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Background
We have previously described the single sequencing reaction (SSR) protocol for assessment of a known polymorphism in the 3'utr region of CYP19 (aromatase) [1,2]. Here we have extended and optimized the use of the method for multiple polymorphisms in the NAT1 gene. The increasing number of detected mutations ... | 15563733 | PMC544357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Nov 25; 4:28 |
Background
In order to assess biodiversity response under climate change, Hannah et al. [1] recently emphasized the need to apply simulation models operating on a regional scale. Moreover, species respond differently to climate change because of different adaptations to their environment [2]. As a consequence, single-s... | 15606921 | PMC544358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Ecol. 2004 Dec 17; 4:17 |
Background
With the potential for improved quality of life and increased life expectancy, renal transplantation is the first choice treatment for most patients with end-stage renal failure [1,2]. However, in the UK there is an ever-increasing disparity between the number of patients on the waiting list and those being ... | 15617572 | PMC544359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:54 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Dec 23; 4:32 |
Background
In Australia the majority of dentists work in private general practice [1]. Relatively few are specialists (10.8%), of which 16.8% are oral and maxillofacial surgeons accounting for 1.9% of all practising dentists. The major trends in oral health in Australia over recent decades indicate improved oral health... | 15613233 | PMC544360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:29 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Dec 21; 4:37 |
Introduction
In 2002, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued a report suggesting that minorities are more likely than non-minorities to receive a lower quality of healthcare [1]. Because of the issues such as those raised in the IOM report, health disparities are a growing concern. This concern is reflected in many way... | 15585057 | PMC544361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:30 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2004 Dec 7; 3:12 |
Background
Nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco smoke, signals through its family of receptors, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Acetylcholine is the endogenous ligand for these receptors, and has been found in many tissues outside of the nervous system. Non-neuronal nAChR have also been identifie... | 15588326 | PMC544394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Dec 10; 5(1):27 |
Introduction
The souring of milk by microorganisms has been used for thousand of years as a natural preservation procedure [1]. The method was domesticated to manufacture man-made edible fermented products such as cheese, which appeared in the human diet some 8,000–10,000 years ago. However, up to the beginning of the ... | 15588323 | PMC544395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:46 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2004 Dec 10; 3:15 |
Introduction
Malaria control remains ineffective in many endemic areas in spite of efficacious interventions, such as combined antimalarial therapies and insecticide-treated materials. Biological, environmental, political, socio-cultural, economic and behavioural factors influence the transmission of malaria, thus requ... | 15579214 | PMC544396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Dec 6; 3:47 |
Background
Glioblastoma patients usually receive steroids for alleviation of vasogenic edema and pain prior to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs. Steroids, however, may modulate the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Dexamethasone (DXM), a synthetic glucocorticoid, is commonly used to reduce infl... | 15588281 | PMC544397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Dec 8; 3:36 |
Introduction
Vaccination has improved healthcare by providing the most cost effective means to prevent disease on a global basis [1,2]. Since the first safe vaccine against smallpox infection was introduced by Sir Edward Jenner more than 200 years ago [3], a myriad of killed or live viral and bacterial vaccines as well... | 15588284 | PMC544398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Med Immunol. 2004 Dec 8; 3:2 |
Background
Previous studies have shown that medical interventions based on scientific evidence range from 10 to 80% [1-4]. These studies were performed in a broad spectrum of patients and settings in developed countries.
In paediatric practice, the proportion of evidence based interventions reported ranges from 75 to ... | 15625006 | PMC544399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Dec 29; 4:40 |
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) launched a policy framework called Health for All by the Year 2000 (HFA2000), in 1978, and has since then been advocating this framework for health policy making to all its member states [1,2]. This paper explores the transfer of HFA policy into national contexts by usin... | 15585064 | PMC544400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2004 Dec 7; 2:8 |
Background
Macro- and microscopic imaging are pivotal readouts in the field of biology both for determining the normal (baseline) course of events and for observing the effects of experimental perturbations and natural aberrations [1]. Recent advances in microscopic imaging make it possible to routinely gain visual acc... | 15619330 | PMC544401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Dec 24; 4:33 |
There has been a recent and dramatic rise in global funding for HIV/AIDS, from US$2.1 billion in 2001 to US$6.1 billion in 2004 [1], thanks to several new funding mechanisms (Box 1). These funds, coupled with reduced drug costs, make it feasible to roll out antiretroviral therapy (ART) even in resource-poor settings. N... | 15740413 | PMC544403 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:27 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 11; 2(2):e39 |
Driven by the massive datasets that are generated by “omics” research, the molecular life sciences are entering a new phase. This phase is characterised by a shift in focus from individual genes and their products to networks and whole systems [1,2,3]. For a thorough analysis of the behaviour of networks and their unde... | 15660151 | PMC544540 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 18; 3(1):e1 |
The Exploratorium, based in San Francisco, is a “hands on” science museum filled with interactive science and art exhibits, as well as a laboratory for the research and development of innovations in science education. In the summer of 2004, the Exploratorium launched the most ambitious microscope facility ever created ... | 15660153 | PMC544541 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 18; 3(1):e12 |
Introduction
One goal of sensory systems neuroscience is to understand how the representations of complex, natural stimuli arise from the basic response properties of neurons. The present experiments explore the representation of textures in the rat somatosensory system. Rats have texture discrimination capacities riva... | 15660157 | PMC544542 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 11; 3(1):e17 |
Amidst the hoopla over the exact number of genes we have in our genome—more than a fruitfly, fewer than a rice plant—a more fundamental genetic truth has often been obscured. The expression of 20,000–30,000 genes is under the control of an uncounted host of non-coding sequences, which bind transcription factors and the... | 0 | PMC544543 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 2; 3(1):e19 |
Evolutionary developmental biology is motivated by the premise that the differences we see between species are caused by changes that have occurred in the genes that regulate their developmental programs. Beginning in the 1980s, general principles began to emerge about the evolution of development in animals. The ident... | 15660158 | PMC544544 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 18; 3(1):e21 |
Do you want your child to grow up to be a scientist? If so, then by all means follow the roadmaps set down by the 27 scientists who contributed their personal histories to John Brockman's Curious Minds: How a Child Becomes a Scientist.
You could do worse than start with a family history rich in science, like Nicholas ... | 0 | PMC544546 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 18; 3(1):e23 |
Armed with billions of cells, elaborate circuitry, and a seemingly animate anatomy, capable of growing as it learns, the brain is a marvelously enigmatic organ. Much to the chagrin of those that study it, the brain remains perhaps too mysterious.
Although genetic information exploded out of the Human Genome Project, i... | 15660159 | PMC544547 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 18; 3(1):e24 |
“I didn't want to be just another MBA,” says Pascal Herzer, one of the first recipients of a new graduate credential known as the professional science master's, or PSM. “Not many people have the ability to understand science and business, and [the PSM] program was designed for that very purpose.”
PSMs are two-year Ame... | 15660160 | PMC544548 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 18; 3(1):e32 |
Whiskers don't fossilize, so it's hard to say when they first evolved. But it's quite likely they emerged along with mammals, over 200 million years ago. To elude the eye (and feet) of ungainly dinosaurs, it's thought these shrew-like prototypes foraged at night and sought refuge underground, where the sensory advantag... | 0 | PMC544549 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 11; 3(1):e36 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 10:
Regulation of Muscle Fiber Type and Running Endurance by PPARδ.
Wang YX, Zhang CL, Yu RT, Cho HK, Nelson MC, et al.
10.1371/journal.pbio.0020294
The following competing interest should have been indicated in the above research article. R. M. Evans wishes to acknowledge a con... | 0 | PMC544550 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Jan 18; 3(1):e61 |
Introduction
The coordination of growth, proliferation, and differentiation during development requires transmission of information in the form of extracellular signals. Hedgehog signaling is of fundamental importance in the development of a wide variety of tissues and organ systems. Much of the initial functional anal... | 15660164 | PMC544551 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Mar 11; 3(3):e66 |
There is little in biology that compares in beauty and limpidity to the development of a zebrafish embryo as viewed through a light microscope. The transparent eggshell and embryo tissues expose the minutest details of cell migrations and organ assembly to the curious viewer. Within a day, distinct vertebrate features ... | 0 | PMC544552 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Mar 11; 3(3):e75 |
Introduction
In June 2003, an international group of scientists proposed the creation of a Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise [1]. The authors invited discussion of this proposal, and challenged scientists to identify new strategies and mechanisms to accelerate the global effort to develop a safe and effective HIV vaccine. ... | 15740411 | PMC544553 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:39:29 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 18; 2(2):e25 |
In 1997, United States President Bill Clinton announced the challenge to develop an AIDS vaccine by 2007. Since 1997, the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition (AVAC) has published annual reports on the global status of the effort to meet Clinton's deadline. Last year's report, entitled “AIDS Vaccine Trials—Getting the Globa... | 15696213 | PMC544554 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:25 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 18; 2(1):e35 |
The scientific strategic plan of the Global HIV/AIDS Vaccine Enterprise, published in this month's PLoS Medicine, is a clear and cogent document describing how major funders and stakeholders in HIV vaccine development should move forward in a collaborative fashion [1]. There is no doubt that this roadmap will be regard... | 15740412 | PMC544555 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Feb 18; 2(2):e36 |
Background
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured ligament in the knee. The risk of future joint problems, in the form of functional limitations, secondary lesions, and arthrosis, is increased following such an injury. Secondary effects commonly seen after an ACL injury include defective neur... | 15548328 | PMC544556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:42 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Nov 17; 5:44 |
Background
Eukaryotic cells, from yeast to human, contain large nonlysosomal proteases called proteasomes [1]. The 26S proteasome is part of the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system, which regulates proteins through a mechanism of selective degradation [2-4]. The 26S proteasome is composed of a 20S proteasome as a ca... | 15603592 | PMC544557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | BMC Biochem. 2004 Dec 17; 5:18 |
Background
Several methods have been developed for the detailed global comparison of multiple whole genomes and the production of global phylogenies. Most of these methods require the prior identification and selection of a reasonably small subset of putative orthologs within which individual homologous sites are ident... | 15606920 | PMC544558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 17; 5:204 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in Western countries, with about 1 million new cases every year diagnosed world-wide and 500,000 patients dying from the disease [1]. Of the patients, 30% have advanced disease at presentation, either locally or at distant sites; i... | 15601469 | PMC544559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Dec 15; 4:92 |
Background
The morphological complexity of metazoans is achieved through the regulation of multiple genes in an orchestrated spatial and temporal manner. One of these genes, split ends (spen), was initially identified in a screen for mutations affecting axonal outgrowth in the nervous system in Drosophila [1]. Addition... | 15596016 | PMC544560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:29 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2004 Dec 13; 4:15 |
Background
Late-life depression is a common and disabling condition which represents a substantial public health concern [1]. The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the community-dwelling elderly population is estimated at 1–3%, with depressive symptoms being present in approximately 15% [2]. The rate of ... | 15585058 | PMC544561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:12 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2004 Dec 7; 4:11 |
Background
The Stroop test [1] is arguably the best-known neuropsychological test to tap attentional (dys)function. In the color words version of this test the instruction is to attend to the color of the ink in which a word is printed and name this color aloud. At the same time, the printed words may also read certain... | 15579206 | PMC544562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:45 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Dec 3; 5:49 |
Background
Asthma morbidity and mortality have been increasing in recent years, with a disproportionate impact on urban minority children [1-4]. Hospitalization and morbidity rates have been shown to be elevated for nonwhites versus whites [3] and in inner-city settings with low-income populations [4]. Multiple recent ... | 15585065 | PMC544563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Environ Health. 2004 Dec 7; 3:13 |
Background
In recent years, data have accumulated that platelet transfusion refractoriness and transfusion reactions in patients with hematologic malignancies can be reduced by use of leukoreduced [1-3] and/or ABO identical [4,5] platelet transfusions. Preliminary data also suggest that use of ABO identical [6] and leu... | 15588315 | PMC544564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2004 Dec 10; 4:6 |
Introduction
Patients with CF experience frequent exacerbations of their symptoms; contributing factors include infections which may be bacterial or viral in nature [1-3]. Exacerbations which are associated with the identification of an infecting organism are associated with a more rapid decline in lung function, admis... | 15601468 | PMC544565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Dec 15; 3:26 |
Background
The explosive growth in the number of sequenced proteins has created a glut of proteins that are sequenced but whose structure and function are as yet unknown. A common way to tackle this problem is to use database searches to find proteins similar to a newly discovered protein, thus inferring protein functi... | 15596019 | PMC544566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:45 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 14; 5:196 |
Background
Corticotropin – releasing hormone (CRH) plays a major role in regulating the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal (HPA) axis, acute responses to stressors, and other neurological functions [1]. The cerebrospinal concentrations of CRH (CRHCSF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), another important neuropeptide involved in... | 15606911 | PMC544567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Dec 17; 5:58 |
Background
Geographic surveillance of chronic disease is central to understanding spatial or spatial-temporal patterns that may help to identify discrepancies in disease burden among different regions or communities. As part of ongoing efforts in New York State to understand spatial patterns of cancer and to help imple... | 15588279 | PMC544568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:02 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Dec 8; 3:29 |
Background
Photosynthesis is controlled by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Of these, plant hormones have received considerable attention in the past in photosynthetic responses of plants. Ethylene is a phytohormone that influences every aspect of plant growth and development [1]. It is synthesized by the activ... | 15625009 | PMC544569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2004 Dec 30; 4:21 |
Background
Microtubules undergo striking reorganization during anaphase and telophase. During anaphase, antiparallel, interdigitating microtubules and many associated proteins become organized into discrete bundles in the spindle midzone [1], the region between separated chromosomes. As the cell enters cytokinesis, the... | 15617574 | PMC544570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Dec 23; 5:49 |
Background
Lung cancer remains to be the leading cause of cancer death in many European and North American countries [1,2]. It accounts for 13% of all cancer diagnoses but is responsible for nearly 30% cancer deaths in the United States [2]. Substantial effort has been made to identify prognostic factors that can be us... | 15579197 | PMC544571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Dec 3; 3:35 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among average risk adults 50 years and older can decrease the incidence and mortality rates for CRC [1-7]. National policy-making expert organizations recognize and support this evidence by recommending a variety of CRC screening testing strategies [8-13]. However, the 2001 ... | 15601463 | PMC544572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 15; 4:62 |
Background
Prematurely born infants who require mechanical ventilation (MV) frequently develop chronic lung disease known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Oxidant injury, mechanical disruption of the lung, inflammation and subsequent failure of lung development are considered the major mechanisms in the pathogenesi... | 15610555 | PMC544573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Dec 20; 4:26 |
Background
The treatment of younger people with disease of the hip joint presents a difficult clinical problem. Conventional total hip replacement (THR) may be felt to carry too high a risk of failure over a patient's lifetime. Overall, long-term results of THR in younger patients with a variety of underlying condition... | 15620345 | PMC544574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Dec 27; 4:39 |
Background
Various mouse models of tumourigenesis have been established using conditional systems to either induce or knockout particular genes (oncogenes and tumour suppressors, respectively) in a tissue-specific and time-dependent manner. The ability to switch expression of a given oncogene 'on' or 'off' in vivo has ... | 15613240 | PMC544575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biol. 2004 Dec 21; 2:26 |
Background
Molecular interaction networks are ubiquitous in biological systems. Examples include transcription control [1], signal transduction, and metabolic pathways [2]. These networks have become a focus of recent research, because of their important roles in metabolism, gene expression, and information processing.... | 15566577 | PMC544576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Nov 27; 4:51 |
Background
Enterobacteriaceae with β-lactam resistance due to the production of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL) were discovered in the eighties and since that time became epidemic and endemic in hospitals worldwide [1]. Since two decades, 20 to 40 ESBL-producing strains are isolated monthly in our hospital. Among... | 15619329 | PMC544577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Dec 24; 4:49 |
1. Introduction
Scientists world-wide are continuing to discover unique properties of everyday materials at the sub micrometer scale [1,2]. This size domain is better known as nano- (a billionth) meter domain. These novel properties of common materials observable only at the nano-scale dimensions have already found the... | 15588280 | PMC544578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2004 Dec 8; 2:12 |
Background
In the treatment of gastro-intestinal cancer the detection of free, isolated tumour cells in the peritoneal cavity serve as a prognostic marker for postoperative survival [1-4]. Since surgery frequently proofs insufficient for tumour control, numerous additional treatments have been evaluated. A pivotal step... | 15625005 | PMC544579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Dec 29; 4:33 |
Background
The complex process of tumor development often involves changes in the transcription regulatory networks. In human cancer, genetic changes involving the transcription factor p53 gene is particularly common and the gene is found mutated in cancers originating from numerous cell types. This factor is, however,... | 15544702 | PMC544580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 15; 4:80 |
Background
Effective therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which constitutes approximately 95% of head and neck malignancies, is dependent upon early diagnosis and intervention. Despite the obvious advantage to earlier diagnosis of head and neck malignancies, no strategy has proven to effectively d... | 15598348 | PMC544581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Dec 14; 2:45 |
Background
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder, associated to hyperandrogenism, menstrual disturbances and in many cases to insulin resistance [1,2]. It has been observed that in some of PCOS women, the endometrium is thicker than that of normal cycling women [3] and a higher prev... | 15588330 | PMC544582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:42 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Dec 10; 2:81 |
Background
Since 1962[1], diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle and/or low back pain have inflicted debate and have led to considerable differences of opinions. Many articles appeared mainly in International journals and some etiological mechanisms were hypothesized. However, the subject... | 15619331 | PMC544583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 24; 4:67 |
Introduction
DNA vaccination was introduced in 1990 by a study that demonstrated the induction of protein expression upon direct intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA in myocytes [1]. DNA vaccines are new types of sub-unit vaccines allowing protein expression in mammalian cells after introduction of plasmid or recombi... | 15579202 | PMC544584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Dec 3; 2:17 |
Background
It has long been established that tumors and viruses have multiple mechanisms for evading the immune system including the inhibition of T cell function through the release of inhibitory cytokines and factors [1,2], down-regulation of MHC molecules [2,3] and the spontaneous generation of antigen-loss variants... | 15588290 | PMC544585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Dec 8; 2:42 |
Background
Abortion is defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as a pregnancy that ends before 28th week of gestation. Abortions are divided into two groups as 1) induced abortion and 2) spontaneous abortion. The spontaneous abortion rate increases when the maternal and natal care is insufficient. Induced abortions ... | 15615588 | PMC544586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 22; 4:65 |
Introduction
In the last decades, several computer-driven algorithms have been devised to take advantage of the linear representation of protein sequence information to search for epitopic motifs [1-5]. These algorithms search the amino acid sequence of a given protein for characteristics believed to be common to antig... | 15588331 | PMC544587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Dec 11; 2:43 |
Background
Genetic risk factors are well established for major affective disorders and a recent twin study has suggested that unipolar depression has a stronger genetic influence than was previously thought. McGuffin and colleagues [1] have estimated that the heritability (i.e. the proportion of liability explained by ... | 15588307 | PMC544588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:00 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Dec 9; 4:42 |
Background
Although An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes are nocturnal in their feeding and oviposition activities, the probable time of oviposition is determined by many factors including ambient temperature and light conditions, and the time the mosquito obtains its blood meal [1,2]. In addition, we hypothesised that the avai... | 15596009 | PMC544589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2004 Dec 13; 2:6 |
Findings
Initially discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans as regulators of temporal control of post-embryonic development [1,2], miRNAs are small RNAs involved in the specific regulation at the post-transcriptional level of cellular genes in various organisms such as flies, plants and mammals [3,4]. To date, more than tw... | 15601472 | PMC544590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Dec 15; 1:43 |
Background
Celiac artery stenosis (CAS) may be caused by atherosclerotic degeneration, as observed in different vascular districts, or by extrinsic compression (ECCA) usually exerted by an abnormally developed arched ligament of the diaphragm [1-7]. ECCA may cause abdominal or epigastric pain triggered by meals (angina... | 15588321 | PMC544591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Dec 10; 2:28 |
Background
The insect virus, Hz-2V originally named gonad-specific virus (GSV) [1] was first identified in moths from a colony of corn earworms, Helicoverpa zea originating at the USDA-ARS in Stoneville, MS [1,2]. Insects infected with this virus were found to have malformed and missing reproductive tissues and were st... | 15613241 | PMC544592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | Virol J. 2004 Dec 21; 1:15 |
Background
Since introduction of the DDD pacemaker in the early 1980s, researchers have repeatedly attempted to optimize the atrioventricular (AV) interval, for the purpose of maximizing patient hemodynamic performance. Cannon waves may be induced by programming excessively short AV intervals, and diastolic mitral regu... | 15606916 | PMC544593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Dec 17; 2:30 |
Background
Vitamin A is essential for reproduction, and deficiencies and excesses may result in embryonic loss and/or congenital defects [1]. Retinol (vitamin A alcohol) is the parent vitamin A compound and metabolites, analogs, and derivatives are known collectively as retinoids. Results from several studies, in a var... | 15613237 | PMC544594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Dec 21; 2:83 |
Background
Doctors migrate from developing countries to wealthier countries in order to further their careers, or improve their economic or social situation. The World Health Organization (WHO) has long recognized that migration of health personnel from developing to developed countries creates unfortunate imbalances i... | 15598344 | PMC544595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:43 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2004 Dec 14; 2:17 |
Introduction
Isolation, separation and purification of various types of proteins and peptides, as well as of other specific molecules, is used in almost all branches of biosciences and biotechnologies. Separation science and technology is thus very important area necessary for further developments in bio-oriented resea... | 15566570 | PMC544596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:41 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2004 Nov 26; 2:7 |
Background
Efficient and long-lasting gene delivery is the major challenge in the development of vectors for gene therapy. Replication-competent retroviruses (RCRs) encoding suicide genes linked via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) offer a significant advantage over replication-deficient vectors in cancer gene th... | 15610559 | PMC544597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Virol J. 2004 Dec 20; 1:14 |
Background
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and motor hyperactivity afflicting 6–8% of school-aged children in North America [1,2]. Although ADHD is a disorder with complex and heterogeneous etiology, genetic factor... | 15613245 | PMC544598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Dec 21; 5:30 |
Background
Varying more than ten-fold, messenger RNA degradation is essential for the regulation of gene expression [1,2]. Differential mRNA decay rates were determined by specific cis-acting sequences within mRNA. For example, the mRNA sequences of yeast, many mammalians, and other eukaryotes contain AU-rich elements ... | 15610565 | PMC544599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Dec 21; 5:97 |
Background
Comparative genome sequence analysis, often termed phylogenetic footprinting, has proven successful for the identification of cis-regulatory regions[1,2]. Recent computational and experimental studies have identified a small number of large, highly conserved enhancers, or 'global control regions', associated... | 15613238 | PMC544600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Dec 21; 5:99 |
Background
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a term used to define a group of disorders [1] characterized by a non-progressive abnormality of posture and movement, resulting from defects in the developing nervous system [2]. Approximately 1 in 250 to 1000 live births presents with CP, making it one the commonest congenital disabi... | 15571623 | PMC544830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Nov 30; 4:20 |
Background
Heat transfer in biological systems is relevant in many diagnostic and therapeutic applications that involve changes in temperature. For example, in hyperthermia the tissue temperature is elevated to 42–43°C using microwave [1,2], ultrasound [3], or laser light [4]. There has also been long standing interest... | 15548324 | PMC544831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Nov 17; 3:42 |
Background
Traditional immunoassay platforms have very limited multiplexing capability and high sample volume requirement. The development and application of high throughput, multiplex immunoassays that measure hundreds of known proteins in complex biological matrices, is becoming a significant tool for quantitative pr... | 15598355 | PMC544832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:15 | no | Proteome Sci. 2004 Dec 15; 2:9 |
Background
Breast carcinoma is the most common female cancer and is showing an alarming year-on-year increase. Most patients do not die as a result of the primary tumor but from metastatic invasion. The mean 5-year relapse-free survival rate is about 60% overall, but differs significantly between patients with forms th... | 15606925 | PMC544833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Dec 20; 3:37 |
Background
HIV-1 infection is characterized by a long period of clinical latency followed by the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS. During latency and when viral replication is being controlled in patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 is present in cellular reservoirs and continues t... | 15613239 | PMC544834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Dec 21; 1:45 |
Case presentation
MRH, a 53-year-old Caucasian male (physician) developed an acute inferior myocardial infarction (MI) associated with bradycardia and occasional PVCs. Emergency medication included aspirin, nitroglycerin and a bolus of TPA.
The cardiology team preformed PCTA at the site of near complete blockage of th... | 15631632 | PMC544835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Jan 4; 4:1 |
Background
Entamoeba histolytica, is the etiological agent of amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess (ALA). Worldwide, 40–50 million symptomatic cases of amoebiasis occur annually and 70,000 to 100,000 deaths due to this infection [1]. There are two distinct, but morphologically identical species of Entamoeba: Ent... | 15610563 | PMC544836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:17 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004 Dec 21; 3:27 |
Background
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common carcinoma in humans and accounts for 20% of carcinomas in men and 10–15% of carcinomas in women. Approximately 75–86% of primary BCCs are found on the head or neck. The most common location on the head is the nose, specifically the nasal tip and alae. It constitu... | 15631629 | PMC544837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Jan 4; 2:1 |
Introduction
Microorganisms like the enterobacterium Escherichia coli are outstanding factories for recombinant expression of proteins. An expression system for the production of recombinant proteins in E. coli usually involves a combination of a plasmid and a strain of E. coli [1]. The main purpose of recombinant prot... | 15629064 | PMC544838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Jan 4; 4:1 |
Background
Qualitative and quantitative production of proteins in heterologous systems is essential for the characterization of any molecule, from determination of antigenicity, functional and structural analysis to vaccine development. Malaria antigens are among the most difficult proteins to express with in vitro met... | 15601471 | PMC544839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Dec 15; 3:50 |
Background
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by Brugia malayi and Brugia timori is endemic in several Asian countries and infects approximately 13 million people. In May 2000, The Global Program for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF ) was officially formed with the goal of eliminating the disease as a public he... | 15627400 | PMC544840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Filaria J. 2004 Dec 31; 3:10 |
Background
Urokinase-like plasminogen activator (uPA), initially recognised by its ability to convert plasminogen to plasmin and to participate in the fibrinolytic cascade, is now considered to have a wider role, which encompasses metastatic invasion by tumour cells and liver regeneration. In regeneration of the liver ... | 15617575 | PMC544841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2004 Dec 23; 3:11 |
To the Editor
Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been included in the immunization programmes of the developing countries including India. Immunization with BCG is done on the first day of life. The most common response to BCG vaccine is sub clinical. However, some infants may develop regional lymphadenitis or ... | 15613235 | PMC544842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | Cytojournal. 2004 Dec 21; 1:6 |
Background
The Toll gene, the expression of one of it's relatives we are reporting here concerning human malignant tumors, originally was characterized for its role in specifying dorsoventral polarity of the Drosophila embryo[1]. Since homologues of Toll are also present in plants, mammalian toll-like genes are product... | 15631627 | PMC544843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 4; 6(1):1 |
Background
The conceptual framework by which a neurological syndrome such as apraxia is presently explained is based on a computational understanding of brain function. Briefly, this framework assumes the existence of well-defined, determinate perceptual representations and motor programs that interact in a fashion sim... | 15631635 | PMC544844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jan 4; 4:1 |
Background
Nitric oxide (NO•) is a ubiquitous nitrogen radical species that has been found to exert protean influences on physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in a wide variety of organ systems. Vastly increasing the functional consequences of NO• production is its interrelationship between the nitroxyl anion (NO... | 15617570 | PMC544845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:16 | no | J Carcinog. 2004 Dec 23; 3:16 |
Background
Core biopsy is rapidly replacing fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as a procedure of choice for the triple assessment of the breast problems. Where there is access to an experienced cytopathologist, the FNAC can provide a rapid and cost effective means of triage of patients who would benefit from more e... | 15631625 | PMC544846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jan 4; 3:1 |
Background
Because of their high affinity and specificity against their antigen, antibody molecules and their fragments have many applications in research, diagnosis and therapy [1]. E. coli is a widely used organism for the production of proteins, including antibody fragments such as Fab or single chain variable domai... | 15606918 | PMC544847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:46 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2004 Dec 17; 3:16 |
Background
Malnutrition is commonly observed in patients with chronic gastrointestinal disease and nutritional support is therefore an integral part of the management of these patients. Accurate and precise methods that are sensitive enough to track small changes in body composition are important for assessing the effe... | 15631633 | PMC544848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Dyn Med. 2005 Jan 4; 4:1 |
Introduction
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mediates cellular responses to growth signals and activation of this pathway has been shown to be critical in tumor formation, particularly in melanoma [1-3]. Recently, activating BRAF mutations were found with high frequency in malignant melanomas, inclu... | 15613230 | PMC544849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Dec 21; 2:46 |
Introduction
Perhaps one of the most unique and fundamental aspects of the immune system is the clonal nature of the response to the introduction of antigen. The "Clonal Selection Theory" as originally formulated by Burnet stated that the immune system is made up of cells, each of which are only capable of reacting wit... | 15606917 | PMC544850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | Med Immunol. 2004 Dec 17; 3:3 |
Background
The number of generalized hidden Markov model (GHMM) gene finders reported in the literature has increased fairly dramatically of late [1-8], and the community is now contemplating various ways to extend this attractive framework in order to incorporate homology information, with a handful of such systems ha... | 15613242 | PMC544851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 21; 5:206 |
Background
With this article we are introducing our experience of how qualitative research can be utilized in the process of adapting of a quality of life (Qol) assessment instrument. We will argue the unique benefits of the qualitative method for assuring the validity of an adapted measure.
Qol cannot be treated as s... | 15579209 | PMC544852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Dec 4; 2:69 |
Background
The production of purified proteins is important for several experimental approaches aimed to assign gene function including antibody generation for immunocytochemistry and immunoprecipitation studies [1-3], in vitro mapping of protein – protein, protein – DNA or protein – RNA interactions [4,5] and structur... | 15598350 | PMC544853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Dec 14; 4:32 |
Introduction
Fatty acids are physiologically important both structurally, as components of phospholipids and glycolipids, as well as functionally, as fuel molecules. Metabolites of fatty acids, such as leukotrienes or prostaglandins, act as potent mediators in many biological processes. Fatty acids provide energy [1,2]... | 15634355 | PMC544854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:46 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Jan 5; 2:1 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions play a critical role in protein function. Completion of many genomes is being followed rapidly by major efforts to identify experimentally interacting protein pairs in order to decipher the networks of interacting, coordinated-in-action proteins. Identification of protein-protein... | 15606919 | PMC544855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 17; 5:205 |
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