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Background
The prospect of global climate change has directed interest towards investigating the impact of the environment on floral and faunal distribution, speciation and extinction [1,2]. One way to investigate species response to climate is through examination of climatic preferences by constructing bioclimatic nic... | 16987413 | PMC1599755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Sep 20; 6:72 |
Background
The availability of gene structure data for many organisms [1] has paved the way for the challenging task of assigning biological functions to each individual gene, and more challenging still, explaining the highly complex metabolic and regulatory networks inside the living cell, where genes, proteins, and m... | 16907975 | PMC1599756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 14; 7:377 |
Background
As part of the Human Genome Project that was carried out by an international consortium, a laboratory information management system (LIMS) was developed for genome research and evaluated as an essential tool for advanced studies in the life sciences [1,2]. It is now widely expected that in the post-genome er... | 17018156 | PMC1599757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 4; 7:430 |
Background
Pseudogenes, non-functional gene relics, are highly abundant genome-wide, with an estimated count of at least ~20,000 in the human genome [1,2]. A majority of these (~70%), are processed pseudogenes generated by reverse transcription of mRNAs followed by random genomic integration and thus, resulting in prom... | 16939646 | PMC1599758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 29; 7:393 |
Background
Regulation of gene transcription is complex and often combinatorial in nature [1-3]. Combinatorial gene regulation is a major factor in evolution, because it helps coordinate diverse novel phenotypic features in a new species. Because it often reflects chemical synergies between transcription factors (TFs), ... | 16961919 | PMC1599759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 8; 7:408 |
Background
Biomedical researchers and geographers both face formidable challenges in trying to identify meaningful patterns in the rapidly growing volumes of data and information. Both disciplines rely heavily on the use of maps for abstract representations of data. Maps are particularly useful in these domains because... | 16984652 | PMC1599760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 19; 7:416 |
Introduction
Among temporally regulated processes, the circadian clock is unique in that it operates precisely on a cycle of approximately 24 h to regulate time-dependent processes such as sleep–wake cycles and body temperature fluctuations. Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock have been identified and... | 17040123 | PMC1599765 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 13; 2(10):e136 |
Introduction
It is now widely accepted that many differences in animal morphology are driven by changes in gene expression during development [1–4]. Recent work in diverse species has traced a variety of morphological novelties to specific changes in sequences that control gene expression [5–8]. Despite such discoverie... | 17040121 | PMC1599766 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 13; 2(10):e130 |
Introduction
Quantitative analysis of viral decay characteristics in HIV patients during treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has suggested that the plasma viral load declines in at least three distinct phases (Figure 1). After an initial shoulder period, reflecting both the pharmacokinetic delay of the drugs an... | 17040122 | PMC1599767 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 13; 2(10):e135 |
Introduction
Drug-resistant pathogens are found at an alarming rate and few replacement drugs are in sight, suggesting a rapidly increasing public health problem [1–6]. There exists broad consensus that prudent use of antibiotics and antivirals is of critical importance to stop or at least reduce emergence of drug resi... | 17040124 | PMC1599768 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 13; 2(10):e137 |
Introduction
RNA transcription is the first step in transferring the information encoded in a genome sequence into the phenotypic features of an organism. Naturally, much effort has been spent determining which regions of the human genome are transcribed and for what biological purpose. Until recently, these efforts we... | 17040132 | PMC1599769 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 13; 2(10):e171 |
Introduction
Size control is a fundamental property of proliferating cells, but the mechanisms that maintain cell size are still poorly defined [1]. In budding and fission yeasts, size checkpoints are thought to govern either the G1/S or G2/M cell cycle transitions, preventing cells that have insufficient mass from con... | 17040130 | PMC1599770 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 13; 2(10):e167 |
Introduction
A long-standing interest in evolutionary biology has been to estimate the rate of adaptive substitution. Adaptive events can be inferred from interspecific data by comparing nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates [1]. A second approach has been to use a combination of both interspecific and intras... | 17040129 | PMC1599771 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 13; 2(10):e166 |
Introduction
The chimpanzees are our closest relatives in the tree of life. Recent sequencing and assembly of the genome of the common chimp (Pan troglodytes) offers an unprecedented opportunity to understand primate evolution and to identify those changes in the ancestral hominoid genome which gave rise to the modern ... | 17040131 | PMC1599772 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 13; 2(10):e168 |
Background
The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous product that concentrates a high number of platelets in a small volume of plasma [1]. This product mimics the last step of the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of a fibrin clot, which consolidates and adheres to the application site in a short peri... | 17005053 | PMC1601949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Sep 28; 4:18 |
Background
The most common causes of hemotympanum are therapeutic nasal packing, epistaxis, blood disorders and blunt trauma to the head, especially when temporal bone fracture occurs [1,2]. Hemotympanum is characterized as idiopathic, when it is detected in the presence of chronic otitis media [3,4]. In these cases it... | 17020609 | PMC1601950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Oct 4; 2:31 |
Background
To ensure adequate protection against oxidative stress during states of pulmonary disease, several antioxidant systems have evolved in the epithelial cells of mammalian airways [1-4]. Peroxiredoxins I-VI (PRX I-VI) are a group of potent antioxidant proteins that are the subject of much research [5-10]. PRXs ... | 17020618 | PMC1601951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Oct 4; 3:13 |
Background
The p53 gene encodes a tumor suppressor whose primary function is in transcription. p53 is inactivated or disrupted in ≥50% of all human cancers. Mdm2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, interacts with the N-terminus of p53 and ubiquitinates it, thus marking the protein for destruction by the proteosome. ATM phosphoryl... | 16945145 | PMC1601952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Aug 31; 1:19 |
Background
At the end of the 1990es a raise of retirement age for police and fire fighters was discussed in the German parliament in the context of reforms of social welfare system, pension fund financing. The retirement age of 60 years was supposed to be raised to 62 years. Trade unions and fire departments opposed th... | 17020604 | PMC1601953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Oct 4; 5:27 |
Background
Ambient air pollution has been associated with increases in acute morbidity and mortality [1]. Patients with underlying chronic diseases such as for example diabetes, ischemic heart disease or heart failure may be at particular risk for the effects of ambient air pollution. Series of incident cases may be fo... | 16899126 | PMC1601954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006 Aug 9; 3:10 |
Background
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyperproliferation of epidermal cells with prominent blood vessels and a thick perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate [1]. The etiology of psoriasis is still unknown. Whether the disease results from a primary abnormality in epidermal keratinocyt... | 17022813 | PMC1601955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2006 Oct 5; 3:5 |
Background
Socioeconomic status (SES) is a profound and consistent predictor of health status at both the population and individual level [1], between and within countries across the globe [2]. Despite regularity in patterns of health inequality across SES strata, the means by which disadvantage incurs risk of illness ... | 17002809 | PMC1601956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Sep 27; 5:10 |
Background
Nearly 75 years ago, Farber and Wolbach [1] reported that postmortem examination of infants less than 1 year of age often revealed large cells containing intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in submandibular salivary glands and, less frequently, in livers, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, and thyroid. The ... | 16959038 | PMC1601957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Sep 7; 6:42 |
Background
In most cellular processes, proteins interact with other molecules to perform their biological functions. These interactions include the binding of ligands in receptor sites, the binding of antibodies to antigens, protein-DNA interactions, and protein-protein interactions. Shape complementarity has long been... | 16995956 | PMC1601958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Sep 24; 6:19 |
Background
There is an increased incidence of breast cancer as a second primary tumour in women previously diagnosed with a malignant melanoma [1]. Any direct association is at best controversial [2] and common aetiogical factors remain elusive. One plausible link may be hormonal in origin as oestrogen receptors are ex... | 17026760 | PMC1601959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct 6; 3:32 |
Background
Dopamine is one of the neurotransmitters, which affect various mental functions and behaviors. Pharmacological research on schizophrenia has proposed the dopamine hypothesis, which states that symptoms of schizophrenia result from excessive dopaminergic activity [1]. Personality traits have also been conside... | 17018139 | PMC1601960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Oct 3; 2:32 |
Background
Psychiatric disorders have always been one of the most common diagnostic groups in sickness absence, and in recent years there has been an increase in cases [1-4]. Whether this represents a true increase in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders or an adjustment in sickness absence to the real occurrence of... | 16923198 | PMC1601961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Aug 22; 4:19 |
Background
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Western countries has experienced a significant increase over recent years. Currently, HCC ranks among the five most important causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide [1]. In Western countries, HCC occurs mainly in patients with liver cirrhosis and has ... | 17014711 | PMC1601962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 2; 6:232 |
Background
Cough is the commonest symptom for which patients seek medical advice [1]. Population studies reported prevalence of cough to vary between 3% and 40% [2-4]. As cough affects us all, its management has massive health economic consequences with the use of over-the-counter cough remedies in the UK being estimat... | 17007636 | PMC1601963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Cough. 2006 Sep 28; 2:8 |
Background
Endogenous prion protein is known to play a central role in the pathogenesis of transmitted prion diseases [1,2]. The gene encoding the prion protein, PRNP, has therefore been suggested as a candidate locus for disease susceptibility. In humans, mice and sheep, coding variants of PRNP have been shown to have... | 17014722 | PMC1601964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Oct 2; 4:33 |
Background
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are a potentially limitless, albeit controversial, source of therapeutic cells for numerous diseases and injuries. It is likely that different hESC lines are best suited to different uses, but at present, it is rare for any laboratory to work with more than a few lines. One ... | 16919167 | PMC1601965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Aug 18; 4:28 |
Background
DNA microarrays have become a standard tool for the analysis of mRNA expression levels in colorectal cancer cells. Most studies focus on the identification of differentially expressed genes in tissues at different tumor stages or on the identification of new tumor subclasses and their diagnostic gene express... | 16982006 | PMC1601966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Sep 18; 5:37 |
Background
Cervical cancer remains as one of the biggest killers of women worldwide [1]. The oncogenic role of human papillomavirus for the development of this cancer has been vastly demonstrated [2], however, an unknown number of genetic [3] and epigenetic [4] defects are also needed for tumor formation, such as alter... | 17014709 | PMC1601967 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Oct 2; 6:22 |
Background
There is a growing interest in the in vitro generation of large numbers and varieties of cell types for clinical applications including dendritic cells (DCs) to improve the effectiveness of immune therapies [1-4], cytotoxic T cell therapy of cancer [5], EBV induced lymphoma [6], and CMV infection [7,8], and ... | 17020621 | PMC1601968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Oct 4; 4:40 |
Background
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a sudden, severe, life-threatening deterioration of the liver function in patients with a chronic pre-existing liver disease. The prevalence of chronic liver disease in Germany is estimated to lie between 0.5 and 1%[1]. The most frequent underlying reason for ACLF is ... | 17022815 | PMC1601969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Oct 5; 4:16 |
Background
Over the years with vast advances in the chemotherapeutic regimes specific for certain primary sites of tumors, the correct identification of the origin of tumor is of utmost importance for the determination of appropriate therapy and prognosis. In women, mammary carcinoma is a leading cause of death in seve... | 17020615 | PMC1601970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Oct 4; 1:34 |
Background
The amplitude, timing, and pattern of gene expression have important phenotypic consequences, and the potential evolutionary significance of changes in the regulation and expression of genes has long been recognized [1-3]. In the last few years, high-throughput gene expression data sets from related species ... | 16968540 | PMC1601971 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Sep 12; 6:70 |
Background
Olfaction is a sense for recognizing environmental chemicals. In many animals, olfaction plays crucial roles in various activities, such as foraging, migration, and mating. In vertebrates, odor chemicals are perceived by three evolutionary distinct groups of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (G... | 17014738 | PMC1601972 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Oct 3; 6:76 |
Background
Fragile sites are hot spots more sensitive to sister chromatid exchange and recombination, plasmid and DNA viral integration and amplicons than other regions of the human genome.
Fragile sites are thought as an inherent component of chromosomal structure. These sites can extend over large DNA sequences, oft... | 16981993 | PMC1601973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 18; 7:413 |
Backround
In clonal plants, modular growth allows for the production of new individuals (ramets) that are genetically identical to each other and to their clonal ancestor [1]. This behaviour is observed in the tree species Prunus avium L. (wild cherry). It endows the species with a mixed sexual and asexual reproduction... | 17020607 | PMC1609099 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Oct 4; 6:13 |
Background
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS; MIM 175200) is a rare, autosomal dominant multi-organ cancer syndrome involving primarily the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, luminal organs, female and male reproductive organs and the lungs [1,2]. The disease is characterized by hamartomatous polyps and mucocutaneous hypermel... | 17010210 | PMC1609100 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Sep 30; 7:73 |
Background
Measures of health status, including quality of life, have become increasingly important considerations in decisions regarding resource allocation, intervention design, and treatment of individuals with chronic disease. Researchers have conceptualized quality of life on many levels, and there are multiple vi... | 16995955 | PMC1609101 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 24; 4:66 |
Background
HCV infects millions of people throughout the world and is a cause of several serious diseases. It has been estimated that there are over 170 million carriers of HCV worldwide [1]. Until recently, the inability to culture HCV in vitro has severely limited meaningful definitive studies leading to therapeutics... | 17010197 | PMC1609102 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 29; 3:81 |
Background
Trauma associated chest injuries account for 30–40% of hospital admissions and 20–25% of trauma associated deaths. Penetrating chest injuries account for 1–13% of the total number of these injuries. Published studies report that 85% of these injuries can be managed either by means of observation or pleural d... | 17022807 | PMC1609103 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Oct 5; 1:30 |
Background
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a benign but potentially disfiguring vascular lesion. It is usually characterized by dermal and subcutaneous nodules, primarily in the head and neck region. Spontaneous regression is common, but persistent or recurrent lesions may require treatment [1]. S... | 17020619 | PMC1609104 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Oct 4; 2:32 |
Background
Sexual development provides an ideal model to study organogenesis since the gonads have the bipotential ability to form an ovary or a testis. Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4 (WNT4) is a member of WNT gene family, and encodes a cysteine-rich secreted protein. WNT4 plays a pivotal role in ... | 17014734 | PMC1609105 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Oct 3; 6:44 |
Background
In the nematode C. elegans, development, lifespan and stress resistance are regulated by a conserved insulin-like signaling pathway [1]. Under optimal conditions, C. elegans nematodes develop through four larval stages (L1-L4) to become reproductive adults. In adverse environmental conditions, such as low fo... | 17020605 | PMC1609106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Oct 4; 6:45 |
Background
That BMP signalling controls many essential processes in eye development is evidenced by the fact that disruptions in BMP signalling in many model organisms result in morphologically small or misshapen eyes which have underlying defects in histology and/or neurogenesis [1-5]. BMP's are expressed in morphogen... | 17010201 | PMC1609107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 6:43 |
Background
As part of the innate immune system, macrophages rapidly respond to a large variety of pathological molecular pattern stimuli (PAMPS) such as bacterial coat and viral proteins [1,2]. The programmed response to acute stimuli includes the induction of a specific gene profile and the subsequent production of mu... | 17005052 | PMC1609108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Sep 27; 3:27 |
Background
Following the initial spread of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) at the outset of the epidemic 25 years ago, estimates of new HIV infections among MSM in San Francisco decreased dramatically between 1988 and 1996 from as high as 8% per year in the mid 1980s to as low as 1% per year by 1996 [1]. From... | 17018154 | PMC1609109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Oct 3; 3:29 |
Background
The term "evidence-based medicine" has become a catchphrase for the twenty-first century. Physicians are being called upon to justify their treatment decisions with valid, up-to-date evidence. There have been attempts within many areas of medicine to quantify the evidence that is available to, and used by, t... | 17022829 | PMC1609110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Oct 6; 6:26 |
Background
Most of the global burden of mental illness falls to the poorest nations, where 80% of world's population live [1]. Major depression is now a leading cause of disability throughout the world and ranks fourth in the ten leading causes of the global burden of disease (measured using 'Disability Adjusted Life Y... | 17002796 | PMC1609111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Sep 26; 6:40 |
Background
Patient transfers between health care facilities are an essential component of any health care system. Inter-facility patient transfers occur for routine to urgent reasons. For example, transfers are arranged for imaging studies, clinic appointments, or specialized treatment. In the province of Ontario, Cana... | 17026763 | PMC1609112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 6; 6:129 |
Background
Severity of illness is an omnipresent confounder in any study of patient outcomes or of the effectiveness of medical care. Short of randomization, if the influences of patient characteristics are not controlled to some extent, the impact of the health care intervention of interest may be masked or distorted.... | 17022827 | PMC1609113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 6; 6:125 |
Background
Because no health system, whether rich or poor, or privately or publicly funded, can afford to pay for every service it wishes to provide, priority setting is arguably today's most important health policy issue[1]. Much of the priority setting in a health system occurs at the so-called 'meso' level of policy... | 17026761 | PMC1609114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 6; 6:127 |
Background
Oncolytic virus therapy is a new modality of cancer treatment, which has shown promising results in clinical trials [1]. Oncolytic viruses are designed to selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells without harming normal tissue. Since reporting the successful treatment of a brain tumor model by a tk-muta... | 16995942 | PMC1609115 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Sep 22; 6:40 |
Background
Because of consumers' demands, the emphasis of modern day porcine breeding programmes and selection criteria is gradually shifting towards a higher meat quality, instead of the more classical focus of just selecting for a lean carcass and high growth rate [1]. Two strongly genetically determined factors infl... | 17026777 | PMC1609116 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Oct 9; 6:41 |
Background
It is well known that low back pain has important negative consequences on the individual and the society. In the last decades, an important body of research has attempted to identify factors associated with the outcome of low back pain. Psychosocial factors have been found to have a predominant influence on... | 16987418 | PMC1609117 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Sep 20; 7:76 |
Background
The internet has changed the way we live and work, and may also become an important tool for epidemiological studies and health surveillance. To achieve this goal, it is mandatory to first assess the accuracy and reliability of communicating health information via internet. This may be especially relevant wh... | 17018161 | PMC1609118 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 4; 6:242 |
Background
The large supergene family of serpins encodes two groups of proteins. One group comprises the predominant family of protease inhibitors in mammals and regulates cascades such as inflammation, blood coagulation and extracellular matrix remodeling. The second group represents a substantial number of serpins th... | 17020603 | PMC1609119 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:25 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 4; 7:248 |
Introduction
Migraine is a widespread and debilitating disorder and one of the most common disorders of the nervous system, according to the World Health Organization. Prevalence studies estimate that migraine affects 15%–25% of women and 6%–8% of men [1–4]. More than 2.5 million people in North America have at least o... | 17048979 | PMC1609120 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 17; 3(10):e402 |
Migraine is an episodic brain disorder [1] that affects about 15 percent of the population [2,3]. The disorder can be highly disabling [4], and has been estimated to be the most costly neurological disorder in the European Community, costing more than €27 billion per year [5].
Two clinical forms are commonly seen: mig... | 17048980 | PMC1609121 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 17; 3(10):e404 |
It is well established that diabetes mellitus is associated with adverse health outcomes. Data from general population cohorts indicate a 2- to 3-fold increase in cardiovascular risks and about a 50 percent increase in the risks of non-cardiovascular mortality associated with this condition [1–3]. These associations ap... | 17048981 | PMC1609122 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 17; 3(10):e424 |
Recognizing the potential severe impact of pandemic influenza, the World Health Organization (WHO) urges every country to develop or maintain an up-to-date national influenza preparedness plan, and provides guidance on plan content [1]. WHO guidance focuses on numerous issues, from surveillance and communications to pr... | 17048982 | PMC1609123 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 17; 3(10):e436 |
Introduction
Over the past several decades cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality has decreased in the United States [1], while the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its burden of CVD and coronary heart disease (CHD) have increased [2]. Whether people with DM have had a similar reduction in CVD mortality compare... | 17048978 | PMC1609124 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 17; 3(10):e400 |
Introduction
Understanding the within-host proliferation dynamics of microbial pathogens is a challenge of clear medical importance, underlying many details of pathogenicity, transmission, and pathogen evolution [1]. However, current modelling frameworks for bacterial infections offer little or no resolution on the loc... | 17048989 | PMC1609125 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e349 |
Immune cells walk a fine line, biochemically speaking. They must be sensitive enough to recognize foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, but not so reactive that they attack an animal’s own tissues, paving the way for autoimmune disorders. Animals use a variety of mechanisms to strike this balance. One way is by r... | 20076491 | PMC1609126 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e393 |
Introduction
Glutamate released into the synaptic cleft is cleared via a range of high-affinity transporters found on neuronal and astrocytic membranes. This clearance is important for limiting the effect that raised levels of glutamate may have in the extracellular space, including altered synaptic transmission and ex... | 17048987 | PMC1609127 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e343 |
Introduction
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism of transcriptional regulation that ensures restriction of expression of a subset of mammalian genes to a single parental allele. The Igf2/H19 locus is the best studied example of imprinted gene regulation in which Igf2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) is expresse... | 17048991 | PMC1609128 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e355 |
Introduction
The efficient clonal expansion of pathogen-specific T cells plays a crucial role in determining the success of an immune response against a rapidly replicating infectious challenge. The ability of this expanded lymphocyte pool to effectively combat the pathogen also relies on the extent of effector functio... | 17048986 | PMC1609129 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e340 |
Introduction
Tropical forest tree communities are among the most species-rich on Earth. Although the maintenance of diversity remains a central problem in ecology [1], theoretical work has highlighted conspecific aggregation as a mechanism of reducing competitive exclusion and promoting diversity [2,3]. Indeed, tropica... | 17048988 | PMC1609130 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e344 |
Give the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the right growing conditions and it multiplies like crazy—as any bread maker or beer brewer can testify. But deprive it of sufficient potassium, and it’s lucky to survive. Why? Since S. cerevisiae is a model organism for eukaryotes, the answer to that question could provide valua... | 20076487 | PMC1609131 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e389 |
In humans, two linear meters of DNA must miraculously compact down and fit into each cell’s nucleus. Special proteins known as histones act as the spools around which DNA is coiled and contorted. This system keeps the genome restricted to a reasonable space and also allows for dynamic changes in gene regulation. Differ... | 20076494 | PMC1609132 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e398 |
For many years, astrocytes got no respect. These star-shaped cells were long considered mere space fillers, providing structural support to buttress their betters. It’s now clear that astrocytes play an active role in brain function. With their octopus-like protrusions, called processes, astrocytes remove neurotransmit... | 20076484 | PMC1609133 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e371 |
Every summer, local newspapers warn readers not to eat unchilled potato salad, seared hamburgers, and other picnic fare likely to precipitate an unpleasant encounter with Salmonella enterica bacteria. Yet in recent years, the number and severity of S. enterica cases has risen along with the number of factory farms (whe... | 20076486 | PMC1609134 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e378 |
Understanding the mechanisms that support biodiversity has long been a fundamental problem in ecology. But with species disappearing roughly 1,000 times faster than they did before humans entered the picture, the question is hardly academic.
As biodiversity hotspots, tropical jungles provide a fertile ground for testi... | 20076485 | PMC1609135 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e375 |
Introduction
Maintaining intracellular metabolites within acceptable levels in the face of an ever-changing environment is one of the great challenges faced by microorganisms. This maintenance of metabolic homeostasis is achieved largely by controlling the activities and concentrations of enzymes and transporters. One ... | 17048990 | PMC1609136 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 4(11):e351 |
Background
Pulmonary complications represent the main postoperative problem following lung resection and have been the primary cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality over the last thirty years [1-3]. The use of standardized guidelines for the preoperative functional assessment [4] identifies patients at higher ... | 17026766 | PMC1609165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Oct 6; 1:34 |
Immunisation represents a classic case of social dilemma: a conflict of interest between the private gains of individuals and the collective gains of a society. An individual's self-interest and choice often leads to a vaccination uptake rate less than the social optimum as individuals do not take into account the bene... | 17002804 | PMC1609166 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Sep 26; 3:12 |
Background
Protein kinases in plants have been found to be involved in basic features of plant defense and plant fertilization. Increasing knowledge about the underlying molecular mechanisms suggests several parallels between both processes [1-3]. Plant-pathogen recognition has been studied extensively in tomato in whi... | 17022830 | PMC1609167 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Oct 6; 6:22 |
Background
Social gradients in health have been documented in most countries throughout the world [1]. These socio-economic inequalities are demonstrated by uneven patterns of disease, injuries, and health behaviours across socio-economic groups. Inequalities are termed inequities when these inequalities are deemed to ... | 17005046 | PMC1609168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Sep 27; 5:11 |
Background
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It is a ubiquitous chronic enteric wasting disease of ruminants, though in Sweden the disease is rare or absent, thanks to successful control measures in the past. It is regarded as an exotic disease and falls ... | 17020599 | PMC1609169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 4; 6:87 |
Background
SARS is a new infectious disease that emerged in the Guangdong province of China in November 2002. It caused 8,096 infection cases including 774 deaths worldwide during its epidemic [1]. The causative pathogen of SARS was identified as a novel strain of human coronavirus, named as SARS-CoV, and its complete ... | 17020602 | PMC1609170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 4; 6:88 |
pmcBackground
Saline inland waters (salinity ≥ 3 g L-1) are geographically widespread, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Such habitats are globally threatened by human activities that induce changes in the natural hydrology and salinity levels, with a corresponding loss of biodiversity [1]. Hydrol... | 17014701 | PMC1609171 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:40 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Oct 2; 2:12 |
Background
Huntington's Disease (HD) is an inherited disorder caused by expansions of CAG repeats (polyglutamine- polyQ) at the N-terminus, within exon 1, of the HD protein. The extent of polyglutamine expansion is correlated with the severity of the symptoms and their onset [1] while the pathology of the disease and n... | 17014717 | PMC1609172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 2; 7:65 |
Background
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), osteoporosis is the second leading health problem in the developed world in terms of numbers [1,2], owing to the ageing of the western female population [1-9]. The incidence of fractures is related to the age of the population, and to skeletal and extra-skele... | 17029622 | PMC1609173 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Oct 9; 4:24 |
Background
Strategies for weight loss and control of diabetes and cardiovascular disease based on carbohydrate restriction continue to be controversial. Whereas the obesity epidemic is prima facie evidence for the limitations of traditional approaches and published studies continue to bring out the efficacy and safety ... | 17014706 | PMC1609174 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Oct 2; 5:26 |
Background
Reticulocytes are juvenile enucleated red cells produced during erythropoiesis and spend approximately 24 hours in the bone marrow before entering the peripheral circulation. Reticulocytes persist for a few days in the circulation before forming the slightly smaller, mature red blood cell at which time any r... | 17026756 | PMC1609175 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 6; 7:33 |
Findings
During HIV-1 infection, anti-viral CTL responses develop and persist [1,2]. Unfortunately, CTL escape mutations are selected, helping the virus evade immune surveillance [3-5]. Almost every region of the HIV proteome can serve as a CTL target, including RT [6]. However, individual class I HLA alleles restrict ... | 16970827 | PMC1609176 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Sep 14; 3:21 |
Obituary
It is with great sadness that I write of the death of Dr. Andrew Kaplan, Associate Professor of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, at the age of 47. Andy died suddenly on June 28, 2006 from unrecognized heart disease. We will miss Andy for his warmth, his ... | 0 | PMC1609177 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Sep 12; 3:61 |
Background
The challenge of increasing intakes of fruits and vegetables in children and adolescents must be one the worthiest nutrition interventions to tackle in the list of possible routes to improving health. Much time, money and effort has been spent in developing a magic formula to motivate, coerce and enthral you... | 16972992 | PMC1609178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Sep 14; 3:26 |
Background
The paternally expressed Delta-like 1 (Dlk1) and maternally expressed Gene-trap locus 2 (Gtl2) genes lie within an imprinted gene cluster on distal mouse chromosome 12 [1-5]. This gene cluster spans 1 Mb of DNA, and contains several linked imprinted genes (Fig. 1A). In addition to Dlk1 and Gtl2, these includ... | 17014736 | PMC1609179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Oct 3; 7:44 |
Background
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by the presence of several subtypes that are of prognostic relevance. These subtypes can be distinguished based on immunophenotype, differentiation status, as well as chromosomal and molecular abnormalities. The identification of di... | 17002788 | PMC1609180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Sep 26; 6:229 |
Background
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare tumor of children and young adults. The peak of incidence occurs in the second decade of life [1]. In Brazil, it is estimated that a total of 350 new cases of OS are diagnosed per year [2], with metastasis in 20.9% of the cases. The presence of metastases at diagnosis is the most ... | 17022822 | PMC1609181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 5; 6:237 |
Background
Cyclin D1 is a critical regulator of the cell cycle and transcriptional processes. Overexpression or overactivity of cyclin D1 is common in human cancers. Cyclin D1 is also expressed in lymphoid tumors such as mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and multiple myeloma (MM). The expression of cyclin D1 in B-cells in whi... | 17022831 | PMC1609182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 6; 6:238 |
Background
The Wnt signaling pathway is pathologically activated in many different types of human cancer [1]. Mutations in either the APC or β-catenin genes are seen in about 90% of human colorectal cancers [1]. Most APC mutations truncate the protein N-terminal to the axin binding domain. This prevents the assembly of... | 17020613 | PMC1609183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 4; 6:236 |
Background
Hormone therapy (HT) [1-4], oral contraceptives (OCs) [5,6], raloxifene[7] and tamoxifen[8] are all associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). HT [9] and OCs [10,11] also increase the risk of arterial thrombosis. The mechanism(s) by which these drugs may cause thrombotic diseases is not ... | 17029634 | PMC1609184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Oct 9; 6:40 |
Background
B cells synthesize and secrete large quantities of soluble immunoglobulin antibodies and thus, play a key role in humoral immunity. An infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) easily transforms resting primary B cells in vitro from human peripheral blood cells into B-blast-like proliferating lymphoblastoi... | 16970829 | PMC1609185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Sep 14; 7:22 |
Background
Protocols of randomized trials specify inclusion and exclusion criteria to determine the population under study. Exclusion criteria typically focus on identifying subjects who might be harmed by the study intervention, those for whom benefit is doubtful and those who are unlikely to provide useful data. Incl... | 17022818 | PMC1609186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Trials. 2006 Oct 5; 7:30 |
Background
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used technique both in clinical diagnosis and research applications. The success of a PCR reaction is essentially determined by the oligonucleotides used as primers for the amplification of the target sequence. Although a large variety of primer-design softwares ex... | 17022803 | PMC1609187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 5; 7:431 |
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