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Introduction
Secretory proteins and most integral membrane proteins enter the secretory pathway at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [1], where they fold and, if appropriate, become covalently modified and assembled into higher order complexes. ER-resident chaperones and other modifying enzymes assist as proteins achieve ... | 17132049 | PMC1661684 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 28; 4(12):e423 |
Among the biggest surprises in the early days of neurobiology was the discovery that some sensory neurons responded most when a stimulus was presented just so. When a bar in the visual field, for instance, was oriented not too much this way, not too much that way, but with exactly the right inclination, the neuron’s fi... | 20076513 | PMC1661686 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:01 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 28; 4(12):e429 |
When a nerve is injured, axons beyond the site of injury die through a process called Wallerian degeneration. This degeneration is delayed in mice that have a mutation called Wallerian degeneration slow (Wlds); these mice have three copies of a particular stretch of their DNA. Because this piece of DNA includes the gen... | 20076514 | PMC1661687 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 28; 4(12):e438 |
The shady pursuit of endangered bird eggs made international headlines in May 2006 when Colin Watson, widely considered Britain’s most notorious illegal egg collector, died after falling from a 12-meter tree, allegedly while hunting a rare egg. (Watson’s son Kevin has publicly claimed that his father hadn’t collected a... | 20076515 | PMC1661688 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 28; 4(12):e439 |
The first stop for proteins bound for secretion from the cell or tethered to its membrane is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). After secretory gene transcripts are translated into amino acid chains by ribosomes on the ER, they enter the ER’s labyrinthine network of membranes as extended polypeptide chains. Once the polyp... | 20076517 | PMC1661689 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 28; 4(12):e442 |
We’ve all had the experience of walking into a place we know well and immediately and apparently effortlessly noticing that something has changed—for example, the photo of your mother-in-law, once discretely displayed on a corner table, now occupies a prominent position on the mantle. Although neuroscientists have spen... | 20076518 | PMC1661690 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:45:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 28; 4(12):e443 |
The instructions for assembling an adult human being include adding ten parts microbial cells to one part human cells. The parts list on the microbial side have likely changed as our diets, lifestyles, and biosphere have undergone significant changes. Reports are appearing that show that our microbial partners’ genomes... | 20076522 | PMC1661691 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 28; 4(12):e447 |
Background
Asbestos is a potent carcinogen and the most important single cause of mesothelioma, a mostly fatal cancer of the pleura [1-3]. Only about 20% of mesothelioma cases occur in non-exposed individuals [4,5]. Previous studies have shown that mesothelioma mortality rates correlate with past asbestos consumption r... | 17090323 | PMC1664552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Nov 7; 1:44 |
Disease name and synonyms
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCA)
Early onset cerebellar ataxias (EOCA)
Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxias
Definition and classification
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCA) belong to the wider group disorders known as inherited ataxias [1-3]. ARCA are neurolog... | 17112370 | PMC1664553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Nov 17; 1:47 |
Background
DNA replication requires the assembly of replicative complexes (RCs) at chromosomal replication origins. The first step in this process involves assembly of pre-RCs in early G1 [1-6]. Formation of these complexes is restricted to a period of the cell cycle following conclusion of mitosis when cyclin-dependen... | 17112379 | PMC1664554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Nov 17; 1:27 |
Background
The use of transgenic animals has helped to produce major advances in the field of functional genetics. Typically, these experiments use only model organisms with known regulatory DNA sequences, i.e. enhancers, that drive gene expression at particular times in development and in particular cells. But, while ... | 17116248 | PMC1664555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Nov 20; 6:55 |
Background
Insect stings and bites are known to cause a variety of allergic reactions and direct toxic effects. Stinging insects are classified as hymenoptera which includes apids (honey bees, Africanized bees) and vespids (wasps, yellow jackets & hornets). Hornet stings are generally followed by minor allergic reactio... | 17118188 | PMC1664556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Nov 21; 7:18 |
Background
While correctional systems have been conscious of the relationship between alcohol use disorders and crime [1] they have traditionally focused on providing treatment intervention for prisoners whose crimes are drug related. While both the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) have developed National... | 17092339 | PMC1664557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Nov 8; 1:33 |
Background
Given its high incidence and prevalence, the complications of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection will impact the morbidity and mortality of at-risk populations in the developed world for the foreseeable future [1]. Those with substance abuse concerns, and particularly injection drug users (IDUs), are ... | 17096852 | PMC1664558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Nov 10; 3:31 |
Background
Advances in pharmacological therapy and mechanical revascularization have markedly contributed to improved outcomes following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, practice variations persist with respect to the use of these treatment strategies. One factor known to contribute to this variation is the ... | 17096849 | PMC1664559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:47 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Nov 10; 6:148 |
Background
There are many paths that lead to inpatient psychiatric treatment: referral by a specialist, patients attending an emergency department, referral by social psychiatric services, patients brought in by the fire brigade and police, as well as transfers from somatic departments. For many patients with psychiatr... | 17121672 | PMC1664560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:47 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Nov 22; 6:150 |
Background
The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) have increased markedly in Japan. Age-adjusted death rates of CRC have doubled during the past few decades, from 8.6 and 7.5 per 100,000 males and females respectively, in 1950 to 22.8 to 13.5 per 100,000 in 2003 [1]. 5-year survival rates for CRC ... | 17083746 | PMC1664561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 6; 6:272 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slowly progressive condition characterised by airflow obstruction that is 'not fully reversible' [1]. The main aetiological factor is cigarette smoking and it is generally accepted that the pathogenic mechanism is the development of an abnormal inflammatory r... | 17112387 | PMC1664562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Nov 18; 7(1):136 |
Background
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic, recurrent illness, affecting 0.3% to 1.5% of the population. BD is associated with important social and economic costs, including loss of productivity, lower quality of life, incremented healthcare costs and suicide [1,2]. Lithium remains as the mainstay in bipolar disorde... | 17121674 | PMC1664563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Nov 22; 2:32 |
Background
In Canada Internal Medicine training is four years in length. The first three years of training are considered "core" after which the resident enters either a subspecialty or a general internal medicine (GIM) training program. Canadian GIM (post core) training programs are a variety of lengths (one to two ye... | 17112385 | PMC1664564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:47 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Nov 17; 6:56 |
Background
Nosocomial infections are the most frequent complications observed in surgical oncological patients; despite considerable progress in the areas of prevention, diagnosis and therapy, postoperative infections continue to be associated with significant morbidity, sometimes with mortality and with extra expense ... | 17118175 | PMC1664565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 21; 4:80 |
Background
In the Western world, distal oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma is increasing in incidence faster than any other type of gastrointestinal cancer [1]. During recent years there has been an increase in the understanding of these tumour types and this has implications for the histopathologist and... | 17118194 | PMC1664566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 21; 4:82 |
Background
Local recurrence of rectal cancer is a formidable problem after surgery for primary advanced rectal cancer. It has been reported to be 5% to 30% after curative resection [1,2]. The prognosis for these patients is usually dismal in terms of survival and quality of life. Twenty to 50 % of these patients had lo... | 17118210 | PMC1664567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 22; 4:83 |
Background
Cholesterol is the precursor to all steroid hormones, such as estrogens, androgens, and corticosteroids [1]. In fish, as in other vertebrate species, cholesterol is obtained by dietary intake, release from intracellular stores or by de novo synthesis [2]. Cholesterol absorbed at the intestines is esterified ... | 17118198 | PMC1664568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov 21; 4:60 |
The impressive third edition of this enormous volume of twenty-four chapters and over a thousand pages is one of thirty-six volumes in Springer's 'Health Informatics Series' and ambitiously aims to span all of the current methods in health informatics. To do so, Professors Shortliffe and Cimino have assembled an excell... | 0 | PMC1664569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Nov 21; 5:61 |
Background
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection still causes significant morbidity and mortality following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) [1]. The impact of this infection on transplantation extends beyond the direct clinical manifestations (e.g. pneumonitis, gastrointestinal diseases, hepatitis, marrow suppress... | 17118205 | PMC1664570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 21; 6:167 |
Background
Cell migration is a cyclic multistep event that involves cell polarization and extension of membrane protrusions at the leading edge. At the front of the protrusion, cell-substratum adhesive complexes are formed providing traction points for translocation. Adhesive complexes at the cell rear are then release... | 17121676 | PMC1664571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2006 Nov 22; 4:8 |
Background
By addressing pregnancy-related risk factors and preventive measures before pregnancy, preconception counselling (PCC) reduces the number of adverse pregnancy outcomes [1]. Currently, PCC is offered almost exclusively to women at known risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (e.g. women at high risk of thrombosis... | 17083722 | PMC1664572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Nov 3; 7:66 |
Background
To date, evidence-based recommendations help doctors to manage patients with heart failure (HF) [1-5]. According to these recommendations, ACE-inhibitors (ACEI) and in case of ACEI intolerance angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) represent the gold standard for the treatment of heart failure in all four degre... | 17123439 | PMC1664573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Nov 23; 7:69 |
Background
Gallstones represent a serious burden for Western healthcare systems: 10–20% of Europeans and Americans carry gallbladder stones [1,2]. The prevalence of gallstone disease is rising, possibly as a result of longer life expectancy and altered nutritional habits. Many gallstones are silent, but symptoms and co... | 17121681 | PMC1664574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:47 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Nov 22; 6:36 |
Background
The giant panda is an endangered animal with a restricted habitat in South-western China. A survey revealed that only about 1,600 individuals remain in the wild [1]. The highly specialized reproductive behaviour [2] and low fertility make it difficult to increase their numbers quickly by breeding in captivit... | 17109760 | PMC1664575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 17; 7:294 |
Background
Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species[1]. Leptospires are thin, helically coiled, motile bacteria, classified into 17 genomospecies (including the saprophyte Leptospira biflexa and the pathogen Leptospira interrogans) on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridizat... | 17109759 | PMC1664576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:47 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 16; 7:293 |
Background
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. The molecular basis of this syndrome remains incompletely defined [1]; however, the development, severity and ultimate outcome of malaria infections are known to be influenced by genetic factors in both the host and the parasite [1-3].... | 17118208 | PMC1664577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 22; 7:295 |
Background
Milk production is the most important branch of Estonian agriculture. Estonian milk industry faced major changes after the country gained independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Farming systems based on sovchoses and kolchoses have disappeared and they have been replaced by family hold... | 17118211 | PMC1664578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Nov 22; 48(1):22 |
Background
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic and an emerging infectious disease caused by the pathogenic Leptospira species and is identified in the recent years as a global public health problem because of its increased mortality and morbidity in different countries. Leptospirosis is frequently misdiagnosed as a result of i... | 17121682 | PMC1664579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Nov 23; 5:28 |
Background
Plasmids are among the most widely used model replicons and tools in molecular biology and biotechnology. However, only a few reports were published to-date about the effects of plasmid DNA on the metabolism of Escherichia coli [1-3]. On the other hand, an optimization of plasmid vectors and host strains has... | 17112383 | PMC1664580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Nov 17; 5:34 |
Background
The link between the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) and malaria [1,2] is a widely cited example of a link between host genes and the course of a disease. However, for humans, such links cannot be studied under controlled experimental conditions. Therefore, the significance of the MHC for disease seve... | 17118203 | PMC1664581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Nov 21; 7:55 |
Background
Implementation research is the scientific study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of clinical research findings into routine clinical practice, and hence to reduce inappropriate care. It includes the study of influences on healthcare professionals' behaviour, and methods to enable them to use resea... | 17118180 | PMC1664582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Nov 21; 1:28 |
Background
The World Health Organisation Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) has issued in 2005 an "Advisory Note" entitled: "Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: Health Effects, Research Needs and Recommended Actions by Regulators" [1](see Figure 1). This report was prepared "in response to requests made by those... | 17112380 | PMC1664583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Nov 17; 5:17 |
Background
The circadian clock, an endogenous timing system, generates biochemical, physiological and behavioural rhythms. To be useful, these clocks must be synchronized (entrained) to environmental time cues (zeitgebers). The primary environmental zeitgeber is light, and the regular daily change in light intensity at... | 17123442 | PMC1664584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Nov 23; 4:16 |
Background
Mitosis and meiosis are the classic modes of cell division, which have engaged the attention of the scientists for more than a century. While mitosis involves the symmetric division of a diploid, somatic cell to yield two diploid daughter cells identical to the mother cell, meiosis or reduction division yiel... | 17092342 | PMC1664585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Nov 8; 6:25 |
Background
Development of malignant B-cell lymphomas after organ transplantation is a significant complication arising as a side effect of the immunosuppression required for successful graft survival. The oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the etiologic agent in the posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)... | 17101045 | PMC1664586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:47 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 13; 6:265 |
Background
Left ventricular free wall rupture (LVFWR) is a dramatic complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and is presumably responsible for as much as 20 to 30% of all infarct related deaths [1-4]. Given the widespread use of reperfusion therapy, particularly mechanical reperfusion, the rate of occurrence a... | 17118207 | PMC1664587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Nov 22; 4:46 |
Background
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen mainly causing infections among immunocompromised individuals [1]. Infections associated with this fungus range from superficial mycoses to life threatening systemic candidiasis, which involve various body organs and invasive mucosal disorders. A wide spec... | 17094810 | PMC1664588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Nov 9; 4:46 |
Background
Opsins, or visual pigments, form the first step in the visual transduction cascade in the photoreceptor cells of the retina. By means of a covalently-bound retinal chromophore, opsins are able to respond to light by changing conformation, which activates a second messenger G-protein, and triggers a biochemic... | 17107620 | PMC1664589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 15; 6:97 |
Background
Nowadays, high-throughput experimental omics techniques are being developed and are generating large-scale data sets and information bases that can hardly be intuitively understood. Models that enable mathematical analysis and simulation are essential to benefit from the knowledge that is contained in these ... | 17123434 | PMC1664590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 23; 7:512 |
Background
Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC) bind short peptides derived from antigens and present them on the cell surface for inspection by T-cells. The binding mechanism appears to be the most selective step in the recognition of T-cell epitopes. The molecular mechanisms underlying this selectivity are still ... | 17105666 | PMC1664591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 14; 7:501 |
Background
In recent years there has been a rapidly growing understanding of how gene expression reflects and determines biological states. This has come about through the widespread use of microarray expression profiling [1]. Yet there have been concerns about the accuracy and reproducibility of the technology. Some e... | 17118209 | PMC1664592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 22; 7:511 |
Introduction
As part of the groundbreaking Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study for 1990, Murray and Lopez [1,2] prepared projections of mortality and burden of disease by cause to 2000, 2010, and 2020 under three alternative scenarios. These projections have been widely used and continue to be widely quoted to provide... | 17132052 | PMC1664601 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e442 |
Introduction
Artemisinin and its derivatives are the most important class of antimalarial drug. Together with Cinchona alkaloids, they are the only drugs used to treat severe malaria when oral treatment is precluded, and recent evidence shows that parenteral artesunate (ARS) is the treatment of choice in adults hospita... | 17132053 | PMC1664603 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e444 |
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a leading cause of death worldwide [1]. Almost a third of the world's population is infected with TB bacilli, and each year approximately 8 million people develop active TB and 2 million die as a result [2]. Today's TB treatment, which dates back to the 1970s, is long and burdens... | 17132069 | PMC1664607 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e466 |
HIV, Antiretroviral Therapy, and Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease is an increasing cause of morbidity in HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART, particularly protease inhibitors and to a lesser extent nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, can adversely affect lipid ... | 17132070 | PMC1664609 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e496 |
We wish to comment on the paper by Milane et al. [1] and also refer to the Perspective by Baune and Hay [2] in the June issue of PLoS Medicine on the effect of fluoxetine prescriptions on the suicide rate in the United States. Milane et al. examined two sets of variables: the number of prescriptions for fluoxetine in t... | 17132055 | PMC1664610 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e501 |
Viboud et al. [1] offer thoughtful commentary on our paper [2], opening a scientific exchange that we hope brings attention to a critical issue. We reported the first empirical and quantitative evidence for the effect of airline travel on the rate of epidemic influenza spread. Though other investigators have also found... | 0 | PMC1664611 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e502 |
While air travel contributes to the spread of influenza epidemics, the magnitude of impact is not clear compared to other factors—a crucial issue when considering a flight ban in the context of pandemic planning. Recent modeling efforts simulating the spread of pandemic influenza have concluded that such an interventio... | 17132057 | PMC1664612 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e503 |
Suicide is a complex outcome which cannot be attributed to a single factor. While we explored an association between suicide and antidepressant prescriptions, we fully acknowledge, as Camargo and Bloch suggest [1], that our work does not fully explain the observed trends. However, in other settings, the same associatio... | 0 | PMC1664613 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e504 |
The article on the new initiative for newborn health in India by A. Fernandez and D. Osrin [1] outlines an innovative approach to tackling the alarming global burden of infant mortality. There are currently an estimated 8 million annual deaths within the first month of life [2], the majority of which are in developing ... | 17132059 | PMC1664614 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e505 |
The article by Faal et al. [1] describes differences in the level of FOXP
3 mRNA expression in the conjunctiva of patients with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. The authors suggest that their results may indicate a role for regulatory T cells in the resolution of conjunctival immune response, since FOXP
3 mRNA remained... | 17132060 | PMC1664615 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e506 |
Gorik Ooms sheds light on the controversial use of the concept of sustainability by development agencies [1]. International organizations involved in foreign aid and local governments support health policies that decrease the size, the potential, and the budget of the public health sector and hamper the access to healt... | 17132061 | PMC1664616 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e507 |
Médecins Sans Frontières is a respectable organisation which helps people in jeopardy and provides medical relief in difficult situations all over the world. Despite this recognition I must confess I found the last paper of G. Ooms in PLoS Medicine [1] to develop highly debatable concepts about health, development, and... | 17132071 | PMC1664617 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e508 |
The article “How Do Intellectual Property Law and International Trade Agreements Affect Access to Antiretroviral Therapy?” is very useful for its substance, but due to an unwise choice of terminology, it will tend to mislead the public in a way that the authors and editors probably are not aware of, which will promote ... | 17132062 | PMC1664618 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e509 |
We would like to thank Richard Stallman [1] for emphasizing the distinction between intellectual property law and patent law, which was not fully elucidated in our article (“How Do Intellectual Property Law and International Trade Agreements Affect Access to Antiretroviral Therapy?”) [2]. However, we don't feel that th... | 0 | PMC1664619 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e510 |
The new study by Boyle and colleagues provides important data on basic science mechanisms involved in pain and inflammation [1]. Their data, along with that from previous studies, provides further basic scientific evidence documenting p38–TNF-alpha interactions, and suggests that spinal p38 or spinal TNF-alpha blockade... | 17132064 | PMC1664620 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e511 |
This month we publish the findings of a major study estimating the likely trends in global morbidity and mortality [1]. Such a study should surely cause us, as editors, to pause and reflect on the implications for what we should be publishing. Which medical conditions will be the major causes of death and disease, and ... | 17132065 | PMC1664621 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e512 |
The Millennium Development Goals
One of the most important and visionary global actions of recent years was the September 2000 commitment by 189 governments worldwide to “[make] the right to development a reality for everyone and to [free] the entire human race from want” [1]. The movement to achieve sustainable reduct... | 17132054 | PMC1664623 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 28; 3(11):e455 |
1. Introduction
In the 2001 foot and mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the UK, livestock movements, especially of sheep, caused the initial dissemination of FMD to different parts of the UK (Gibbens et al. 2001; Kao 2002). This has prompted the recording of livestock movements to aid disease surveillance and control with... | 16971335 | PMC1664651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:49:57 | no | J R Soc Interface. 2006 Oct 22; 3(10):669-677 |
Introduction
The exons of human genes comprise only about 1.5% of the total genome sequence [1,2]. Fragments of genomic parasites—integrating viruses and transposons—comprise a much larger fraction, at least 40%. These elements are also highly dynamic—new elements insert and occasionally excise, and repeated sequences ... | 17166054 | PMC1664696 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e157 |
Introduction
The adaptive immune system [1] of vertebrates has evolved in a manner that enables adaptation to the history of infections over the lifetime of each individual organism. It consists of a complex, heterogeneous collection of cells that is derived from stem cells in the bone marrow and proliferates in the ly... | 17121459 | PMC1664698 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:43 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e160 |
Introduction
Various types of stem cells are now recognized as responsible both for the generation of tissues and organs during embryonic development and also for the subsequent maintenance and repair of these tissues and organs throughout adult life. This has led to considerable interest in the potential of these stem... | 17121458 | PMC1664699 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:43 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e158 |
Introduction
Network flow is distinct from network connectivity. Network connectivity describes the static architecture of a network or, more colloquially, its “wiring diagram.” In contrast, network flow describes the dynamic utilization of a network as a transportation or communication medium. Road maps, electrical gr... | 17121460 | PMC1664702 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e161 |
Introduction
How cells coordinate proliferation and differentiation has been one of the most important questions in developmental biology, cell biology, and cancer biology. The idea that growth and proliferation are poorly compatible with differentiation has wide currency, and explicit proliferation/differentiation swi... | 17166053 | PMC1664705 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e145 |
You are a PhD candidate and your thesis defense is already in sight. You have decided you would like to continue with a postdoctoral position rather than moving into industry as the next step in your career (that decision should be the subject of another “Ten Simple Rules”). Further, you already have ideas for the type... | 17121457 | PMC1664706 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e121 |
INTRODUCTION
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a
subfamily of nuclear receptors (NRs) that contains three members
(PPARα, β, γ). These receptors function in a
wide array of metabolic processes including fatty acid and
lipid homeostasis, adipocyte differentiation, and control of cell
growth and... | 17259669 | PMC1664713 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Jun 27; 2006:69612 |
INTRODUCTION
It has been reported by us
[1–3], as well as by others [4–6] that agonists of the
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) diminish
inflammatory responses. In attempting to delineate mechanisms
involved in this effect, it was proposed among various other
postulates that termination of the biolog... | 17259670 | PMC1664714 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Jul 5; 2006:96341 |
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
(PPARs) were discovered by Isseman and Green in 1990
[1].
Since this time PPARs have been demonstrated to play a major role
in a diverse group of processes and pathological conditions
associated with aging [2, 3], inflammation [4, 5],
immunity [6], obesity [7],
diabetes [8]... | 17259666 | PMC1664715 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Jun 19; 2006:61385 |
From the problems of arsenic in drinking water, to indoor air pollution from burning of biomass as fuel, to lead’s effects in children, global environmental health problems are enormous and daunting. Some of these same or equally menacing hazards threaten the health of many in the United States, particularly and often ... | 17107828 | PMC1665393 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A630 |
Exposure to lead is known to affect the cardiovascular system, even at low, general environmental levels. Many epidemiologic studies have shown an association between chronic low-level lead exposure and hypertension (Hu et al. 1996; Korrick et al. 1999; Nash et al. 2003) and cardiovascular disease (Cheng et al. 1998; L... | 17107858 | PMC1665394 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 3; 114(11):1718-1724 |
The Children’s Health Act (2000) authorized the National Children’s Study (NCS) to study the long-term effects of the environment on children’s health and development by examining children across the United States from before birth to 21 years of age (Branum et al. 2003). One of the top priorities of the NCS was to ide... | 17107856 | PMC1665395 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 7; 114(11):1703-1712 |
Twenty years ago I arrived at NIEHS to direct what was then the Extramural Research Program. The staff was small and the portfolio consisted primarily of a collection of R01 grants and the Environmental Health Science and the Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Centers.
This month I retire as Director of the Div... | 0 | PMC1665396 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A663 |
The acceptance of the concept of hormesis, a specific type of nonmonotonic dose response, has
accelerated in recent years (Academie Nationale
de Medecine 2005; Cendergreen et al. 2005; Kaiser 2003; Puatanachokchai et al. 2005; Randic
and Estrada 2005; Renner 2003).
Nonetheless, it has not been without its detractors. O... | 17107845 | PMC1665397 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:33:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 10; 114(11):1631-1635 |
Epidemiologic studies have shown associations between asthma outcomes and criteria air pollutants regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), such as nitrogen dioxide and mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5). It is unclear whether these associations fo... | 17107861 | PMC1665398 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 11; 114(11):1736-1743 |
Since the discovery of buckyballs (C60 fullerenes), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and quantum dots (QDs), the challenge to develop new methods of product synthesis and apply these new nano-sized materials has advanced in the United States, European Union (EU), Japan, and other countries. Nanomaterials are defined by the U.S... | 17107855 | PMC1665399 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 6; 114(11):1697-1702 |
Parenting Capacities and Health Outcomes in Youths and Adolescents (R21)
This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) solicits research aimed at increasing parenting capacities while simultaneously focusing on the reduction, elimination, or prevention of one or more high-risk health behaviors or poor health habits in yo... | 0 | PMC1665400 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A664-A665 |
Background
Sources
Arsenic in the environment is from natural and anthropogenic sources. It is commonly bound to carbon, iron, oxygen, and sulfur, forming inorganic and organic arsenicals in various oxidation states. The physico-chemical properties of the many arsenic species are important determinants of their potenti... | 17107869 | PMC1665401 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 12; 114(11):1790-1796 |
In this mini-monograph, “biomonitoring” is the analytical measurement of biomarkers in specified units of tissues or body products (blood, urine, etc.). These biomarkers are any substances, structures, or processes so measured that indicate an exposure or susceptibility or that predict the incidence or outcome of disea... | 17107864 | PMC1665402 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 12; 114(11):1755-1762 |
Perchlorate, an ingredient in solid rocket fuel, is known to affect thyroid function by blocking iodine uptake, disrupting physical growth and neurological development. A new fish study in the August 2006 issue of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry indicates that perchlorate may also disrupt sexual development by o... | 17107836 | PMC1665403 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A637a |
Cook and Calabrese (2006) make inaccurate claims about our perspective on hormesis (Thayer et al. 2005). They define hormesis as “low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition,” declaring “beneficial/ harmful effects should not be part of the definition, but reserved to subsequent evaluation. . . .” Yet, they advocate ... | 17107829 | PMC1665404 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A632-A633 |
Lower Prevalence of Breast Cancer Gene Mutations
Approximately 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year. A paper in the 15 August 2006 issue of Cancer Research now gives the clearest picture to date of how many people in the United States carry mutations in the two dominant “breast cancer genes,” BRCA1 ... | 0 | PMC1665405 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A637b-A639 |
Insecticide use in inner-city communities in the United States is widespread, and resultant indoor exposures can be extensive (Fenske et al. 1990; Gurunathan et al. 1998; Lemus et al. 1998; Whitmore et al. 1994; Whyatt et al. 2003). In a recent study of African-American, Latina, and Caucasian mothers and newborns resid... | 17107853 | PMC1665406 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 27; 114(11):1684-1689 |
Dioxins [polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)] belong to a group of chemicals identified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because of their tendency to resist degradation and persist in the environment. There are 75 possible PCDD congeners, of which 7 are most often found in the human body. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlo... | 17107848 | PMC1665407 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 20; 114(11):1649-1654 |
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is generally considered to be the most potent man-made biological agent. In laboratory animals, changes in multiple endocrine and growth factor systems have been reported in a manner that is tissue, sex, and age dependent (Birnbaum and Tuomisto 2000). In humans, environmental ... | 17107851 | PMC1665408 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 27; 114(11):1670-1676 |
Biomonitoring of tissues such as blood, urine, and breast milk is an extremely valuable tool for identifying population exposure to harmful chemicals. The data gathered through biomonitoring can provide guidance on how to prioritize toxicological research, and can result in measures to control and prevent exposure. Des... | 17107843 | PMC1665409 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A652-A654 |
Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GRP) is an extremely versatile structural material composed of unsaturated polyester resin and fiber-glass; objects made from it, obtained by manual or mechanical layering, are characterized by a low specific weight, high resistance to corrosives and atmospheric agents, and low thermal a... | 17107859 | PMC1665410 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 23; 114(11):1725-1729 |
There appears to be a serious conceptual error about the role of the various environmental health sciences in Kundi’s otherwise interesting and informative commentary on “Causality and the Interpretation of Epidemiologic Evidence” (Kundi 2006). This error is exemplified in his next-to-last paragraph:
Most risk assessm... | 17107833 | PMC1665411 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A634a |
Many countries have set guidelines for levels of environmental lead exposure that are considered safe for children. However, relatively few studies have focused exclusively on the role of prenatal lead exposure on infant neurodevelopment. Indeed, studies conducted in the past 20 years have shown inconsistent results, p... | 0 | PMC1665412 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A661a |
Perfluorooctanesulfonate and its salts (PFOS) are fully fluorinated organic molecules that were produced synthetically by electrochemical fluorination or from the degradation or metabolism of other fluorochemical products produced by electrochemical fluorination. PFOS and its precursors all belong to the larger class o... | 17107867 | PMC1665413 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 12; 114(11):1776-1782 |
Low birth weight (LBW) affects 20 million infants worldwide (United Nations International Children’s Fund 2006). LBW is comprised of two overlapping etiologies: preterm delivery (PTD) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). LBW, IUGR, and PTD are all significantly associated with infant mortality and an array of in... | 17107846 | PMC1665414 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 17; 114(11):1636-1642 |
I appreciate Goldstein’s remarks about the role of epidemiology in risk assessment of environmental hazards and the opportunity to clarify my standpoint.
With reference to the International Agency for Research on Cancer’s classification scheme of agents for their carcinogenicity in humans and other schemes such as tha... | 0 | PMC1665415 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A634b |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous air pollutants generated by combustion sources that include diesel- and gasoline-powered motor vehicles, coal-fired power plants, residential heating, cooking, and tobacco smoking (Bostrom et al. 2002). An estimated > 80% of airborne PAHs results from the combustio... | 17107862 | PMC1665416 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 3; 114(11):1744-1750 |
A common soap and shampoo ingredient restricted in Europe for its suspected link to cancer is raising new concerns as study results suggest it can thwart brain development in mice. Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill reported in the August 2006 FASEB Journal that diethanolamine (DEA) irrevers... | 17107834 | PMC1665417 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A636 |
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