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Background
Since 1956, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB) has been classifying enzyme activities (EC numbers) in order to organize all contributions made by individual biochemists and to check their validity and consistency [1]. Such a standardization ... | 17026747 | PMC1609188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 6; 7:436 |
Background
Osteoporosis as a skeletal disorder is characterized by compromised bone strength, which leads to an increased risk of fracture. Patients with femoral fracture account for a substantial volume of orthopaedic hospitalizations. Thus, strengthening femurs is a keen healthcare issue particularly among the aging ... | 16984642 | PMC1610113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Sep 19; 7:73 |
Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a major public health problem all over the western world and one of the leading causes for sick leave and disability [1]. In Denmark, 35–50% of the adult population have suffered from LBP, in the last year, and 21% have had symptoms the past 14 days [2]. Therefore high quality research... | 17014731 | PMC1610114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Oct 2; 7:77 |
Background
Wayanad District, in the Western Ghats of India, is an area with great biological diversity where the tribal groups and other poor non-tribal peoples greatly depend on wild food resources for their subsistence – particularly on wild food plants (hereafter referred to as WFPs). WFPs are also renowned as famin... | 16968535 | PMC1613234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Sep 12; 2:39 |
Background
Human serum and plasma have an important clinical value for identification and detection of biomarkers. However, the analysis of these biological fluids is analytically challenging due to the high dynamic concentration range (over 10 orders of magnitude) of constituent protein/peptide species [1]. In additio... | 17022823 | PMC1613235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Oct 5; 4:20 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population, and is characterized by memory loss and decline in cognitive functions. Some of the characteristic landmarks of the disease include neurofibrillary tangles [1] and amyloid plaques, which are frequently su... | 17026770 | PMC1613236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Oct 7; 3:28 |
Background
Ubiquitin is a small polypeptide (76 amino acids) used in many essential cellular processes. Ubiquitin is abundantly expressed in eukaryotes and can be found in all cell types and tissues with up to 108 copies per cell [1]. Processes as different as endocytosis, signal transduction, DNA repair, transcription... | 17007633 | PMC1613237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Sep 28; 1:21 |
Background
The British system of injectable opioid treatment
Conventional approaches to maintenance substitution treatment using oral methadone are effective for most heroin users entering treatment (see [1] for review). However, there are a proportion of patients who do not benefit from such approaches – up to 50% of ... | 17002810 | PMC1613238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Sep 27; 3:28 |
Background
Emergency medicine training is a complicated endeavor. Emergency medicine residents strive to master a broad knowledge base while attempting to provide quality, efficient care in the world's teaching hospitals. Training programs must provide high quality care while simultaneously allowing novices the opportu... | 17020624 | PMC1613239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Oct 5; 6:49 |
Background
Health service utilisation, equity and incidence
A major focus within the health service utilisation literature is to understand distribution of health and health services in the context of equity, that is, distribution with respect to social location indicators such as socioeconomic status, education and th... | 17026764 | PMC1613240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Oct 6; 5:12 |
Background
Several lines of evidence strongly suggest the key role played by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in the containment of viral replication and of the disease. CTL responses precede antibody production and coincide with... | 16945152 | PMC1613241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Aug 31; 3:65 |
Background
Low pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is a major criterion for the successful creation of a Fontan circulation [1]. It is a well known that PVR rises in response to hypoxia [2], which in turn correlates with altitude [3].
Therefore, we wondered whether altitude is a risk factor for early failure after com... | 17014724 | PMC1613242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Oct 2; 1:31 |
Background
Surgery is required immediately following acute myocardial infarction for the mechanical complications like VSD, mitral regurgitation and free wall rupture of ventricle, mostly left, and subsequently for left ventricular aneurysm repair with or without coronary artery bypass grafting, or coronary bypass graf... | 17007641 | PMC1613243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Sep 28; 1:30 |
Background
Botanists have known for nearly 100 years that plants, like animals, can be immunized against pathogen attack by pre-treatment with another pathogen [1]. In the intervening years, many aspects of what is now referred to as Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) have been elucidated. The pathway leading to SAR in... | 17029637 | PMC1613244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Oct 9; 6:23 |
Background
Cell growth is dependent upon availability of essential amino acids for protein synthesis and this relationship makes amino acid-dependent control of gene expression an important area of study [1-3]. We previously reported that levels of the tumor-associated glycoprotein amino acid transporter, TA1/LAT1/CD98... | 16961918 | PMC1613245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Sep 8; 3:37 |
Background
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins play a critical role in regulating gene expression in vivo by altering the accessibility of genomic DNA to transcription factors. Specifically, HDAC proteins remove the acetyl group of acetyl-lysine residues on histones, which can result in nucleosomal remodelling [1]. Due... | 17022812 | PMC1613246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:48 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Oct 5; 7:22 |
Background
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are uncommon tumours which have relatively recently been separated from conventional leiomyomas, leiomyoblastomas, and leiomyosarcomas, based on their specific immunohistochemistry, presumed aetiopathogenesis, molecular biology and differential outcome [1,2]. There is ... | 17029627 | PMC1613247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct 9; 4:73 |
Background
TNFα is the most widely studied cytokine member of TNF super family. It is secreted by lipopolysaccharide stimulated macrophages and causes necrosis of tumor in vivo when injected into tumor bearing mice [1] and hence bearing the name tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Experimentally, TNFα causes cytolysis or cyto... | 17034639 | PMC1613248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Oct 11; 7(1):125 |
Background
Cigarette smoking is the predominant risk factor for bladder cancer in males and females [1-5]. Carcinogens such as aminobiphenyls (ABPs) found in tobacco have been implicated in bladder cancer etiology in smokers [6]. N-acetyltransferase (NAT) enzymes, NAT1 and NAT2, are involved in the metabolism of these ... | 17026750 | PMC1613249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 6; 6:239 |
Background
Persistent fatigue is recognised as one of the most common, ongoing symptoms reported by patients following cancer treatment [1,2]. In those who have been otherwise successfully treated for malignant disorders, this problem may have profound effects on the quality of life [1]. Fatigue is a complex phenomenon... | 17026776 | PMC1613250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 9; 6:240 |
Background
Pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) was originally identified in rat pituitary tumors by differential display PCR. Stable transfection in mouse NIH-3T3 fibroblasts induced cellular transformation in vitro and led to tumor formation in athymic nude mice [1]. Further functional analysis identified PTTG as... | 17029632 | PMC1613251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 9; 6:242 |
Background
Allergy is a common ailment seen with increasing frequency in the developing world [1-4]. Although allergies are known to be caused by an enhanced type 2 immune response the defining characteristics of the causative agents of allergenicity are not well understood. Many proteins responsible for allergic react... | 17029625 | PMC1613252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 9; 7:251 |
Background
Job satisfaction is defined as "the favorableness or unfavorableness with which employees view their work" [1]. Some recent research would suggest that job satisfaction of employees within an organization is related to an organization's ability to change [2]. Since a consistent theme in the literature for th... | 17029644 | PMC1613253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Oct 9; 6:47 |
Background
Aneuploidy is considered a common feature of tumors and early stage carcinomas. Aneuploidy and its underlying cause (CIN) could be considered a prerequisite in tumor initiation/progression and like alterations in signaling pathways it is believed essential for tumorigenesis [1,2]. However, the molecular defe... | 16987420 | PMC1613254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Sep 20; 5:38 |
Background
Annotation of cis-regulatory sequences, non-coding RNAs and other functional noncoding sequences is a major challenge in molecular genetics today. Whole genome sequences of closely related species, such as those now available in mammals, flies, worms, yeast and bacteria, provide an opportunity for evolutiona... | 16904011 | PMC1613255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 14; 7:376 |
Background
Traditional medicine or ethnomedicine is a set of empirical practices embedded in the knowledge of a social group often transmitted orally from generation to generation with the intent to solve health problems. It is an alternative to Western medicine and is strongly linked to religious beliefs and practices... | 17032450 | PMC1615866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Oct 10; 2:44 |
Background
Plants have been used in traditional medicine for several thousand years [1]. The knowledge of medicinal plants has been accumulated in the course of many centuries based on different medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. In India, it is reported that traditional healers use 2500 plant specie... | 17026769 | PMC1615867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Oct 7; 2:43 |
Background
Palliative care services have traditionally focussed on caring for patients with cancer. In the UK, 95% of patients cared for by in-patient hospice and home care services have cancer; this percentage is similar in many other countries. However, cancer accounts for only 1 in 4 deaths, and most non-cancer deat... | 17014714 | PMC1615868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2006 Oct 2; 5:7 |
Background
Moderate to severe plaque psoriasis has been demonstrated to have substantial impact on function limitations and psychosocial factors of patients with the disease [1-5]. Moreover, successful treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis – as assessed by improved physical functioning and reduction of signs and sy... | 17005043 | PMC1615869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 27; 4:71 |
Background
Analysis of molecular data has changed our understanding of bilaterian phylogeny, and produced the clades known as Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa and Deuterostomia. With this new view of bilaterian relationships, it is apparent that established model organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis eleg... | 17032451 | PMC1615870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Oct 10; 3:16 |
Background
Acute spontaneous rupture of the anterior chordae tendinae of a normal mitral valve leading to acute mitral incompetence is uncommon. This report is the first documentation of tricuspid calcific degeneration of the aortic valve with chronic incompetence leading to acute chordal rupture of the anterior mitral... | 17026749 | PMC1615871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Oct 6; 1:33 |
Ethics, AIDS, and Africa – three concepts that conjure up a host of powerful associations. Ethics: our fragile human attempts to negotiate acceptable paths through conflicts of value. AIDS: the world's deadliest epidemic since the Black Plague of the 14th century. And Africa: cradle of humankind, burdened by colonizati... | 0 | PMC1615872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Oct 5; 3:24 |
Background
Fluid homeostasis is critical for normal function of the male reproductive tract and aquaporins (AQP) play an important role in maintenance of this water and ion balance [1-3]. Some of these integral membrane proteins allow transcellular movement of water, a function associated with their name, but other AQP... | 17026757 | PMC1615873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 6; 4:51 |
Background
It has been revealed by many epidemiological studies including the Framingham study that diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT) are respectively risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and that the coexistence of DM with HT considerably increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases [1-4]. The results o... | 17029631 | PMC1615874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Oct 9; 6:39 |
Background
Necrotising Fasciitis is a life threatening soft tissue infection which requires aggressive, early surgical management. The precise aetiology of necrotising fasciitis is unclear in many cases. We present a rare case of a retroperitoneal perforation of a carcinoma of the caecum presenting as a necrotising fas... | 17010190 | PMC1615875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Sep 29; 6:11 |
Background
Tat protein is a transcriptional activator encoded in the genome of HIV-1 (reviewed in [1]). Tat binds to a transactivation response (TAR) RNA [1] and activates HIV-1 transcription by recruiting transcriptional co-activators that include Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b and histone acetyl transfera... | 17018134 | PMC1615876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Oct 2; 3:65 |
Background
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) encompass a series of pathologies that affect both animals and humans. They are characterised by their prolonged incubation period and are transmissible in laboratory animals. Moreover, degenerative lesions in the nervous system are marked by... | 17026743 | PMC1615877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 6; 6:245 |
Background
The Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) has been constructed to represent eight health concepts[1]. It has been referred to as a generic measure since it assesses health concepts that are pertinent to everyone's functional status and well-being. This generic measure can be used in diseased groups as well as ... | 17029646 | PMC1615878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 9; 6:247 |
Background
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most lethal malignancy in the United States for both women and men, with an overall 5-year survival rate of around 60% [1]. 106,680 cases of colon and 41,930 cases of rectal cancer are expected to occur in 2006. It is estimated that 55,170 deaths from CRC will occur in... | 17029629 | PMC1615879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:26 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 9; 6:241 |
Background
Graphical management of trees requires processing and information visualization methods allowing the user to deal with single large trees or multiple connected trees. Although solutions have been proposed for the management of single and large trees [1-5], comparisons among trees [6,7], and annotations of tr... | 17032440 | PMC1615880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 10; 7:439 |
Background
Adaptation is essential to the survival of any biological organism and requires appropriate transcriptional regulation to modulate gene expression profiles. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase (RNAP) is responsible for the transcription of all genes. However, promoter recognition is effected by an interchangeable... | 17014715 | PMC1615881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 2; 7:423 |
Background
Eukaryotic gene/transcript expression is controlled by a complex combination of ordered events [1-5] coordinated by various regulatory elements. The primary regulatory elements associated with a transcript are: promoters, enhancers, silencers and response elements. The promoter, a cis-acting element, is loca... | 17022824 | PMC1615882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 5; 7:434 |
Background
Family history [1] is the strongest risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). While a number of genetic mutations have been identified, these account for only a small percentage of the CVD in human populations. Thrombus formation on fissured atherosclerotic plaques is the precipitating event in the tran... | 17022820 | PMC1617083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2006 Oct 5; 6:6 |
Background
The mass spectrometric (MS) technique is widely used to identify proteins in biological samples [1-4]. The proteins are cleaved into peptides by a residue specific protease, e.g. trypsin. The resulting cleavage products can then be analysed by Peptide Mass Fingerprinting (PMF) [5] or subjected to MS/MS fragm... | 16995952 | PMC1617084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Sep 23; 4:18 |
Background
Physical attractiveness has been shown to play a major role in determining both one person's self-esteem and his/her capability of successfully managing social relationships (Patzer 1996; Dion et al. 1972; Miller 1970; Berscheid and Walster 1972). Moreover, attractive individuals are more frequently regarded... | 17032444 | PMC1617085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 10; 6:41 |
Background
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are self-report instruments that directly measure the patient's perceptions of the impact of disease and treatment as clinical trial endpoints, and include multi-item health-related quality of life (HRQOL) instruments, as well as single-item measures (e.g., pain visual analog... | 17020606 | PMC1617086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Oct 4; 4:75 |
Background
In Canada, the incidence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) has been estimated to be 1 in 100 live births [1-3]. Caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol, the disorder is the leading cause of developmental and cognitive disabilities among Canadian children and youth, and its effects are life lasting [1-... | 17040571 | PMC1617087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Oct 13; 4:81 |
Background
Oogonia entering meiosis progress to the diplotene stage of the first meiotic prophase, at which they display a characteristic nucleus commonly known as the germinal vesicle (GV). Oocytes arrested at the GV stage, prophase I of meiosis, enter a growth phase during which the follicle differentiates from the p... | 17038172 | PMC1617088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 6:47 |
Background
Mercury (Hg), a worldwide pollutant transported by air and water throughout the planet, poses a particular challenge to global health. On the one hand, Hg is recognized as one of the most dangerous environmental contaminants [1]. On the other hand, fish, a very nutritious food, is the major vehicle for its t... | 17032453 | PMC1617089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Oct 10; 5:29 |
Background
PET imaging is a technology that is used to identify focal areas of increased cellular metabolism. FDG is an excellent tracer for detecting malignant disease because of high glucose metabolism observed in cancer cells. With this technique whole body image can be created to accurately identify malignant prima... | 17020625 | PMC1617090 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Oct 5; 1:32 |
Background
The sustainability of a publicly funded universal healthcare system has become an increasing preoccupation of federal and provincial governments in Canada. In most provinces the rising cost of healthcare delivery has led to reform and restructuring to contain costs. Restructuring has generally taken the form... | 17018146 | PMC1617091 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Oct 3; 5:43 |
Background
Disease maps can serve to display incidence rates geographically, to inform on public health provision about the success or failure of interventions, and to make hypothesis or to provide evidences concerning disease etiology [1]. Understanding social/human ecological influence on health may help trigger an e... | 17038192 | PMC1617092 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Oct 13; 5:45 |
Background
Percutaneous fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) became a popular method for diagnosis of hepatic masses. The reported mortality rate following this procedure ranges between 0.006% and 0.03%. The associated morbidity is 0.05% – 0.18%, this includes: hemoperitoneum, hematoma, local infection, bile peritoni... | 17026774 | PMC1617093 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct 8; 4:72 |
Background
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that causes mild or subclinical diseases in immunocompetent adults but may lead to severe morbidity and mortality in neonates and immunocompromised individuals [1,2]. For example, disseminated HCMV infection, common in AIDS patients and organ transplan... | 17022821 | PMC1617094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Oct 5; 3:84 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy and primary cause of cancer death in women worldwide. It accounts for 23% of all cancers among women, and is the second most common cancer overall when both sexes are considered together. Despite substantial differences in age-standardized incidence rates betwee... | 17018160 | PMC1617095 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Oct 4; 7:75 |
Background
Despite the known efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and its universal coverage in most provinces in Canada, a sizable proportion of HIV-infected patients, particularly subgroups of substance users, do not access HAART [1,2]. Poor uptake, however, is not solely a Canadian problem; evide... | 17022826 | PMC1617096 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 5; 6:146 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) surveillance data are essential to evaluate the effectiveness of TB control programs, identify deficiencies, and design and assess interventions. Surveillance data are also critical in advocacy efforts and in garnering and allocating resources. For these reasons, the World Health Organizati... | 16930492 | PMC1617097 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:27 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 25; 6:217 |
Background
Tobacco-related diseases are the most preventable health problems in the United States. Although tobacco use is declining, it is responsible for nearly 20% of the deaths in the U.S., and kills approximately 50% of continuous smokers. Smoking-related diseases include many types of cancer, chronic obstructive ... | 17018152 | PMC1617098 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:27 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 3; 6:241 |
Background
Approximately 15% of patient encounters in adult primary care settings are unusually difficult from the physician's perspective[1,2]. Most of the literature related to these difficult doctor-patient encounters has focused on the patient, rather than on the physician or practice setting involved. Patients who... | 17026762 | PMC1617099 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:27 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 6; 6:128 |
Background
Traditionally, medicine was a male dominated profession where working part-time was not possible. High standards for quality and continuity of care were translated in long working hours [1,2]. In addition, the traditional ethos of medicine values single minded commitment with obligations to sacrifice persona... | 17026741 | PMC1617100 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:27 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 6; 6:126 |
Background
There are 9.5 million US veterans aged 65 years old or older [1] who are eligible to use the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) system due to their military service, and to use and have their care in the private health care delivery system paid for by Medicare due to their age [1-6]. The implications of su... | 17029643 | PMC1617101 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:27 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 9; 6:131 |
Background
The regulation of health insurance coverage for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) varies considerably across different national health plans. Increased use of CAM and consistent lobbying from CAM practitioner and health consumer groups has increased pressure upon policy makers to include CAM in ba... | 17032465 | PMC1617102 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:27 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 11; 6:132 |
Background
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Brucella. It is taxonomically related to plant pathogens and other animal symbionts and is transmitted to humans from infected domestic animals and wildlife through contact during animal husbandry practices, meat production, or by ingest... | 17014718 | PMC1617103 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:27 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 2; 6:84 |
Background
Systems-wide methods have become an important part of physiological research in industrial biotechnology, with the aim of improving industrially relevant production strains and processes, for example by identifying physiological reactions that limit metabolism or the production of proteins. Transcriptional p... | 17010217 | PMC1617104 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:27 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 2; 7:247 |
Background
The allocation of health care resources has become an important issue in many countries experiencing resource limitation, and the assessment of the burden of disease (BOD) is useful for sensible allocation of limited health-related resources [1]. China is a developing country where health resources are very ... | 17040573 | PMC1617105 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Oct 14; 5:13 |
Background
Follicular growth is primarily controlled by pituitary gonadotropins LH and FSH in assistance with various intraovarian factors that also play essential and significant roles in development. FSH stimulates proliferation and differentiation of granulosa cells of small follicles in the ovary, and promotes thei... | 17014737 | PMC1617106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 3; 4:50 |
Background
Activins were first isolated from porcine follicular fluid during the purification of the inhibins and were shown to have potent and selective stimulatory effects on pituitary FSH secretion [1,2]. Their effects are largely mediated via up-regulation of FSHβ (Fshb) subunit gene transcription [3-5]. Unlike the... | 17040568 | PMC1617107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 13; 4:52 |
Background
Malaria infects 300–500 million people each year [1]. More than 90% of malarial cases occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, where Anopheles gambiae is the principal vector. Despite the high vectorial capacity of this mosquito, critical aspects of its biology bearing on population dynamics and ultimately malaria trans... | 17038186 | PMC1617108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 12; 5:87 |
Background
The increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to existing safe and affordable drugs such as chloroquine (CQ) and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine severely threatens the available options for malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [1]. To maximise efficacy and to minimise resistance development, malaria co... | 17026773 | PMC1617109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 8; 5:84 |
Background
Termination of protein synthesis takes place in ribosomes in a response to stop codons in the "decoding" site. The proteins that control this process are called polypeptide chain release factors (RFs). In eubacteria there are two class 1 polypeptide chain release factors, RF1 and RF2, recognizing UAA/UAG and... | 17034622 | PMC1617110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 11; 7:34 |
Background
Over the past few years, a major change has occurred in the approach to patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), from predominantly expectant medical management, based on specific clinical presentation, response to initial treatment, evolution, and results of noninvasive risk stratification, ... | 17034632 | PMC1617111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:27 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Oct 11; 4:25 |
Background
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is an accumulation of abundant extra cellular periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive proteinaceous material in alveolar spaces. It was first described as an idiopathic condition in 1958 [1]. This material represents surfactant distending the alveolar space. Papanicolaou-stained sm... | 17034646 | PMC1617112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Oct 12; 3:22 |
Background
Hair color clearly plays a critical role in camouflage, social communication, sexual and artificial selection, and as protection against solar radiation [1]. Mammalian hair shafts exhibit a wide range of shades. The shades reflect variation in the production of eumelanin (black) and pheomelanin (red) pigment... | 17029645 | PMC1617113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Oct 9; 7:46 |
Background
Protein synthesis dependency around the time of training is a hallmark of long-term memory consolidation [1]. This has been repeatedly demonstrated across species and types of new information learned [2]. Reactivation of information already committed to long-term memory may induce an additional protein synth... | 17026758 | PMC1617114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:27 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 6; 7:67 |
Background
Brucella is a pathogen of global dispersal, which affects both humans and animals. This dispersal has exhibited a shift towards the Asian countries; on the contrary there is a significant reduction in brucellosis cases, in countries where brucellosis was endemic in the past such as Spain and Italy [1]. At th... | 17014707 | PMC1617115 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Oct 2; 5:24 |
Background
Nosocomial staphylococcal infections are a health problem in different countries [1,2]. In the United States of America there has been an increase in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nosocomial infections, from 2.1% to 35% in a 25-year period [3], with similar information from other develop... | 17034644 | PMC1617116 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Oct 12; 5:25 |
Background
Eisenberg and colleagues estimated that Americans made approximately 425 million visits to CAM practitioners in 1990, more than the total number of visits to primary care physicians during that period [1]. A large-scale follow-up study showed that CAM use among the general public increased from 34% in 1990 t... | 17026768 | PMC1617117 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Oct 6; 6:34 |
Background
Chronic communicating hydrocephalus in adults is now recognised as one of the causes for reversible dementia, with an occurrence of 1–10% among patients with a diagnosis of dementia [1,2]. Data from Sweden suggest an incidence of 3.36 surgical operations for chronic hydrocephalus per 100,000 inhabitants per ... | 17020616 | PMC1617118 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 Oct 4; 3:11 |
Findings
With the use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV-infected individuals, greater control of viral replication is now possible. The widespread use of HAART has led to a substantial decline in the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related mortality [1-6]. This dev... | 17034647 | PMC1617119 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Oct 12; 3:69 |
Background
If Charles Darwin reappeared today, he might be surprised to learn that humans are descended from viruses as well as from apes. Some 8% of human DNA represents fossil retroviral genomes, and that is not counting the LINE elements and other retrotransposons that are scattered so liberally across our genome [1... | 17018135 | PMC1617120 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Oct 3; 3:67 |
Background
The GeneId curation task
Curators of biological databases, such as MGI [1] or Flybase [2], must read and analyze research papers in order to identify the experimental results that should be included in a database. As one example of this analysis process, Cohen and Hersh [3] describe the curation process for ... | 17032441 | PMC1617121 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 10; 7:440 |
Background
Given the inherent mutability of methylated cytosine, the human genome has only a fraction (≈ 20%) of the CpG dinucleotides expected on the basis of its G+C content [1,2]. However, the resulting scarcity of CpGs is not uniform throughout the chromosome: there are many DNA tracts (CpG islands or CGIs), totali... | 17038168 | PMC1617122 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 12; 7:446 |
Background
Application of metabolic engineering towards strain improvement involves detailed quantitative evaluation of cellular physiology [1-3]. Determination of intracellular metabolic fluxes helps in gaining valuable insights into the functioning of the active cellular metabolism, the knowledge of which aids in the... | 17038164 | PMC1617123 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 12; 7:445 |
INTRODUCTION
In malaria endemic areas in sub-Saharan Africa, pregnant women are more likely to be infected with Plasmodium falciparum than nonpregnant women, affecting approximately 30 million pregnancies annually [1,2]. Adverse consequences of malaria in pregnancy include maternal anaemia, maternal mortality, low birt... | 17053829 | PMC1617124 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Oct 20; 1(6):e28 |
INTRODUCTION
More than 1 million people die each year from malaria, and this number is likely to increase [1]. A vaccine is urgently needed. There is evidence that T cells are protective against malaria in animal models [2], field studies [3], and following immunization with irradiated sporozoites [4]. This evidence ha... | 17053830 | PMC1617125 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:56 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Oct 20; 1(6):e29 |
Introduction
Mitochondria play a central role in metabolism, energy production, ion homeostasis, and apoptosis [1,2] and are found in most eukaryotes. Not surprisingly, a large fraction of all characterized human Mendelian disease genes encode proteins localized to mitochondria [3]. It is estimated that 700–800 mitocho... | 17054397 | PMC1617129 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:28 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 20; 2(10):e170 |
Introduction
Kallmann syndrome (KS) combines hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia, i.e., a deficiency of the sense of smell [1]. Anosmia/hyposmia is related to the absence or hypoplasia of the olfactory bulbs and tracts [2]. Hypogonadism is due to deficiency in gonadotropin-releasing hormone [3] and pr... | 17054399 | PMC1617130 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 20; 2(10):e175 |
Introduction
Quantitative variation in gene expression levels acts as an intermediate phenotype situated between genomic DNA sequence variation and more complex cellular, organ, or whole body phenotypes. Numerous studies indicate that individual variation in gene expression (i.e., transcript abundance) is heritable in ... | 17054398 | PMC1617131 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 20; 2(10):e172 |
Introduction
It is now appreciated that the spatial relationships between chromatin and nonchromatin structures within the nucleoplasm are correlated with transcriptional activity. Some general rules are emerging for the organization of chromatin that are typically cited as evidence for both spatio–temporal organizatio... | 17054391 | PMC1617132 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:42 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 20; 2(10):e139 |
Introduction
Conventional evolutionary game theory predicts that natural selection favours the selfish and strong [1], in spite of existing evidence showing that cooperation is more widespread than theory predicts [2]. When cooperation is modelled in terms of the prisoner's dilemma [3] (PD), the solution of the replica... | 17054392 | PMC1617133 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 20; 2(10):e140 |
Introduction
Modern evolutionary theory recognizes that deleterious mutations may reduce fitness and retard adaptation [1–5]. Accumulation of deleterious mutations is expected to affect the rate and course of many biological processes such as sexual selection, development of cancer, and senescence [6]. The theoretical ... | 17054393 | PMC1617134 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:42 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 20; 2(10):e141 |
Background
High-throughput gene interruption projects have greatly increased the number of loss-of-function knockout genes available for study [1]. Correct identification of these genes provides a necessary foundation for their use for biomedical discovery, including minimizing the number of time-consuming phenotype ex... | 16982004 | PMC1617135 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 18; 7:236 |
Background
Among human intestinal diseases, intestinal inflammatory disorders, such as food allergies and Crohn's disease, are characterized by an increase in intestinal permeability [1-4]. The in vitro study of these pathologies as well as of permeability modulators requires the use of a cell model representing as clo... | 16670004 | PMC1617214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 May 2; 7:20 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 8: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040254
There was an error in the legend for Figure 4. The text describing part A should read “chicken chromosome 6” rather than “chicken chromosome 4.”
citation (2006) Correction: Evolution of melanopsin photoreceptors: Discovery and characterization of ... | 0 | PMC1617328 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:45:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 17; 4(10):e320 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 8: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040255
The figure caption is missing a credit. The caption should read as follows: A model based on growth trajectories estimated from fossils provides evidence that dinosaurs were reptiles whose body temperatures increased with body size. (Painting: Skye... | 0 | PMC1617336 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:45:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 17; 4(10):e328 |
Based on the title—The Beginner's Guide to Winning the Nobel Prize—one might expect Peter Doherty's new book to be a handbook targeted to the emerging group of anxious parents whose expectations for their youngsters' achievements have reached the stratospheric level. In truth, this is a delightful history and series of... | 0 | PMC1617341 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 17; 4(10):e333 |
Fascination with flora and fauna usually starts early in life as an all-encompassing childhood pastime. Growing up in Germany in the 1960s and 1970s, I developed an affinity for natural history as a child, inspired by famous television naturalists, such as Jacques Cousteau and Bernhard Grzimek, as well as by role model... | 17048984 | PMC1617347 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 17; 4(10):e341 |
Introduction
At the time of European settlement, Tasmania was the last remaining refuge of the two largest marsupial carnivores: the thylacine (or Tasmanian tiger), Thylacinus cynocephalus, and the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii. The extinction of the thylacine is perhaps the most notorious of the many Australia... | 17048985 | PMC1617348 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 17; 4(10):e342 |
Background
The scope of the problem of arterial and venous thrombosis is staggering since at least 5 million adults in the United States alone suffer from related symptoms. About 50% of the annual non-accidental deaths in the United States are caused by thrombi predominantly composed of platelets in the coronary or cer... | 17040572 | PMC1618384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Oct 13; 4:19 |
Background
Patients with the metabolic syndrome (MS) are at increased risk of coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases related to plaque buildups in artery walls (e.g., stroke and peripheral vascular disease) [1]. Moreover MS also increases mortality from both cardiovascular disease and all causes [2,3]... | 17020601 | PMC1618385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Oct 4; 5:21 |
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