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Background
The use of plants as medicine is widespread throughout the world. In many areas of rural Nepal, medicinal knowledge and practice are passed down entirely through the oral tradition and personal experience [1]. The total population of Nepal is 23.1 million [2], and about 90% of the Nepalese people reside in r... | 17020612 | PMC1618386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Oct 4; 2:41 |
Background
Spiders are genuinely feared stimuli for individuals with spider phobia, but they are also considered fear-relevant (ancestral) stimuli for humans in general, and it has been hypothesized that such stimuli are detected and processed preferentially to other stimuli [1-4]. In support of this hypothesis, Öhman,... | 16981991 | PMC1618387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Sep 18; 6:38 |
Background
Biliary papillomatosis (BP) is defined as papillary proliferation of the lining epithelium of the bile duct tree, further classified into 5 classes according to the degree of cytological and structural atypia (increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, loss of polarity, hyperchromatism, pleomorphism, prominent nuc... | 17026772 | PMC1618388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct 7; 4:71 |
Background
The curricular requirements for medical students have changed worldwide during recent years. Future physicians must be better prepared for a changing health care environment, which demands improved decision-making capabilities [1]. In our experience students generally do not lack the fund of knowledge, but r... | 17032439 | PMC1618389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:28 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Oct 10; 6:50 |
Background
The zinc-finger transcription factor Gli3 is required for normal limb, brain and eye development. In humans, a number of different mutations to the GLI3 allele can cause Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (GCPS) or Pallister-Hall Syndrome (PHS) [1,2]. Clinical features of GCPS include polydactyly, syndactyly, ocula... | 17029624 | PMC1618390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Oct 9; 6:46 |
Findings
It has been reported that chronic resistant starch (RS) feeding in rats causes a decrease in adipocyte cell size, a decrease in fatty acid synthase expression, and reduced whole-body weight gain relative to digestible starch (DS) feeding [1,2]. Additionally, in healthy adults, a single RS meal caused a substan... | 16987425 | PMC1618391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Sep 20; 5:25 |
Background
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are crucial enzymes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. They catalyse the dismutation of the superoxide radical to hydrogen peroxide and dioxygen according to the two-step reaction as follows:
M3+ + O2 .- → M2+ + O2
M2+ + O2 .- + 2H+ → M3+ + H2O2
where M denotes a metal ion wh... | 17020617 | PMC1618392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Oct 4; 6:20 |
Background
Socio-economic status (SES) and its constituent elements are accepted as being determinants of health. There is considerable evidence to show that poverty is associated with shorter life expectancies and increased mortality, particularly cardiovascular mortality [1-3]. Significant socio-economic gradients ha... | 17018153 | PMC1618393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 3; 6:124 |
Background
While investigating a patient who had an uncharacterised multisystem disease with evidence of a severe acute-phase response, we found that similar rare cases had been described, usually as single reports [1], under an alarming list of synonyms [2] (Table 1). These conditions are all characterised by chronic ... | 17026742 | PMC1618394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Oct 6; 4:23 |
Background
Physical and chemical cues influence acceptance of ovipositional sites by mosquitoes [1-3]. Darkness and wetness are critical positive cues for Anopheles gambiae oviposition, while visual contrast strongly influences finding of prospective ovipositional sites [4,5]. Odours are not required for copious ovipos... | 17038187 | PMC1618395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 12; 5:88 |
Background
Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening disease [1,2]. Recently we evaluated clinical features and prognostic factors in a prospective cohort study of 696 episodes of community-acquired acute bacterial meningitis [3]. The most common pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. The ... | 17038166 | PMC1618396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 12; 6:149 |
Background
Ion channels play important roles in several cellular functions such as excitability, contraction, cell cycle progression and metabolism [1]. The link between ion channels and disease has received widespread attention in the last decade as mutations in several ion channels have been shown to be responsible f... | 17022811 | PMC1618397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Oct 5; 5:42 |
Background
Huntington disease (HD [MIM 143100]) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat that lengthens a polyglutamine tract near the amino terminus of the huntingtin protein [1]. The mutation involves a "gain-of-function" that leads to the selective loss of vulnerable neurons, mo... | 16959037 | PMC1618398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:28 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Sep 7; 7:62 |
Background
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that regulates a spectrum of biological processes, and is produced primarily in response to infection [1]. IFN-γ signal transduction begins at the cell surface with the formation of a heteromeric protein complex that includes IFN-γ, IFN-γ recepto... | 17032459 | PMC1618399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:28 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 11; 7:254 |
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genomic sequence underlie susceptibility to or protection from diseases by affecting biological processes at the molecular level, such as protein structure, transcription, alternative splicing etc [1]. There are a number of examples in which polymorphisms in the ... | 16978413 | PMC1618400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:28 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 15; 7:235 |
Background
Microarray technology offers a high throughput approach to transcriptional profiling on a genome wide scale. However, the relatively large amount of starting material required for standard hybridization has limited its full potential. In complex biological systems such as the nervous system, the utility of t... | 17029630 | PMC1618401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:28 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 9; 7:252 |
Background
Few papers today report the interactions between the extracellular DNA and the cell, namely, covering the issues of what DNA and in what form exists in the intercellular space, how the DNA is captured from the pericellular space, what occurs with the DNA in the cytoplasm, and how it behaves in the nuclear sp... | 17032462 | PMC1618402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Oct 11; 6:23 |
Background
During the last decade, molecular phylogenetics based on the comparative analysis of markers from mitochondrial and nuclear genomes allowed for the revision of mammalian systematics [1,2]. Sequencing efforts initially focused on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) due to the availability of conserved primers, the pres... | 17029633 | PMC1618403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Oct 9; 6:80 |
Background
The development of state-dependent modelling techniques applicable to evolutionary biology has allowed us to address many questions about the behaviour and life history strategies of organisms. Behavioural or life history decisions induce changes in the state of the organism (where state can represent physic... | 17038165 | PMC1618404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 6:81 |
Background
Sponges (Porifera) are the first diverging metazoans. They are thus a key phylum in the understanding of the genomic characteristics of the metazoan ancestor [1]. For example, recent findings indicate that the sponge mitochondria possess ancestral characters that have been lost in other metazoans, such as ad... | 16972986 | PMC1618405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Sep 14; 6:71 |
Background
The ErbB family of receptors is a diverse set of Type I receptor tyrosine kinases ubiquitously distributed throughout the animal kingdom. In vertebrates there are four family members, ErbB 1/EGF receptor, ErbB2/neu/HER2, ErbB3/HER3, and ErbB4/HER4, while in invertebrates only one receptor has been identified... | 17026767 | PMC1618406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Oct 6; 6:79 |
Background
Compositional bias for a subset of residues is a widespread phenomenon in protein sequences; it has historically been linked to proteins having a structural role, or displaying some intrinsic protein disorder [1-3]. Many types of compositionally-biased (CB) region are masked as low-complexity sequence during... | 17032452 | PMC1618407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 10; 7:441 |
Background
PubMed (MEDLINE) is the leading online public database of biomedical literature records [1]. It is an essential tool used by scientists and physicians to monitor research developments in any given field of science or medicine. While it is simple and easy to use, PubMed provides only a limited set of data min... | 17014720 | PMC1618408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 2; 7:424 |
Background
Variants in single bases of DNA sequences yield single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), among which non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) occurring in protein coding regions lead to amino acid substitutions in protein products, potentially affect protein functions, and are closely related t... | 16984653 | PMC1618409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 19; 7:417 |
Background
In spite of a plethora of available choices [1-4] to statistically analyze the high-dimension data derived from gene microarrays or serum proteomic profiles, a single method of choice remains elusive. Two main objectives motivate such analyses: first, to identify novel biomarkers that characterize specific d... | 17032455 | PMC1618410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 10; 7:442 |
Background
Since the pioneering work of Smith and co-workers [1-3], phage display technology has been widely used in both basic research such as the exploration of protein-protein interaction sites and networks [2-5], and applied research such as the development of new drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines [6-8]. Phage disp... | 17038191 | PMC1618411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 12; 7:451 |
Background
Annotating genes with respect to the function of their proteins is essential for understanding the wealth of genomic information now available. A direct approach to identifying gene function is to eliminate or inhibit expression of a gene and observe any alteration in the phenotype. However, analysis of all ... | 17038174 | PMC1618412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 12; 7:448 |
Background
Sequence comparison is still one of the most important methodologies in the field of computational biology. It enables researchers to compare the sequences of genes or proteins with unknown functions to sequences of well-studied genes or proteins. However, due to a significant increase in whole genome sequen... | 17038163 | PMC1618413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 12; 7:444 |
Background
Modern technologies like microarrays facilitate the study of expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. This study is useful to determine whether these genes are active, hyperactive or inactive in various tissues. The vast amount of microarray data is so important for the applications like disea... | 17022808 | PMC1618414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 5; 7:432 |
Introduction
The normal gene-rearranging activities of V(D)J recombination bear a striking resemblance to transposition by certain “cut-and-paste” transposases, including members of the retroviral integrase superfamily [1–3] and the hAT family [4]. In both reactions, a segment of DNA bounded by specific recognition ele... | 17105341 | PMC1618415 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 4(11):e350 |
Introduction
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are ubiquitous components of eukaryotic plasma membranes and mediate numerous biological functions, from differentiation and proliferation to invasive adhesion, neurodegeneration, and apoptosis [1,2]. The importance of GSLs and their metabolites in processes such as tissue develop... | 17105344 | PMC1618416 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 4(11):e362 |
As a general rule, DNA rearrangements spell trouble. By facilitating the movement of genetic elements to new sites in the genome, one class of transposition enzymes—the transposase/retroviral integrase superfamily—plays a major role in disease. Transposases can cause cancer by reinserting DNA into or near cancer-relate... | 20076488 | PMC1618417 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 4(11):e390 |
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) reside in the membranes of all mammalian cells, where they play roles in both structure and signaling. They traffic between the plasma membrane—where most are found—and vesicle membranes within the cell. One of the carriers of GSLs is glycolipid transfer proteins. The interactions between thes... | 20076493 | PMC1618418 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 4(11):e397 |
Males evolved extravagant plumage, towering antlers, and frenetic mating displays, Darwin proposed, because that’s what females like. Why such preferences evolved is still controversial—one view holds that flashy males beget sexy sons with more chance of attracting mates—but it’s generally thought that sexual selection... | 20076492 | PMC1618419 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 4(11):e394 |
The genomes of higher organisms, including plants, are riddled with repetitive sequences, remnants of self-copying DNA parasites that randomly reinsert themselves, often harmlessly, but occasionally disrupting genes. Silencing these repeated elements is a major challenge for maintaining genomic health and is a major fu... | 20076502 | PMC1618420 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 4(11):e407 |
Introduction
Cytosine methylation of DNA protects eukaryote genomes from transposons, and also regulates developmental gene expression [1,2]. Tandem repeat sequences are common in methylated regions of the genome. The tandem repeats in retrotransposons are essential for their mobility and are frequently transcriptional... | 17105345 | PMC1618421 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 4(11):e363 |
Introduction
Sexual conflict, which arises whenever males and females have different reproductive interests, takes on two fundamentally different forms genetically. Interlocus sexual conflict involves direct sexual interactions and has become particularly topical [1,2] because of its potential to generate co-evolutiona... | 17105343 | PMC1618422 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 4(11):e356 |
INTRODUCTION
The last three decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in the incidence of autoimmune inflammatory diseases in developed countries, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Crohn's disease, to name but a few (1,2). Autoimmune disease is characterized by a... | 16965287 | PMC1618732 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Parasite Immunol. 2006 Oct; 28(10):515-523 |
Introduction
Trypanosomatid protozoans are auxotrophic for folate and other pterins (Kidder and Dutta, 1958; Beck and Ullman, 1990) and have evolved a sophisticated pathway for acquisition and salvage of pteridines from their hosts by relying on a bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR; EC 1.5.1.3) – thymidylate s... | 16968221 | PMC1618733 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Mol Microbiol. 2006 Sep 10; 61(6):1457-1468 |
Introduction
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main cause of community-acquired pneumonia and meningitis in children and the elderly and of septicaemia in HIV-infected individuals. It is also one of the principal causes of otitis media. Bacteraemia has been reported to accompany more than 25% of cases of pneumococcal pn... | 16925554 | PMC1618759 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Mol Microbiol. 2006 Sep 1; 61(5):1196-1210 |
Introduction
Urinary tract infections (UTI) occur frequently in humans and are most prevalent in women, who stand an almost 50% chance to experience a UTI in their lifetime. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the aetiologic agent in about 80% of the reported cases. Acute UTIs can be effectively treated with anti... | 16930149 | PMC1618777 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Mol Microbiol. 2006 Sep 23; 61(6):1556-1568 |
Introduction
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D; OMIM 222100) is an autoimmune disease. The destruction of insulin-secreting β-cells of the islets of Langerhans leads to hyperglycaemia, which is a key factor in the development of diabetic microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. The deve... | 16978373 | PMC1618804 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Diabet Med. 2006 Oct; 23(10):1093-1099 |
The plasma membranes of epithelial cell barriers are segregated into two spatially and functionally distinct domains that serve as a means for complex organisms to distinguish between the external environment and the underlying tissue. A vital characteristic of such cellular barriers is their ability to selectively all... | 17004319 | PMC1618808 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Traffic. 2006 Sep 29; 7(9):1127-1142 |
Introduction
Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are ubiquitous peroxidases that reduce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species such as hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides and peroxinitrite using an active-site cysteine residue (Bryk et al., 2000; Hofmann et al., 2002). The reducing equivalents required for these reactions are prov... | 16879648 | PMC1618809 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Mol Microbiol. 2006 Aug 21; 61(4):948-959 |
Introduction
There is substantial epidemiological evidence indicating a link between asthma morbidity including deterioration in lung functions, emergency department visits and hospital admission with outdoor air pollution levels [1]. Although it was generally believed that children are more vulnerable and susceptible... | 16961713 | PMC1618810 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Clin Exp Allergy. 2006 Sep; 36(9):1138-1146 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia cause major morbidity and mortality in the adult population.1,2 A similar association has been established in children and adults with GH deficiency (GHD) due to pituitary or hypothalamic disease, imparting increased morbidi... | 16886956 | PMC1618818 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug; 65(2):169-177 |
Case history
A 33-year-old woman with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)-related secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) underwent unrelated cord blood transplantation (U-CBT) from HLA 1-antigen (DRB1) mismatched donor in April 2003. The conditioning regimen consisted of total body irradiation (TBI, 12 Gy) on days −9, ... | 16999729 | PMC1618819 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Clin Lab Haematol. 2006 Oct; 28(5):351-354 |
Background
Warfarin is a coumarin anti-coagulant, widely used for the therapeutic and prophylactic anti-coagulation. Although it is considered as a life saving medicine, it is associated with the several significant adverse effects. Intra-peritoneal bleeding is one of the complications, usually following trivial trauma... | 17034631 | PMC1618827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2006 Oct 11; 6:7 |
Background
The APOA5 gene was first identified as a conserved DNA sequence 27 Kb proximal to the Apolipoprotein cluster of APOA1, APOA4 and APOC3 on chromosome 11q23 [1]. It is an important regulator of triglycerides, as established by both genetic manipulation in animals [1] and a large number of genetic studies in ma... | 17032446 | PMC1618828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Oct 10; 7:76 |
Review
Introduction
On the occasion of the 35th Mectizan® Expert Committee/Albendazole Coordination meeting (MEC/AC35) which took place in London, United Kingdom from 10–12 January 2006, a review of the work of the Mectizan Donation Program (MDP) in onchocerciasis (river blindness) control and lymphatic filariasis (LF)... | 17005039 | PMC1618829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Filaria J. 2006 Sep 27; 5:11 |
Background
Air transportation has undoubtedly been a boon to humankind – bringing together peoples, cultures and values, and profoundly changing the way we live. But it has also greatly aided the global transmission of infectious disease. In the old days, geographical distance provided a measure of protection as signs ... | 17038194 | PMC1618830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Oct 13; 4:8 |
Background
Approximately 1 in 4000 children are born every year with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) [1]. GHD causes short stature, low growth velocity, excess subcutaneous fat and delayed skeletal maturation [1], which have a considerable impact on physical and psychological functioning [2]. Adults with untreated GHD ... | 17034628 | PMC1618831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2006 Oct 11; 6:5 |
Background
Dramatic improvements in anti-cancer therapy over the last few decades have resulted in a growing number of long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Although childhood cancer has become an increasingly more curable disease, the effects of this disease and its treatment may have profound long-term effects on ... | 17022814 | PMC1618832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Oct 5; 4:77 |
Background
Over the last decade there has been growing concern in the public health sector over the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Canada's First Nation communities. Much of this concern has been directed towards Aboriginal injection drug users (IDUers), which is the fastest growing group of new HIV ca... | 17034636 | PMC1618833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Oct 11; 3:30 |
Background
It has been well established from epidemiological studies using a large number of subjects that low-density lipoprotein associated cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in serum correlates with atherosclerosis [1]. However, it is also well known that individual variations exist in response to hypercholesterolemia in an... | 17042957 | PMC1618834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Oct 16; 5:25 |
Background
West Nile virus (WNV) was detected in Mississippi in 2001 and still poses a significant risk for the state residents. Duration and frequency trends of WNV outbreak observed in Mississippi have corresponded closely to those of the continental United States. In 2002, the U.S. experienced the largest WNV epidem... | 16945154 | PMC1618835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Aug 31; 5:36 |
Background
Approximately 4 million people each year receive an indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) [1] and 5–20% of hospitalized patients who receive an IUC will be diagnosed with a urinary tract infection (UTI) [1,2]. IUC use is thought to be the most significant risk factor for developing nosocomial UTIs, especially in... | 17038177 | PMC1618836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Oct 12; 6:15 |
Background
Differences in the use of health services may reflect differences in health and clinical needs, but they may also reflect differences in access to these services. In terms of health policy, the identification of population level differences in access to health services is particularly important in that it in... | 17014702 | PMC1618837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 2; 6:123 |
Background
Metastatic involvement of the penis is relatively infrequent, compared to its primary counterpart, despite rich vascularisation and extensive circulatory communication between the penis and the neighbouring organs. The vast majority of the primary lesions are in the genitourinary organs, with the recto sigmo... | 17032461 | PMC1618838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct 11; 3:33 |
Background
Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), a small, gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium. C. burnetii displays antigenic variation with an infectious phase I and less infectious phase II. The primary reservoir from which human infection occurs consists of sheep, goat... | 17026751 | PMC1618839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 6; 6:147 |
Background
Sexual virus transmission plays the major role in the worldwide HIV-1 epidemic [1]. In the absence of effective anti-HIV-1 vaccines, great emphasis has been put on the development of topical microbicides to be applied vaginally in the form of gels, creams or solid dosage formulations expected to inactivate H... | 17042959 | PMC1618840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 16; 6:150 |
Background
Soft tissue infections (STI) are among the most common infectious diseases requiring antibiotic treatment [1,2]. Despite their prevalence and importance, the optimal treatment of STI's has not been well defined and considerable practice variation exists with respect to their management. Although a wide varie... | 17034641 | PMC1618841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:23 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 11; 6:148 |
Background
Timely identification and subsequent reaction to a public health emergency requires routine collection of appropriate and accurate data about the occurrence and location of cases of illness. There is substantial interest in using routinely collected electronic health records to support both the detection of ... | 16984658 | PMC1618842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 19; 6:235 |
Background
In recent years, the concept of social capital has attracted significant attention in public health research. Social capital has been defined in many different ways, but all of them share the notion that networks and norms are important dimensions of the concept. According to one view, social capital refers ... | 17038200 | PMC1618843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 13; 6:251 |
Background
Ciliated hepatic foregut cyst (CHFC) is a rare cystic lesion of the liver found in all age groups. It was first described in 1857 by Friedrich who hypothesized its congenital derivation and was later named CHFC in 1984 by Wheeler and Edmondson [1]. Since its first descriptions less than 80 cases have been re... | 17032454 | PMC1618844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 10; 6:244 |
Background
Wrist pain is often seen in chiropractic practices [1]. While fracture to the scaphoid or navicular is the most prevalent of wrist fractures [2], hamate hook fracture is the most frequent fracture in golfers [3]. In most cases, the lead wrist, which is the left wrist in a right handed golfer, is most commonl... | 17038179 | PMC1618845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Oct 12; 14:22 |
Background
Tobacco use, particularly smoking, is the most preventable cause of death in America. It causes more than 400,000 premature deaths a year, and the direct health care costs exceed $150 billion annually [1]. It is well established that all health care provider groups can, and should, advise smoking patients on... | 17038182 | PMC1618846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Oct 12; 14:24 |
Background
The genomes of agriculturally important organisms are sequenced [1-3] or being sequenced [4,5] not only due to their economic importance but also because many are biomedical models [6-10] or zoonotic pathogens and bioterrorism agents [11]. However, after genome sequencing it is critical to identify and demar... | 16961921 | PMC1618847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 8; 7:229 |
Background
The peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) class of proteins is traditionally comprised of three distinct protein families, the cyclophilins (cyclosporin A binding proteins), FKBPs (FK506 binding proteins) and parvulins, that are linked by their shared ability to catalyse the bond preceding a proline r... | 16995943 | PMC1618848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 22; 7:244 |
Background
Functional genomics in the post human genome sequencing era is greatly facilitated by correlating expression data with sequences of potential regulatory elements. The primary repositories of gene expression data such as Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) [1], UniGene [1], Gene Expression Database (GXD) [2], and G... | 17038195 | PMC1618849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 13; 7:258 |
Background
Polyadenylation occurs in three stages: polyadenylation site choice, cleavage of the pre-mRNA, and addition of the poly(A) tail to the newly formed 3' end [1,2]. The first step, polyadenylation site choice, can be defined as the functional assembly of the factors necessary for pre-mRNA cleavage onto the pre-... | 17038175 | PMC1618850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 7:35 |
Background
The use of SEM analysis has increased in recent years, especially in social science, education, business, medicine and biological science [1]. The capacity of SEM to distinguish between indirect and direct relationships between variables and to specify structural relations among latent variables differentiat... | 17038188 | PMC1618851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Oct 12; 6:49 |
Background
Conventional causal estimates from observational data involve many assumptions, e.g. assumptions about random exposure assignment, selection and participation, ignorable missing data and absence of measurement error [[1], ch. 12–17; [2,3]]. Although causal systems in epidemiology are commonly assumed to be s... | 17042949 | PMC1618852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Oct 16; 6:51 |
Background
It has been twenty five years since HIV/AIDS was first recognized, with disproportionate number of infections among women. Sub-Saharan Africa houses the largest number of HIV infected women. It is thus not surprising that women are now the focus of HIV prevention efforts. Microbicides are products designed t... | 17038196 | PMC1618853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Oct 13; 3:25 |
Background
The work of the academic health sciences reference librarian is undergoing significant change. Despite decreasing library gate counts [1] and disintermediation caused by the availability of online resources, reference librarians still provide valued guidance to users, who continue to indicate the need for di... | 17040566 | PMC1618854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 Oct 13; 3:10 |
Background
Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) belong to the family of the multi-copper oxidases and catalyze the one-oxidation of a wide variety of substrates, especially phenolic compounds and aromatic amines. One electron at a time is removed from the substrate by a type-1 blue copper ion and is transferred to a trinuclear coppe... | 17038162 | PMC1618855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Oct 12; 5:31 |
Background
Physical activity increase is currently under study as a possible prevention strategy for cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular disease [1-3], either alone or in combination with dietary changes. The level of physical activity needed to alter chronic disease patterns is currently the subject of debate. The Hea... | 17020620 | PMC1618856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Oct 4; 3:34 |
Background
The majority of cancer researchers have been focusing on tumour cells themselves and investigating their alterations in morphology, biology and function in tumour processes. However, stromal variables within or around tumours, including blood and lymph vessels, stromal cells, and various types of proteins, h... | 17026740 | PMC1618857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Oct 6; 5:43 |
Aortic stenosis (AS) is at present time the most frequent valvulopaty in developed countries, and as life expectancy increases, the incidence and prevalence of AS will also rise fundamentally at the expense of the degenerative form.
The scientific interest of this valvar disorder was parked for many years, as the imag... | 17042945 | PMC1618858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | yes | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Oct 16; 4:37 |
Background
Normal tissues contain well-structured, differentiated cells with complex subcellular compartmentization. Cancerous cells are less differentiated than normal cells [1-4]. Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity denoting the level of disorder of a system. The difference between normal and cancerous cells can be s... | 17026753 | PMC1618859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Oct 6; 1:35 |
Background
Tissue Microarray (TMA) is a novel technique described firstly by Kononen in 1998 [1] that, by collecting up to hundreds of samples on the same specimen, allows to obtain three main advantages:
- reuse of a scarce resource (the tissue block);
- uniformity in staining;
- decreased antibody quantity used pe... | 17034635 | PMC1618860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Oct 11; 1:36 |
Background
The Atlantic slave trade resulted in the forced migration of an estimated 11 million Africans to the Americas. Only 9 million are thought to have survived the passage, and many more died in the early years of captivity. Historical accounts indicate that virtually all enslaved Africans brought to North Americ... | 17038170 | PMC1618861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4:34 |
Background
Most phylogenetic trees represent the evolutionary history of groups of organisms, with the leaves representing species (or higher taxa) and internal nodes representing speciation events. In contrast, molecular phylogenies for gene families (e.g. figure 1a) usually display sequences for different orthologous... | 16939643 | PMC1618862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Aug 29; 6:66 |
Background
The wealth of publicly available biological information on gene function necessitates the use of sophisticated data structures to organize, explore, and use this information. The Gene Ontology (GO) consortium has developed a unified vocabulary to clarify the relationships of gene products across species and ... | 17032457 | PMC1618863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 10; 7:443 |
Background
A major challenge in structural bioinformatics is the prediction of protein structure and function from primary amino acid sequences. This problem is becoming more pressing now as the protein sequence-structure gap is widening rapidly as a result of the completion of large-scale genome sequencing projects [1... | 17014735 | PMC1618864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 3; 7:425 |
Background
Sequence variation in the genomic DNA of individuals of the same species or related species are typically single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) or small insertions/deletions (indels) [1,2]. Because of their abundance and slow mutation rate within the genome, they are the most common type of genetic markers [... | 17029635 | PMC1618865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 9; 7:438 |
Background
Researchers are increasingly working with large DNA databases. For example, the human genome is approximately 3 gigabases. Searching these databases has traditionally been done by using web applications to communicate with dedicated servers. As an alternative analysis tool, desktop computers offer richer and... | 17018144 | PMC1618866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 3; 7:427 |
When immunologists discovered in the 1970s that human immune cell receptors recognize tens of millions of antigens—telltale signs of a foreign invader—they were mystified. How could a genome with just 100,000 genes (now estimated at fewer than 25,000) generate this staggering diversity? The answer came with the discove... | 20076498 | PMC1618867 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 4(11):e403 |
Introduction
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a homotrimeric DNA-encircling protein, is the key target of the conserved ubiquitin-dependent RAD6 pathway of post-replicative DNA repair [1]. If replication fork movement is stalled by a DNA lesion, cells can recruit translesion polymerases to bypass the lesion o... | 17105346 | PMC1618868 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 4(11):e366 |
Introduction
The efficacy of somatostatin analogues in the treatment of acromegaly is determined by the number, distribution and activity of somatostatin receptors in the pituitary GH-producing adenoma.1,2 Somatostatin analogues are indicated principally for the treatment of acromegaly that remains active after transs... | 16918950 | PMC1618957 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Sep; 65(3):320-326 |
Coat colour striping patterns, commonly known as Tabby markings, are frequent in domestic cats, but a candidate is not available from other species. Traditionally, three autosomal alleles have been suggested for Tabby: Abyssinian (Ta; a.k.a. ticked), mackerel (Tm; a.k.a. striped) and blotched (tb; a.k.a. classic). Cats... | 16879352 | PMC1619149 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Anim Genet. 2006 Aug; 37(4):383-386 |
Introduction
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is the second most frequent malignant tumour in the head and neck region and is associated with an appreciable rate of metastasis (0.5–16%).1–10 The registration of SCCs is inadequate; many patients are treated in private practice and excised tumours sometimes hav... | 16918972 | PMC1619204 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Histopathology. 2006 Sep 9; 49(3):256-264 |
Introduction
The traditional view of epithelial polyps of the colorectum envisages a larger non-neoplastic category of hyperplastic polyps (HPs) that can be safely ignored and a smaller category of neoplastic polyps or adenomas that are precancerous.1 With respect to adenomas, it is clear that the majority will not pr... | 16879389 | PMC1619718 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Histopathology. 2006 Aug 1; 49(2):121-131 |
Introduction
The renal lymphatics contribute to the draining of excess fluid and protein under both normal and abnormal physiological conditions.1 The distribution of the normal renal lymphatic system has been investigated in various animals using light microscopy by the ureteric occlusion technique,2 electron microsc... | 16918973 | PMC1619848 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Histopathology. 2006 Sep 12; 49(3):265-273 |
Introduction
There is familial clustering in the incidence of diabetes-related chronic complications [1], which suggests the existence of genetic susceptibility to these complications. Many studies have indicated that overactivity of the polyol pathway contributes to the development of diabetic microvascular complicat... | 16911628 | PMC1619898 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Diabet Med. 2006 Aug; 23(8):894-899 |
Disease name
Retinitis pigmentosa
Definition
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) belongs to the group of pigmentary retinopathies, a generic name that covers all retinal dystrophies presented with a loss of photoreceptors and retinal pigment deposits. RP is a retinal degenerative disease characterized by pigment deposits predom... | 17032466 | PMC1621055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Oct 11; 1:40 |
Background
In eukaryotic cells, genomic DNA is fragmented into multiple chromosomes and DNA replication initiates from multiple replication origins distributed on these. Therefore, the amount of DNA replicated from each origin is relatively short, allowing genome size to expand during the evolution of eukaryotic cells.... | 17042960 | PMC1621056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Oct 17; 1:22 |
Background
There is no doubt that cancer operates at the different levels of the hierarchical organization making up a human, and evolves through an assortment of states (or possible pattern configurations) and a number of transitions between two successive states [1,2].
According to the reductionist view of cancer, e... | 17044918 | PMC1621057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Oct 17; 3:37 |
Background
For decades the investigation of dysphagia has been concentrated on evaluation of single and separate swallows of normal subjects and neurological or otolaryngological patients [1-5]. The same tendency is true also for research activities with EMG evaluation of deglutition [6-9]. Dysphagia, however, is a com... | 17044922 | PMC1621058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Oct 17; 2:34 |
Background
There have been six previously published cases of death secondary to clozapine-induced constipation [1-3]. Of these, two patients died from faecal peritonitis, two from aspiration of faeculent vomitus as a result of bowel obstruction and two from bowel necrosis. In all these cases there had been prior compla... | 17052340 | PMC1621059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 19; 6:43 |
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