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Introduction
Retroviral Tagging
In retroviral insertional mutagenesis experiments, genes involved in the development of cancer are identified by determining the loci of viral insertions from tumors induced by retroviruses in mice [1,2]. After infecting a host cell, the retrovirus inserts its own DNA into the host cell'... | 17154714 | PMC1676030 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:45 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Dec 8; 2(12):e166 |
Introduction
The Ras superfamily of small GTPases [1] has recently emerged as the central element of a variety of molecular modules that provide spatial and temporal control for protein complex formation in the cell [2–4]. The operation of these ubiquitous control modules is based on the intrinsic property of GTPases t... | 17140284 | PMC1676031 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:45 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Dec 1; 2(12):e172 |
Introduction
Side-chains of amino-acid residues encode the information governing a protein's three-dimensional fold. In a typical X-ray crystal structure, each residue's side-chain is represented by a fixed configuration, and most side-chain modelling methods assume that each buried side-chain takes only one fixed conf... | 17154716 | PMC1676032 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:44 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Dec 8; 2(12):e168 |
Background
The term bruxism is derived from the Greek work "brychein", which means "to grind or gnash the teeth". The reported prevalence is 5 to 96% in adult populations [1-5] and 15% in children [6]. Bruxism is often noted in patients with altered states of consciousness, but its occurrence after brain injury is stil... | 17123443 | PMC1679798 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Nov 23; 2:41 |
Background
Randomised controlled trials have demonstrated positive physical and/or psychological benefits of expressive writing [1]. In the expressive writing paradigm, participants write about traumatic, stressful or emotional events in their lives for 3–5 sessions of 15–20 minutes each, over consecutive days or few w... | 17112389 | PMC1679799 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Nov 19; 3:34 |
Background
The development of electrical properties in embryonic neurons is likely due to factors both intrinsic and extrinsic to the individual cells. Intrinsic factors will be determined by the clonal lineage of individual neurons [1], while exposure to external factors, such as synaptic activity, glia-derived factor... | 17147779 | PMC1679800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Neural Develop. 2006 Nov 16; 1:3 |
Background
Randomized, prospective trials involving multi-institutional collaboration have become a central part of clinical and translational research. However, data management and coordination of multi-center studies is a complex process that involves developing systems for data collection and quality control, tracki... | 17147787 | PMC1679801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Source Code Biol Med. 2006 Nov 13; 1:7 |
Background
Microarrays [1] have provided a wealth of gene expression data for the biological community to interpret. The technology presents a snapshot of cellular transcription at an unprecedented level of detail, with certain array designs containing probes to assess expression levels of every known gene within the t... | 17147786 | PMC1679802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Source Code Biol Med. 2006 Nov 8; 1:6 |
Introduction
Uterine receptivity is regulated by the cyclic secretion of ovarian steroids as a consequence of follicular development and subsequent ovulation. As first described in the uterus by its ability to bind estrogen [1], the classic estrogen receptor (ER-alpha), increases in response to estrogen during the prol... | 17118173 | PMC1679803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:51 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 9; 4(Suppl 1):S9 |
Background
Searching biological sequence(s) for motifs is a fundamental task in bioinformatics. Motifs can be represented as either patterns over a specific alphabet, or profiles (also called positional weight matrix (PWM)), which give the probability of observing each symbol in each position. Motifs can be classified ... | 17118189 | PMC1679804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Nov 21; 1:22 |
Background
A highly distinctive feature of neurons is their morphology. Neurons exhibit long processes, or neurites, that are fundamental to the formation of the connected networks of neurons that constitute a nervous system. One neurite, the axon, forms the output electrical signalling pathway of a neuron. A typical a... | 17118163 | PMC1679805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:51 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30; 7(Suppl 1):S9 |
Background
T-cells have several features that render them attractive target cells for cell and gene therapy applications. In addition to their diverse and critical role in the immune system, T-cells are readily available from human peripheral blood, they can be easily isolated, activated, expanded to large numbers in v... | 17118192 | PMC1679806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Nov 21; 3:97 |
Background
A blind eye may be associated with pain, which is a challenge for the ophthalmologist. The most common conditions leading to the development of a blind painful eye (BPE) are trauma, miscellaneous retinal disorders and retinal detachment, and the majority of these eyes are enucleated to relieve the pain.[1]
... | 17118184 | PMC1679807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Nov 21; 1:45 |
Background
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine-threonine kinases activated by phosphorylation of specific amino acids in response to extracellular stimuli and have been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis [1-8]. The first member of this family to be characterized was the extracellular sign... | 17112382 | PMC1679808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 17; 5:63 |
Upon close examination of the representative image depicted in 'figure 2' from [1] and a figure published elsewhere [2], we realized that the 'figure 2' of this work was a lower magnification of a section of the same microscope slide used in the previous manuscript [2]. The experiments leading to the data for these two... | 0 | PMC1679809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 16; 6:165 |
Background
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), a major cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants, is caused by cardiopulmonary immaturity with a deficiency of surfactant in the alveolar space. RDS is often associated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), intraventricular haemorrhage and chronic lung diseases ... | 17118199 | PMC1679810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 21; 6:166 |
Background
The genetic complexity of Plasmodium falciparum and its ability to generate mutant variants in particular makes it a strikingly successful pathogen. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contribute largely to its genetic variability [1]. P. falciparum undergoes mutations in respective target genes, thus res... | 17118179 | PMC1679811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 21; 5:112 |
Background
According to Mayr [1], the initial step of any taxonomic work is to "sort that portion of the diversity of the individuals which is encountered into easily recognisable and internally homogeneous groups, and to find constant differences between such groups". In other words, there must be constant, apparent d... | 17123437 | PMC1679812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 23; 6:100 |
Background
Traditional methods of systematics based on morphology of vegetative cells, sexual states, physiological responses to fermentation and growth tests can assign fungal species to particular genera and families. However, higher-level relationships amongst these groups are less certain and are best elucidated us... | 17121679 | PMC1679813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 22; 6:99 |
Background
The organisation of the chloroplast genome in many peridinin-containing dinoflagellates has been shown to be very unusual [1-5]. A massive reduction in the gene content of the organelle genome is observed in these organisms relative to all other photosynthetic chloroplasts [6]. EST data from a number of dino... | 17123435 | PMC1679814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:51 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 23; 7:297 |
Welcome to the inaugural special issue of
PPAR Research: PPARs and Bone Metabolism. In
addition to the key roles PPARs play in numerous processes
including glucose and fat metabolism, inflammation, cancer, and
central nervous system maintenance, a new role for PPAR-γ
has recently emerged: the maintenance of bone homeos... | 17259662 | PMC1679960 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Sep 6; 2006:18089 |
INTRODUCTION
The two-faced ancient Roman god Janus, represents the
inseparable relationship between opposites. The nuclear receptor
and transcription factor PPAR-γ has many “faces” in
regard to its activities, but its proadipocytic and
antiosteoblastic activities in bone closely resemble the two
inseparable faces of Ja... | 17259664 | PMC1679961 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Sep 20; 2006:27489 |
INTRODUCTION
The maintainance of both bone mass and bone
microarchitecture is controlled by the balance between bone
resorption and formation. At the cellular level, this
balance is largely dependent on the number and activity of
bone forming and resorbing cells. Any alteration in the number or
activity of bone cells w... | 17259667 | PMC1679962 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Sep 4; 2006:64807 |
INTRODUCTION
Osteoporosis currently affects 10 million
Americans and an additional 34 million Americans are considered
at risk for osteoporosis and fracture
(http://www.nof.org/ accessed June,
2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines osteoporosis as
having a BMD with a T-score of less than −2.5 [1], yet in
th... | 17347532 | PMC1679963 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Oct 11; 2006:93258 |
Background
The chemically purified endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has no or only traces amounts of cell wall proteins [1]. Alveolar macrophages have a primary role in mediating the effects of LPS entering airways and lungs. CD-1 mice are relatively sensitive to LPS treatment [2,3]. Previous reports suggested that ... | 17134510 | PMC1681346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Nov 29; 3:15 |
As the Editorial that launched this journal states, "The Journal of Biomedical Discovery and Collaboration was created to provide, for the first time, a unified forum to consider all factors that affect scientific practice and scientific discovery – with an emphasis on the changing face of contemporary biomedical scien... | 0 | PMC1681347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Nov 28; 1:12 |
Background
Epidemiological data strongly support a protective effect of regular fruit and vegetable consumption against heart diseases and certain types of cancer [e.g., [1-3]]. The health benefits of fruits and vegetables seen in epidemiology studies are the main reasons for the recommended intake of at least 400 g of... | 17125507 | PMC1681348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Nov 24; 3:41 |
Background
Effector functions mediated by cells of the immune system are thought to play a crucial role in the control of tumor development and progression. However, it has been difficult to distinguish the part played by individual immune cell subsets in these processes. T cells that mediate tumor-specific responses a... | 17105663 | PMC1681349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Nov 14; 4:49 |
Background
Signals recorded from the surface of the cerebral cortex are composites of the electrical activity of a large number – probably millions to billions – of individual cells. Therefore, one would expect that several different processes – each produced by a different neuronal structure with a characteristic acti... | 17118151 | PMC1683557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S8 |
Background
Peroxisome proliferators are structurally diverse chemicals that include industrial pollutants, plasticizers, herbicides, and lipid-lowering drugs. Fibrates including bezafibrate, clofibrate, fenofibrate, WY-14,643, and others are a unique class of hypolipidemic drugs. They function as agonists for peroxisom... | 17118139 | PMC1683558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S18 |
Background
During the past decade, nanopore detectors have been shown to be helpful in DNA molecule classification [1-5]. The detectors relate ionic current blockade measurements from a nanometer-scale pore to single molecule translocation [1-3]. Alpha-Hemolysin channels provide inexpensive and reproducible nanopores d... | 17118136 | PMC1683559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S15 |
Background
The availability of microarray technology at an affordable price makes it possible to determine expression of several thousand genes simultaneously. For example, the AFFYMETRIX 430 2.0 array contains oligonucleotide probe sets representing approximately 39,000 mouse gene mRNA transcripts. Gene expression lev... | 17118148 | PMC1683560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S5 |
Background
In many machine learning applications, a prediction is to be made from a data set of historical information. Gene expression data sets have been constructed with the goal of predicting whether or not disease is present (e.g. colon cancer), or which type of disease exists in the patient. One of the primary di... | 17118133 | PMC1683561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S12 |
Background
A New Method for Single Molecule Detection and Characterization
Angstrom precision structures for numerous DNA, RNA, and protein molecules have been revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis and NMR spectroscopy. These approaches rely upon average properties of very large numbers of molecules and are often bias... | 17118143 | PMC1683562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S21 |
Background
Introduction
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been discovered as the first line of defense in almost all major groups of organisms like animals, plants and microbes [1,2]. As an integral part of the innate immune system, they also help in immunological boosting, against harmful pathogens. Several similar A... | 17118141 | PMC1683563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S2 |
Background
The mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) is used internationally for regulatory decision-making and it is the mammalian in vitro gene mutation assay preferred by the U.S. FDA, the U.S. EPA, and the International Committee on Harmonization (including the European, Japanese and U.S. pharmaceutical companies and regulato... | 17118152 | PMC1683564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S9 |
Background
Ohno described gene duplications and the resulting changes in selective pressure as providing the opportunity for duplicates to evolve new functions in 1970 [1]. Since then it has become clear that a significant proportion of genes that make up a genome are not entirely unique from one another but are part o... | 17118140 | PMC1683565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S19 |
Background
Comfrey belongs to the family Boraginaceae. Three plant species in the genus Symphytum contribute to the crop known as comfrey, Symphytum officinale L. (wild or common comfrey; the major comfrey species), S. asperum Lepechin (prickly or rough comfrey), and S. x uplandicum Nyman (quaker, Russian, or blue comf... | 17118137 | PMC1683566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S16 |
Background
Until about 25 years ago, all known enzymes were proteins. But then it was discovered that some RNA molecules also have enzymatic property; that is, catalyze covalent changes in the structure of substrates (most of which are also RNA molecules) [1-3]. Catalytic RNA molecules are called ribozymes. Since the d... | 17118149 | PMC1683567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S6 |
Background
New high-throughput methods, such as microarrays, allow generation of massive amounts of molecular biological data. These, mainly phenomenological, data are often difficult to relate with the activation/inhibition of particular signal transduction pathways and/or transcriptional regulators. Gene expression c... | 17118134 | PMC1683568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S13 |
Introduction
Automated approaches to term identification within large corpora are becoming increasingly valuable as the amount of text-based information increases. MEDLINE, for example, is growing at a rate of ~4% per year, with approximately 672,000 new records added in 2005. Manual identification of key terms within ... | 17118146 | PMC1683569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S3 |
Background
Fundamental hypothesis
HIV DNA is found to have a highly conserved CA dinucleotide step precisely two base-pairs from its blunt-end terminus [1-7]. In preliminary nanopore studies the blockade level lifetimes of the wild-type 3' end sequence (-C-A-T-G-3') were found to be similar to (-C-A-A-A-3'), consistent... | 17118144 | PMC1683570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S22 |
Background
Circadian, or approximately daily, rhythm is one of the most well studied periodic processes in living organisms. Multiple studies in different tissues report that expression of approximately 5–15% of all genes show circadian oscillations [1,2]. Circadian oscillation is driven by a molecular mechanism involv... | 17118131 | PMC1683571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S10 |
Introduction
DNA microarray has become the major tool to study global gene expression profiles in recent years [2,3]. Data from microarray experiments have been successfully used for establishing new pathways and identifying "signature" genes to differentiate cell types [4,5]. Because of the increased use of microarray... | 17118138 | PMC1683572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S17 |
Background
Large-scale genomic technologies have generated an extraordinary amount of data in the past few decades. Consequently, a huge effort has been made toward creating biological databases and systems to organize, analyze, and share information with the world-wide community [1-4]. The application of genomic techn... | 17118150 | PMC1683573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S7 |
Background
Motivations for seeking MM and HMM Variants
Part of the problem in developing a reliable gene predictor is having reliable, biologist-verified, training data. In its simplest form, the training data needed is the raw genomic DNA together with a minimal annotation that labels coding regions. For the prokaryot... | 17118135 | PMC1683574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S14 |
Background
Support Vector Machine
SVMs are fast, easily trained, discriminators [1,2], for which strong discrimination is possible without the over-fitting complications common to neural net discriminators [1]. SVMs strongly draw upon variational methods in their construction and are designed to yield the best estimate... | 17118147 | PMC1683575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S4 |
Background
DNA microarray technology is a key application in pharmaco- and toxicogenomics, a field identified in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Critical Path Initiative as a major opportunity for advancing medical product development and personalized medicine. It is expected that the review of microarray-... | 17118145 | PMC1683576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S23 |
Introduction
The purpose of this work is to evaluate the statistical significance of treatments on the expressions in subsets of the genes on an array; for example, sets defined by gene ontology terms (GO terms, ). GO terms group genes according to a biological process, molecular function, or cellular component. Infere... | 17118132 | PMC1683577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S11 |
Background
Aristolochic acid (AA) is an active component of herbal drugs derived from Aristolochia species that have been used for medicinal purposes since antiquity. The herbal drugs containing AA were used for treatment of snake bites, arthritis, gout, rheumatism and festering wounds, as well as used in obstetrics [1... | 17118142 | PMC1683578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S20 |
Introduction
The Third Annual MidSouth Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Society (MCBIOS-III) conference was held in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on March 2nd-4th, 2006, under the banner of "Bioinformatics: A Calculated Discovery". The conference featured three days of scientific platform presentations, posters, and p... | 17118130 | PMC1683579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 26; 7(Suppl 2):S1 |
Background
Protein-structure alignment remains a great challenge in structural genomics and constitutes an important tool for applications in protein classification, protein-structure prediction, drug design and studies of evolutionary relationships. The number of known three-dimensional protein structures determined b... | 17118190 | PMC1683948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 21; 7:510 |
Background
Structural analysis of signal transduction networks can provide insight into the function and evolution of the cellular networks. A proper network feature to evaluate the importance of each protein in signaling networks helps to identify the crucial proteins in a cellular process and further provides us with... | 17129367 | PMC1683949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 27; 7:515 |
Background
GABA (γ-Aminobutyric acid) and glycine are two principle inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord dorsal horn. They are either released separately or co-released from presynaptic terminals of inhibitory neurons. Upon the binding to GABAA receptors and glycine receptors at postsynaptic membrane, they e... | 17129385 | PMC1684245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Nov 27; 2:36 |
Background
Treatment of rodents with agonists of PPARα results in liver cancer via mechanisms that remain unclear. While some studies implicate oxidative stress, caused by an overproduction of H2O2, as a consequence of peroxisome proliferation [1], others have suggested that these agonists increase rates of hepatocyte ... | 17129391 | PMC1684246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Nov 27; 5:26 |
Background
In May of 2005 the 58th World Health Assembly passed a resolution requesting the Director-General "to undertake an assessment of WHO's internal resources, expertise and activities in the area of health research, with a view to developing a position paper on WHO's role and responsibilities in the area of heal... | 17116254 | PMC1684247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Nov 20; 4:12 |
Background
ARS is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by bilateral congenital abnormalities of the anterior segment of the eye associated with abnormalities of the teeth, midface, and umbilicus. These defects may include microdontia, hypodontia, anodontia and maxillary hypoplasia. Classic ocular features of AR... | 17134502 | PMC1684248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Nov 29; 7:82 |
Background
Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a congenital disorder characterized by abnormal morphogenesis of structures of ectodermal origin that may result in varying degrees of ectodermal defects such as hypodontia or anodontia, hypotrichiosis or alopecia, hypohidrosis or anhidrosis as well as nail abnormal... | 17125505 | PMC1684249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 7:80 |
Background
The term haemochromatosis was originally used by von Recklinghausen in 1889 [1] to describe tissue injury caused by increased levels of iron. A modern definition of haemochromatosis describes it as an inherited disorder of iron metabolism, characterized by inappropriately high absorption of iron by the gastr... | 17134494 | PMC1684250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Nov 29; 7:81 |
Background
The innate immune response to gram-negative bacterial infections is initiated by the recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a principal component of the cell membrane that is released during bacteriolysis. During systemic infections, LPS ligation to the hepatic Toll-like receptor-4 complex induces the prod... | 17134499 | PMC1684251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Nov 29; 2:34 |
Background
Hormonal changes in females may affect the physiology of the entire body including the oral cavity. Besides the direct effect on the metabolism of periodontal tissues, pregnancy, menstruation, and hormone replacement therapy may induce short-term changes in salivary flow rates, buffering capacity, and bioche... | 17132167 | PMC1684252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Nov 28; 2:44 |
pmcBackground
Subscribers to the Convention on Biological Diversity agreed on a target of reducing the actual rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, at regional and national levels [1]. In looking for ways to assess progress towards this goal, discussion on how biodiversity should best be measured has intensified [2]. Bio... | 17132175 | PMC1684253 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:41 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Nov 28; 2:14 |
Background
Epidemiological studies have established that genetic factors play a major role in the development of schizophrenia. However, the discordance rate for schizophrenia between monozygotic twins is approximately 50%, suggesting that epigenetic and/or environmental factors are also involved in the development of ... | 17132176 | PMC1684254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:49 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Nov 29; 2:37 |
Introduction
The epidemic of obesity in the US shows no signs of abating – presently, over 65% of the US population are either overweight or obese [1]. Many racial/ethnic populations are disproportionately affected by the condition; non-Hispanic Black women, for example, are more than twice as likely to be obese, compa... | 17096859 | PMC1684255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Nov 12; 3:40 |
Background
Recent dramatic increases in the prevalence of obesity around the world [1-4] have provided an opportunity for renewed discussion of how best to advise the general public about behaviors that may be helpful in reducing body weight or preventing weight gain. Although opinions on this topic vary widely, two pr... | 17125525 | PMC1684256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Nov 26; 3:42 |
Background
DNA ligases play key roles in all forms of cellular life [1]. Two families of DNA ligase, differing in their cofactor specificity, are characteristic of the two major branches of evolution, the eubacteria and the eukarya/archaea. NAD+-dependent DNA ligases (EC 6.5.1.2) are encoded predominantly by eubacteria... | 17132163 | PMC1684257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Nov 28; 7:44 |
Background
Helicases play important roles in DNA and RNA metabolic processes such as replication, recombination, repair, transcription and translation [1]. The enzyme catalyzes the unwinding of duplex nucleic acid, utilizing the energy derived from nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis to translocate along one strand of t... | 17132162 | PMC1684258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Nov 28; 7:43 |
Background
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has continued to be a major pathogen causing infections in hospitals and in the community and are increasingly isolated in hospitals worldwide. Following its initial isolation in the UK in 1961, many outbreaks of infections due to MRSA have occurred and it h... | 17125522 | PMC1684259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 25; 6:168 |
Background
Electrical impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been employed to study the respiratory, gastro-intestinal, and cardio-vascular systems [1]. Recently, EIS has been used to study human uterine cervical tissue both in vitro[2,3] and in vivo in nonpregnant [4,5] and pregnant [6-8] women. The electrical properties of... | 17125510 | PMC1684260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Nov 24; 5:62 |
Background
Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Indeed, more than 2.4 billion people are exposed to the risk of malaria [1]. The incidence of malaria worldwide is estimated at 300 to 500 million cases per year, with 90% of these cases occurring in sub-saharan Africa. Malaria kil... | 17118176 | PMC1684261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 21; 6:286 |
Background
In breast cancer patients, current guidelines post-operatively recommend mammography at regular intervals and not routine use of any instrumental or laboratory test for early detection of relapse and monitoring of metastatic disease. In fact, in randomised trials and meta-analysis intensive post-operative fo... | 17116247 | PMC1684262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 20; 6:269 |
Background
The success of the genome sequencing projects have culminated in release 149 of GenBank [1] that announced two milestones: the total sequence data passed the 100 gigabases mark, and, for the first time, the number of bases derived from whole genome shotgun sequencing projects exceeded the number of bases in ... | 17134497 | PMC1684263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 29; 7:300 |
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are an abundant form of genetic variation in every species. SNPs are more stable than other genetic markers, such as simple sequence repeats although they are not as informative due to their predominantly biallelic nature. They are distributed throughout the genome and ... | 17125523 | PMC1684264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 26; 7:298 |
Background
The Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial (IONDT) was a randomized clinical trial designed to test the safety and efficacy of optic nerve decompression surgery (ONDS) combined with careful follow-up for treatment of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), as well as to document the ... | 17116264 | PMC1685661 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Nov 20; 6:34 |
Background
Entropy production, reflecting the rate of the growth of disorder, is a thermodynamic quantity of fundamental importance for a living system: following the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of a system always increases for any non-equilibrium system if no entropy flows outward. The entropy production... | 17107607 | PMC1685662 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Nov 15; 1:43 |
INTRODUCTION
The use of rare earth elements (REE) in agriculture to promote the
growth of plants is well known [1–4]. The utilization of REE containing fertilizers is widespread in China due to its rich REE resources. They are found to have nitrogen-fixing capacity, to
enhance seed germination, strengthen photosyntheti... | 17497017 | PMC1686291 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Mar 23; 2006:75612 |
INTRODUCTION
Sulpha drugs are a group of compounds used for
eliminating a wide range of infections in human and other animal
systems. Many chemotherapeutically important sulpha drugs, like
sulphadiazine, sulphathiazole, sulphamerazine, and so forth,
possess SO2NH moiety which is an important toxophoric function [1]. Th... | 17496998 | PMC1686292 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Feb 16; 2006:13743 |
INTRODUCTION
AIDS remains an enormous health threat, although
chemo-therapeutic agents have increased in number and
effectiveness. Both nucleoside (AZT, DDI, DDC, D4T, 3TC) and
non-nucleoside (nevirapine, delavirdine) HIV reverse transcriptase
(RT) inhibitors and HIV protease (saquinavir, indinavir,
ritonavir, nelfinav... | 17497014 | PMC1686293 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Feb 23; 2006:68274 |
INTRODUCTION
Present-day anticancer agents are facing challenges such as side
effects, toxicity, targeting, drug delivery, acquired
resistance, and cancer specificity. To overcome such problems,
drugs with different molecular level action are required, and a
variety of such species are under way to address
these proble... | 17497007 | PMC1686294 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Mar 5; 2006:32896 |
INTRODUCTION
The number and diversity of nitrogen and sulfur chelating agents used to
prepare new coordination and organometallic
compounds has increased rapidly during the past few years
[1–7]. The dithiocarbazate
(NH2NHCS2−) and its substituted derivatives have been
investigated [8–17]. These compounds have received ... | 17497003 | PMC1686295 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Mar 14; 2006:23245 |
INTRODUCTION
A large number of antimony(III) compounds have been tested as bactericides
[1] and fungicides [2]. The pharmacological activity of antimony
compounds has been developed ever since the advent of rational
chemotherapy [3, 4]. A large number of antimony compounds have
been found to be most effective against v... | 17497001 | PMC1686296 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Apr 4; 2006:20979 |
INTRODUCTION
Today, rapidly expanding population and limited sources are thought to be the most pressing global problems. This rapid increase in
the world population has multiplied the benefits of economical and
technological advancements. Fertility control is very essential for
maintaining satisfactory standards in th... | 17497000 | PMC1686297 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 May 22; 2006:17316 |
pmcINTRODUCTION
Interest in the study of hydrazones has been growing because of their antimicrobial, antituberculosis, and antitumour activity [1–8]. Hydrazones derived from condensation of isonicotinic acid hydrazide with pyridine aldehydes have been found to show better antitubercular activity than INH [9]. The rema... | 17497006 | PMC1686298 | CC BY | 2023-01-09 23:32:29 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Jun 6; 2006:29234 |
INTRODUCTION
Organic compounds containing −NC6H4S− unit are well known for their significant biological activities [3]. Phenothiazenes significantly affect the hypothalamous pituitary gonadal axis, resulting in a delay in
ovulation and menstruation in women [3]. These effects have also been observed in rats and dogs [4... | 17496999 | PMC1686299 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Apr 18; 2006:16895 |
INTRODUCTION
There has been considerable interest in the chemistry
of penta- and hexacoordinated
organotin(IV) complexes derived from various
organic ligands due to their structural and stereochemical aspects. In marked
contrast to the well-documented chemistry of organotin(IV)
complexes [1–3],
the number of reports a... | 17497010 | PMC1686300 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 May 23; 2006:60140 |
INTRODUCTION
Thiosemicarbazones are now well established as an
important class of sulfur donor ligands particularly for
transition metal ions [1–
3]. This is due to remarkable
biological activities observed for these compounds, which has
since been shown to be related to their metal complexing ability.
These compounds ... | 17497009 | PMC1686301 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Jun 1; 2006:59509 |
INTRODUCTION
The coumarins constitute an important class of compounds, with several types
of pharmacological agents possessing anticancer, anti-HIV,
anticoagulant, and spasmolytic and antibacterial activity among
others. Of the many actions of coumarins, antioxidant and
antiproliferative effects stand out. A large numb... | 17497005 | PMC1686302 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Mar 20; 2006:25651 |
Background
Signal transduction pathways are of special interest in biological and medical sciences. Many diseases are related to disturbances in signalling pathways. For example protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are important regulators of intracellular signal transduction pathways, mediating development and multicellula... | 17081284 | PMC1686943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 2; 7:482 |
Background
The importance of knowledge about metabolites for understanding life is well demonstrated by their prominent role in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes [1-5], MetaCyc[6], the Boehringer-Mannheim charts[7,8], Brenda[9,10], ExPASy[11], ChEBI[12], or PubChem[13]. These databases vary considerably in th... | 17132165 | PMC1686944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 28; 7:517 |
Burn wounds are stratified into 4 categories of increasing depth: epidermal, superficial partial-thickness, deep partial-thickness, and full-thickness.1 Epidermal and superficial partial-thickness burns may be treated nonoperatively and will generally heal without scarring. Deep dermal and full-thickness burns, on the ... | 16921415 | PMC1687143 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:55:33 | no | J Burns Wounds. 2006 Feb 15; 5:e2 |
Infection is a major complication of burn injury and is responsible for 50% to 75% of hospital deaths. A moist, thermally coagulated burn wound, with its constantly replenished supply of diffusing serum nutrients and warm surface temperature, provides an environment suitable for rapid microbial growth. As local microbi... | 16921417 | PMC1687144 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:55:33 | no | J Burns Wounds. 2006 Jun 7; 5:e4 |
Despite important developments in treatment, cardiovascular disease continues to be the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The overwhelming impact of cardiovascular disease on the population has fueled significant research concerning cardiovascular function, of which an important aspect is... | 16921416 | PMC1687145 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:55:33 | no | J Burns Wounds. 2006 Mar 30; 5:e3 |
There is now incontrovertible evidence that bone and calcium metabolism are adversely affected by severe burn injury. In adults, intraoperative iliac crest bone biopsies demonstrated reduced bone formation approximately 3 weeks postburn.1 While the effects of these histomorphometric findings on bone density and fractur... | 16921418 | PMC1687146 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:55:33 | no | J Burns Wounds. 2006 Aug 8; 5:e5 |
Significant cutaneous sulfur mustard (HD) injuries can take several months to heal, necessitate lengthy hospitalizations, and result in significant cosmetic and/or functional deficits. There are currently no standardized or optimized methods of casualty management. Current treatment strategy consists of symptomatic man... | 17111042 | PMC1687149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:55:33 | no | J Burns Wounds. 2006 Nov 8; 5:e7 |
Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a neutrophilic dermatosis associated in 70% of cases with underlying systemic disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), monoclonal gammopathy, or malignancy.1,2 Treatment of the underlying disease process promotes PG resolution in many cases. Corticosteroi... | 17149453 | PMC1687150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:55:33 | no | J Burns Wounds. 2006 Nov 20; 5:e8 |
We recently cared for a patient who suffered a fatal desquamation syndrome within a few weeks of orthotopic liver transplantation. Although the patient's working diagnosis was toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), his history of recent liver transplant suggested the possibility of another diagnosis: graft versus host disea... | 16921414 | PMC1687152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:55:33 | no | J Burns Wounds. 2006 Jan 28; 5:e1 |
Introduction
Assigning function to a newly discovered protein relies heavily on our understanding of similar proteins in other species. While for the most part the convergence of information from multiple systems points to a single function, occasionally this information leads to disparate cellular roles. Without addit... | 17154718 | PMC1687153 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 8; 2(12):e178 |
Background
The protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding are now major public health priorities, as emphasised in the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding [1]. The Global Strategy aims to "improve – through optimal feeding – the nutritional status, growth and development, health, and thus the sur... | 17125521 | PMC1687180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Nov 25; 1:23 |
Background
Even before the development of modern obstetrics, controversy existed with respect to maternal position during labor. The horizontal position during the first stage of labor is believed to have been introduced by Mauriceau in the 18th century to facilitate the care of women and the performance of obstetric m... | 17137501 | PMC1687181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Reprod Health. 2006 Nov 30; 3:10 |
Background
The hypothesis that schizophrenia is an illness arising from disconnection or misconnections of circuits connecting prefrontal cortex with the thalamus and striatum has received support from studies of post-mortem brains [1,2], imaging [3-5], and electrophysiology[6]. The thalamus has been viewed as a key el... | 17132158 | PMC1687182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 28; 5:19 |
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