | 16573826 | PMC1562425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 30; 6:66 |
Background
The diphtheria epidemic, which emerged in the 1990's in the newly independent states (NIS) of the former Soviet Union, was also reported from Belarus. In Belarus, 794 diphtheria cases were identified during 1990–1995, of which 25 were fatal. As a consequence of mass immunization the morbidity stabilized in 1... | 16911772 | PMC1562426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 15; 6:129 |
Background
Physical activity is an important element of a healthy lifestyle. In general, the total amount of physical activity, as well as the diversity in types of activity, declines with age. In the Netherlands in 2000, 59% of people aged 65 and over were not engaged in sufficient physical activity to obtain health b... | 16875507 | PMC1562427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Jul 31; 6:9 |
Background
Infant and childhood mortality remains high in the poor populations of the developing world [1,2]. About 10.6 million children under the age of five years are dying each year, with the great majority of deaths being preventable by low-cost public health interventions [2-4]. Roughly 40 percent of childhood de... | 16762069 | PMC1562428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jun 8; 5:47 |
Background
Malaria infection starts in the mammalian host with the injection of Plasmodium sporozoites by a mosquito bite. Sporozoites travel to the liver where they cross the sinusoidal wall through Kupffer cells and then migrate through several hepatocytes before they establish an infection with the formation of a pa... | 16914051 | PMC1562429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Aug 16; 6:73 |
Background
Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) is a reactive low molecular weight (LMW) chemical used in the manufacture of paints, epoxy curing agents, printing inks and vinyl plasticizers and is known to cause occupational asthma characterized by airflow obstruction, airway inflammation and non-specific bronchial hyperreacti... | 16796737 | PMC1562430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jun 23; 1:13 |
Background
The exposure to aromatic amines (AA) continues to be a serious problem. Bladder cancer caused by exposure to AA is a common occupational cancer. The greatest problem from the point of view of occupational hygiene is, in spite of the standard technical protection measures, that AA are well absorbed through th... | 16854230 | PMC1562431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jul 19; 1:17 |
Background
The upper extremity has an important role in several daily activities such as eating, drinking, clothing, grooming, writing, as well as in different sports and leisure activities. These activities require coordination of multiple joints and involve both the musculoskeletal and neural systems [1]. Impairment ... | 16914057 | PMC1562432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Aug 16; 3:18 |
Introduction
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) presents one of the most perplexing pathologic conditions in orthopedic and sports medicine clinics, as well as in rehabilitation departments, and it was referred to by Dye [1] as the "black hole of orthopedics" because of the lack of clarity regarding the etiological fa... | 16817971 | PMC1562433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Jul 3; 3:13 |
Background
The phenotype of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells responding to pathogens such as HIV or CMV is at least partially linked with their functions, which include cytokine production and cytotoxicity. In chronic HIV infection, the functional profile of HIV-specific T cells has been reported to be impaired in a variety of wa... | 16859558 | PMC1562434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Jul 21; 3:18 |
Background
Most colorectal cancers (CRC) develop through multiple mutations in the normal colonic mucosa, and evolve through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence [1,2]. Various endogenous and exogenous agents from environmental exposures are constantly damaging DNA, and in combination with low DNA repair capacity this have b... | 16914027 | PMC1562435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 16; 6:208 |
Background
The mechanism for maintaining telomere integrity is controlled by telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that specifically restores telomere sequences lost during replication by means of an intrinsic RNA component as a template for polymerization. Telomerase has 2 core functional components that are required... | 16911782 | PMC1562436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 15; 6:206 |
Background
Vitamin A (VA) deficiency affects approximately 40% of the world population, particularly pregnant or lactating women and under-five children [1]. An estimated 100–140 million children are still suffering from subclinical VA deficiency, although clinical signs of the deficiency are on the decline [1]. Even s... | 16846498 | PMC1562437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Jul 17; 5:17 |
Background
Several CD4+ T cell subsets can be identified in humans: naïve T cells (TN) to mount an immune response to a variety of new antigens, and memory T cells to respond to previously encountered pathogens. TN cells preferentially circulate between blood and secondary lymphoid tissues, using high endothelial venul... | 16916447 | PMC1562438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Aug 17; 3:52 |
Background
Keloids are benign, common, fibroproliferative dermal tumors which usually occur as a result of trauma to the skin[1], though their pathogenesis is distinct from hypertrophic scars [2]. Keloids are often refractory to treatment, recurring frequently. While the precise etiology and genetic mechanism of this p... | 16623939 | PMC1562439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2006 Apr 19; 6:7 |
Background
During the last decade the testing and implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in healthcare systems throughout the United States has increased. While published literature examining implementation of EBPs in health continues to grow [1-6], relatively few studies have focused on adult persons with s... | 16734913 | PMC1562440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 May 30; 1:13 |
Background
In the UK sore throats cost the NHS an estimated £60 million in GP consultations alone, result in 90,000 tonsillectomy procedures, approximately half of which are in children, and a loss of more than 35 million school or work days annually[1]. The incidence of tonsillectomy has risen since the early 1990's, ... | 16899123 | PMC1562441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Aug 9; 6:13 |
Background
Synovial sarcoma(SS) usually occurs in young adults and is found in the paraarticular areas of the tendon sheaths and joints in the lower and upper-extremity.
The surgical pathology diagnosis can be especially challenging when SS arises in unusual locations, young patients, or have a poorly differentiated m... | 16907985 | PMC1562442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Aug 14; 3:20 |
Background
Several intervention studies in humans and animals suggest that consumption of soy and isoflavone-rich soy protein may decrease body weight [1,2]. Postmenopausal women with relatively high isoflavone consumption in their normal diet showed an inverse association with obesity in a cross-sectional study [3]. H... | 16907966 | PMC1562443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Aug 14; 5:11 |
Background
During the past two decades, significant advances in medical technology have contributed to the increased survival of preterm, very low birth weight infants. As mortality rates have declined, the focus has shifted to decreasing morbidity and length of hospital stay for these high-risk infants. Nutritional ca... | 16719919 | PMC1562444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 May 23; 6:17 |
Background
During normal breathing, the upper airway effectively deliver inspired air to the lower respiratory tract (at the carina) condition to approximately 32°C with a relative humidity (RH) of more than 90% (absolute humidity (AH) 30.4 mg/L)[1]. As this inspired air enters the alveoli, it is warmed to body tempera... | 16895607 | PMC1562445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Aug 8; 6:19 |
Background
Though hemangioma is a common soft tissue lesion in the oral and maxillofacial region, pathologists are often unfamiliar with the histomorphology of hemangioma in the context of salivary glands [1], especially minor salivary glands. According to the AFIP files, hemangioma is the most common non-epithelial tu... | 17002811 | PMC1562446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Aug 17; 1:21 |
Background
In the complex interaction of relationships that exist between the immune system and cancer, therapeutic vaccination can be considered as a valid approach to overcoming the established state of immunotolerance between the two systems [1,2].
The use of dendritic cells (DC) derived from peripheral blood precu... | 16914047 | PMC1562447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Aug 16; 4:36 |
Background
In 1994 Fukuda et al. [1] defined CFS as a chronic persistent fatigue that is present for over 6 months, is not caused by activity nor alleviated by rest and accompanied with at least 4 other symptoms: cognitive impairment, pain in joints, muscles or head, unrefreshing sleep, soar throat, tender lymph nodes ... | 16911783 | PMC1562448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Aug 15; 4:34 |
Background
Carotid artery atherosclerosis is responsible for 20% to 30% of ischemic strokes. Several large randomized multicenter trials [1-11] have demonstrated the benefit of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and recently with carotid artery stenting (CAS) [11-13] in the prevention of stroke, in both symptomatic and asymp... | 16914059 | PMC1562449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Aug 17; 4:32 |
Background
The ability to create good alignments is important when inferring knowledge from one sequence to another. Alignments can be used in phylogeny to examine the evolution of sequences, and in protein structure prediction. In protein structure prediction, alignments are used to detect related sequences in a proce... | 16869963 | PMC1562450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 25; 7:357 |
Background
Protein multiple sequence alignments are widely used to infer conservation of amino acid residues within an evolutionarily related family [1,2]. Highly conserved residues tend to correlate with structural and/or functional importance, and accurate identification of such important residues aids in experimenta... | 16916457 | PMC1562451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 17; 7:385 |
Introduction
The basal ganglia play an important role in reinforcement learning, in which an animal learns that performing a particular action in response to a neutral (e.g., visual) stimulus will be rewarded [1,2]. In vivo recordings during learning reveal that the reward elicits an increase in dopamine neuron firing ... | 16965177 | PMC1562452 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 8; 2(9):e119 |
Background
Plants are the basis of life on earth and are central to people's livelihoods. Tribal people are the ecosystem people who live in harmony with the nature and maintain a close link between man and environment. Indian subcontinent is being inhabited by over 53.8 million tribal people in 5000 forest dominated v... | 16899114 | PMC1563446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Aug 9; 2:33 |
Disease name and synonyms
Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17).
Definition/diagnostic criteria
The term frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 was defined during the International Consensus Conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1996 [1]. At the time, affe... | 16899117 | PMC1563447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Aug 9; 1:30 |
Background
Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare skin disease. Classical clinical presentation is a first development of an erythematous papule or pustule, secondary forming a rapidly progressing, painful cutaneous ulcer with characteristic violaceous colored borders. Lesions can develop spontaneously, after surgery or after ... | 16925819 | PMC1563448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Reprod Health. 2006 Aug 22; 3:9 |
Background
Peripheral nerve injury can result in the development of chronic pain that is associated with hyperexcitability of sensory neurons within the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) [1,2] and the spinal cord dorsal horn [3-5]. Changes in sodium channel expression are known to contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability, and ... | 16916452 | PMC1563449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Aug 17; 2:27 |
Synthesis and functions of arachidonic acid and its metabolites
Arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites are involved in several important cardiovascular functions. In this article, we address the adverse cardiovascular effects that arise as a result of block of PG mediated modulation of nociceptive ion channels. AA i... | 16916451 | PMC1563450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Aug 17; 2:26 |
Background
All animals employ mechanical sensation to interpret their external and internal environments. The transduction of thermal and chemical stimuli by sensory neurons has been well described physiologically, and molecules mediating transduction for several of these signals have been identified [1,2]. In contrast... | 16923187 | PMC1563451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Aug 21; 2:28 |
Background
Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that has plagued humans for centuries, and presently there is an urgent need for new drugs to combat drug-resistant tuberculosis and shorten the time of tuberculosis therapy. Tuberculosis treatment is lengthy because of a population of persistent bacilli that is not effecti... | 16887020 | PMC1563452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Aug 3; 3:27 |
Findings
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is one of best-studied models of autoimmune disease, and is characterized by an autoimmune attack on CNS myelin mediated by neural autoantigen-specific T helper cells [1]. EAE is currently the best available animal model of human multiple sclerosis. During inductio... | 16928263 | PMC1563453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Aug 23; 3:20 |
Background
There are several reasons why it is important to measure psychological outcomes in diabetes care. First, psychological outcomes are important in their own right and they need to be monitored if they are to be optimised [1]. Secondly, it is important to ensure that improved metabolic control is not achieved a... | 16817960 | PMC1563454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jul 3; 4:40 |
Background
The concept of the burden of care was defined in 1980 by SH Zarit, an American gerontologist, as the discomfort experienced by the principal caregiver of an older family member, including the caregiver's health, psychological well-being, finances, and social life [1]. Since then, a number of burden scales to... | 16919162 | PMC1563455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 18; 4:52 |
Background
Virus assembly is an intricate process and a subject of intensive research[1]. Viruses utilize a host cell to produce their progeny virus particles by undergoing a complex process of maturation and intracellular transport. This process can be monitored at high magnification and resolution utilizing electron ... | 16919163 | PMC1563456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 Aug 18; 3:57 |
Background
"Globally there were 4.4 million new cases of tuberculosis in 2003 [1] of which a quarter were in Africa where the HIV epidemic has resulted in rapid increases in TB caseloads. HIV infection is the greatest risk factor for TB disease and current TB control strategies appear insufficient to halt the swift ris... | 16911806 | PMC1563457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Aug 16; 5:34 |
Background
Temporomandibular disorders have been recognized as a common orofacial pain condition. The American Dental Association in 1983 has suggested that the term Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) refers to a group of disorders characterized by: pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the periauricular area, or t... | 16914032 | PMC1563458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Aug 16; 2:25 |
Background
Recent literature has focused increasingly on the issue of nutrition and oxygenation of larger tissue equivalents in tissue engineering [1-9]. Supply by diffusion does not exceed 100 to 300 μm in vivo as well as in vitro [10]. Consequently, there is an obvious need for a vascular network or an alternative eq... | 16914036 | PMC1563459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Aug 16; 2:26 |
Background
The hypothetical multistep model of carcinogenesis indicates that breast cancer develops via a series of intermediate hyperplastic lesions through in situ to invasive carcinomas, with the risk of developing carcinoma increasing at each stage [1-3]. Epidemiological studies demonstrated an increased risk of de... | 16869981 | PMC1563460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jul 26; 7:29 |
Background
Pituitary tumors constitute 10% of intracranial neoplasms, and are mostly benign with slow growth [1]. Most pituitary neoplasms secrete hormone gene products, leading to disturbed endocrine functions. Prolactinomas account for the most common type of pituitary adenomas [1,2], while about one-third of pituita... | 16914062 | PMC1563461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Aug 17; 1:17 |
Background
Reported rates of prevalence of post-disaster psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents vary across studies. Following Hurricane Hugo in Berkeley County, South Carolina, more than 5% school-aged children had post-traumatic stress syndrome at three months [1]; and after one year the rates of post-trau... | 16869979 | PMC1563462 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Jul 26; 2:17 |
Background
District health systems, comprising of primary health care and first referral hospitals, remain pivotal in the organisation and delivery of basic health services in developing countries [1,2]. However, their effectiveness in many settings has been constrained by poor planning, inefficient resource management... | 16916445 | PMC1563463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 17; 6:105 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among people age 65 and older. A diagnosis of AD is confirmed upon autopsy by the presence of characteristic lesions in specific regions of the brain, notably the hippocampus, amygdala, and association cortices of the frontal, temporal and parieta... | 16930455 | PMC1563464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Aug 18; 1:8 |
Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of upper and subsequent lower respiratory tract infection in children and the elderly and is most severe in children between the ages of 8 and 30 weeks [1]. Severe RSV infection occurs in 1–2% of the cases and may result in acute bronchiolitis that r... | 16893457 | PMC1563465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Aug 7; 7(1):107 |
Background
Caveolae are omega-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane measuring 50 to 100 nm in diameter. They are found in numerous cell types such as type I pneumocytes, endothelial cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, cardiac and striated muscle cells [1]. Caveolar formation is dependent on the e... | 16904002 | PMC1563466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Aug 11; 7(1):108 |
Background
It is well-established that approximately two thirds of mediastinal cysts are related to compression of adjoining structures and obstruction of the distal lung [1,2]. Nevertheless, when located in the posterior mediastinum the spine is the natural barrier who limits their uncompromised expansion and neurolog... | 16925804 | PMC1563467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 22; 4:56 |
Background
Fibromatosis or desmoid tumor of the breast is an extremely rare entity. Multiple case reports have been published [1-22], as well as a few comprehensive series [23-27]. Some have suggested that this entity arises de novo from within the breast parenchyma itself [13,23,24], while others have suggested that i... | 16925827 | PMC1563468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 22; 4:57 |
Background
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the highest crude mortality (39%) among bacteria causing nosocomial BSI [1]. Some small studies have evaluated the effect of hospital pathogens in relation to clinical outcome [2,3]. However, there is no consensus regarding the best scoring system for evaluating prognosis in BSI.
... | 16916466 | PMC1563469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 17; 6:132 |
Introduction
Zoonotic organisms such as viruses, bacteria or parasites can possess the potential to cause severe diseases both in humans and animals. Free-ranging animals with sporadic or indirect contact to domestic livestock and humans may serve as reservoirs or sentinels for diseases. Transmission of these pathogens... | 16987403 | PMC1563470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Jun 14; 48(1):7 |
Background
In the April 2006 issue of the Journal of Royal Society of Medicine, Ernst and Canter authored a review of the most recent published systematic reviews on the effectiveness of spinal manipulation for any condition, including back pain, neck pain, and headache [1]. The authors concluded that data from the sys... | 16887028 | PMC1563471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Aug 3; 14:14 |
Background
Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense are the causative agents of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle, respectively. The protozoan parasites live extracellularly in blood and tissue fluids of mammals and are transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). Over 60 million people ... | 16914038 | PMC1563472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2006 Aug 16; 5:3 |
Background
With the rise of health care consumerism, patients have increasing expectations regarding the health care they receive. These expectations, coupled with the rising complexity of medical care and the increasing number of recommended preventive and chronic disease management services, have created a demand for... | 16911780 | PMC1563473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Aug 15; 4:18 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of small non-coding RNAs encoded in the genomes of animals and plants [1-4] that play a role in targeting messages of protein-coding genes for cleavage or translational repression [5,6]. The active miRNA products ~22 nt in length are formed from larger 60–110 nt hairpin precurso... | 16784538 | PMC1563474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jun 19; 5:24 |
Background
Limiting the number of patients lost to follow-up is essential for the successful completion of randomized controlled trials (RCT). In a multi-center trial, the data coordinating center is mainly responsible for locating patients who are lost during the treatment and follow-up, and persuading them to rejoin ... | 16923178 | PMC1563475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Aug 21; 7:26 |
Background
In men after the age of 30–40, testosterone production gradually declines which continuously persists into old age [1,2]. Ageing in men is accompanied by a decrease in muscle and bone mass, cognitive changes and decreased libido and sexual activity, all of which have been suggested to be related to the decre... | 16887030 | PMC1563476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Aug 3; 7:24 |
Background
The transcription factor PAX6 is required for development and maintenance of several human ocular tissues, including the corneal epithelium. The gene PAX6 was identified by positional cloning as the defective gene in human aniridia and its associated ocular complications [1-3].
Heterozygous deficiency in PA... | 16914058 | PMC1563477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:17 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Aug 16; 4:27 |
Introduction
Cost and cost-effectiveness studies are increasingly being used to guide practical policy decisions in many parts of the world. This tendency has received additional impetus in low income countries with international attention focused on how best to achieve the health-related millennium development goals (... | 16630364 | PMC1563478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Apr 24; 4:8 |
Background
Over the last several years, improved cancer therapies have permitted small gains in cancer survival. Currently, 5-year relative survival rates from all sites stand at 60% [1]. Remarkable advances in understanding neoplastic progression at cellular and molecular levels have spurred the discovery of molecular... | 16893460 | PMC1563479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Aug 7; 4:32 |
Background
There are circadian rhythms of both sleep propensity (i.e. the ability to initiate sleep) and sleep consolidation (i.e. the ability to maintain sleep) that peak at around the time of the daily body temperature minimum (i.e. 03:00–05:00 h) and reach nadirs near the evening peak in the temperature rhythm [1-8]... | 16916468 | PMC1563480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Aug 18; 4:8 |
Introduction
Circadian rhythms are about-daily variations of physiological functions that are found in every living organism on earth ranging from bacteria to mammals. These daily rhythms are generated through the integration of the oscillatory expression of multiple circadian clock genes [1-3]. In mammals, circadian r... | 16925815 | PMC1563481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Aug 22; 4:9 |
Background
Colorectal cancer, one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide [1], is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in developed countries [2]. Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are regarded as multi-step phenomena, involving the proteolytic degradation of the basement membrane (BM) and the extracel... | 16916471 | PMC1563482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 18; 6:211 |
Background
Microarray technology allows a comprehensive examination of gene expression profiles and the regulations of their changes at a whole genome level [1-3]. It has great potential in the study of complex human diseases [4]. However, the technology is prone to noise and low reproducibility [5]. Correlations with ... | 16907976 | PMC1563483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 14; 7:378 |
Background
The genetic diversity among bacteria mirrors their lifestyles and physiological versatilities and evolves from adaptation to their niches and growth conditions. Many techniques have been used to obtain a picture of true microbial diversity. Microarray-based comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) is now a c... | 16573812 | PMC1563484 | CC BY | 2023-04-16 23:15:13 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 30; 7:181 |
Introduction
Morphogen gradients play a central role in creating pattern during embryonic development [1,2]. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are one of the best studied examples of morphogens and function in a conserved fashion to subdivide the early embryonic ectoderm into neural versus non-neural regions [3]. Foll... | 16968133 | PMC1563485 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e313 |
During evolution, organisms seem to maintain the function of certain key genes but vary the mechanisms that call these genes into action. For instance, fruit flies and vertebrates share three genes—vnd, ind, and msh—that induce distinct cell fates in the developing nervous system. Both flies and vertebrates express the... | 20076475 | PMC1563486 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e346 |
The notion of islands as natural testbeds for evolutionary study is nearly as old as the theory of evolution itself. The restricted scale, isolation, and sharp boundaries of islands create unique selective pressures, often to dramatic effect. Following what’s known as the “island rule,” small animals evolve into outsiz... | 20076471 | PMC1563487 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e334 |
Before a fertilized egg begins the repeated rounds of cell division that turn the single cell into a proliferating, streaming, differentiating mass of cells, its fate may already be sealed. Inherited mutations in genes involved in segregating and sorting embryonic cells can result in serious abnormalities in body patte... | 20076472 | PMC1563488 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e335 |
Introduction
Many recent experiments show that genetically identical populations of bacteria and yeast can exhibit cell-to-cell variations in the amount of protein a gene produces [1–7]. These variations result in increased phenotypic diversity [8–14]. The variations are thought to arise from the typically small number... | 17048983 | PMC1563489 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e309 |
Nearly a century ago, two geneticists described “rogue” pea plants with an unorthodox pattern of inheritance. William Bateson and Caroline Pellew found that crossing inferior rogues with normal plants always produced rogue offspring, suggesting that the rogue appearance was a dominant trait. The real surprise came when... | 20076477 | PMC1563490 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e353 |
Introduction
Physical segregation, or sorting, of different cell populations during development is essential for the proper spatial organization of the animal body. Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrins regulate many developmental processes [1–3], and play an important role in tissue patterning by restricting cell ... | 16968134 | PMC1563491 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e315 |
Introduction
Epigenetic variation involves heritable changes in gene activity in the absence of changes in DNA sequence. These changes are a characteristic feature of some developmental programs, where epigenetic states of gene activity can be maintained through mitotic cell divisions [1,2]. Variations in epigenetic st... | 16968137 | PMC1563492 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e339 |
Introduction
Ever since Darwin's early observations on the Galapagos finches, islands have long been recognised as “laboratories” for the study of evolution [1]. The isolation of species sometimes results in very peculiar morphologies and often drastic size changes [2–6]. Among insular mammals, there is a general tende... | 16968136 | PMC1563493 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e321 |
It’s tough to learn to drive on the other side of the road than you’re used to—just ask any American driving in London for the first time. Yet there’s little you can do consciously to change such habits; you simply have to take the time to practice with the new set of rules. Now a new study shows that if people are giv... | 20076478 | PMC1563494 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e354 |
In the drama of cell biology, both genetics and environment write the script, and chance throws in the twists of plot. In general, most cells live relatively predictable lives: divide, differentiate, and die. Yet chance leaves its imprint even in ordinary cells. For instance, bacterial or yeast cells in culture are kno... | 20076467 | PMC1563495 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e319 |
Introduction
Everyday experience suggests that we are able to learn multiple motor skills. In some situations, one skill can aid learning of another, but in other situations, we wish to recall one skill specifically without interference from other stored motor memories. For example, tennis players probably pick up tabl... | 16968135 | PMC1563496 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e316 |
Introduction
It is estimated that annually over one million cases of meningitis are caused by three bacterial species: Neisseria meningitidis (also termed meningococci, the cause of meningococcal meningitis or disease), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae b [1]. Together, these organisms cause substant... | 16953658 | PMC1563501 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 5; 3(9):e337 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 7: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030228
In Table 1, column 3, last row, the value 113,919 is incorrect; it should be 117,964.
Citation: (2006) Correction: “Key to the future”: British American Tobacco and cigarette smuggling in China. PLoS Med 3(9): e390. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030... | 0 | PMC1563502 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 5; 3(9):e390 |
Background
The prevalence of childhood obesity in Canadian children more than doubled between 1981 and 1996 (1). Similar trends have been identified in other countries and within adult populations. This global pattern is thought to be associated with changes in the social environment, including children's increased ex... | 16539801 | PMC1563946 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:24:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A60 |
Background
Childhood overweight is increasing in the United States. Currently, one in five children is overweight or at risk of becoming overweight (1). In the United States, the prevalence of childhood overweight tripled between 1980 and 2000 (2). Specifically, 10.4% of children aged 2 to 5 years are overweight (≥95t... | 16539799 | PMC1563947 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:18:47 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A58 |
Introduction
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Kentucky Department for Public Health, colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in both the United States and Kentucky (1,2). The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2005, 2350 new cases would... | 16539784 | PMC1563948 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:20:12 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A43 |
Background
Many of the modifiable risk factors for chronic disease are behavioral, such as engaging in adequate physical activity, eating a healthy diet, and not using tobacco products. Mental illnesses such as depression or anxiety affect an individual's ability to undertake these health-promoting behaviors. Chronic ... | 16539802 | PMC1563949 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:13 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A61 |
Background
The United States has experienced a steady increase in obesity and overweight due to changes in the environment and lifestyle behaviors that have resulted in energy imbalances for the majority of adults. The causes of this energy imbalance are complex, and solutions must be comprehensive and multisectoral (... | 16539800 | PMC1563950 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:15 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A59 |
Introduction
Epidemiologic evidence supports an association between diet and several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and several types of cancer (1-6). Intervention trials designed to promote dietary change are important to determine effective ways to implement change in population... | 16539785 | PMC1563951 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:45 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A44 |
A Public Health Crisis
Some of the most pervasive and debilitating illnesses are mental illnesses. According to World Health Organization's (WHO's) The World Health Report 2001 — Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope, approximately 450 million people worldwide have neuropsychiatric conditions; those conditions ac... | 16539803 | PMC1563952 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:19:59 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A62 |
Introduction
In the United States in 2002, 890 million visits were made to physician offices, or approximately 314.4 visits per 100 people (1). Because physician advice is highly valued by patients (2,3), the health care system is an optimal environment for influencing lifestyle changes. Healthy People 2010, a nationw... | 16539786 | PMC1563953 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:15:13 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A45 |
Robert Burton, an English Anglican priest, was one of the most educated and widely read men of his day. He lived from 1577 to 1640 and is remembered for his influential treatise, The Anatomy of Melancholy (1). Lacking knowledge of biophysical processes, early healers sought to develop models for the treatment of mental... | 16539771 | PMC1563954 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:18:51 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A30 |
Download Healthy Keiki, Healthy Hawaii: Hawaii's "7 by 7" for School Health Education
Sample slide from Hawaii's "7x7" powerpoint presentation
Information Sources
Healthy Youth: http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/ Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promot... | 16539804 | PMC1563955 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:15:45 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A63 |
Introduction
After Hurricane Katrina roared through the Gulf Coast region on August 29, 2005, the immediate concerns among the public health and medical community were infectious diseases, injuries, and environmental risks, and the overriding goal was preservation of life. However, with the devastation of the regional... | 16539787 | PMC1563956 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:16:07 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A46 |
The separation of mental and physical health that exists in our health care and public health systems belies the fact that both exist within individuals in an exquisitely integrated fashion. This issue of Preventing Chronic Disease explores that integration. The definition of health provided by the constitution of Worl... | 16539772 | PMC1563957 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:16 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A31 |
Introduction
Public health practitioners are increasingly being asked to partner with people in nonhealth sectors of the community to develop policies and build environments that will support health-promoting nutrition and physical activity behaviors (1-7). For example, Preventing Childhood Obesity (2), a recent repor... | 16539805 | PMC1563958 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:16:20 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Mar 15; 3(2):A64 |
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