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Background
Most societies carry responsibility towards patients requiring continuous medical attention and care at home [1-4]. In Austria the general practitioner together and in cooperation with relatives of the patient and professional organisations usually takes on this task by visiting his patients [5,6]. These pat... | 17010213 | PMC1592492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Oct 1; 7:55 |
Background
Approximately 4.5 million episodes of gastroenteritis occur every year in the Netherlands [1]. The incidence of consultations in general practices (GP) is estimated at 14 per 1,000 person years, yielding an annual estimate of approximately 220,000 consultations for gastroenteritis [2]. For an unknown number ... | 17014713 | PMC1592493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Oct 2; 7:56 |
Background
At fertilisation the oocyte undergoes a series of rapid changes responsible for the onset of the embryonic development and the blockage of polyspermy. These changes, collectively known as "oocyte activation", are under the regulation of cytoplasmic signalling events activated in the oocyte following a multi-... | 16999867 | PMC1592494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Sep 25; 4:48 |
Background
Complexes of diimino functionalized ligands are often used as catalysts for a wide variety of reactions. Enantioselective synthesis has gained in importance in the last few years, and the development of chiral ligands has become an important field in organic chemistry. Nucleosides provide a stable scaffold c... | 16934149 | PMC1592495 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Aug 25; 2:17 |
Background
Aza-Diels-Alder reactions rank among the most efficient method for the construction of nitrogen-containing six-membered ring compounds.[1] The reaction of Danishefsky's diene 1 with imine 2 provides a convenient protocol for the synthesis of 2-substituted-2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones 3 (Scheme 1), which allow for... | 16982000 | PMC1592496 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Sep 18; 2:18 |
Background
Over the past two decades, enterococcal bloodstream infections (BSI) have become increasingly pervasive. They account for a significant proportion of nosocomial BSI, and are now the third most common cause of nosocomial BSI [1]. Vancomycin resistance is common, found in approximately 2% of E. faecalis and 60... | 17002792 | PMC1592497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:20 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 26; 6:145 |
Background
In the planning and delivery of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for prostate cancer, several potential sources of variability have been documented. Prostate organ motion between [1-17] and during fractions [6-8] has been described by several authors. Variations in organ contouring using different imaging m... | 16984655 | PMC1592498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Sep 19; 1:37 |
Background
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, which results in the clinical symptoms of altered bowel habits and abdominal pain [1,2]. It is characterized by three specific forms: diarrhea-predominant, constipation-predominant, and alternating between diarrhea and con... | 17007634 | PMC1592499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Sep 28; 6:26 |
Background
The complexity of human physical activity has made it challenging to produce a validated, accurate, and cost-effective technique to quantify activities of daily living [1-3]. The value of a sophisticated gait lab is well-established, but gait labs are expensive, require trained personnel, and may not simulat... | 16970818 | PMC1592500 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Sep 13; 3:21 |
Background
Fatigue alters the force capacity of muscles. It is a complex and diverse phenomenon involving neural and muscular mechanisms [1,2]. At the ankle, it decreases the sense of position [3,4] and the control of balance. For example, Lundin et al. [5], have examined how plantar flexor and dorsiflexor fatigue indu... | 17007646 | PMC1592501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Sep 28; 3:22 |
Background
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability in North America [1,2]. Functional ambulation is often compromised [3-6], and reduced independence in walking is a commonly reported concern among stroke survivors [7]. This is further complicated by reductions in cardiorespiratory fitness after stroke [4,8-10]... | 17010203 | PMC1592502 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Sep 29; 3:23 |
Background
Malaria is one of the leading infectious diseases in the world, with 300–500 million clinical cases and 1–3 million deaths each year [1]. Traditionally diagnosis of malaria is based on microscopic detection of Plasmodium parasites in Giemsa-stained blood slides. In recent decades, antigen detection assays an... | 17018138 | PMC1592503 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 3; 5:80 |
Myceliophthora thermophila is a thermophilic phaeoid mould found in pasture soil, wood chips, straw, mouldy hay, compost piles and other environmental settings where heat is generated. It is also found in the excreta and rumen of cattle and is a pathogen of cultivated mushrooms [1]. A rare cause of invasive human infec... | 16961922 | PMC1592504 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Sep 8; 5:21 |
Findings
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) have been shown to induce apoptotic and autophagic cell death in vitro and in vivo [1-3]. The molecular mechanisms that underlie these cytotoxic effects are not yet clearly understood. Recently, HDACIs were shown to induce Akt (also called protein kinase B/PKB) dephospho... | 17018141 | PMC1592505 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Oct 3; 5:40 |
Background
The current human resources shortage in the health sector – mainly of sub-Saharan African countries – threatens the realization of plans for scaling up interventions to control the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The World development report 2004 [1] states it clearly: Without ... | 16939644 | PMC1592506 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Aug 29; 4:24 |
How can the years' worth of international, cutting-edge behavioral nutrition and physical activity research, conceptual and methodological advances, and inspiring intellectual debate that comprised the program of the 5th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activi... | 16987427 | PMC1592507 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Sep 21; 3:30 |
Background
Virotherapy has been proposed as a novel therapeutic means against certain cancers and is currently being evaluated in clinical trials [1-3]. This novel strategy is based on the selective replication of viruses in specific target cells to efficiently remove these cells from the patient. Initial successes hav... | 17005036 | PMC1592508 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Sep 27; 3:64 |
Background
Ovarian cancer is a common malignancy. In most cases the disease is diagnosed at an advanced stage. Nevertheless, about 30% of patients present with early-stage disease, i.e. confined to the pelvis without spread outside the gynaecological organs (FIGO stages I and II). Surgery alone can cure a significant p... | 16999858 | PMC1592509 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Sep 25; 6:228 |
Background
The bacterial RecA protein has an important role in a variety of cellular processes, such as the control of DNA status, repair of stalled replication forks, double-strand break repair, general recombination, induction of the SOS response and induction of temperate phages [1]. RecA has also been recently show... | 16972988 | PMC1592510 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Sep 14; 5:29 |
Background
Reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium is the only logical approach for the successful management of patients with IHD. Morphological observations of the ischemic myocardial tissue undergoing reperfusion suggest that it is a true pathological phenomenon and a distinct entity from the preceding ischemic injur... | 16987414 | PMC1592511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Sep 20; 6:32 |
Background
The number of circulating white blood cells (WBC) involved in immune defense is subject to high-amplitude circadian rhythms [1,2]. Periodic changes in the number of leukocytes circulating in the peripheral blood might result from several factors. These include the distribution of circulating and marginal cel... | 17014730 | PMC1592512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Oct 2; 4:13 |
Background
Homocysteine is a sulfhydryl containing amino acid produced by demethylation of an essential amino acid (methionine) [1]. Methylation of homocysteine, catalyzed by methionine synthetase produces methionine. This enzyme needs vitamin B12 as a co-factor. Homocysteine can also change to cystathionine through th... | 17002799 | PMC1592513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Sep 26; 6:38 |
Background
The ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases includes four members (ErbB-1 or HER-1 through ErbB-4 or HER-4) that signal upon engagement in combinatorial dimeric receptor combinations. ErbB-2 is the shared (and preferred) heterodimerization partner, and acts as the master coordinator and integrator of signal... | 17010186 | PMC1592514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Sep 29; 4:39 |
Background
In eukaryotes, the majority of transcripts are processed by splicing to remove intron sequences and form a mature messenger RNA. There are well established conserved sequence motifs at the intron/exon and exon/intron boundaries that are known to be recognised by the splicing machinery. However, even for shor... | 17002805 | PMC1592515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7:419 |
Background
Alzheimer disease (AD), the leading cause of senile dementia, is characterized by selective neuronal degeneration affecting the hippocampus and to a lesser extent other cortical brain regions resulting in progressive memory loss, impairments in behavior, language and visual-spatial skills and ultimately, dea... | 17018137 | PMC1592538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Oct 3; 1:14 |
Background
The uncoupling proteins 1, 2 and 3 (UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3) are members of the super family of anion carrier proteins located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. UCP1 is found only in brown fat mitochondria of mammals. Studies, beginning in the 1960s, identified the function of UCP1 in providing heat and de... | 16968550 | PMC1592539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Sep 12; 3:38 |
Background
During the last two decades, treatment strategies of pediatric Hodgkin's disease have changed considerably. Radiotherapy was the standard treatment for limited (stage I or II) aggressive lymphoma until 1980, although the five-year rate of disease-free survival was less than 50 percent [1]. Subsequently, chem... | 17014708 | PMC1592540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Oct 2; 1:38 |
Background
Concepts in ecology have been, for a long time, useful in order to understand processes within and between human populations, and their environment. Examples of the uses of these concepts are found in disciplines such as Ethnobiology or Human Ecology [1,2]. This study, based on previous fieldwork carried out... | 17010204 | PMC1592541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Sep 29; 2:40 |
Background
A study of the possible effect of temperature and precipitation on gastroenteritis inspired an assessment of different methods for small area population exposure estimation techniques. The health data were obtained from a survey with respondents from Australia conducted between September 2001 and August 2002... | 16968554 | PMC1592542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Sep 13; 5:38 |
Background
The society invests in health care without definite knowledge about the health gains produced as systematic assessment of various interventions is usually lacking. This holds especially true for patient values, i.e. the subjective benefits that patients perceive from treatments.
Cataract surgery is a routin... | 17010185 | PMC1592543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 29; 4:74 |
Background
Obstructions of the aortic valve are determined by the dimensions of the fibrous ring, the number and morphological alterations of the semilunar leaflets that may be bicuspid, tricuspid, or quadricuspid, dysplastic thickening of the valve and fusion of the commissures [1,3]. Forms of supravalvular obstructio... | 17010187 | PMC1592685 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Sep 29; 4:36 |
Background
Patients with comorbid conditions probably represent majority of subjects affected by mood disorders or schizophrenia [1]. Comorbid medical diseases may cause or worsen psychiatric disorders and have a major impact on the medical treatment of patients [2-4]. Nearly 50% of medical comorbid diseases are not di... | 17010216 | PMC1594562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Oct 1; 2:26 |
When it comes to health, one might expect to have the freedom to behave as one chooses within the necessary legal constraints. An individual can decide, for instance, whether or not to seek treatment for a bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI). The individual probably wants to be treated as this will alleviate... | 17014728 | PMC1594563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Oct 2; 3:14 |
Introduction
A rich and growing body of literature has emerged on ethics in epidemiologic research and public health practice [1-11]. Recent articles have included conceptual frameworks of public health ethics and overviews of historical developments in the field [7,8,11]. Several important topics in public health ethi... | 17018147 | PMC1594564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Oct 3; 3:16 |
Background
Selenium (Se) is a naturally occurring micronutrient that is essential for several known major metabolic pathways, including; thyroid hormone metabolism [1-3] and antioxidant defense systems [4,5] in both humans and rodents. Dietary selenium can exist as selenomethionine, selenocysteine, selenate or selenite... | 16984644 | PMC1594565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Sep 19; 1:12 |
Definition
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1, OMIM 131100) is a rare inherited autosomal dominant cancer syndrome with a very high penetrance and an equal sex distribution that is characterised by the presence of hyperplasia and neoplasia in at least two different endocrine tissues (parathyroid adenomas, entero... | 17014705 | PMC1594566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Oct 2; 1:38 |
Background
Allergic diseases represent a growing human health problem, affecting up to 25% of individuals living in industrialized nations [1]. Both in- and outdoor populations of filamentous fungi are a major cause of human allergies and asthma, and can in some cases, lead to severe allergic disease [2]. Overall, some... | 16995945 | PMC1594567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 Sep 22; 4:12 |
Introduction
Severe trauma induces massive changes of the physiological state by alteration of metabolic pathways and activation of the innate immune system [1-5]. The posttraumatic metabolic changes are characterized by hypermetabolism with increased energy expenditure, enhanced protein catabolism, insulin resistance ... | 17020610 | PMC1594568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Oct 4; 1:29 |
Background
An impaired collagen metabolism is hypothesized to disturb the wound healing process with the consequence of hernia formation and hernia recurrence. In vivo studies of hernia patients revealed irregularly arranged collagen fibers, disturbed collagen hydroxylation and an altered collagen framework resulting i... | 17010202 | PMC1594569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:41 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 7:36 |
Open peer review
This article was reviewed by W. Ford Doolittle, J. Peter Gogarten, and Arcady Mushegian.
For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
The extraordinary diversity of viruses
Viruses are ubiquitous companions of cellular life forms: it appears that every cellular organ... | 16984643 | PMC1594570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Sep 19; 1:29 |
Background
The socio-ecologic framework emphasizes the multidimensionality of health behaviors, such as physical activity, which are influenced by individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy, and physical environmental variables [1-3]. A basic principle underlying this framework is that physical... | 16972999 | PMC1594571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Sep 14; 3:28 |
Background
Television is ubiquitous, with at least one television set present in most family homes in developed countries [1]. It is, therefore, not surprising that time spent in front of a television set watching television, videos or DVDs is one of the most prevalent leisure time activities among young people in indu... | 16961929 | PMC1594572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Sep 10; 3:24 |
Background
Since January 1997, all Swiss hospital discharges are collected yearly in the Swiss Federal Statistical Office's medical statistics of stationary institutions. Each discharge record is labelled with a residence code called medstat, which is an aggregate of several postal code areas. Each medstat region has 3... | 16978404 | PMC1594573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:24 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Sep 15; 6:119 |
Background
Environmental chemicals that disrupt endocrine function are suspected for their adverse effects on the reproductive system in wild animals and humans and are being increasingly assumed for their possible participation in inducing estrogenic effects. Furthermore, they are proposed to possess hormone-like prop... | 17010207 | PMC1594574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Sep 29; 4:49 |
Tissue engineering (TE) is a relatively new, interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary field that has seen intense development in recent years. One of the main motivations for TE research is the chronic shortage of organ donors and other limitations related to organ and tissue transplantation. The idea that tissues, and ... | 0 | PMC1594575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Oct 3; 5:52 |
Background
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common among interstitial pneumonias of unknown origin and one of the most aggressive interstitial lung diseases. Although the pathogenesis is incompletely understood, the activation and proliferation of lung fibroblasts which lead to excessive extracellular ma... | 17005044 | PMC1594576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Sep 27; 7(1):122 |
Background
The rapid development and spread of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum is a serious global health problem in the management of malaria infections. Increasing resistance to antimalarials by P. falciparum has led to renewed search for alternative effective new drugs with unique cellular targets. In the 1990s... | 17020611 | PMC1594577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 4; 5:82 |
Background
Phytophthora spp. are notorious, world-wide pathogens because of their devastating effects on many crop species, that often result in significant economic losses. All members of the genus Phytophthora infect plants, although some exhibit a broad host range and others infect only a few species [1]. Among the ... | 17007642 | PMC1594578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:24 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 28; 7:245 |
Background
In mass spectrometry (MS), analysis of mass spectra is possible with various software packages. In general these software applications work fine for the analysis of individual spectra, but lack the ability to compare very large number of spectra and address differences in (peptide) profile masses to certain ... | 16953879 | PMC1594579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 5; 7:403 |
pmcBackground
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous ~22 nucleotide noncoding RNAs, which act as posttranscriptional regulators in animals and plants. MiRNAs use two distinct posttranscriptional mechanisms to downregulate gene expression. They act by binding to the complementary sites on the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of... | 16978421 | PMC1594580 | CC BY | 2023-04-16 23:15:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 18; 7:411 |
Background
Microarray experiments essentially yield highly multivariate data. The number of variables measured in such data is generally far greater than the number of samples and numerous specific statistical approaches have been proposed. In this context, ordination methods proved to be powerful exploratory tools.
P... | 17010189 | PMC1594581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:21 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 29; 7:422 |
Background
During the second half of the 20th century the prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) has increased dramatically all over the world [1]. It has been estimated that more than 171 million people suffer from this disease and that this number could increase to 366 million by 2030, of which 298 million woul... | 16959033 | PMC1594582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Sep 7; 7:28 |
Background
Telepathology is a process of histopathologic diagnosis through the digital images of both gross and microscopic findings of the specimens instead of conventional glass slides [1,2] which is usually use electronic transmission of the images to a remote centre. One of the first uses of telepathology in practi... | 17018157 | PMC1594583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Oct 4; 1:33 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an extracellular deposition of amyloid plaques, and an intraneuronal accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain of affected individuals. A 42 amino acid long Aβ42 peptide generated by proteolytic processing of the APP ... | 17002801 | PMC1594584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:24 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Sep 26; 4:32 |
Background
Even though covering only 9251 square kilometres, Cyprus is a country diverse in geography, climate, flora and fauna and rich in history and culture. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean with a climate of wet, changeable winter and hot dry summers, separated by short spring and autumn seas... | 16995927 | PMC1599709 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Sep 4; 2:34 |
Background
The systematic knowledge of crops management for pest control is not an invention of modern western science. Many communities of peasant farmers and indigenous peoples developed their own strategies by using natural chemicals against crop pests. Such system results from people's experience throughout generat... | 17026748 | PMC1599710 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Oct 6; 2:42 |
Background
Heroin overdose is a major cause of death amongst problematic drug using populations [1]. Worldwide, such drug related deaths (DRDs) are common and increasing [2,3] Heroin related overdose is more common amongst drug users who are not actively engaged in drug treatment services [2]. It is strongly associated... | 17014725 | PMC1599711 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Oct 2; 1:28 |
Background
The flow of carbon through the Earth's eco-systems is one of the most complex and important of the global cycles. It challenges researchers to be interdisciplinary and synthesize information from both the natural and social sciences in order to understand how it works and what causes it to change. One of the... | 17005049 | PMC1599712 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Sep 27; 1:11 |
Background
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) presents its draft guidance and its view on the use of patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures as endpoints in clinical trials in this issue of Health and Quality of Life Outcomes [1]. It includes information on how sponsors could use study results based on these measur... | 17005037 | PMC1599713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 27; 4:69 |
Background
6-Shogaol (1-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-4-decen-3-one) is one of the major biologically active compounds found in the rhizome of Zingiber officinale/ginger [1]. This compound was previously reported to have antipyretic and analgesic effects in addition to inhibitory effect on lipoxygenase activity [2,3]. Its ... | 17010215 | PMC1599714 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:08 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Oct 1; 6:12 |
Background
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent life-limiting autosomal recessive disorder in the white [1]. It is caused by mutations in 2 alleles of the gene encoding for the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which acts mainly as a cyclic AMP (cAMP)-activated chloride channel [2]. Classic CF... | 17018149 | PMC1599715 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Oct 3; 6:25 |
Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of relapsing incurable diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. There is ongoing active research to find a curative treatment and understand the aetiology of IBD in immunology [1], microbiology [2], molecular biology [3] and food science [4]. As yet, IBD is incomple... | 16984660 | PMC1599716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Sep 20; 2:24 |
Background
In every day use of language, the term "depression" is meant to describe different feelings such as sadness, disappointment, hopelessness and abatement. In fact, depression is a psychiatric disorder in which patient's mood becomes distressed. Today, undiagnosed and untreated depressions have become major hea... | 17020622 | PMC1599717 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Oct 4; 2:27 |
"Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth."
Genesis 11: 9.
The Whitney Museum of American Art in New York recently held its Biennial 2006 exhibition [1]. Entitled Day for... | 17014732 | PMC1599718 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Oct 2; 3:15 |
Background
The AIDS pandemic has already resulted in the death of approximately 21.8 million people worldwide [1] and this number will continue to increase at an alarming rate until corrective measures are taken. Although the major route of transmission is sexual contact, use of contaminated blood and blood products is... | 16995928 | PMC1599719 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:24 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Sep 22; 6:39 |
Background
Problem-based learning, otherwise known as "PBL," has been incorporated into the curriculum at many medical schools around the world [1]. The main purpose of this method is to help students acquire new information by providing them with a context to apply their knowledge to clinical problems. A further aim o... | 16982002 | PMC1599720 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:24 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Sep 18; 6:47 |
Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the obligate first step in the development of cervical cancer [1]. However, of the more than 100 types of HPV, only 15 so-called high risk types, most commonly types 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 45, 52, and 58, account for at least 95% of HPV-induced cervical cancer [2,3]. Vacc... | 17014700 | PMC1599721 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Oct 2; 3:83 |
Background
HCV is a cause of several serious diseases, and is estimated to infect around 3% of the world's population [1]. This virus contains a 5'UTR, which is a conserved 341 nucleotide stretch. This region has been used to establish the major HCV genotypes [2,3]. Other regions of the HCV genome have been used to hel... | 17010198 | PMC1599722 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 29; 3:82 |
Background
Approximately 12–33% of the adult work force is affected by low back pain each year, and it has been suggested that between 70% and 95% of adults will suffer from low back pain at some time during their lifetime [1-5]. Unlike other orthopedic disorders, the expenses associated with management of back pain ha... | 16934143 | PMC1599723 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:24 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Aug 25; 7:70 |
Background
Stability and movement are determined by the coordination of all the muscles that surround the lumbar spine [1-3]. A strategy of trunk stiffening on one hand and creating optimal movement on the other hand is assumed to be essential [1]. Within this context, stabilization exercises are often used in clinical... | 16987410 | PMC1599724 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:24 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Sep 20; 7:75 |
Background
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common life-shortening inherited disorder [1]. The disease is caused by mutations in the gene for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-regulated chloride channel present in the apical membrane of epithelia in many organs, including airways [2].
CFT... | 17022806 | PMC1599725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Oct 5; 7(1):124 |
Background
Tuberculosis is a well-recognised worldwide health problem [1]. However, the picture differs dramatically depending on the socioeconomic development of the area in question. While in developing countries tuberculosis is still a first order challenge, it is being kept increasingly under control in developed c... | 17007635 | PMC1599726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 28; 6:240 |
Background
Recently, the HIV epidemic has spread rapidly among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Japan. New HIV infections through sexual contact among MSM have continued to rise steadily over the last two decades with data indicating the rate of increase accelerating since 1999. According to the 2005 annual surveilla... | 17002800 | PMC1599727 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 26; 6:239 |
Background
The majority of adult smoking is initiated during adolescence. In the United States, 89% of 30–39 year-old regular smokers began smoking before the age of 18 [1]. In a New Zealand cohort, the prevalence of adolescent smoking increased from near nil at nine years to adult rates by age 18 [2]. The majority of ... | 17020623 | PMC1599728 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 4; 6:243 |
Background
Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women [1]. Between 1975–1990, Asia and Africa have experienced a more rapid rise in the annual incidence rates of breast cancer than North America and Europe [2]. Karachi Cancer Registry, the only population based cancer registry in Pakistan, reports br... | 16984630 | PMC1599729 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Nurs. 2006 Sep 19; 5:6 |
Background
Leiomyoma is the most common benign esophageal tumor (70%–80%), occurring more often in the lower than the upper part. Many authors have described the use of videothoracoscopic surgery to performed enucleation of an esophageal leiomyoma with various techniques [1-3]. Everitt et al [4] was the first to report... | 17018158 | PMC1599730 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct 4; 4:70 |
Background
Surgery of malignant breast tumors aims at eliminating most of the malignant cells. Adjuvant therapy is applied subsequently in most cases due to the assumption that not all malignant cells have been removed. This approach has proven successful also after 30 years of survey [1]. The question arises when thes... | 17002789 | PMC1599731 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 26; 4:67 |
Background
Chloroplasts are dynamic organelles of prokaryotic origin within the plant cell that house the photosynthetic apparatus. In addition to photosynthesis, other important metabolic activities take place within chloroplasts including the production of starch, certain amino acids and lipids, some of the colorful ... | 17010212 | PMC1599732 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Sep 30; 6:21 |
Background
Eucalypts are the most widely planted hardwood trees in the world occupying globally more than 18 million hectares [1]. While E. globulus is the premier species for temperate zones plantations in Portugal, Spain, Chile and Australia, elite hybrid clones involving E. grandis and E. urophylla are extensively u... | 16995939 | PMC1599733 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 6:20 |
Background
In medical care, deciding on the optimal treatment for individual patients is one of the main concerns of the physician. Scientific evidence, recommendations from guidelines, medical expertise, patient preferences, and personal experiences all contribute to this decision process. Randomised controlled trials... | 16984636 | PMC1599734 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Sep 19; 7:54 |
Background
Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that chronically infects more than half of all people worldwide. In developing countries, 70–90% of the population carries H. pylori; almost all of these acquire the infection before the age of 10 years [1]. In developed countries, the prevalence is lower, ranging fr... | 17018159 | PMC1599735 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct 4; 6:27 |
In the early 1990s some sectors of the computer science community were developing the idea of data understanding as a discovery-driven, systematic and iterative process. This "data mining" research and development area was expected to take advantage of the expansion and consolidation of machine learning methodologies t... | 0 | PMC1599736 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Sep 29; 5:51 |
Background
The LPS of Helicobacter pylori is a primary host-interacting structure and several lines of evidence indicate that it is involved in host adaptation and virulence. Strains lacking the O-antigen have a reduced capacity to colonize the murine stomach [1], and various alternative extensions form structural moti... | 16981984 | PMC1599737 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Sep 18; 6:79 |
Background
Dengue (DEN) is distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical countries including Mexico and the USA and is the most common vector-borne viral disease in humans. Infection ranges from asymptomatic or mild self-limited illness (dengue fever, DF) to a severe disease with spontaneous hemorrhaging (dengue he... | 17014723 | PMC1599738 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 2; 6:85 |
Background
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen of humans and animals [1], and has been implicated in several foodborne outbreaks as well as sporadic cases of disease during the last ten to fifteen years [2]. It is known that differences between strains as well as differences in environmental conditions ... | 17014739 | PMC1599739 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 3; 6:86 |
Background
About 10% of the population in The Netherlands is of recent non-Western immigrant origin, with Turkish people forming the largest ethnic minority group [1]. In the major cities, this percentage is more than 30% [1]. The prevalence of chronic diseases and mortality varies between the ethnic minority groups an... | 16995936 | PMC1599740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Sep 22; 3:31 |
Background
Artemisinin derivatives, such as artesunate, artemether and dihydroartemisinin, are the most parasiticidal of all the antimalarial drugs against Plasmodium falciparum [1]. Their pharmacokinetic (rapid absorption, short half life ~1 hour) and pharmacodynamic (high parasite reduction ratio) properties mitigate... | 17020598 | PMC1599741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 4; 5:81 |
Background
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) represents a rapid and reliable method for the detection and quantification of mRNA transcription levels of a selected gene of interest (GOI). In ecotoxicological studies, qRT-PCR may be effectively used to evaluate the levels of expression of biomarker genes under the in... | 16984641 | PMC1599742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Sep 19; 7:32 |
Background
We have been studying the role of the pleiotropic and pluripotent cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in pelvic viscera inflammation. MIF, initially recognized as released by T-cells to stop macrophage migration, is expressed by different cells and involved in various functions (e.g. cell p... | 16981995 | PMC1599743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Sep 18; 6:24 |
Background
Transarterial angioembolisation (TAE) is a well-established endovascular treatment of life threatening haemorrhagic urological emergencies [1]. Massive bleeding causing heamodynamic instability and requiring expeditious intervention can occur either during a surgical procedure or it could be a presenting sym... | 17007647 | PMC1599744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Sep 28; 6:27 |
Background
A latent HIV-1 reservoir in resting memory CD4+ T cells is a major obstacle to the clearance of infection by HAART. The latently infected cells are quiescent and express little if any viral antigens, making it difficult for the immune system to recognize and extinguish them. Cessation of antiviral drugs almo... | 17014716 | PMC1599745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Oct 2; 3:66 |
Background
The high morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer underscores the need for new, more effective adjuvant treatment strategies. One promising approach centers on boosting cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses. Numerous tumor-associated peptides have been identified that can be specifically targeted wit... | 17014712 | PMC1599746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 2; 6:233 |
Background
Accumulating data suggest that liver is a major target organ of systemic effects observed in the presence of a cancer. Global analysis such as SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry showed that most if not all identified proteins thus far represent acute-phase reactants produced by the liver in response to inflammation... | 17018136 | PMC1599747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 3; 6:234 |
Background
Angiogenesis, which is essential for both tumor growth and metastasis, depends on the production of angiogenic factors by tumor cells and normal cells. Several pathways are involved, including those involved with the secretion of angiogenic substances, activation of endothelial cells, degradation of capillar... | 17010208 | PMC1599748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Sep 30; 6:231 |
Background
All common cancers show some degree of familial clustering [1]. Most of the familial aggregation, especially in breast cancer [2], results predominantly from inherited susceptibility [3]. Linkage studies in the 1990s led to the discovery of several predisposition genes associated with many rare familial canc... | 17010193 | PMC1599749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Sep 29; 6:230 |
Background
The documentation of breastfeeding as a source of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in babies born to HIV positive mothers represents a public health dilemma, especially in countries with a high HIV prevalence rate and where breastfeeding is the norm and essential to child survival [1-4]. Accordin... | 17018140 | PMC1599750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Oct 3; 1:22 |
Background
The need to enhance knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE) in health services and population health sciences has been widely articulated [1-3], yet substantial gaps remain in our understanding of the ways innovations transfer into changes in research and practice. The KTE literature meanwhile, reflects a grow... | 16999871 | PMC1599751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Sep 25; 1:20 |
Background
Chronic hepatitis C infection is now recognized as an important health problem [1]. Approximately 2–3% of the world population is infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV is one of the leading causes of liver failure and cancer, and the single most common indication for liver transplantation [2,3]. In Iran... | 17014721 | PMC1599752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2006 Oct 2; 5:4 |
Background
Exposure to various organic compounds including a number of environmental pollutants and drugs can cause cellular damages through metabolic activation of those compounds to highly reactive substances such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Free radical induced lipid peroxidation is believed to be one of the m... | 17010209 | PMC1599753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Sep 30; 6:33 |
Background
The 9 + 2 flagellum is a major defining characteristic of eukaryotic organisms [1]. Of the three crown eukaryote taxa, only the fungi generally lack flagella, both in vegetative forms and sexual stages. Among lower fungi, however, flagellated gametes are found in a number of taxa. These organisms, coincident... | 17010206 | PMC1599754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 6:74 |
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