text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
Humans are obliged to face a paradox which is fundamental to the survival of the species: they are attracted to, courted by and breed with genetically unrelated individuals whom they would otherwise instinctively avoid. Romantic attachment is the psychological strategy which enables us to overcome neophobia ... | 17034623 | PMC1621060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Oct 11; 2:28 |
Background
Many patients suffer from one or more chronic diseases the severity of which can influence both present health (symptoms, functional status, and quality of life) as well as future health-related events (morbidity, mortality, health care use). Cardiac and pulmonary disease are among the most common chronic me... | 16970808 | PMC1621061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 13; 4:60 |
Background
Art is increasingly used in educational settings around the world especially when development of complex communicative skills and abilities is targeted. In health education there has been a growing awareness of the value of the use of actors and educational drama [1].
Standardised patients, both professiona... | 17040575 | PMC1621062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Oct 14; 6:51 |
Background
During the most recent decades there has been a rapid development of the use of wireless telephone communication. The Nordic countries in Europe were among the first in the world to introduce this new technology.
The analogue (NMT; Nordic Mobile Telephone System) phones operating at 450 MegaHertz (MHz) were... | 17034627 | PMC1621063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct 11; 4:74 |
Background
There is considerable variation in Arachis hypogaea L. subspecies hypogaea and fastigiata Waldron, which are further classified into four market types including runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia [1]. Most cultivated peanuts belong to Spanish and runner types. They exhibit genetically-determined variati... | 17038167 | PMC1621064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 6:24 |
Background
Roots are the primary site of perception and injury for several types of water-limiting stress, including salinity and drought. In many circumstances, it is the stress-sensitivity of the root that limits the productivity of the entire plant [1,2]. The physiological significance of roots is belied by their re... | 17038189 | PMC1621065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 6:25 |
Background
Each year in the United Kingdom (UK) 15% of patients who consult general practitioners (GPs) do so for musculoskeletal disorders. The annual consulting rate for internal derangement of the knee is 32 per 1000 patient years, similar to rheumatoid arthritis [1]. Imaging of the knee is a common musculoskeletal ... | 17040558 | PMC1621066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 13; 6:133 |
Background
The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that if the current tools for the treatment and prevention of TB are not improved, nearly 1 billion additional people will become infected by M. tuberculosis between the 2000 and 2020. Among these, 200 million will develop the active disease and 35 million will d... | 17032442 | PMC1621067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 10; 6:90 |
Background
Species from the tick-transmitted spirochete group Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi) can cause Lyme borreliosis, which is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder [1]. It is still unclear whether clinical symptoms are caused by a chronic infection or whether the onset of the disease is trig... | 17049082 | PMC1621068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 18; 6:92 |
Background
Influenza is a significant cause of winter mortality as well as acute incapacity in elderly people. Complications are unpredictable but more common in older adults, who may need urgent hospitalisation or substantial increases in home care. The epidemic of 1989 was estimated to result in about 25,000 addition... | 17034625 | PMC1621069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 11; 6:249 |
Background
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is related to poor physical function and the development of physical disabilities in older adults [1-6]. Disability, usually defined as the inability to carry out the usual tasks of daily living, is established as a powerful measure of health status in old age [7]. In addition,... | 17022819 | PMC1621070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 5; 6:244 |
Background
Conventional pap smear screening has reduced effectively incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in several countries [1-5]. The rates vary still greatly between countries. Along with the background risk, variation in the rates depends largely upon availability and also quality of screening.
During... | 17042938 | PMC1621071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 16; 6:252 |
Text
Hypertension is a principal risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease and stroke, and is a major contributor to worldwide cardiovascular mortality [1]. It affects up to 37% of the global adult population and it is estimated that 7.1 million deaths are due to hypertension, which is 13% of total glob... | 17052330 | PMC1621072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 19; 6:257 |
Background
In a systematic examination of intraocular pressure (IOP) in inbred mice, John and colleagues described elevated levels of IOP and the subsequent development of an optic neuropathy in the DBA/2J (D2) line [1]. The development of elevated IOP in these mice is linked to mutations in two genes, Gpnmb and Tyrp1,... | 17018142 | PMC1621073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 3; 7:66 |
Background
Although glioblastoma multiforme with oligodendroglial component (GBMO) is not considered as a distinct disease entity in the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors [1], the increased chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity of WHO grade III anaplastic oligod... | 17049083 | PMC1621074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 18; 6:247 |
Background
Women at increased breast cancer risk include those with a strong family history of breast cancer, those with a history of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer (IBC), and those with precancerous changes in their breasts. Eligibility for enrollment in the first National Surgical Adjuvant ... | 17049084 | PMC1621075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 18; 6:248 |
Background
Both immediate and delayed breast reconstruction following mastectomy provide substantial psychosocial benefits for women undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer [1]. Despite the lack of randomised controlled trials, skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) has become an accepted procedure in women undergoing mastectom... | 17044923 | PMC1621076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct 17; 3:35 |
Background
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a disabling state that was defined by a working group in 1994 [1]. The main components of the definition are fatigue that is not related to exercise and not relieved by rest, and eight accompanying symptoms, of which four must be present. The CFS is incapacitating, with a se... | 17049095 | PMC1621077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Oct 18; 4:12 |
Background
During malignant progression, cells accumulate multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations that cause loss of at least one anti-oncogenic function. Such a loss can be caused by a variety of events including mutation and losses that take place at the chromosome level, e.g. loss of heterozygosity (LOH), which ... | 17042952 | PMC1621078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 16; 7:36 |
Background
Ion channels play key roles in cellular functions other than electrical signal transmission [1]. In recent years, the importance of voltage-gated potassium channels in tumour biology has aroused interest with the identification of ion channels as potential novel targets for tumour therapy [2-5]. The first id... | 17022810 | PMC1621079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Oct 5; 5:41 |
Background
According to World Health Organization (WHO) more than 80% of the world's population relies on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare needs. Use of herbal medicines in Asia represents a long history of human interactions with the environment. Plants used for traditional medicine contain a wide ran... | 17042964 | PMC1621080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Oct 17; 6:35 |
Background
Although rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an uncommon childhood malignancy, it is the most frequently encountered soft tissue sarcoma found in infants and children [1]. Six percent of all RMS cases occur in children age <1 year at the time of diagnosis [2,3]. RMS is slightly more common in males than females (range... | 17044930 | PMC1621081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Oct 17; 1:37 |
Background
With the availability of an ever-increasing number of whole genome sequences, evolutionary history can be analysed genetically on a more comprehensive level. Among microorganisms, phylogenetic relationships have traditionally been defined by phenotypic characters. With current comparative genomics, evolution... | 17040564 | PMC1621082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Oct 13; 6:84 |
Background
Dermatophytes, consisting of organisms in the Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum genera, are the primary etiologic pathogens of various dermatophytoses, such as tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea inguinalis, tinea manus, tinea unguium and tinea pedis. These infections are widespread and increasi... | 17032460 | PMC1621083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 11; 7:255 |
Background
Gene expression in kinetoplastids (Euglenozoa) takes a peculiar form, quite unlike the system of promoter and terminator signals typical of other eukaryotes. Expression of several, contiguous loci occurs simultaneously through polycistronic transcription [1-3] and regulation of individual genes is largely po... | 17044946 | PMC1621084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 18; 7:261 |
Background
The DNA damage that is caused by chemical carcinogens is important in the initiation of carcinogenesis. For promotion and progression of an initiated cell to occur, however, other events within the cell need to take place and such events are likely to involve gene expression changes induced by the carcinogen... | 17042939 | PMC1621085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 16; 7:260 |
As the practice of medicine becomes increasingly influenced by political, economic, and social policies, it is crucial that medical students become well versed in this expanded vision of “health policy.” However, the current medical curriculum at nearly all medical schools contains very little formal education and trai... | 17076545 | PMC1621087 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e199 |
Cultural competency has become a fashionable term for clinicians and researchers. Yet no one can define this term precisely enough to operationalize it in clinical training and best practices.
It is clear that culture does matter in the clinic. Cultural factors are crucial to diagnosis, treatment, and care. They shape... | 17076546 | PMC1621088 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e294 |
Introduction
Avian influenza is the latest in a long line of zoonoses, or diseases transmissible from animal to human, to raise the specter of an impending epidemic of human-to-human transmission [1]. Solidarity amongst nations in their approach to this threat is deemed to be one key to a successful response [2]. The o... | 17076547 | PMC1621089 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e342 |
Tarif Bakdash's Viewpoint: Poor People Should Have the Right to Exercise Their Autonomy by Selling Their Organs
What would you do if you had to choose between selling your kidney and letting your children starve? I have come to believe that selling one's own kidney would be better than enduring the horrors of poverty. ... | 17076548 | PMC1621090 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e349 |
The concept of health promotion gradually emerged from the discipline of public health during the 1970s. In the mid-19th century, founders of the growing discipline of public health had stressed the importance of social, political, and environmental factors as key determinants of disease and health. However, as microbi... | 17076549 | PMC1621091 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e394 |
Introduction
The academic discipline of social medicine has struggled to find a precise definition for over a century. This struggle is exemplified by the classic social medicine course book, The Social Medicine Reader, edited by faculty from the Department of Social Medicine at the University of North Carolina, Chapel... | 17076552 | PMC1621092 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e399 |
As Assistant Secretary for Health (1998–2001) and Surgeon General (1998–2002) of the United States, I had the opportunity to lead in the development of Healthy People 2010. Healthy People 2010 is the current phase of the Healthy People Initiative, which began in 1979 with the vision of making America's communities heal... | 17076554 | PMC1621093 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e405 |
In 1999, Leon Eisenberg wrote an essay entitled, “Does social medicine still matter in an era of molecular medicine?” [1]. Anticipating the scientific discussion that would accompany the complete mapping of the human genome, followed by hubristic predictions of an end to disease through the introduction of gene-based t... | 17076555 | PMC1621094 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e419 |
I want to tell you a story.
After a lecture I gave recently at a well-known medical school on the possible utility of narrative to clinical practice, from the back of the auditorium came the first question of the traditional question and answer portion of the program: “Don't you feel, Dr. Campo, that what you seem to ... | 17076558 | PMC1621095 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e423 |
Over the past decade, several scholars have advocated for international standards in medical ethics and human rights [1–3]. Others have countered that such standards risk ignoring important cultural differences in the way people conceptualize medical decision-making [4–8]. Within this debate hangs a question for intern... | 17076564 | PMC1621096 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e439 |
In its launch issue in October 2004, PLoS Medicine signaled a strong interest in creating a journal that went beyond a biological view of health to incorporate socioeconomic, ethical, and cultural dimensions. For example, that first issue contained a policy paper on how the health community should respond to violent po... | 17523252 | PMC1621097 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e445 |
Introduction
Labor migration is a significant phenomenon throughout the world, with high economic, political, medical, and human stakes. The UN Population Division estimates that there are 175 million migrants in the world, 46% more than a decade ago [1]. Worldwide, the majority of migrant laborers are of a minority et... | 17076567 | PMC1621098 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e448 |
Because of contact with patients, physicians readily appreciate that large-scale social forces—racism, gender inequality, poverty, political violence and war, and sometimes the very policies that address them—often determine who falls ill and who has access to care. For practitioners of public health, the social determ... | 17076568 | PMC1621099 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e449 |
Introduction
Disparities in health across ethnic and class categories are widely documented and represent an urgent problem for US society. Causal explanations for disparities, however, are still debated [1–4], especially with respect to the relative effects of class, culture, gender, and access to quality care [5–7]. ... | 17076569 | PMC1621100 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e452 |
Background
Basic and clinical studies provide evidence that inflammation plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease [1]. Despite a growing literature on the role of acute phase proteins, particularly high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and other inflammatory markers in risk stratificati... | 17042946 | PMC1621106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Oct 16; 6:37 |
Introduction
Indigenous people are amongst the poorest and most marginalized population groups experiencing extreme levels of health deprivation [1]. The suboptimal health status of indigenous peoples and the health inequalities between indigenous and non-indigenous populations reflect a fundamental failure to ensure t... | 17076556 | PMC1621109 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 24; 3(10):e421 |
Background
Vitrinite is the geologic product resulting from diagenetic alteration of lignocellulosic (woody) plant tissues. It is a major component of most coals and accounts for a significant fraction of sedimentary organic matter (SOM) on a global scale, especially SOM derived from terrestrial biomass. Vitrification,... | 17032456 | PMC1622741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Geochem Trans. 2006 Oct 10; 7:9 |
Background
Bacillus species are frequently used as bacterial workhorses in industrial microbial cultivations for the production of a variety of enzymes as well as fine biochemicals and antibiotics. The capacity of selected Bacillus strains to produce and secrete large quantities (20–25 g/L) of extracellular enzymes has... | 17022804 | PMC1622742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Oct 5; 4:19 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Leonid Hanin (nominated by Arcady Mushegian), Natalia Komarova (nominated by Orly Alter), and David Krakauer.
For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Cancers are extremely complex systems that possess many features of robustness, i.e., they are syste... | 17018145 | PMC1622743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Oct 3; 1:30 |
Background
Unexplained geographic variation in breast cancer incidence suggests the possibility of one or more regional environmental risk factors. Two sets of common pollutants – animal mammary carcinogens and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) – have been identified as biologically plausible candidates [1-3]. Many... | 17026759 | PMC1622744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Oct 6; 5:28 |
Background
New mouse models: keeping it real
Traditional mouse models of cancers initiated by oncogene activation or tumor suppressor inactivation have yielded valuable insight into tumorigenesis, but have suffered from concerns that the mutation in either all cells of the mouse or in all cells of a particular tissue f... | 17049090 | PMC1622745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Oct 18; 1:24 |
Background
The department of neuroradiology at the Newcastle General Hospital runs a very busy practice, even out of hours. Primarily responsible for this are the facts that Newcastle General Hospital is the regional referral centre for Neurosurgery and also has one of the busiest Accident and Emergency (A&E) departmen... | 17042951 | PMC1622746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2006 Oct 16; 6:13 |
Background
Sulfatide (3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide) is a glycosphingolipid which has previously been found in substantial amounts in the nervous system, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, liver and within the insulin producing beta cells in pancreas [1-3]. Several functions have been attributed to sulfatide, such as inter... | 17044925 | PMC1622747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Oct 17; 5:26 |
Background
The people in the countries of the African Region of the World Health Organization (WHO) suffer a heavy burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases. In 2002, 66% of the 10.7 million deaths that occurred in the Region resulted from the ten causes as shown in Figure 1[1]. HIV/AIDS, lower respiratory tr... | 17052326 | PMC1622748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:29 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 19; 6:135 |
Background
Many cases of drug induced depression have been reported, specially amongst patients who are more susceptible for the disease. Drugs such as corticosteroids, Interferon Alpha, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and Calcium channel blockers are all apt to induce some depressive effects [1]. As depressio... | 17026771 | PMC1622749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Oct 7; 6:7 |
Background
Collision tumors within the thyroid gland are extremely rare and reported cases have mixed histologies of follicular or papillary and medullary carcinomas [1]. The co-existence of a follicular variant of a papillary carcinoma and squamous carcinoma in the thyroid gland is unique. Detailed histopathological a... | 16984659 | PMC1622750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 19; 4:65 |
Background
Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides or proteins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Their potential applications in the food and health care sectors [1] have attracted the strong interest of academia and the industry resulting in an impressive amount of published research on bacteriocin production, p... | 17032438 | PMC1622751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Oct 10; 5:30 |
Background
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a highly conserved peptidyl prolyl isomerase (PPIA) that is incorporated into HIV-1 virions and plays a yet undefined role in the early stages of viral replication in some cell types [1-3]. CypA interacts with HIV-1 by virtue of a direct binding between residues in a loop between the ... | 17038183 | PMC1622752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Oct 12; 3:70 |
Background
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive leukemia that originates mostly from CD4+ T-cells [1-3]. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a causative retrovirus of ATL [4,5]. HTLV-1 immortalizes human CD4+ T-cells in vitro and probably does so in vivo, but such immortalization is not sufficient fo... | 17042961 | PMC1622753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Oct 17; 3:71 |
Background
Chlamydophila (C.) pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular pathogen which causes both acute and chronic respiratory infections in humans [1-5]. Over the last decade, several reports in the literature have suggested that infection with C. pneumoniae may also contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [... | 17052347 | PMC1622754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 19; 6:152 |
Background
Dispersal is a key concept in evolutionary biology. Surprisingly, traits describing dispersal strategies are over-simplified in most theoretical studies [1], with the exception of behavioral traits [2]. Optimal foraging theory [3] takes into account the movements of animals searching for resources, but even ... | 17014710 | PMC1622755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Oct 2; 6:75 |
Background
The current stream of genome sequence data has lead to a bottleneck between DNA sequencing and elucidation of protein function [1]. Therefore, considerable effort has been expended to develop computational methods to suggest functions for putative genes [2]. In particular, many researchers have focused on at... | 16970830 | PMC1622756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 14; 7:410 |
Background
Hidden Markov models [HMMs], together with related probabilistic models such as stochastic context-free grammars [SCFGs], are the basis of many algorithms for the analysis of biological sequences [11,8,10,16]. An appealing feature of such models is that once the general structure of the model is specified, t... | 17018148 | PMC1622757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 3; 7:428 |
Background
MannDB was created to meet a need for rapid, comprehensive sequence analysis with an emphasis on protein processing, surface characteristics, and functional classification to support selection of pathogen or virulence-associated proteins suitable as targets for driving the development of protein-based reagen... | 17044936 | PMC1622758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 17; 7:459 |
Background
Microarray technology has been one of the most useful tools in functional genomics research [1]. However, due to the inherent noise and the limitation of experimental systems, it is estimated that a microarray dataset on average has more than 5% missing values, affecting more than 60% of the genes [2]. Since... | 17038176 | PMC1622759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 12; 7:449 |
Background
Classification of protein domains based on their tertiary structure provides a valuable resource that can be used to understand protein function and evolutionary relationships [1]. As a result, several classification databases [1-3] have been developed, of which SCOP [1] and CATH [2] are the most widely used... | 17042958 | PMC1622760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 16; 7:456 |
Background
In recent years there has been an explosion in the number of studies measuring gene expression under various different experimental conditions. The outcome of such studies is usually a list of genes which have been seen to vary between the different conditions and therefore may be of interest to study furthe... | 17018143 | PMC1622761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 3; 7:426 |
Disease name/synonyms
Foetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FAIT/NAIT) [1] or foeto-maternal alloimmunisation thrombocytopenia (FMAIT) [2].
Definition/diagnostic criteria
Foetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopaenia (NAIT) is a disorder caused by foetomaternal platelet incompatibility that usually presents as s... | 17032445 | PMC1624806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Oct 10; 1:39 |
Background
Acutely-ill medical inpatients – such as those hospitalized for congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute infections, or cancer – often have prolonged hospital stays with periods of immobility that place them at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) [1]. Bec... | 17005045 | PMC1624807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Sep 27; 4:17 |
Background
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) includes endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and/or pelvic peritonitis [1]. PID is a relatively common disease; in the U.S. around 8% of all women will have PID during their reproductive period [2], and in the U.K. PID contributes to about 2% of the yearly visit... | 17054801 | PMC1624808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:40 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Oct 21; 6:16 |
Background
The naïve antibody repertoire arises from the combinational joining of various immunoglobulin gene segments during the antigen-independent maturation of B cells [1]. In the germinal centers (GC) of peripheral lymphoid organs, recently activated B cells encounter accessory cells, T cells, and antigen, and in ... | 16942619 | PMC1624809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Aug 30; 1:24 |
Background
Alcohol Use Disorders are a major public health problem in the US. Each year over a million patients are admitted to hospitals across US, requiring medical treatment for preventing and treating alcohol withdrawal [1,2]. In the VA Medical system, more than half of the admissions to the inpatient psychiatric u... | 17052353 | PMC1624810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Oct 19; 1:30 |
Background
Expectancies represent intervening cognitive variables that connect memory and behavior, and reflect knowledge of a relationship between events and objects [1]. Bolles [2] identified expectancies as environmental stimulus-outcome contingencies that directly affect behavior, and regarded expectancies as synon... | 17034634 | PMC1624811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Oct 11; 1:29 |
Background
Pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines are increasingly attractive as therapeutic targets for a variety of inflammatory diseases and for the inflammatory component of neurodegenerative disorders. The 14–18 kD secreted phospholipase A2s (sPLA2s) are of interest in this regard because of their accessibility in... | 16965626 | PMC1624820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Sep 11; 3:25 |
Background
Neuropathic pain can arise from a multitude of pathophysiologic mechanisms or combinations thereof [1-5]. Reduced inhibition, or disinhibition, of spinal neurons constitutes an important class of these mechanisms [6-8]. Indeed, many features of neuropathic pain syndromes can be reproduced by pharmacologicall... | 17040565 | PMC1624821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Oct 13; 2:32 |
Background
The development of health care information systems supporting manual or automatic data processing calls for the use of medical terminologies[1]. Coding into controlled vocabularies as well as free text indexing of e.g. patient records rely on lexical resources as they normally involve term matching. Medical ... | 17034649 | PMC1624822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Oct 12; 6:35 |
Background
Latin American and Caribbean policy makers have recognised that many problems in primary health care are due to lack of knowledge and sensitivity to local health practices, and to the economic and cultural factors associated with these practices [1]. However available herbal products have no clear statement ... | 17040567 | PMC1624823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Oct 13; 2:45 |
Background
Spontaneous pneumothorax in pregnancy is generally regarded as an unusual disorder, with only approximately 50 cases having been reported in the world literature. Here we describe diagnosis and treatment for a patient who experienced multiple pneumothoraces developing in two consecutive pregnancies.
Case re... | 17052345 | PMC1624824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Oct 19; 1:35 |
Background
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-born disease caused by a Nairovirus of the Family Bunyaviridae. Infection is transmitted to humans by Hyalomma ticks or by direct contact with the blood or tissues of infected humans or viraemic livestock [1,2]. Clinical features usually include a rapid progr... | 17034648 | PMC1624825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Oct 12; 3:85 |
Background
The effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) has been investigated through randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews [1-4]. The outcomes reported in trials of interventions for CTS are wide ranging and include relief of symptoms, time to resumption o... | 17054773 | PMC1624826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Oct 20; 7:78 |
Background
Nanosecond, megavolt-per-meter pulsed electric fields nondestructively perturb the intracellular environment, causing calcium bursts [1,2], eosinophil sparklers [3], vacuole permeabilization [4], and the appearance of apoptotic indicators such as release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm [5] and caspase act... | 17052354 | PMC1624827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Oct 19; 7:37 |
Background
Consequences of parental employment status on their children's health have usually been studied together with other indicators of socio-economic status [1-3]. However, there is a need for deeper understanding of the associations between parental unemployment and its consequences for children, which can be ex... | 17038169 | PMC1624828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 12; 6:250 |
Background
This article describes the evaluation of a novel process of commissioning of health research, using computer-mediated communication (CMC). A website was designed and piloted to enable committees to meet 'virtually' to agree priorities and commission projects. An open recruitment process was also used, includ... | 17049079 | PMC1624829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Oct 18; 4:9 |
Background
A fundamental step in understanding how cells function is the comprehension of the minimal gene set required to sustain life. Before the core requirements for cellular life can be understood, it is necessary to identify the components of this set in diverse organisms. To date, prediction and discovery of ess... | 17052348 | PMC1624830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 19; 7:265 |
Background
Lipodystrophic syndrome (LD) is a disorder resulting from selective damage to adipose tissue by antiretroviral drugs used to control HIV infection. LD first emerged at about the same time as viral protease inhibitors (PIs) were first introduced but it is currently thought that both PIs and a second class of ... | 17049073 | PMC1624831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Oct 18; 5:27 |
Background
During the past decades, an increasing body of evidence has emerged on the importance of blood pressure as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease also in elderly people. Current European and US guidelines reinforce that doctors should not focus solely on hypertension, but include blood lipids and lifestyle... | 17052334 | PMC1624832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Oct 19; 6:16 |
1 Background
Measurement of gene expression using DNA microarrays [1,2] have revolutionized biological and medical research. Since gene expression plays an important role in cell differentiation, development, and pathological behavior, computational analysis of DNA microarray data has the potential to assign functions ... | 16952321 | PMC1624833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Sep 4; 1:15 |
Background
To diagnose vascular disease, high quality imaging is extremely important. Many imaging studies utilized an intravascular injection of contrast material that must be delivered to the field-of-view (FOV). For a typical four channel CT scanner, the FOV is the imaging aperture, which has a width of about 10 mm ... | 17044929 | PMC1624834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Oct 17; 5:53 |
Background
The primary objective of current and future air pollution studies is to further understand the mechanisms for epidemiologic data on increased morbidity and mortality due to exposure to a ambient pollutants, e.g. fine particulate air pollution, i.e. particles of aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) [1-5]. In... | 17049094 | PMC1624835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Oct 18; 5:54 |
Background
Home visits are commonly seen as an important part of general practice. However, in the past decades, there has been a world-wide decrease in home visiting rates. Although there are strong variations between countries, as well as between GPs, this decrease was found in most European countries and North Ameri... | 17044914 | PMC1624836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Oct 17; 7:58 |
Background
In the last few decades the quality of health care and its costs have been a subject of great attention and lively discussion both in Sweden and internationally. Among other things, this has meant changes to Swedish legislation, which now requires systematic follow-up of the quality of health care [1-3]. The... | 17052342 | PMC1624837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Oct 19; 7:60 |
2. Background
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable and heterogeneous condition with a widespread prevalence [1]. It often persists into adulthood with deleterious effects on educational, social, and occupational outcomes [2,3]. ADHD is defined by persisting, developmentally inappropriat... | 16925830 | PMC1624838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Aug 23; 2:30 |
Background
The normal motor function of the gut is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in addition to the enteric nervous system, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and smooth muscle cells. Severe gastrointestinal dysmotility, including gastroparesis, can develop as a result of the abnormal... | 17054800 | PMC1624839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct 21; 6:28 |
Background
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was the first emerging infectious disease of the new century with epidemic potential. First recognized on 26 Feb 2003, SARS spread rapidly and resulted in 8098 reported cases and 774 deaths in close to 30 countries [1]. While there was no endemic transmission in the m... | 17049088 | PMC1624840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 18; 6:151 |
Background
Nowadays neuromuscular electrical stimulation allows simple clinical practice of rehabilitation therapy, even if some of its initial promises have failed. Indeed, the complex motor control performed by the Central Nervous System (CNS) is hard to reproduce by any artificial controller, even to recover a singl... | 17029636 | PMC1624841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Oct 9; 3:25 |
Background
Systematic reviews, technology assessments, and clinical practice guidelines all incorporate evidence-based conclusions. The multifaceted nature of evidence, however, leads to varying degrees of confidence in how well the evidence supports conclusions drawn from it. For example, one is more confident in conc... | 17052350 | PMC1624842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Oct 19; 6:52 |
Background
Stillbirth is an important indicator of the quality of obstetric care. The highest rates of stillbirth occur in developing countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa, and averages 20-40/1000 births [1]. Malaria can cause serious complications in pregnancy, such as anaemia, low birthweight, pre-term delivery, a... | 17044915 | PMC1624843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 17; 5:89 |
Background
The vast majority of bladder tumours are primary transitional cell carcinomas. Primary adenocarcinomas of the bladder are rarer but well recognized. Secondary neoplastic growths of the bladder account for approximately 2% of bladder malignancies [1]. Bladder involvement in patients with primary colorectal ad... | 17040576 | PMC1624844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Oct 14; 6:29 |
Background
Deliberate self-poisoning has reached epidemic proportions in parts of the developing world where highly toxic poisons and sparse medical facilities ensure a high fatality rate. Pesticides are the major problem – the WHO estimates that they cause more than 250,000 deaths worldwide each year [1]. Most deaths ... | 17049100 | PMC1624845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:09 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2006 Oct 19; 6:10 |
Background
A recent twin study indicates that approximately a third of all colorectal cancers (CRC) involve an inherited predisposition [1]. Germline mutations in the known CRC genes (APC, mismatch repair (MMR) genes, MUTYH/MYH, SMAD4, ALK3 and STK11/LKB1) do not, however, account for all of the familial risk of the di... | 17029639 | PMC1624846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 9; 6:243 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women especially in developed countries [1]. Its incidence strongly correlates with age and rises steadily to reach a peak in the postmenopausal age. Simultaneously, post menopause is associated with low levels of ovarian steroids leading to unwanted climacte... | 17044944 | PMC1624847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 18; 6:246 |
Background
Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is an ischemic process of the anterior portion of the optic nerve. The typical presentation is sudden and painless visual loss. The affected eye has a relative afferent pupillary defect, unless there is bilateral symmetric optic nerve disease. The typical fundus... | 17034630 | PMC1624848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Oct 11; 6:32 |
Background
Barrett's esophagus (BE), defined by the detection of intestinal metaplasia in the esophagus at histological examination [1], is the most important risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) [2]. In subjects with BE the annual incidence of esophageal AC is approximately 0.4–2.1% [3]. Prevailing theories ... | 17054793 | PMC1624849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Oct 20; 5:48 |
Background
There have been more than 20 clinical reports of the Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome, (SSS), a condition in which patients primarily present with scoliosis/kyphoscoliosis. It is characterised, by failure of normal spinal segmentation, resulting in block vertebrae and fusion of posterior elements. Car... | 17042937 | PMC1624850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Oct 16; 1:15 |
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