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Background
The occurrence of psoriatic lesions on oral mucous membranes was a subject of controversy [1,2]. Some investigators stated that they do not occur [3]; others, have claimed that they are uncommon. Still others say that they occur only in generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) [4,5]. Nowadays, there is sufficien... | 15527508 | PMC538751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2004 Nov 4; 4:16 |
Background
Cancer ranks as the third leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for approximately 12 % of all recorded deaths [1]. As cancer is sometimes fatal and its treatment often involves invasive medical procedures and medication, it has a great impact on patients' lives. The extent to which physicians should i... | 15571636 | PMC538752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:54 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2004 Dec 1; 5:7 |
Background
Forskolin, a labdane diterpene, is a major active compound isolated from tuberous roots of Coleus forskohlii Briq. (Lamiaceae) [1]. C. forskohlii has been used as an important folk medicine in India. Futher, forskolin has been found to be a potent activator of adenylate cyclase [2], leading to an increase in... | 15550168 | PMC538753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2004 Nov 18; 4:18 |
Background
In older adults, depression has been associated with increased fall risk [1,2]. Epidemiological studies indicate that older adults who are more depressed have an increased risk of falls and fractures compared to their aged-matched peers and that this association persists even after adjusting for potential co... | 15563372 | PMC538754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Nov 24; 4:39 |
Background
There is compelling evidence from the literature that supervisors may be unreliable when asked to assess the performance of their own students. Effects such as the so-called 'halo' effect [1] in which a good or bad performance in one area affects the assessor's judgement in other areas and 'leniency'[2] wher... | 15569395 | PMC538755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:54 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Nov 29; 4:28 |
Galvanized by rising costs, increased calls for greater, accountability, and an Institute of Medicine (Washington, D. C., United States) report suggesting that medical errors may kill nearly 100,000 Americans every year [1], United States health care experts have tried to boost the quality of patient care by focusing o... | 15630460 | PMC539041 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e34 |
There is a growing recognition of the importance of the popular press in the communication of science. The media is often the primary source of science information and, as such, can have a profound impact on how the public views the risks and benefits of scientific advances. Dorothy Nelkin suggests that the “media serv... | 15630461 | PMC539042 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e38 |
Development experts and policy makers agree that investment in science and technology is important for economic growth and development. The 2001 United Nations (UN) Development Programme report, Making New Technologies Work for Human Development, identified technical progress as the largest factor in reducing mortality... | 15630462 | PMC539043 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e40 |
Southern Africa poses special problems for AIDS educators and health care workers. Because there is a strong tradition of oral communication in the region, written educational materials often do not have as much impact as the spoken word. We have found that using colour images of HIV/AIDS in a workshop setting to provo... | 15630463 | PMC539044 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e43 |
Arthur Caplan's Viewpoint: Nobody Is Perfect—But Why Not Try to Be Better?
Perfection has come in for a lot of bad press recently. A torrent of books and articles has recently appeared [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9], all raising serious ethical questions about the wisdom and morality of trying to use biomedical knowledge to perfe... | 15630464 | PMC539045 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:03 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e52 |
The issue of human overpopulation has fallen out of favor among most contemporary demographers, economists, and epidemiologists. Discussing population control has become a taboo topic. Yet, this taboo has major implications for public health.
The silence around overpopulation prevents the global health community from ... | 15630465 | PMC539046 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:04 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e55 |
Only about 1% of newly developed drugs are for tropical diseases, such as African sleeping sickness, dengue fever, and leishmaniasis [1]. While patent incentives and commercial pharmaceutical houses have made Western health care the envy of the world, the commercial model only works if companies can sell enough patente... | 15630466 | PMC539047 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e56 |
Diabetes: Epidemiology and Complications
Treatment for, and the prognosis of, type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has progressed dramatically during the last century, but the disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although precise figures are not available, over 1 million United States citizens currently... | 15630467 | PMC539048 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e58 |
On 8 October 2000, the acting district director of health services for the Gulu district in northwestern Uganda received two concurrent reports of an unusual illness with high mortality, occurring in the community and at a local hospital. One report attributed the illness to poisoning at a funeral at a remote village i... | 15630468 | PMC539049 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e59 |
Introduction
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been a milestone in the treatment of HIV infection. Current treatment guidelines for HIV-1 infection in the United States recommend the initiation of ART in patients with CD4 T cell counts of less than 350 cells/μl [1]. In implementing these guidelines, health-care provider... | 15630469 | PMC539050 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e64 |
Introduction
Highly penetrant susceptibility variants explain only a small fraction of the genetics of all cancer cases. As an example, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes account for around 2%–3% of all breast cancer cases [1,2], although more prevalent founder mutations in these genes can explain up to about 10% o... | 15630470 | PMC539051 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e65 |
Introduction
Most primary malignancies spread systemically via lymphatic dissemination [1]. For example, the finding of axillary nodal metastases predicts a much shorter disease-free survival in breast cancer [2]. The total nodal tumor burden (number of affected nodes and metastatic tumor volume) affects prognosis even... | 15630471 | PMC539052 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e66 |
Accurate staging of cancers is one of the most important parts of the work up of patients for both prediction of prognosis and determination of the most appropriate treatment. And an essential part of this work up is assessing whether or not there has been lymphatic spread. Current methods include surgical removal of n... | 0 | PMC539053 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e67 |
The Icelandic population is now a part of a unique epidemiological study, which has involved investigating the genetic heritage of many of them. The reason that this experiment can be done is because of the remarkable records that exist in Iceland. Not only is there almost complete genealogical information dating back ... | 0 | PMC539054 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e69 |
Adverse side effects, viral resistance, and the high cost of antiretroviral therapies remain obstacles in the way of turning HIV/AIDS into a manageable chronic disease. Structured treatment interruptions (STIs) in individuals who have good viral control on therapy have been proposed as a strategy for overcoming these o... | 0 | PMC539055 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:00 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e70 |
Last year the European Parliament and Council formed the european and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP). The aim of this new funding body, which has a budget of €400 million spread over five years, is a noble one: to fund research in developing countries, particularly in Africa, that contrib... | 15630472 | PMC539056 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e71 |
Published October 19, 2004
In PLoS Medicine, volume 1, issue 1:
Nevirapine and Efavirenz Elicit Different Changes in Lipid Profiles in Antiretroviral-Therapy-Naive Patients Infected with HIV-1
Frank van Leth, Prahpan Phanuphak, Erik Stroes, Brian Gazzard, Pedro Cahn, et al.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0010019
... | 0 | PMC539057 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:01 | no | PLoS Med. 2004 Dec 28; 1(3):e73 |
Introduction
Interferons are small, inducible proteins secreted by nucleated cells in response to viral infection and other stimuli. They act in a paracrine fashion on other cells in their immediate vicinity, triggering a state of growth arrest, so that infected cells cannot be forced to produce viral proteins, and act... | 15630474 | PMC539058 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 3(1):e2 |
Introduction
The virus that causes SARS, like other pathogenic coronaviruses and astroviruses, possesses a linear plus-sense strand RNA genome that has a 5′ methylated cap and 3′ poly-A tail. The viral replicase is translated directly from the genomic sense-strand RNA, and it then creates a full-length complementary (m... | 15630477 | PMC539059 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 3(1):e5 |
Introduction
Sex determination is an ancient and universal feature in metazoans. In spite of this, comparison of distantly related species such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster has revealed little about the evolution of the complex pathways that mediate the sexual fate decision in the soma and germ... | 15630478 | PMC539060 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:09 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 3(1):e6 |
Introduction
Mammalian development involves the morphogenesis of complex three-dimensional structures from seemingly uniform sheets or masses of cells. A simple bud-like structure initiates the formation of many organs, including lungs, spinal cord, mammary glands, and hair follicles [1]. The multipotent, adhering epit... | 15630473 | PMC539061 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 3(1):e11 |
Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be an unpredictable disease. It develops when the body's immune system attacks healthy nerve cells and disrupts normal nerve signaling. Patients experience a wide range of symptoms—including tingling, paralysis, pain, fatigue, and blurred vision—that can appear independently or in combinatio... | 0 | PMC539062 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 3(1):e18 |
In February 2003, the first (and so far only) epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) started in Guangdong Province, China. A respiratory illness that begins with a high temperature and can develop into life-threatening pneumonia, SARS is spread by close person-to-person contact. Before the end of the mont... | 0 | PMC539063 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 3(1):e29 |
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a little less lonely than the rest of us—it is a self-fertile hermaphrodite, which as a larva makes and stores sperm before switching to egg production for the remainder of its lifespan. (C. elegans also maintains some males at a low frequency, about 1 in 500, and the hermaphrodit... | 0 | PMC539064 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:22 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 3(1):e30 |
Introduction
Methionine synthases catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from N5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (CH3-H4folate) to L-homocysteine (Hcy), the terminal step in the biosynthesis of methionine. Two apparently unrelated families of proteins catalyze this reaction: cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase (Me... | 15630480 | PMC539065 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 28; 3(2):e31 |
If you're a cat fancier, you're well aware that hair follicles are expendable. The product of a spontaneous mutation that caught a cat breeder's eye, le chat nu, would quickly succumb in the wild—its winter coat consists of little more than a ridge of fur down the midback and tail—and needs special care to thrive as a ... | 0 | PMC539066 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 28; 3(1):e35 |
If a cell is a complex symphony of chemical reactions, its enzymes are the instruments through which this elemental music is played. Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme, whose uniquely shaped active site not only binds reactants, but, by forming weak and temporary bonds, coaxes them into new orientations wi... | 0 | PMC539230 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 28; 3(2):e54 |
Background
Systems biology markup language (SBML) is a standard for representing dynamical systems of biological interest [1,2]. Interfaces between SBML and high level computational environments are currently being developed for Mathematica [3] and Matlab [4], but to the author's knowledge, no such efforts are being ca... | 15585059 | PMC539231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 7; 5:190 |
Background
Expression microarrays are powerful tools for human disease diagnosis, prognosis and treatment [1] offering unparalleled insight into the function of the entire genome and the dynamic interactions among genes. The ability of microarrays to identify gene expression signatures, specific subsets of genes that r... | 15585062 | PMC539232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 7; 5:191 |
Background
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease with approximately 8.8 million new cases and two million deaths per year. To understand the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis, analysis of gene expression by relative or absolute quantification of RNA levels using microar... | 15571628 | PMC539233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Nov 30; 4:45 |
Background
The contact of a pathogenic bacterium with its eukaryotic host provokes a multitude of reactions. A prerequisite for successful infection with the host is the cytadhesion of the bacterium generally mediated by surface localized proteins [1]. Besides adhesion, pathogens like Listeria, Yersinia and even some o... | 15579213 | PMC539234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Dec 6; 4:46 |
Background
The loading of the DnaB replicative helicase at the E. coli origin of DNA replication (oriC) is a highly regulated and is thought to be a key step in the assembly of the replisome. DnaB makes important contacts with the τ-subunit of DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme and DNA primase [1]. DnaB loading at oriC duri... | 15588282 | PMC539235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Dec 8; 4:47 |
Background
Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy defined by characteristic optic nerve head and associated visual field changes. Nearly 67 million people worldwide are believed to have glaucoma, including an estimated 2.2 million in the USA [1,2]. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of glaucoma account... | 15579199 | PMC539236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Dec 3; 5:51 |
Background
There is evidence that cross-modal plasticity induced by auditory deprivation is apparent during sign-language perception. Sign languages involve the use of the hands and face, and are perceived visually [1-3]. Using functional MRI (fMRI), Neville et al. [1] observed increased activity in the superior tempor... | 15588277 | PMC539237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Dec 8; 5:56 |
Background
Much recent interest and research has been directed at the relationship between one's health and where one lives [1]. A number of measures of health (including all-cause mortality [2,3], low infant birth weight [4], unintentional childhood injuries [5], hospitalization for asthma [6], and the risk for certai... | 15575954 | PMC539238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Dec 2; 5:29 |
Background
Campylobacter infection is a zoonotic disease, observed in most parts of the world. The disease is caused by Campylobacter jejuni, or less commonly Campylobacter coli. It is estimated to cause 5–14% of diarrhoea, worldwide [1]. The incubation period is usually 2 to 5 days (range 1 to 10 days), and persons no... | 15569393 | PMC539239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 29; 4:54 |
Background
The pancreas is an uncommon location for solitary metastasis from other primary cancers [1]. Despite this, in large autopsy series the prevalence of pancreatic metastasis has been described to be as high as 6% to 11% [2]. Whereas renal cell carcinoma appears to be the most common primary tumor to cause secon... | 15585066 | PMC539240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:57 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Dec 7; 2:43 |
Based on a semester-long seminar on the topic, this book aims to fill a gap in the current engineering curricula by taking a wide-angle view at the process of engineering design rather than focusing on a more narrow and in-depth approach. As part of Artech House Publishers' technology management and professional develo... | 0 | PMC539241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:32 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Dec 3; 3:45 |
Introduction
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a structural component of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and high-density-lipoproteins (HDL) [1]. Variation in the APOE gene sequence results in the 3 common alleles (ε2, ε3 and ε4), which can produce 6 different genotypes (ε2/... | 15571629 | PMC539242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Nov 30; 3:26 |
Background
Measurement of the effect of illness and its treatment on patients is now an accepted part of clinical trial design [1]. Such measurement is also proposed as an aid to improve clinical practice and decision making [2,3]. However, as the illness becomes more advanced the value of many well validated quality o... | 15566627 | PMC539243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Nov 29; 2:68 |
Background
Members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily are important intraovarian growth factors [1-6]. Three key members of the TGF-β subfamily, namely TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3, have been shown to be produced by ovarian cells [7-13]. However, the cellular distribution of these proteins varies b... | 15563738 | PMC539244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Nov 25; 2:78 |
Introduction
Understanding the spatial patterns of diseases in a population can provide insight as to their causes and controls. Indeed, this notion is at the very root of the field of epidemiology [1]. The recent explosion in data gathering, linkage and analysis capabilities fostered by computing technology, particula... | 15574197 | PMC539245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Dec 1; 3:28 |
Introduction
The goal of tissue engineering is to repair organ pathologies such as those acquired congenitally or by cancer, trauma, infection, or inflammation. It is based upon the foundations of cell transplantation and materials science. Tissue can be engineered 1) in vivo- by stimulating the body's own regeneration... | 15588286 | PMC539246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2004 Dec 8; 1:3 |
Background
Pneumocystis jiroveci (Pj) (previously known as Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis) was first identified as a pathogen in premature infants suffering from interstitial plasma cell pneumonia in European countries during and after World War II, occasionally occurring in epidemics [1-3]. Since then Pneumocysti... | 15588295 | PMC539247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Dec 9; 4:57 |
Background
The incidence of twin gestation has increased in recent years, a trend influenced in part by greater utilization of the assisted reproductive technologies. In this report, we describe a conservative approach culminating in vaginal delivery of a viable second twin 110 days after delivery of a preterm stillbir... | 15581427 | PMC539248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Dec 6; 4:23 |
Background
A recent development in tumor immunology is based on the idea that the immune system can distinguish between normal and tumor tissues. Various studies suggest that both the cellular and humoral components of the immune system are able to recognize tumors (see review of Lake et al.) [1]. The presence of natur... | 15541172 | PMC539249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 12; 4:78 |
Background
BAG-1 is a multifunctional protein that is expressed in most cells. Originally identified as a Bcl-2 binding protein [1], other interaction partners of BAG-1 were described, including the serine threonine kinase C-Raf [2]. The C-terminal "BAG domain" of BAG-1 mediates the interaction with the Hsc70 and Hsp70... | 15560850 | PMC539250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 24; 4:85 |
Background
It is difficult to assess the impact of childhood traumatic events on the psychiatric disorders in adulthood, as neither prospective research studies, nor experimental approaches are possible. Nevertheless, an increasing number of retrospective reports suggest that psychiatric disorders may be related to chi... | 15566566 | PMC539251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Nov 26; 4:40 |
Background
India suffers a large proportion of the disease burden of the world, which has been estimated to be more than its 16.8% share of the world's population [1,2]. One of the vital elements in improving this situation is the need for a comprehensive and relevant evidence base that would equip India to take inform... | 15563377 | PMC539252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Nov 25; 4:55 |
Background
Despite improvements in the health of children under five years of age, malnutrition remains as an important public health problem in Mexico [1] and in other developing countries [2-7]. Malnutrition in young children affects linear and brain growth and intelligence quotient, and is synergistically associated... | 15571622 | PMC539253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Nov 30; 4:57 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airway obstruction that leads to chronic disability. Patients with COPD have a longstanding downhill course that is interspersed with episodes of exacerbations requiring hospitalization. COPD is known to be a common disease. There ... | 15566574 | PMC539254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:10 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2004 Nov 27; 4:12 |
Background
Blasticidin S (BS) is a nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griseochromogenes, and has been used as a fungicide against rice blast disease [1]. BS inhibits protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes [1]. Later, a gene that provides resistance against BS (bsr) was isolated from Bacillus... | 15575952 | PMC539255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Dec 2; 4:29 |
Background
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a biennial plant, a member of the Chenopodiaceae family [1]. In the first year after germination, a rosette of leaves develops while the taproot swells and accumulates sucrose. In the second year, flower initiation is induced after vernalization in the preceding winter. Beets... | 15579211 | PMC539256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Dec 5; 4:31 |
Background
Until recently the most accepted technique of doing endodontic treatment stresses multiple visit procedures. Most schools also concentrated upon teaching the multi-visit concept. However, it has now been reported that the procedure of single visit treatment is advocated by at least 70% of schools in all geog... | 15566567 | PMC539257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2004 Nov 26; 4:4 |
Background
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the United States gained greater popularity in the 1990s. Two national telephone surveys of 1,539 and 2,005 adults, respectively, demonstrated an increasing trend in the use of CAM, including relaxation techniques, herbal medicine, massage, chiroprac... | 15575960 | PMC539258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:44 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Dec 2; 4:18 |
Background
Medical outliers are defined in health care reimbursement, especially in the prospective payment system, as those patients who require an unusually long hospital stay or whose stay generates unusually high costs, i.e., the most severely ill [1]. According to Meadow et al., racial and Hispanic minorities are ... | 15588293 | PMC539259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:54 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2004 Dec 9; 5:8 |
Background
Healthcare has been steadily moving towards Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) since the term was formally introduced in 1992 by a group led by Gordon Guyatt at McMaster University, Canada [1-3]. EBM promotes systematic literature review, critical appraisal skills and integrates scientific evidence with clinical ... | 15588311 | PMC539260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Dec 10; 4:21 |
Background
The Italian National Health Service is supposed to provide universal coverage of standard care to all citizens, no social or economic selection bias should limit access to high technology resources as far as they are available.
Direct admission to Coronary Care Unit (CCU) on hospital arrival can be consider... | 15588299 | PMC539261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:29 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Dec 9; 4:34 |
Background
Regulation of intracellular chloride levels results in a chloride equilibrium potential (ECl) that is hyperpolarized with respect to the resting potential in many nerve cells, but depolarized in others [1-5]. For example, ECl in salamander rod photoreceptors is 25 mV more positive than the dark resting poten... | 15579212 | PMC539262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Dec 5; 5:53 |
Background
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a disease with a wide spectrum of non specific clinical signs and symptoms, including headache, focal neurological deficits, seizures and coma.
The clinical outcome is highly variable; patients may recover completely or may develop severe and lasting neurological d... | 15579201 | PMC539263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Dec 3; 4:22 |
Background
Approximately 1.65 per 1000 babies born in the UK have a significant permanent hearing impairment (>40 dB HL) detectable at birth [1]. Early recognition and appropriate intervention can reduce the proven negative impact on the development of communication skills [2]. Thus, based on robust evidence [3], in Ju... | 15571626 | PMC539264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Nov 30; 5:27 |
Background
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a clinical presentation that primarily affects women and characterized by severe disabling fatigue, and other symptoms; including musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbance, impaired concentration, and headaches, in the absence of organic illness or severe psychiatric disorder ... | 15588275 | PMC539265 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Dec 8; 5:47 |
Background
In normal liver, connective tissue cells are rare and mostly restricted to the periportal and pericentrovenular spaces and to the Glisson's capsule. A minor population of connective tissue cells is present inside the hepatic lobule, in the perisinusoidal space. They are known as hepatic stellate cells (HSC) ... | 15579200 | PMC539266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Dec 3; 4:30 |
Background
Fibromyalgia (FM) is an enigmatic condition characterized by increased complaints of widespread pain with tenderness to palpation [1]. The tenderness is traditional tested by manually pressing over so-called tender points, but more recent studies have shown that the tenderness is generalized phenomenon [2]. ... | 15588296 | PMC539267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Dec 9; 5:48 |
Background
Rodents typically avoid illuminated and open areas, favoring dark or sheltered environments for activity. Indeed, higher activity was described in numerous field and laboratory studies of nocturnal species tested in the dark, compared with their activity when tested under light. For example, common spiny mic... | 15537426 | PMC539268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Ecol. 2004 Nov 10; 4:16 |
Background
Exacerbations are an important cause of morbidity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Seemungal et al found that exacerbations were an important determinant of quality of life in COPD [1]. In addition hospital admissions with exacerbations account for a large proportion of the expenditure on the treatm... | 15581425 | PMC539269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:10 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2004 Dec 6; 4:13 |
Background
Over the past century, sick leave, mainly attributed to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), has increased in Sweden, especially among women [1]. In 2003, the proportion of women on sick leave was higher than in any previous year [1], indicating more individual suffering and also increased cost for the community... | 15533255 | PMC539270 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Nov 8; 5:38 |
Background
The use of electric current in the treatment of malignant tumors has been known since the beginning of the 19th century. Several investigators have reported encouraging results from experimental low-level direct current therapy (DEC) in different types of tumor [1-3]. These studies have shown that DEC has an... | 15566572 | PMC539271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 26; 4:87 |
Introduction
For clinicians to make sense of scientific evidence and follow an evidence-based approach to their practice it has been stated they should be able to: (1) turn problems of their clinical practice into focused questions; (2) comprehensively search for literature to address these questions; (3) critically ap... | 15585061 | PMC539272 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:54 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Dec 7; 4:30 |
Background
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a method of teaching and learning which is widely used in the education of medical students [1,2]. In problem-based learning, students working in a small group are presented with a problem, typically a description of a patient presentation. They decide what features of the pro... | 15588318 | PMC539273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Dec 10; 4:31 |
Background
The microarray technology provides a way of simultaneously measuring transcript abundances of 103 – 105 genes from one or more cell or tissue samples. A microarray, also known as a gene chip, has well defined regions that each consists of immobilized sequences of DNA, which each is unique to a specific gene.... | 15541170 | PMC539274 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 12; 5:177 |
Background
When Petricoin et al. [1] published their analysis using serum to distinguish individuals with ovarian cancer from individuals with benign conditions, it suggested great promise in using high throughput mass spectrometry to improve upon existing biomarkers for patient groups that could greatly benefit from a... | 15555060 | PMC539275 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 19; 5:180 |
Background
DNA microarray technology has become a standard tool in biomedical research for large-scale transcriptional monitoring [1]. A growing number of microarray experiments seek to compare samples labeled with two different dyes, such as Cyanine5 (Cy5) and Cyanine3 (Cy3). However, several studies report that the d... | 15588297 | PMC539276 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 9; 5:194 |
Background
The nuclear lamina is a filamentous network of lamin proteins that underlies the inner nuclear membrane (INM). It is thought to make connections between both integral membrane proteins of the INM, and chromatin. It may therefore play a fundamental role in the functional organisation of the nucleus. Lamins ar... | 15596010 | PMC539277 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Dec 13; 5:46 |
Background
Chronic food restriction increases central sensitivity to rewarding and motor-activating effects of psychostimulants and direct dopamine receptor agonists [1]. Corresponding adaptive changes at the cellular level include increased psychostimulant-induced DA release in nucleus accumbens core [2], and upregula... | 15579204 | PMC539278 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Dec 3; 5:50 |
Background
A diagnostic test, in its simple form, tries to detect presence of a particular condition (disease) in a sample. Usually there are several studies where performance of the diagnostic test is measured by some statistic. One may want to combine such studies to get a good picture of performance of the test, a m... | 15588327 | PMC539279 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Dec 10; 4:27 |
Background
TTV, a non-enveloped small circular single-stranded DNA virus, was recently placed in a novel virus family named Circinoviridae [1]. In spite of being a DNA virus, TTV has an extremely wide range of sequence divergence. At least 40 TTV genotypes from five major phylogenetic groups (G1–G5) have been identifie... | 15575965 | PMC539280 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Dec 3; 4:56 |
Background
Complications due to severe schistosomiasis include fibrosis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, haematemesis, varices, portal hypertension, ascites formation and death [1]. Complications resulting from hepatic fibrosis (such as portal hypertension and variceal bleeding) are the principal cause of death in S. manso... | 15596012 | PMC539281 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Dec 13; 4:58 |
Background
The biological potential of prostate cancer is extremely variable [1]. It is perhaps the only cancer, which could be managed by, deferred treatment in its early course for selected cancers [2]. To define the biological potential of prostate cancer, prognostic markers are employed. There are numerous markers ... | 15588310 | PMC539282 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Urol. 2004 Dec 10; 4:14 |
Background
There is little doubt that neurons are elementary building blocks of the nervous system [1]. It is less clear, however, whether multi-neuron modules (smaller than invertebrate ganglia or vertebrate nuclei and cortical columns) can be meaningfully defined, either anatomically [2] or physiologically [3]. The e... | 15574204 | PMC539283 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2004 Dec 2; 2:25 |
Background
Introduction
As the bioinformatics emphasis has shifted from gene sequence analysis to functional genomics and proteomics, the need to describe gene function in the context of specific tissues of an organism has increased. Hence, in addition to anatomy ontologies built for medical purposes, e.g. GALEN [1], d... | 15566564 | PMC539284 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 26; 5:184 |
Background
Sphingolipids are essential components of eukaryotic cell membranes, predominantly found in the outer leaflet. Sphingosine and ceramide (Figure 1) are the two simplest molecules structurally, which belong to the sphingolipid family. Sphingosine represents the sphingoid backbone, and ceramide has a fatty acid... | 15588325 | PMC539285 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Dec 10; 3:49 |
Background
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been found primarily in CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in vivo [1-3], whereas CD8+ T-lymphocytes are thought to be the in vivo reservoir of HTLV-2 [4]. However, the in vitro tropism of HTLV-1 and -2, as determined using HTLV envelope-pseudotyped virions or envelop... | 15575958 | PMC539286 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Dec 2; 1:41 |
Background
Many male exercisers avoid soy protein because there is a perception that it is inferior to proteins like whey for supporting lean boss mass gain. This perception persists even though there are no studies comparing whey and soy for effects on lean body mass gain. Soy may actually help promote lean body mass ... | 15588291 | PMC539287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Dec 8; 3:22 |
Background
Slow crack growth is most suitably described in a v (crack velocity) versus KI (stress intensity factor) diagram. Slow crack growth in ceramics is attributed to corrosion assisted stress at crack tips or at any defect pre-existing in the ceramic [1]. The combined presence of body fluid molecules (mainly wate... | 15548323 | PMC539288 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:32 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Nov 17; 3:41 |
Introduction
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has deeply modified the effective management of coronary artery disease [1]. Coronary artery restenosis is unfrequent when PTCA is associated to coronary stenting application which is able to enlarge the lumen area stenosis [2,3]. However, even in absen... | 15581428 | PMC539289 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Dec 6; 2:26 |
Introduction
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an experimentally induced autoimmune disease mediated by T cells. It can be induced in susceptible animals either by immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP) or proteolipid protein PLP, or by immunization with synthetic peptides from the MBP sequence [1]... | 15541175 | PMC539290 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2004 Nov 12; 2:9 |
Background
Preterm delivery constitutes a major problem in obstetric practice because of the large associated contribution to perinatal mortality and morbidity [1,2]. A significant proportion of all preterm deliveries are due to spontaneous preterm labor [2]. Despite much research effort, until recently, no effective m... | 15585068 | PMC539291 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Dec 7; 2:80 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease is characterized not only by the presence of parenchymal amyloid deposits and intracellular tangles but also by the presence of amyloid deposits in the vasculature, a condition referred to as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The CAA observed in both Alzheimer's disease patients [1] and ... | 15588287 | PMC539292 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2004 Dec 8; 1:24 |
Introduction: Kleiber and metabolic scaling
In 1932, Kleiber published a paper in an obscure journal [1] showing that standard metabolic rates among mammals varied with the three-quarters power of body mass: the so-called "elephant to mouse curve", termed "Kleiber's law" in this review. Since that date, this and simila... | 15546492 | PMC539293 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2004 Nov 16; 1:13 |
Background
Cells may transform to a malignant phenotype following accumulation of distinct genetic events that result in altered protein expression pattern, thus facilitating uncontrolled proliferation. Such genetic events target specific oncogenes that act in concert to provide the malignant phenotype.
Tpl2/Cot oncog... | 15575964 | PMC539294 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Dec 3; 3:34 |
Introduction
Amongst the clinical approaches ultrasound imaging is one of the more promising technique to understand dysfunction. The need is to compare morphopathological counterpart to have a correct pathophysiological interpretation.
In four reviews, morphopathology of the main cardiovascular disorders, in relation... | 15598352 | PMC539295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Dec 14; 2:29 |
Background
Functional elements in a genome accumulate inter-specific substitutions more slowly than neutral DNA throughout evolution [1]. Therefore, comparing orthologous genomic sequences from related species is useful for the identification of elements that play important roles in the biology of an organism [2-7]. Wh... | 15588288 | PMC539296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 8; 5:192 |
Background
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL), or Batten disease, is a recessively inherited childhood-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive blindness, seizures, motor and cognitive decline, and early death [1]. The primary genetic defect (>80% disease chromosomes) leading to JNCL is... | 15588329 | PMC539297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Dec 10; 5:57 |
Background
The question of whether work hours and schedules affect people's health has been reviewed for a range of work patterns including shift work and overtime. Research in these areas indicates that shift work, and in particular night work can interrupt sleep patterns [1], aggravate existing medical conditions and... | 15588276 | PMC539298 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Environ Health. 2004 Dec 8; 3:15 |
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