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Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a large impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL) and represents a major health burden in industrialized and developing countries [1-4]. A systematic review including 23 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has shown that patients with COPD improve thei... | 15575956 | PMC539299 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Dec 2; 5(1):25 |
Background
Upon presentation to the A&E department, suspected acute renal colic patients must have a clinical examination and radiological investigations to confirm the diagnosis. Without radiological investigations, life-threatening conditions such as abdominal aortic aneurysm and ectopic pregnancy may be misdiagnosed... | 15585056 | PMC539300 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:01 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2004 Dec 7; 4:5 |
Background
Patient participation in clinical decision making
Making evidence-based decisions in clinical practice is not always straightforward: patients and their healthcare providers may need to weigh up the evidence between several comparable options, the evidence for some treatments may be inconclusive, and the inf... | 15588303 | PMC539301 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Dec 9; 4:24 |
Background
Approximately 300 cases of penile metastases are reported worldwide [1]. Seventy percent of these metastases have their origin in the genitourinary tract, and the primary tumor is most frequently located in the bladder [2]. We present the first case of penile metastasis from primary transitional cell carcino... | 15575962 | PMC539302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Dec 3; 4:90 |
Background
Breast cancer is the leading cancer in women [1] and estrogen receptor (ER)(-) breast cancers have a poorer prognosis than ER(+) cancers [2,3]. Smoking is a controversial risk factor for the development of these malignancies [4-7]. However, increases in pulmonary metastatic disease and lung cancer have been ... | 15603589 | PMC539303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Dec 16; 4:93 |
Background
Male pattern baldness is the most common form of baldness observed in human beings[1]. The two main types of balding are: frontal balding in which the hair recedes bilaterally from the forehead region backwards; and vertex balding in which a bald spot appears on the top back of the head. Total balding may be... | 15596015 | PMC539304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 13; 4:60 |
Background
Investigation of cell-type specific gene expression and regulation in complex tissues is hampered by the lack of accuracy of cell isolation and sensitivity of post-isolation analysis. Laser-microdissection techniques have proven to be a reliable tool for selectively harvesting cell clusters or single cell pr... | 15579198 | PMC539305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Dec 3; 4:30 |
Background
The medical decision examined in our study is whether or not to initiate drug treatment for high cholesterol values. The topic has been the focus of much debate on the grounds that the proportion of individuals with elevated cholesterol values is high in most Western populations, and that the costs for treat... | 15596005 | PMC539306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Dec 13; 4:23 |
Background
The increasing number of available genotypes for genetic studies in humans requires more advanced techniques of analysis [1]. Moreover, genes interact in a complex way, with some gene variants acting additively with others, in a multiplicative way or with a compensatory effect [2,3]. Traditional statistical ... | 15588300 | PMC539307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Dec 9; 5:27 |
Introduction
Animals and human beings rely on accurate information about their external environment and internal state for proper behavioral reactions. This vital requirement has led to a large variety of highly sophisticated sensory systems [1]. A common feature, though, is the step-by-step conversion of the incoming ... | 15660161 | PMC539322 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e8 |
Introduction
Since the discovery of the first fossil in 1872 the sheer size of Harpagornis moorei (Figure 1A) has fuelled speculation about its evolutionary history, ecology, and extinction, which like many other New Zealand bird species, is linked ultimately to human arrival in the 13th century. Even though morphology... | 15660162 | PMC539324 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e9 |
Introduction
Comparative genome sequence analysis is a powerful means of identifying functional DNA sequences by their evolutionary conservation [1,2,3]. It will be instrumental for achieving the goal of the Human Genome Project to comprehensively identify functional elements in the human genome [4]. How many comparati... | 15660152 | PMC539325 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e10 |
Introduction
Sorghum bicolor is a vitally important crop in Africa and much of the developing world. It has a remarkable ability to endure both drought conditions and water-logging and it grows well on marginal lands [1]. It is the dietary staple of more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries with only rice... | 15660154 | PMC539327 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e13 |
Introduction
An important principle of evolutionary inference is that explanations for the past require an understanding of mechanisms and processes applicable in the present [1]. It is perhaps this sticking point more than any other that has polarised views over the relative importance of vicariance and dispersal for ... | 15660155 | PMC539330 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e14 |
Introduction
The Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is commensal in cattle, swine, and birds [1]. Campylobacter species, however, are the major cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis, and may be responsible for as many as 400–500 million cases worldwide each year [2]. Although the genus Campy... | 15660156 | PMC539331 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e15 |
Introduction
The availability of large numbers of genome sequences has facilitated metabolic reconstruction based on predicted gene function, in essence, a prediction of the metabolic blueprint of a cell. Such metabolic reconstructions [1,2,3] can be grouped in functional segments, or metabolic modules [4,5], and the c... | 15660163 | PMC539335 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 4; 3(2):e16 |
The recent discovery of a Hobbit-like hominid on the Indonesian island of Flores was startling in some respects—its rather modern existence, for one—but it represents a classic case of Darwinian evolution. For reasons that are not entirely clear, when animals make their way to isolated islands, they tend to evolve rela... | 0 | PMC539337 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e20 |
It's hard to believe it was just ten years ago that scientists reported the first complete genome sequence of an organism, the bacterial pathogen Haemophilus influenzae. The list has grown considerably since then: add over 160 bacterial species (and counting), most major model organisms, and an ever-growing list of mam... | 0 | PMC539338 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e25 |
A small rodent rustles through a field in the still night, making just enough noise to betray its location to a circling barn owl. A female frog sits on the bank of a pond amid a cacophony of courting bullfrogs, immune to the mating calls of all but her own species. Thanks to a sophisticated sensory processing system, ... | 0 | PMC539339 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e26 |
Plant genome sizes span the modest—54 million base pairs (Mb) in the bitter cress Cardamine amara—to the enormous—124,000 Mb in the lily Fritillaria assyriaca. By comparison, fruitfly and human genomes have 180 Mb and 3,200 Mb, respectively. Genomes of important crops such as sorghum, soybean, maize, and wheat hover be... | 0 | PMC539340 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e39 |
In 1995, the first complete bacterial genome sequence was published. Now, nearly 200 bacterial genomes have been completed, and a new one hits the scientific press most weeks. This burgeoning industry is not just scientific “stamp collecting,” however. Having all these genome sequences may provide useful clues about wh... | 0 | PMC539341 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e40 |
Over 250 million years ago (mya), all the continents of Earth formed a single land mass called Pangaea. Some 50 million years later, this supercontinent began to split in two, forming Laurasia—now North America, Asia, and Europe—and Gondwana—present-day Antarctica, Australia, South America, Africa, and India. After ano... | 0 | PMC539342 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 3(1):e43 |
Poring over the vast amount of sequence and genetic information now available for many organisms, scientists frequently encounter what appear to be redundant biochemical pathways. Redundant pathways take the same starting material and transform it into the same product, but through different routes. Why should cells ma... | 0 | PMC539343 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 4; 3(2):e55 |
Background
Leptin and insulin function as peripherally-derived hormone signals involved in the long-term regulation of energy balance [1-4]. Their circulating levels are directly proportional to adipose mass and CNS access occurs via saturable receptor-mediated processes. The primary CNS target for these adipostats is ... | 15581426 | PMC539348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Dec 6; 5:54 |
Background
Bone metastases are common in advanced cancers of the lung, breast, kidney, prostate and others. In autopsy studies the prevalence ranges from 47–85% [1]. In patients with osseous metastases early detection is needed, since without effective treatment these bone metastases can cause severe complications lead... | 15579208 | PMC539349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:50 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2004 Dec 4; 4:3 |
Background
One of the problems in controlling tobacco in Taiwan is that cigarette prices are lower in Taiwan than in most countries [1,2]. In India, smokers have to work 77 minutes to afford a pack of cigarettes, in Indonesia 62 mins, in China 56 mins, but in Taiwan they need only work 7 to 10 mins to afford a pack [1]... | 15598345 | PMC539350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 14; 4:61 |
Background
Endosomal compartments receive membrane bound cargo from both the biosynthetic and the endocytic pathways. Receptor downregulation by endocytosis includes transport to early endosomes and either recycling or sorting into late endosomes. The latter have the morphological characteristics of multivesicular bodi... | 15579210 | PMC539351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:59 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2004 Dec 4; 4:10 |
Background
Notwithstanding the continuous improvement in predictive methods, witnessed every two years by the world wide CASP experiment [1,2], predicting the structure of a protein, given its sequence, is still in general beyond our capabilities. Brute force approaches, like exhaustive conformational searches or molec... | 15571634 | PMC539352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 30; 5:186 |
Background
In recent years, in response to the needs of our scientific community we have developed a comprehensive, company-wide gene expression data analysis platform based on a centralized client-server architecture (Figure 1). This platform, named Gecko (Gene Expression: Computation and Knowledge Organization) addre... | 15588317 | PMC539353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 10; 5:195 |
Background
Persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) is a relatively severe disturbance characterized by involuntary, audible or silent, repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. These are not readily controllable and often are accompanied by other movements and by negative emotions [1,2]. Developmental stut... | 15588309 | PMC539354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Dec 10; 4:23 |
Background
Over the last 20 years caesarean section (CS) has become an increasingly common method of delivery. The CS rate in the United Kingdom rose from 9% of deliveries in 1980 to 21% in 2001 [1]. This increase, and the question of whether CS should be available to women on request, has been the subject of considera... | 15588324 | PMC539355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Dec 10; 4:25 |
Background
The seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) varies substantially in different geographic regions throughout the world [1]. Prior studies have suggested a low prevalence of HCV antibodies among a sample of patients in rural Haiti [2]. No cases of positive HCV antibody were detected among 485 patients in a s... | 15596018 | PMC539356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:55 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Dec 14; 4:31 |
Background
DNA homopolymer tracts are the simplest of simple sequence repeats (SSRs); the two types being poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC). They are present in all genomes, but in some eukaryotes they are found at high frequencies indicating that the tracts are highly enriched relative to their random occurrence... | 15598342 | PMC539357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Dec 14; 5:95 |
Background
Type II diabetes continues to grow as a worldwide epidemic; it is expected that this disease will surpass 300 million cases by 2025 [1-5]. Understanding the complex signaling mechanisms of insulin receptor and downstream factors, e.g. IRS1 and IRS2 [6], is crucial in the design of effective therapeutic strat... | 15603587 | PMC539358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:50 | no | BMC Chem Biol. 2004 Dec 16; 4:2 |
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disorder characterized by articular cartilage degradation with an accompanying peri-articular bone response [1]. OA affects many joints, with diverse clinical patterns, but OA of the hip and knee is the major cause of disability [2]. A clinical manifestation of... | 15588333 | PMC539359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Dec 13; 4:19 |
Background
Segmentation is an important step in most applications that use medical image data. For example, segmentation is a prerequisite for quantification of morphological disease manifestations and for radiation treatment planning [1,2], for construction of anatomical models [3], for definitions of flight paths in ... | 15588332 | PMC539360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:20 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Dec 12; 4:22 |
Background
The relationship between inflammation, innate immunity and cancer is widely accepted. Early in the neoplastic process, inflammatory cells and their released molecular species influence the growth, migration and differentiation of all cell types in the tumor microenvironment, whereas later in the tumorigenic ... | 15555067 | PMC539361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:09 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2004 Nov 21; 4:7 |
1. Introduction
Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) measures are now frequently used in clinical trials and health services research, both as primary and secondary endpoints [1]. Investigators are now asking statisticians for advice on how to plan and analyse studies that have used HRQoL measures.
HRQoL measures su... | 15588308 | PMC543443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:11 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Dec 9; 2:70 |
Background
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa of more than half of the world's population [1,2] Since its isolation in 1982, the association between H. pylori infection and the subsequent development of chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cell carcinom... | 15546485 | PMC543444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Nov 16; 3:25 |
Background
Evidence was found that health promotion programs affect health risks in the US and in many other countries [1-4]. Also, a consistent association of higher risk individuals with higher medical costs implies a potential impact of risk reduction on cost moderation [5,6]. Musich et al. [7] showed that participa... | 15538950 | PMC543445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2004 Nov 11; 2:10 |
The complex sequence of events set in motion by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) to cause proliferation and ultimately transformation of T lymphocytes is beginning to be unraveled. Only recently has it become clear that viral encoded proteins, the so-called "accessory" gene products of this complex retrovirus... | 15563375 | PMC543446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Nov 24; 1:40 |
Background
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women. The surgical treatment of choice for these patients is either modified radical mastectomy or breast preservation depending upon stage of the disease. Seroma formation is the most frequent postoperative complication after breast cancer sur... | 15588301 | PMC543447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Dec 9; 2:44 |
Background
A partnership of the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) – more specifically, the directorate that is in charge of health science education – the French-speaking community of Belgium and various education and training associations made it possible to set up and carry out a teachi... | 15585060 | PMC543448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2004 Dec 7; 2:16 |
Background
Coccidioidomycosis or Valley Fever is a fungal disease caused by the biphasic, highly virulent, soil-fungus Coccidioides immitis or posadasii [1]. It is endemic in the southwest regions of US, Northern Mexico and parts of Central America [2]. C. posadasii or C. immitis, are the most virulent fungal pathogens... | 15588319 | PMC543449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Dec 10; 5(1):28 |
Background
One of the most difficult tasks faced by virologists is the documentation and evaluation of the genetic variability of viral populations in infected patients. These analyses are greatly facilitated by the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR based techniques do not always produce a highly specific... | 15588294 | PMC543450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Virol J. 2004 Dec 9; 1:13 |
Vitamin A deficiency is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among preschool children in developing countries [1]. Vitamin A, or all-trans retinol, is available as preformed vitamin A in foods such as eggs and dairy products and as provitamin A carotenoids in foods such as dark green leafy vegetables, pumpkin, and ... | 15588289 | PMC543451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Dec 8; 3:21 |
Background
The endothelial cell-associated lipoprotein lipase (LPL) works to break down triacylglycerol-rich dietary fats absorbed after a meal, thus generating free fatty acids transported in the blood. Earlier works suggested that LPL acts as a metabolic gate-keeper for fatty acid partitioning between adipose tissue ... | 15588304 | PMC543452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Dec 9; 3:27 |
Introduction
Catheter ablation is a curative treatment for most patients with arrhythmias. In some patients, the results are still suboptimal[1] because of inadequate lesion formation during ablation. Therefore, in these patients direct visualization of ablation lesions may have significant impact on the outcome of the... | 15588305 | PMC543453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Dec 9; 2:27 |
Background
Chaperones (CH) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) play important roles in tumor biology and still are holding centre stage. The heat shock response was discovered in 1962 by Ritossa [1], who reported that elevated temperature led to the appearance of a new 'puffing' pattern in the salivary gland polytene chromo... | 15598346 | PMC543454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | Proteome Sci. 2004 Dec 14; 2:8 |
Background
The majority of work in Australia describing the association between the health status, use of health services and socioeconomic status of the population uses an area-based measure of socioeconomic status. It is necessary to use a proxy measure (the socioeconomic status of the population in the area) because... | 15588302 | PMC543455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Dec 9; 3:30 |
Background
A correct understanding of relationships among the "earliest" lineages of angiosperms is important if we wish to elucidate the causes and consequences of their origin, to understand patterns and tempos of character evolution in the earliest lineages, and to decipher subsequent patterns of diversification. [W... | 15453916 | PMC543456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Sep 28; 4:35 |
Background
The definition of transcription units within a finished genome sequence in higher eukaryotes is challenging and relies on genome mapping of cDNAs and ESTs backed up by theoretical gene finder algorithms. An increasing number of gene sequences from model organisms have made the prediction of well conserved OR... | 15610564 | PMC543457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Dec 21; 5:98 |
Background
In genome-wide microarray experiments, it is possible to analyse the relevance of many different categories of genes, obtained from prior knowledge in the form of database annotations or from other experiments. These gene annotation analyses can unravel new information about pathways and cellular functions r... | 15588298 | PMC543458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 9; 5:193 |
Background
Life events and environmental stressful factors may relate to the development of depression [1-4]. However, biological theories suggest that the cause of depression rely on a biochemical disturbance of the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS).
The Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) [5] is the m... | 15598349 | PMC543459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004 Dec 14; 3:15 |
Background
Currently some of the best methods for detecting relationships between protein sequences below the so-called twilight zone of sequence similarity are offered by iterative search algorithms such as PSI-BLAST [1] which, in effect, compare sequences to a profile. More recently profile-profile matching protocols... | 15603591 | PMC543460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 16; 5:200 |
Introduction
In June 2001, heads of state and government convened a United Nations Special Session on HIV/AIDS and adopted unanimously the “Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS” [1]. In preparation for that session, Schwartländer et al. published an estimate of the resource needs for an expanded global response to the... | 15647780 | PMC543462 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 11; 2(1):e16 |
Introduction
Alzheimer disease is the leading cause of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by accumulation of extracellular and vascular amyloid in the brain [1]. Amyloid deposits are composed of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), a 4-kDa peptide released during “amyloidogenic” proteolytic processing of the Alzhei... | 15647781 | PMC543463 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 11; 2(1):e18 |
Epidemiological studies suggest that statins, a class of cholesterol-lowering drugs, may lower the risk for Alzheimer disease. The mechanism for this effect is unclear. Alzheimer disease is characterized by accumulation of amyloid deposits in the brain. These deposits are composed of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, a protei... | 0 | PMC543464 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 11; 2(1):e22 |
The HIV epidemic is continuing to grow, year by year. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), in 2004 there were more people living with the virus than ever before, and in the same year more people than ever before died of it. So, although in the developed world HIV/AIDS is a controllable ... | 0 | PMC543465 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:38:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 11; 2(1):e23 |
Background
Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) of unknown origin of adolescent and young adulthood [1] where genetic polimorphisms [2,3], abnormal inflammation pathways activation [4], and environmental influences [5] seem to concur at different levels in the p... | 15527511 | PMC543466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:55 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Nov 4; 4:29 |
Background
General anesthetics have been shown to depress neuronal responses in virtually all brain areas studied and this depression has been proposed to result from actions at GABAA-mediated inhibitory synapses and postsynaptic chloride channels [1-4], potassium channels [5-7], or calcium channels [8-11], and/or at g... | 15579203 | PMC543467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Dec 3; 5:52 |
Background
In Brazil, medical school courses last for six years and demand full-time study. In our school, the curriculum follows the traditional model, and it is divided into the basic cycle (first and second years), clinical cycle (third and fourth years) and pre-intern cycle (fifth and sixth years; full-time outpati... | 15569385 | PMC543468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:54 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Nov 29; 4:26 |
Background
The costs of operating public health services in Australia are rapidly rising. Health administrators and practitioners are under pressure to document client outcomes and demonstrate the effectiveness of therapy interventions [1-3]. Increasingly, the allied health professions have come to see the need for qui... | 15541181 | PMC543469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Nov 13; 2:64 |
Background
Consciousness is everything we experience. Think of it as what abandons us every night when we fall into dreamless sleep and returns the next morning when we wake up [1]. Without consciousness, as far as we are concerned, there would be neither an external world nor our own selves: there would be nothing at ... | 15522121 | PMC543470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Nov 2; 5:42 |
Background
Neurogenic Para Osteo-Arthropathies (NPOA) occurs in patients with brain or spinal cord injury, hemiplegias, various encephalopathies, tetanus [1] or neurological disregulation [2]. In this process, new bone named "osteoma" forms in extraskeletal areas which in normal condition do not ossify. NPOA were first... | 15563732 | PMC543471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Nov 25; 5:46 |
Background
In recent years, clustering algorithms have been effectively applied in molecular biology for gene expression data analysis (see [1] for an excellent survey). With the advancement in Microarray technology, it is now possible to observe the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously when the cells... | 15511294 | PMC543472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 28; 5:172 |
Background
Since Darwin published his classic work on sexual selection [1], biologists have puzzled over the evolutionary consequences of mate choice. As a general rule, evolutionary theory predicts that females rather than males will benefit most from discriminating among potential mates [2]. A large body of evidence ... | 15555062 | PMC543473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Nov 19; 4:48 |
Background
Among prokaryotes, a remarkable number of cellular functions are controlled by two component regulatory systems [1]. Dedicated circuits transduce and interpret specific signals such as pH, temperature, osmolarity, light, nutrients, ions, pheromones and toxins to regulate a wide range of processes including m... | 15571621 | PMC543474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Nov 30; 4:44 |
Clinical Research faces perhaps a certain grain of confusion. Often, it is mistakenly reduced to case report. Caveats of even greater risks may be hidden in the secrets of patents and interests of manufacturers covertly promoting their products. Thus, a book clearly stating what a clinical trial is, well located within... | 0 | PMC543571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:32 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Nov 25; 3:43 |
Introduction
Microarray technology is rapidly becoming a standard technology used in research laboratories all across the world. Since its first application in the mid 1990s [1] microarray technology has been successfully applied to almost every aspect of biomedical research [2-7] with over 250 papers in respiratory re... | 15585067 | PMC543572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Dec 7; 5(1):26 |
Background
Despite 50 years of malaria vector control efforts, malaria remains a major public health threat in tropical and subtropical countries [1-3]. In recent years, malaria has caused increased human mortality and morbidity as malaria epidemics have spread to areas where it was previously rare [4,5]. The current s... | 15581429 | PMC543573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Dec 6; 3:48 |
Background
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the Western countries [1]. Notwithstanding the importance of this malignancy, little is understood about its cause. To date the only well established risk factors are age, family history of d... | 15588306 | PMC543574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | Nutr J. 2004 Dec 9; 3:23 |
Background
Residential coal burning and cigarette smoking are the most common sources of indoor air pollution in Chinese households [1-3]. Although use of coal stoves and smoking have been linked to respiratory morbidity among adult populations in mainland China [1,4-6], little is known about how these exposures affect... | 15585063 | PMC543575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Environ Health. 2004 Dec 7; 3:14 |
Findings
The DEAD box proteins, a family of RNA helicases containing the conserved amino acid motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (D-E-A-D in the single letter amino acid code), play an essential role in many aspects of cellular RNA metabolism (reviewed in [1,2]), including RNA transport, transcription, spliceosome function, ribosom... | 15588285 | PMC543576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Dec 8; 1:42 |
Background
Carbohydrate restriction as a general strategy for weight loss continues to gain in popularity and its utility and generally protective effect in lipid profile and glycemic control continues to be demonstrated, at least in an experimental setting [1-4]. The subject nonetheless remains controversial. Those cr... | 15588283 | PMC543577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Dec 8; 1:15 |
Background
The phosphoinositides is a family of lipids which members play an essential role in the receptor-mediated intracellular signaling cascades, vesicle trafficking and cytoskeletal rearrangements [for review see [1,2]] and, therefore, are crucial for the adaptation and survival of cells. Because of their importa... | 15588322 | PMC543578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Dec 10; 3:28 |
Background
The need for more sequence
Complete genome sequencing is a major investment and is unlikely to be applied to the vast majority of organisms, whatever their importance in terms of evolution, health or ecology. Complete genome sequences are available for only a few eukaryote genomes, most of which are model or... | 15571632 | PMC543579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 30; 5:187 |
Background
"Diagnosis is the keystone of good medical practice"[1]
General practitioners (GPs) are primarily diagnosticians [2] yet it appears that diagnosis remains their Achilles heel[3]. The problem has its origins in a misunderstanding of the differences of the five Ps (patients, pathologies, presentations, preval... | 15596014 | PMC543580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Dec 13; 4:28 |
Background
Allelic-loss data
The goal of studies of allelic loss is to determine those loci in tumor tissue where genetic material has been lost. A tumor suppressor gene (TSG) is much more likely to lie on a chromosome arm where there has been significant allelic loss than elsewhere [1,2]. The statistical challenge lie... | 15563371 | PMC544187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 24; 5:182 |
Background
Haplotype analysis has become a valuable tool for researchers in population genetics. In particular, the value attached to the prediction of the constituent haplotypes of a given sample and their frequency of occurrence is such that a variety of methods have been developed for this purpose. Many of these met... | 15574202 | PMC544188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 1; 5:188 |
Background
Current efforts in genome sequencing have led to a rapid increase in the number of microbial genome sequences. A total of 522 ongoing microbial genome projects are listed in the GOLD database [1] and while 167 microbes have been completely sequenced. These sequencing projects now include several bacterial pa... | 15601465 | PMC544189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 15; 5:198 |
Background
Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) protect cells from oxidative stress. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the etiology of a diversity of human diseases, including cancer[1], aging[2], atherosclerosis[3] and neurodegenerative diseases[4,5]. Superoxide dismu... | 15598343 | PMC544190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Dec 14; 5:33 |
Background
In the last decade, the number of relevant data sources available for outcomes research has grown exponentially. In contrast, the number of individual researchers with clinical and statistical expertise required to explore these data sets increase at a much slower pace. As a result, an immense quantity of va... | 15596017 | PMC544191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Dec 14; 4:29 |
Background
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder accounts for about 4% of all cancer related death in man. The large majority of tumors (70–80%) is superficial at diagnosis and has a high rate of local recurrence (70%) and progression (30%) after local surgical therapy. Therefore, patients require lifelong medical follow... | 15566565 | PMC544192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 26; 4:86 |
Background
One widely spread superstition is that Friday the 13th brings bad luck. However, the few studies published on human behaviour and its consequences on that day show inconsistent results, whether they be on economic behaviour [1-3] or health risks [4-6]. A recent nationwide study by Näyhä [7] on the 1971–97 de... | 15546493 | PMC544193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Nov 16; 4:54 |
Background
Clinical laboratory assessment of urinary stones is typically conducted using destructive methods of analysis [1-5] and is usually geared to identify stones only by their primary mineral content. It is rare that stones get classified as having multiple components, and even less likely that notation is given ... | 15596006 | PMC544194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | BMC Urol. 2004 Dec 13; 4:15 |
Background
As of August 12, 2003 there were 438 probable and suspected cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Canada – the majority located in Toronto. In Toronto there were forty-four SARS related deaths and over 100 health care workers contracted SARS, placing intense pressure on Toronto's public health... | 15606924 | PMC544195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Dec 19; 4:36 |
Background
Detecting an evolutionary relationship between proteins is the basis for functional inference. Existing methods most often rely on sequence information in an attempt to quantify the evolutionary divergence or similarity between the sequences compared. A significant similarity would suggest that the proteins ... | 15563734 | PMC544344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 25; 5:183 |
Background
Protein structure classifications are commonly used for studying structural and evolutionary relationships between proteins (namely remote homology inference), protein structure and function prediction, identification of potential functional residues and binding sites, understanding sequence/structure/functi... | 15598351 | PMC544345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 14; 5:197 |
Background
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), form one of the major groups of receptors in eukaryotes; they possess seven transmembrane α-helical domains, as confirmed by analysis of the crystal structure of Rhodopsin [1]. The study of GPCRs, and the way that they are activated by their ligands, is of great importanc... | 15619328 | PMC544346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 24; 5:208 |
Background
Several approaches for inferring a phylogenetic tree from the substitution patterns in multiply aligned sequences are available; they include maximum parsimony, distance-based, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods [1]. Typically, the inferred tree is unrooted, because the explicit or implicit substitution... | 15629063 | PMC544347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jan 4; 5:2 |
Background
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a descriptive term used to define a classifiable pattern of symptoms that cannot be attributed to any alternative condition [1]. It can be associated with immunological alterations, neuro-endocrine changes [2], sleep disturbance and disturbed neurocognitive performance with ... | 15619332 | PMC544348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Dec 26; 4:32 |
Background
Necrotising fasciitis (NF) is an aggressive and rapidly destructive soft tissue infection resulting in high mortality and significant long term morbidity. Two groups of infectious agents have been described – Type I which are polymicrobial, involving anaerobic bacteria and streptococci other than serogroup A... | 15601476 | PMC544349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Dec 16; 4:60 |
Background
Approximately one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the majority live in less developed countries where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is spreading rapidly. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the number of new cases of tuberculosis ... | 15613232 | PMC544350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Dec 21; 4:61 |
Background
Homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for coding region mutations of the hemojuvelin gene (HJV) in whites is a cause of early age-of-onset iron overload (juvenile hemochromatosis), and of hemochromatosis phenotypes in some young or middle-aged adults [1-4]. HJV coding region mutations have also been identi... | 15610558 | PMC544351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Dec 20; 5:29 |
Background
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors such as MyoD, E12, and E47 are key regulators of gene expression and control many differentiation events during development [1-3]. These transcription factors bind E-box or E-box-like sequences as homo-or heterodimers, and control the transcription of targe... | 15601467 | PMC544352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Dec 15; 4:91 |
Background
The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among prostate cancer patients is extremely low (0.2%), and, even more the leukemic infiltration of the prostate [1,2]. It has been reported that a chronic lymphocitic leukemia (CLL) may have its first clinical manifestation with acute urinary retention [3]. We describ... | 15615590 | PMC544353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Dec 22; 4:95 |
Background
There is a large published literature on associations between socio-economic position and chronic disease, with socioeconomically disadvantaged groups experiencing higher mortality and morbidity rates for coronary heart disease, noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and some cancers [1-4]. Chronic diseases ... | 15575953 | PMC544354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 2; 4:58 |
Background
Intestinal parasitic infections are amongst the most common infections worldwide. It is estimated that some 3.5 billion people are affected, and that 450 million are ill as a result of these infections, the majority being children. These infections are regarded as serious public health problem, as they cause... | 15615592 | PMC544355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 22; 4:64 |
Background
Suprapubic catheterization is a common urological procedure. Complications of catheter insertion are uncommon but can be serious including bowel perforation or obstruction. We describe an unusual complication of delayed bowel perforation after suprapubic catheter insertion.
Case presentation
An 86 year old ... | 15601466 | PMC544356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:53 | no | BMC Urol. 2004 Dec 15; 4:16 |
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