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Neurodevelopmental disorders such as learning disabilities, mental retardation, and autism spectrum disorders affect an estimated 5–10% of the 4 million babies born in the United States annually. In a report released in 2000, the National Research Council concluded that 3% of these disorders are the direct result of en... | 0 | PMC1665418 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A661b |
The nature and magnitude of the association between temperature and human health has been increasingly recognized (Basu and Samet 2002; Martens 1997; Patz et al. 2000; Samet et al. 1998). Both hyperthermia and hypothermia are generally linked to cardiorespiratory morbidity or mortality (Braga et al. 2001; 2002; Kunst e... | 17107854 | PMC1665419 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 27; 114(11):1690-1696 |
The lung serves as a primary site for xenobiotic metabolism, and many xenobiotics are substrates for cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidations. Notably, the lung is composed of > 40 different cell types with different levels of metabolic competence (Ding and Kaminsky 2003). Alveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cell... | 17107849 | PMC1665420 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 19; 114(11):1655-1661 |
The findings of a wide variety of international studies on the impacts of lead exposure on mental development persuaded many countries to progressively reduce the amount of lead exposure deemed safe during childhood. Since 1991, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended 10 μg/dL (0.48 μm... | 17107860 | PMC1665421 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 19; 114(11):1730-1735 |
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are phosphate esters comprising a central phosphate atom and three organic side chains, two of which are usually ethyl or methyl and one of which is more specific for a given pesticide. Most OP pesticides registered for use in the United States are used as insecticides. In 1999, 60 mill... | 17107865 | PMC1665422 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 12; 114(11):1763-1769 |
Case Presentation
Carbon tetrachloride was first used extensively as a chemical fire extinguishant in the early 1920s. Since the 1950s, however, it has been replaced by less toxic halogenated compounds, mainly containing bromotrifluoromethane (CF3Br, Halon 1301) and bromochlorodifluoromethane (CF2BrCl, Halon 1211) (Bry... | 17107857 | PMC1665423 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 17; 114(11):1713-1717 |
Animal studies have long been a cornerstone of biomedical and environmental health research, and scientists need assurance that animals used in these studies are being cared for in ways that will not unknowingly influence experimental outcomes. But a growing number of scientists have voiced concern over the possibility... | 17107840 | PMC1665424 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A640-A642 |
Edited by Howard Frumkin
San Francisco:Jossey-Bass, 2005. 1,108 pp. ISBN: 0-7879-7383-1, $75.00
Howard Frumkin has been a leader in expanding the definition of environmental health beyond the effects of toxic chemicals. His eloquence and breadth of understanding are evident in the introductory chapter to this textboo... | 0 | PMC1665425 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A672a |
Hormones occur naturally in humans, animals, and plants, but estrogens in contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, those given to agricultural animals, and industrial chemicals that mimic estrogen add to the enormous volume of biologically active compounds in the environment. These compounds are among the PPCP (... | 17107844 | PMC1665426 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A656-A659 |
Methyl eugenol [1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene (CAS no. 93-15-2), structure shown in Figure 1] is a member of a family of chemicals known as allyl alkoxy-benzenes, which include other naturally occurring materials such as isoeugenol, eugenol, estragole, and safrole. All these compounds typically enter the diet via... | 17107870 | PMC1665427 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 12; 114(11):1797-1801 |
Air Pollution and Health
Jon Ayres, Robert Maynard, Roy Richards
Hackensack, NJ:World Scientific Publishing, 2006. 264 pp. ISBN: 1-86094-191-5, $66
An Introduction to Molecular Biotechnology: Molecular Fundamentals, Methods and Applications in Modern Biotechnology
Michael Wink, ed.
Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons, 2... | 0 | PMC1665428 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A672b |
A great deal of research is now being published on the effect of environmental chemicals on reproductive health and declines in fertility. The Fertility/Early Pregnancy Compromise Work Group of the Collaborative on Health and the Environment (CHE) is now working to assemble these reports in a searchable abstracts libra... | 0 | PMC1665429 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A639 |
Expert committees convened by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) have long advised the U.S. government and the public on challenging technical issues. But are those committees fair and balanced in their views? Perhaps not, according to the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), a Washington, DC–based adv... | 0 | PMC1665430 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A638a |
Mechanic LE, Millikan RC, Player J, de Cotret AR, Winkel S, Worley K, et al. 2006. Polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair genes, smoking and breast cancer in African Americans and whites: a population-based case–control study. Carcinogenesis 27:1377–1385.
Previous research has established cigarette smoking as a r... | 0 | PMC1665431 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A642 |
Observations of adverse developmental and reproductive effects in laboratory animals and wildlife have fueled increasing public concern regarding the potential for various chemicals to impair human fertility. Included among the list of chemicals suspected of impairing human fertility are the phthalate esters (PEs), whi... | 17107847 | PMC1665432 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 27; 114(11):1643-1648 |
The general structure of phthalates, diesters of phthalic acid, manufactured by reacting phthalic anhydride with alcohols of desired carbon-chain length, is shown in Figure 1. R and R′ are ethyl groups for diethyl phthalate (DEP) and 2-ethylhexyl groups for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). DEP (CAS no. 84-66-2) is us... | 17107868 | PMC1665433 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 12; 114(11):1783-1789 |
Acquavella et al. (2004) reported glyphosate exposure analyses from the Farm Family Exposure Study (FFES) using biomonitoring. The authors “analyzed urine samples for creatinine to assess the completeness of daily samples,” but inadvertently used as “the normal range” 0.8–1.4 mg/dL and 0.5–1.1 mg/dL for males and femal... | 17107831 | PMC1665434 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A633a |
Animal studies indicate that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds are reproductive and developmental toxicants, but effects of human exposures are unclear. Five months after the January 1999 accidental contamination of animal feed with polychlorinated biphenyls and TCDD in Belgium, a researc... | 0 | PMC1665435 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A660a |
Current levels of ambient air pollution in the Americas, Europe, and Australia have been associated with increased respiratory and cardiac morbidity and mortality in the general population (Bascom et al. 1996; Dockery and Pope 2002; Morgan et al. 1998). The primary focus has usually been either adults or children of al... | 17107863 | PMC1665436 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 3; 114(11):1751-1754 |
Given that metropolitan areas account for more than 75% of the world’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it is only right that cities should lead the effort to stem such emissions. To this end, the William J. Clinton Foundation has partnered with the Large Cities Climate Leadership Group to launch the Clinton Climate Ini... | 17107837 | PMC1665437 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A638b |
We thank Mage for his comments. In our article on glyphosate in the Farm Family Exposure Study (FFES) (Acquavella et al. 2004), we used 24-hr urinary creatinine to assess the completeness of daily samples over 5 days for the 48 participating farmers. We erred by summarizing the results as micrograms per deciliter inste... | 0 | PMC1665438 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A633b-A634 |
Exposures to levels of fine ambient particulate matter (FPM) near the current National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been associated with excess daily mortality and morbidity [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2004, 2005]. However, the components of FPM responsible for these effects are still unknown. We ... | 17107850 | PMC1665439 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 20; 114(11):1662-1669 |
Many veterans of the Vietnam War were exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin), which was present as a contaminant in the herbicide formulation Agent Orange [Booker 2001; Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2000, 2003]. Indeed, significant residues of dioxin have been found in their serum, even after man... | 17107852 | PMC1665440 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 3; 114(11):1677-1683 |
Human studies have shown widespread exposure to phthalates, compounds used in the manufacture of household, consumer, and medical products. The metabolites mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) have shown testicular toxicity in rats, specifically damage to the cells that produce testostero... | 0 | PMC1665441 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A660b |
In a world whose population exceeds 6.5 billion, declining human fertility might not seem to be a critical problem. After all, overpopulation has been a global concern for decades. Declining fertility rates in more advanced nations largely reflect the changing role of women and their rapidly growing presence in the wor... | 17107842 | PMC1665442 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov; 114(11):A644-A649 |
The use of biomonitoring data holds a great deal of promise for characterizing exposure and informing risk assessment. Biomonitoring data have been used successfully to track population trends, to identify susceptible sub-populations, to evaluate progress in reducing exposures, and to provide indications of emerging en... | 17107866 | PMC1665443 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov 12; 114(11):1770-1775 |
Editorial
WHO is unquestionably the world's leading public health agency. Accordingly its recommendations and actions should be informed by the best available research evidence. Over the last 50 years WHO has had notable successes, but the environment is changing. Increasingly governments, health professionals and cons... | 17116253 | PMC1665444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Nov 20; 4:11 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the first of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as b... | 17118181 | PMC1665445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Nov 21; 4:13 |
Background
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death world wide [1]. Only a minority of patients are suitable for potentially curative surgical intervention [2]. The majority of patients are managed with palliative therapy regimes based primarily on chemotherapy [3]. An increasing number of patients are ... | 17123441 | PMC1665446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Nov 23; 5:25 |
Background
Cancer control researchers seek to reduce the burden of cancer by studying interventions, their impact in defined populations, and the means by which they can be better used [1,2]. This is a multidisciplinary field, including epidemiologists, demographers, statisticians, behaviorists, risk communication expe... | 17118204 | PMC1665447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Nov 21; 5:51 |
Background
Explosive HIV epidemics have occurred in many countries in injecting drug users (IDU), most recently in Asia [1], where risky injection practices have been attributed to rapid HIV spread. However, beyond needle/syringe sharing behaviors, sexual behaviors are strongly associated with HIV infection in both mal... | 17109763 | PMC1665448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Nov 17; 3:33 |
Background
Considering several examples of social interaction is perhaps the easiest way to explain how the new method introduced here can be applied. These examples could include, say, animals forming a dominance hierarchy, a husband and wife having a discussion, and two primates alternately grooming each other. In so... | 17112384 | PMC1665449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Nov 17; 3:18 |
Background
The SmtB/ArsR family of metalloregulators is present in many bacteria and archaea, and its members respond to a variety of different metals. However, even in this well-studied regulator family, the determinants conferring metal specificity are only beginning to be understood [1]. Members of this family posse... | 17116251 | PMC1665450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:49 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Nov 20; 6:24 |
Background
Muscle weakness can develop as result of infection, neurological problems, endocrine disorders, inflammatory conditions, rheumatologic diseases, genetic or metabolic conditions or may even be electrolyte or drug-induced [1]. Agonist muscle atrophy, failure of agonist muscle activation or excessive co-activat... | 17116259 | PMC1665451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Nov 20; 3:26 |
Background
Brazilian health care systems have been subjected to many changes since 1988, when the new federal constitution (Brazilian major law) was promulgated. This Constitution instituted the National Health System – SUS ("Sistema Único de Saúde") – which was to be organized based upon the principles of universality... | 17107622 | PMC1665452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Nov 15; 4:25 |
Background
During the last few years world-wide consensus has been obtained for SLNB as new standard of axillary staging in early breast cancer. According to the International Consensus Conference on SLNB (Philadelphia, 2001) [1] the technique is indicated for unifocal, infiltrating and clinically node-negative breast ... | 17116258 | PMC1665453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 20; 4:79 |
Background
In some cases, it may be necessary to combine distinct finite element meshes into a single system. For example, the task that motivated this work involved integrating a curvilinear mesh[1] of the Auckland canine heart[2] with a voxel mesh of a human shaped torso. The heart mesh described in [1] was created t... | 17112373 | PMC1665454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Nov 17; 5:60 |
Background
Majority of the industrial fermentations employ a batch or a fed batch process with complex media that offers multiple substitutable substrates [1]. The batch process goes through several distinct phases of fermentation during the batch cycle. Even small changes in the substrate concentration during the cruc... | 17081297 | PMC1665455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Nov 2; 5:32 |
Background
Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (HTSE) constitute a group of rare, fatal central nervous system disorders [1]. A general characteristic of HTSE is deposition of a pathological isoform (termed prion protein; PrPSc) of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC). Diverse aetiological factors and p... | 17096829 | PMC1665456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:49 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 10; 6:278 |
Background
Family is considered to be the first and the most important child development and socialization bond. Harmonious child-parent interaction, open communication, and parental support are the factors that underlie a successful child's mental and physical health development [1]. Family time devoted for shared act... | 17123446 | PMC1665457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:49 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 23; 6:287 |
Background
While accounting for only 3% of cancer incidence and mortality in the US, kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma; RCC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the US. Early diagnosis of kidney-localized RCC is associated with a quite favorable prognosis (89%), but patients who have this disease often pres... | 17123452 | PMC1665458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 24; 5:64 |
Background
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is the term used in genetics to indicate association between the qualitative random variables corresponding to alleles at different polymorphic sites. Measuring the levels of linkage disequilibrium is important for gene mapping and increasing our understanding of genome architectu... | 17112381 | PMC1665459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Nov 17; 7:54 |
Background
The sequencing of the human and other genomes has heralded the age of functional genomics. Although an invaluable resource in understanding human biology and disease, the frequent lack of sequence correlation with a defined tissue or disease phenotype has led to the genomic sequence databases being huge rese... | 17090326 | PMC1665460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2006 Nov 7; 5:6 |
Background
Reduced birth weight and reduced growth in infancy are associated with adult disorders characterised by insulin resistance in the general population [1-5]. These include type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease and hypertension. Their association with birth weight may be explained by programming of metabolism... | 17125497 | PMC1665461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Nov 24; 5:18 |
Background
An uncommitted precursor T helper (pTh) cell can be induced to differentiate into at least two distinct subsets of effector cells, T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 2 (Th2) cells [1,2]. Th1 cells secrete IFN-γ, TNF-α, and TNF-β and are important for the development of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH... | 17118196 | PMC1665462 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:45 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Nov 21; 7:27 |
Background
Molecular networks such as protein interaction, transcriptional or metabolic networks are widely seen as integrative and coherent descriptions for the whole complement of molecular processes inside a cell [1]. There has been considerable interest in their structure, their functional organization and their ev... | 17081312 | PMC1665463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:49 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Nov 3; 4:39 |
Background
Eukaryotes catabolize glucose to pyruvate via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) glycolytic pathway [1]. A number of protists are known that lack classical mitochondrial structures and electron-transport-linked ATP production, instead relying on substrate-level phosphorylation. In these organisms, glycolysis a... | 17123440 | PMC1665464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 23; 6:101 |
Background
The analysis of regulatory mechanisms using Boolean formalisms is an important technique [1], and has been successfully applied to systems of moderate size, e.g. [2-4]. Furthermore, a tool (GINSim) has been developed to set up and analyze logical networks [5].
Recently, new techniques based on a logical for... | 17109765 | PMC1665465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 17; 7:506 |
Background
Chloroquine (CQ) was the mainstay of antimalarial therapy from 1946 until the past decade when parasite resistance rendered it clinically ineffective in most areas of the world. Adult CQ therapy costs less than $0.20, is widely available almost anywhere in endemic areas, and has a generally good safety and t... | 17105658 | PMC1665467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 14; 5:108 |
Background
Malaria is a life-threatening disease affecting half a billion humans in underdeveloped and developing countries. Its global heartland is Africa, with an appalling death toll of 1 to 2 million people every year [1]. Endemic malaria ranges from a permanent incidence in sub-Saharan and equatorial Africa, to a ... | 17112376 | PMC1665468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 17; 5:110 |
Background
The post-translational modification by ubiquitin (Ub) plays an essential role for numerous cellular functions such as protein degradation, cell cycle control, transcriptional regulation, immune response, apoptosis, oncogenesis, pre-implantation, and intracellular signaling pathways [1-6]. Conjugation of ubiq... | 17109758 | PMC1665497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 16; 7:292 |
Background
A wide range of experimental evidence suggests that vitamin D has benefits against a variety of cancer types [1-3]. The primary source of vitamin D for most people in temperate climates, particularly people with light-colored skin, is solar ultraviolet-B exposure [4,5], and the amount of exposure to the sun ... | 17096841 | PMC1665523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:49 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 10; 6:264 |
Background
The transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2 alias TCF-4) gene product, a HMG box transcription factor, is part of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade, one of the key mechanisms of development and growth regulation in the cell [1]. Grant et al. [2] have identified TCF7L2 as a novel candidate gene for type 2 dia... | 17109766 | PMC1665524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:49 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 17; 6:268 |
Introduction
Following nerve injury, distal axons and synaptic terminals undergo Wallerian degeneration within 48 h [1]. This process occurs in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and has several key features: (1) the distal stump of an injured axon loses its ability to transmit action potentials; (2) the a... | 17132048 | PMC1665629 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 28; 4(12):e416 |
Background
Angiogenesis is an essential process in follicular development and luteogenesis [1,2]. Once the proliferation of new blood vessels is complete, a rapid capillary regression takes place in the non-fertile cycle which suggests a delicate coordination between angiogenesis inducers and inhibitors [3]. The interv... | 17096853 | PMC1665630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov 10; 4:57 |
Background
An important class of interaction switches for biological circuits and disease pathways are the binding motifs [1,2]. These are very short, functional regions on the proteins that conform to particular sequence patterns; a well-known example is the set of peptides expressing a PxxP consensus (where x represe... | 17107624 | PMC1665647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 16; 7:502 |
Introduction
Plants are sessile and therefore have developed mechanisms to adapt to their environment, including the soil mineral nutrient composition. High-throughput elemental profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) has been used in an effort to identify the genes and gene networks involved in regulating how ... | 17140289 | PMC1665649 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:44 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 1; 2(12):e210 |
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has been detected in patients with acute respiratory infection in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Oceania (1–7). Capitalizing on a preexisting US Department of Defense influenza surveillance system (8), we sought to detect and genotype HMPV in Latin ... | 16494771 | PMC1673211 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:46 | no | Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Feb; 12(2):347-350 |
pmcIn the United States, influenza viruses are estimated to cause 36,000 human deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations annually (1–5). The current outbreaks of avian influenza in Asia and Eastern Europe remind us of the zoonotic potential of these viruses. Swine cells express sialic acids that can be receptors for swine, h... | 16707061 | PMC1673213 | CC BY | 2023-07-28 23:16:05 | no | Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jun; 12(6):997-1000 |
Wild ducks, geese, and shorebirds are the natural reservoir for influenza A virus (1); all 16 hemagglutinin (H) and 9 neuraminidase (N) subtypes are found in these wild birds (1,2). Recently, the rapid spread of influenza A/H5N1 virus to new geographic regions, possibly by migrating waterfowl, has caused concern among ... | 16965717 | PMC1673214 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:18:49 | no | Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Aug; 12(8):1284-1286 |
Background
In chronic medical conditions, small changes in clinical status must be readily identifiable to monitor patients' progress and to modify treatment strategies, if necessary [1]. In heart failure, for example, numerous clinical indicators are employed to monitor patients' health status over time, including phy... | 17125512 | PMC1675990 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Nov 24; 4:89 |
Background
Anterior cervical decompression and fusion have traditionally been considered one of the most successful of cervical spine surgeries; however, the problems associated with cervical fusion have been illuminated recently [1,2]. A reduction in range of motion and increasing stress at adjacent levels are commonl... | 17150120 | PMC1675991 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Nov 4; 1:13 |
Background
The (near) universality of the genetic code and the universal presence in all sequenced genomes of key components of translation proved beyond any doubt that all cellular life on Earth derives from one common ancestor. Yet, beyond these universal features the nature of the last common ancestor of cellular li... | 17129384 | PMC1675992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Nov 27; 1:35 |
Case report
We report a rare case of a cough related stress fracture of the ninth rib, traumatic rupture of the diaphragm and abdominal herniation in a patient with a chronic cough history.
A 59 year old male patient (86 kg; 1,75 m) collapsed at home following intensive coughing. The medical history includes hypertens... | 17125506 | PMC1675993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Nov 24; 1:34 |
Background
Bombings and explosions directed against innocent civilians are the primary instrument of global terror, resulting in death, injury, fear and chaos. With the lessening of full-scale military conflicts, terror has become a prominent feature in modern life, as realized by the tripling of the number of serious ... | 17101058 | PMC1675994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Nov 13; 1:33 |
Text
Last year we wrote a paper "Suicide attempts in clinical trials with paroxetine randomised against placebo" [1] that hit the front pages of newspapers worldwide [2,3]. Our publication demonstrated an increased intensity of suicide attempts per year when using paroxetine compared to placebo, and caused GlaxoSmithKl... | 17129393 | PMC1675995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 28; 6:55 |
Findings
A 33-year-old woman was seen for a chronic pain in the region of tooth 26 in June 2005. She had treatment to the root canal of her left upper first molar in 2002. The patient's history indicated also previous symptoms in the last two years of maxillary sinusitis including tenderness in the left infraorbital re... | 17090337 | PMC1675996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Nov 8; 2:37 |
Background
Bone neoformation is of primary importance for the success of dental clinical-surgical treatments. Much attention has been given to the research of new strategies to improve oral maxillofacial surgical techniques, as well as on the knowledge and application of biomaterials [1] an their possible chemical and ... | 17125508 | PMC1675997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Nov 24; 2:43 |
Background
Ameloblastoma is a neoplasm of odontogenic epithelium, especially of enamel organ-type tissue that has not undergone differentiation to the point of hard tissue formation [1]. It generally occurs in bone, and it has been postulated that the epithelium of origin is derived from one of the following sources: (... | 17125498 | PMC1675998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Nov 24; 2:42 |
Background
Poisoning is a common method of suicide, especially in the developing world [1]. In many Indian reports, the rates of poisoning as suicidal method range from 20.6% (10.3% organophosphorus) [2] to 56.3% (43.8% organophosphorus) [3,4]. It has remained so for almost a century, 44.2% in 1872-76 and 49.2% in 1972... | 17118195 | PMC1675999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 21; 5:17 |
Background
Cross Clamp fibrillationn is a well established technique for performing Coronary Bypass Grafting and it is routinely used by 15% of surgeons in the UK [1-3] Proponents of this technique report that this method subjects the heart to only short periods of ischaemia, with full reperfusion after every distal an... | 17118183 | PMC1676000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Nov 21; 1:45 |
Background
We have a problem in gross anatomy: Within the next decade there will be a critical national shortage of PhD-level faculty trained to teach gross anatomy [1]-the way we teach will have to change. Effective use of educational theory and distance-learning technologies to provide lectures (delivered by geograph... | 17107621 | PMC1676001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:50 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Nov 15; 6:55 |
Background
Musculoskeletal diseases are a major cause of diminished work capabilities of industrial workers with substantial financial consequences due to workers' compensation, medical expenses, and productivity losses [1,2]. It has been estimated that the indirect costs of one workday lost due to sickness absence amo... | 17125504 | PMC1676002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:50 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 24; 7:88 |
Background
Several studies have shown that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is not transmitted via the oral route [1]. It has also been reported that there is a continuous shedding of HIV infected blood into the oral cavity from mucosal and gingival lesions in HIV-infected patients, resulting in the detectable pr... | 17125499 | PMC1676003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Nov 24; 3:99 |
Background
More than 170 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) [1] and about 20% of those infected will develop cirrhosis [2]. The incidence of cirrhosis development due to chronic alcohol exposure is similar, and half the causes of death following end-stage liver disease are du... | 17121680 | PMC1676004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Nov 22; 3:98 |
Background
The demand for rehabilitation services following stroke is rapidly growing since the population at risk for vasculocerebral accident is continuously increasing and the progress in acute clinical management have resulted in higher survival rates over the past few years [1]. Due to limited financial and specia... | 17123438 | PMC1676005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:50 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Nov 23; 6:151 |
Background
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common interstitial pneumonias of unknown origin and one of the most aggressive interstitial lung diseases. It is characterized by a chronic and progressive course leading to respiratory failure with a median survival under 3 years [1-3]. The pathogenesis of th... | 17118201 | PMC1676006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Nov 21; 7(1):137 |
Background
State and local health departments throughout the United States are working to improve their ability to address the public health consequences of bioterrorism. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Health Resources Services Administration (HRSA) are supporting these efforts, wh... | 17116256 | PMC1676007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:50 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 20; 6:285 |
Background
The isolation and characterization of pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) [1] or bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 1 (bPAG1)[2] in the cow by immunoelectrophoresis and the subsequent development of RIA techniques for this protein (for PSPB[3] and for bPAG1[4]) enabled hormonal diagnosis of pregnancy i... | 17121683 | PMC1676008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Nov 23; 48(1):23 |
Background
The numbers of reported cases of fistula between the portal venous system and adjacent organs has been gradually increasing recently. For instance, fistula has been reported between the portal venous system and the pancreas [1,2], biliary system [3,4], small intestine [5-7], and colon [8,9]. However, fistula... | 17123451 | PMC1676009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 24; 4:84 |
Background
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG-tube) was first introduced in 1980 as an alternative to nasogastric tubes and surgically placed gastrostomy tubes [1]. It has now become an excellent alternative for the long- term management of patients with dysphagic stroke or for those who are unable to feed themse... | 17125502 | PMC1676010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:50 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Nov 24; 6:37 |
Background
Supplementation of nutritional deficiencies helps to restore immune function and contributes to increased resistance to infections in malnourished subjects [1]. The literature is less clear however, on the suggested benefits of dietary supplementation for immune function in healthy well nourished subjects wi... | 17118191 | PMC1676011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Nov 21; 5:28 |
Background
About 40% of the elderly in the United States take multivitamin-mineral supplements [1], and their use is increasing [2]. Studies of the clinical outcomes of such use therefore have important health and economic implications, especially as the outcomes are expected to depend on supplement constituent dosages... | 17123445 | PMC1676012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Nov 23; 5:30 |
Review of CD
The Atlas of Salivary Gland Tumor Cytopathology, Oral & Surgical Pathology as a CD-ROM version is a very welcome edition to the library of any pathologist for quick reference [1]. The pathology of salivary gland tumors is so varied and the tumors are infrequently encountered in many pathology practices. Th... | 0 | PMC1676013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Nov 21; 3:26 |
Background
Studies on the adaptation to environmental stresses in Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of great interest due to the large use of these microorganisms in food industry [1-3]. Indeed the growth performance of the appropriate species of LAB to be used for a fermentation process plays a key role in the developmen... | 17129387 | PMC1676014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Nov 27; 5:35 |
Background
In areas with intense malaria transmission, such as the lowlands of north-eastern (NE) Tanzania, anaemia is the most common manifestation of severe malaria [1], peaking at the age of one year, and is a significant risk factor for child hospital mortality [2].
The World Health Organization (WHO) strategy for... | 17116250 | PMC1676015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 20; 5:111 |
Background
The efficient application of malaria control methods that target the mosquito vector depends upon knowledge of its population genetic structure. This information can improve current insecticide-based strategies and aid in the management of insecticide resistance, but it is also essential to future genetic co... | 17125511 | PMC1676016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 24; 5:115 |
Background
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Frequently seen neurological dysfunctions are delirium, convulsions, coma and eventual death if the disease is not controlled. Post mortem analyses of brains of CM patients show adherence of parasitized... | 17125519 | PMC1676017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 24; 5:116 |
Background
Homeopathic medicine continues to attract attention in medical journals and the media as a popular form of complementary medicine (CM) whose proposed mechanism of action seems incompatible with mainstream scientific thought and the research evidence for which remains controversial. At the centre of clinical ... | 17101037 | PMC1676018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Nov 13; 6:37 |
Background
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults and encompass nearly 85% of all ocular melanoma[1]. The worldwide incidence of UM is 5.3 to 10.9 cases per million population comprising about 4,25% of all melanomas[1]. Even with the progress of diagnosis and treatment meth... | 17125516 | PMC1676019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Nov 24; 6:26 |
Background
There is little comparative data on restorative proctocolectomy performed via conventional or minimal invasive surgical approaches. The technical feasibility of the laparoscopic approach for performing restorative proctocolectomy has been shown in several series in specialized centres [1-4]. However, there i... | 17125500 | PMC1676020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:50 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Nov 24; 6:13 |
Background
A laryngocele is usually a cystic dilatation of the laryngeal saccule. The etiology behind its occurrence is still unclear, but congenital and acquired factors have been implicated in its development [1,2].
Laryngoceles appear to be an atavistic remnant from the higher apes, particularly those who use their... | 17129390 | PMC1676021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:50 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Nov 27; 6:14 |
Background
The ability to synthesize rigid, mineralized structures is an essential trait to the majority of metazoan taxa. Vertebrates, echinoderms, mollusks, arthropods, brachiopods, bryozoans, annelids, cnidarians and sponges, amongst others, construct a spectacular diversity of endo- and exo-skeletons as well as sen... | 17121673 | PMC1676022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:17 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Nov 22; 4:40 |
Background
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) introduced by Velculescu et al. [1] is a powerful open source method for profiling transcripts expressed in a given tissue. In this technique, mRNA transcripts are converted to cDNA and then processed 5' to the poly A+ tail to isolate short cDNA fragments called "tag... | 17109755 | PMC1676023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 16; 7:504 |
Background
Within the last 10 years, there has been an exponential growth in the number of genomes that have been completely sequenced [1-4]. This rapid release of large quantities of data has made it necessary that high-throughput annotation and data management systems be developed, such that the information may be ac... | 17123449 | PMC1676024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 23; 7:513 |
Background
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy measures the differential absorbance of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light as it passes through a sample of chiral molecules. In the far ultraviolet (UV) region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the electronic transitions of amide backbone groups dominate th... | 17112372 | PMC1676025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 17; 7:507 |
Introduction
Composite transposable elements are key vehicles for the worldwide spreading of genes that allow bacteria to survive toxic compounds created by humans. Prominent examples include, on one hand, genes responsible for antibiotic resistance, perhaps the most serious challenge in the human battle against infect... | 17140282 | PMC1676026 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:43 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Dec 1; 2(12):e162 |
Introduction
It is an accepted common notion that genes play a major role in the formation of the nervous system; they specify neuronal cell types, help destine neurons into defined neural circuits, and provide important cues determining their communication [1,2]. Many studies have identified specific genes in the nema... | 17154715 | PMC1676027 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:44 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Dec 8; 2(12):e167 |
Introduction
Cells continually have to make logical decisions. Many of these decisions are taken in the cis-regulatory regions of genes, which can function as analog implementations of logic gates [1–3]. A classical example is the lactose system in the bacterium Escherichia coli, where the lac operon is strongly expres... | 17140283 | PMC1676028 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Dec 1; 2(12):e164 |
Introduction
The seminal observation of Margareth O. Dayhoff [1,2] that proteins evolved from a common ancestor into families [2,3] has been recognized as central in the speciation and diversification processes. In addition, the horizontal transmission of genetic material between different species is frequent, and has ... | 17140285 | PMC1676029 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:45 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Dec 1; 2(12):e173 |
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