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Background
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to the management of patients infected with HIV has significantly decreased mortality and morbidity [1]. Although HAART suppresses HIV replication in a significant proportion of HIV infected individuals, it is not able to eradicate viral infect... | 17132168 | PMC1687183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2006 Nov 28; 4:7 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the sixth of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as b... | 17140444 | PMC1687184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 1; 4:18 |
1 Introduction
Recent developments in DNA sequencing have allowed biologists to obtain complete genomes for several species. However, knowledge of the sequence does not imply the understanding of how genes interact and regulate one another within the genome. Many transcription factor binding sites are highly conserved ... | 17129371 | PMC1687185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Nov 27; 1:23 |
Background
Childhood injury is a major public health concern throughout developed countries and is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity and permanent disability in children Injury-related mortality rates among Canadian children and youth are second highest out of eight industrialised countries, and only the United... | 17094808 | PMC1687186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Nov 9; 6:30 |
Background
Isolated splenic vein thrombosis with left sided portal hypertension is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleed [1]. Diseases of the pancreas have been identified as the most common cause of isolated splenic vein thrombosis [2]. Thrombophilia, myeloproliferative disorders, gastric, renal pathologies, re... | 17132174 | PMC1687187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Nov 28; 6:38 |
pmcBackground
The brine shrimp Artemia is widely distributed in salt lakes, coastal lagoons, and solar saltworks in all continents, except Antarctica [1]. Since the initial record of 80 Artemia sites (Abonyi, 1915; Artom, 1922; Stella, 1933; Mathias, 1937; all cited in Persoone & Sorgeloos [2], the number has steadily... | 17125517 | PMC1687188 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:41 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Nov 24; 2:13 |
Background
Mastitis is an economically important disease for dairy cattle production worldwide. Although replacement heifers are generally expected to have good udder health, many studies have identified a high risk of their developing subclinical mastitis during early lactation and reported that the prevalence of intr... | 17118174 | PMC1687189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Nov 21; 48(1):21 |
Background
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is the most commonly occurring pathogen in udder quarters with elevated somatic cell counts (SCC) in Denmark and accounts for approximately 50% of the intramammary infections of lactating cows [1]. Experimental infections with SA have shown that infected cows develop high SCC, thou... | 17125515 | PMC1687190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Nov 24; 48(1):24 |
Introduction
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART; which includes techniques such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), embryo cryopreservation and embryo donation) are now central to the treatment of infertility in humans. These techniques are successful treatments, yet an indivi... | 17118206 | PMC1687191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov 21; 4:61 |
Background
Despite expanding use of antiretroviral therapy (HAART) [1], which has clearly extended lives of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [2,3], the virus continued to spread worldwide at nearly 5 million new infections in 2005 [4]. Therefore, there is a need to revisit proven strategies of H... | 17132170 | PMC1687192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Nov 28; 3:29 |
Text
Modern surgery can be said to have its roots in the 19th century, when reconstructive, tissue-preserving operations began to replace amputations. These became possible after Lister introduced the aseptic treatment of wounds, and when it was recognized that successful surgery was predicated on the technical skill o... | 17129369 | PMC1687193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 27; 6:171 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common human malignancies with more than 300,000 cases both in the United States and in the European Union each year. The majority of the cases are sporadic and develop from a pre-malignant lesion, the adenomatous polyp [1]. Colonoscopic polypectomy has been proved ... | 17125518 | PMC1687194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 24; 6:270 |
Background
The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that has become increasingly resistant to a wide range of antibiotics over the last two decades. The emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) exhibiting also decreased susceptibilities ... | 17121677 | PMC1687195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 22; 7:296 |
Background
Genetic instabilities are characteristic of most human cancers. Genome-wide detection of chromosomal changes, including loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and copy number alterations (CNA), either gain or loss, are the focus of substantial attention in cancer research. LOH is frequently observed in a variety of hu... | 17134496 | PMC1687196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 29; 7:299 |
Background
Recent advances in nano-scale fabrication techniques allow for novel experimentation of the role of fluidic systems in analysis, detection, and separation of chemical and biological agents [1-9]. Electric fields can be used to drive flow, move analytes, and separate ionic species in nanometer sized channels.... | 17116262 | PMC1687197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Nov 20; 4:12 |
Background
The Gram positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium has several advantages over other microbial host-systems for the production and secretion of recombinant proteins [1]. In contrast to Escherichia coli it has a high capacity for protein export [2]. Compared to Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium reveals an useful ... | 17132166 | PMC1687198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Nov 28; 5:36 |
Findings
Young children today are exposed to an abundance of sedentary activities that include television and movie watching, using the computer, and playing video games. National data and recent research both suggest that 3–7 year-old children watch an average of two [1-7] to three hours of television per day [2-9], w... | 17129381 | PMC1687199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Nov 27; 3:43 |
Background
In polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), changes in intracellular calcium, i.e. [Ca2+]i are associated with multiple cellular events, including activation of cellular kinases and phosphatases, degranulation, phagosome-lysosome fusion, regulation of cytoskeleton binding proteins, transcriptional control and mo... | 17129370 | PMC1687200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 27; 5:65 |
Background
Body weight homeostasis is maintained through complex communications between the brain and peripheral organs [1-8]. Declining body weight during fasting promotes increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure. By contrast, weight gain following several large meals is compensated by decreased food int... | 17123436 | PMC1687201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2006 Nov 23; 5:8 |
Background
Benzodiazepines are in their fifth decade of use and remain among the most frequently prescribed drugs. These medications can be beneficial in the short-term management of diverse symptoms, most notably anxiety, insomnia and agitation. However, they also have adverse effects which can be fatal, particularly ... | 17125509 | PMC1687202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Nov 24; 4:15 |
Background
It has been suggested that ecosystem fragmentation has important consequences for animal populations by reducing and dividing the distribution areas and by limiting connections between the fragments [1,2]. As a result, this natural or anthropological phenomenon is described as a process promoting the genetic... | 17123444 | PMC1687204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 23; 6:102 |
Background
Introduction
Sharing of microarray data within the research community has been greatly facilitated by the development of disclosure and communication standards. The introduction of the Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME) standard [1] has been a great success, while the development of a ... | 17087822 | PMC1687205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 6; 7:489 |
Introduction
About 45% of the human genome is composed of transposable elements that are classified as long interspersed elements (LINEs, 21%), short interspersed elements (SINEs, 13%), retrovirus-like elements (8%), and DNA transposon fossils (3%) [1]. Transposition-competent LINEs encode ORF1, an RNA-binding protein ... | 17154719 | PMC1687206 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 8; 2(12):e205 |
INTRODUCTION
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense transmitted by the Tsetse fly (Glossina spp.), progresses from the hemolymphatic phase (stage 1) to the meningoencephalitic phase (stage 2). Without appropriate treatment, the disease is ... | 17160135 | PMC1687208 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Dec 8; 1(8):e39 |
Background
Molecules that orchestrate the cell cycle have to interact with extrinsic signals to trigger neural cell specification and differentiation [1,2]. Discovered 15 years ago, NECDIN (Neurally differentiated Embryonal Carcinoma-Derived proteIN, [3]), possesses all the characteristics of such a molecule as describ... | 17116257 | PMC1687209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Nov 20; 6:56 |
Background
A wealth of molecular data concerning the linear structure of proteins and nucleic acids is available in the form of DNA, RNA and protein sequences. Multiple sequence alignment has become an essential and widely used tool for understanding the structure and function of these molecules. The results of annotat... | 17081313 | PMC1687212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 3; 7:484 |
1. Background
According to the improvement of living standard and life expectancy, osteoporosis (OP) is becoming one of the most common pubic healthy problems in China and worldwide. The prevalence of osteoporosis is progressively increasing. The most severe complication of OP is fracture, which brings great burden to ... | 17150121 | PMC1693545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Nov 21; 1:14 |
Background
In the U.S., dental care is the most prevalent unmet health need of children [1-3]. Despite a recent decline in childhood dental decay, it is on the rise among children ages 2 to 5 years [4]. Oral health disparities in the U.S. continue to exist, especially for children from poor and culturally diverse backg... | 17109743 | PMC1693546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Nov 16; 6:14 |
Disease name and synonyms
Early onset torsion dystonia
Oppenheim's dystonia
Dystonia musculorum deformans
Definition
Early onset torsion dystonia (EOTD) is characterized by involuntary, repetitive, sustained muscle contractions or postures, typically of the limbs, which may spread to other body parts, in the absence... | 17129379 | PMC1693547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Nov 27; 1:48 |
Background
The 1918 influenza pandemic reached New Zealand with an initial wave between July and October [1]. This was relatively mild with only four deaths out of 3048 reported cases for the population of military camps [1]. The second wave in late October was much more severe and spread throughout the country causing... | 17137517 | PMC1693548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Nov 30; 3:38 |
Background
Delivery of examinations via computer (on-line testing) is becoming more and more prevalent in medical education. Since 1998, students have taken the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1, Step 2 and Step 3 on-line. In the very near future, the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) will... | 17132169 | PMC1693549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:53 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Nov 28; 6:57 |
Background
Postnatal depression is the most common complication of childbearing [1] affecting from 10 to 20% of women [1-3]. The Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) is a validated instrument developed specifically to identify women experiencing postnatal depression [4,5]. The EPDS has been translated from the o... | 17134495 | PMC1693550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Nov 29; 2:33 |
Background
The traumatic loss of an ear constitutes a great aesthetic deformity and considerably affects the patient's psychology. In addition, the severed ear constitutes a major challenge for the head and neck or plastic surgeon particularly when a human bite is the cause, taking into account the high possibility of ... | 17140448 | PMC1693551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Dec 1; 2:45 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the fourth of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as ... | 17140441 | PMC1693552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 1; 4:16 |
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder of the extrapyramidal system, affecting up to 3% of individuals aged 65 years and older and over 1 million people in North America [1,2]. The disease is characterized clinically by resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural inst... | 17137507 | PMC1693553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Nov 30; 1:17 |
Background
Mental health care is an important aspect of the General Practitioner's (GP's) job. GPs have a prominent position in signalling, and often also treating patients with mental health problems. But GPs are sometimes reluctant to become involved in their patient's mental health problems. They report that mental ... | 17147799 | PMC1693554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Dec 5; 7:71 |
Background
The growth rate of corpora lutea (CL) immediately after ovulation is 4- to 20-fold more intense than that of some of the most malignant human tumours and is sustained by the formation of new blood vessels from capillaries of the theca interna compartment [1]. Actually, 85% of the dividing cells in the primat... | 17137503 | PMC1693555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Nov 30; 6:58 |
Background
Circadian (circa = about; dies = day) clocks enable organisms to adapt to ambient environmental conditions by coupling behavioral and physiological events to cyclic factors in the environment [1,2]. Timing of such events functions towards maximizing organism's potential to survive under fluctuating environme... | 17132160 | PMC1693556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Nov 28; 6:57 |
Background
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. These diseases share common features and can be found in both humans and animals. The infectious agent of TSEs is believed to be an abnormal isoform of a naturally occurring protein known... | 17129366 | PMC1693557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:20 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 27; 6:169 |
Background
Bone fracture is among the commonest and most expensive health problems in the population, particularly in postmenopausal women [1]. The major determinants of bone fractures are falls, bone fragility, loss of balance and decrease of lower limb strength[2,3]. Physical exercise is considered as an effective st... | 17137514 | PMC1693558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:53 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 30; 7:92 |
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease, with a prevalence of about 1% (0.2–2.0 %) on the general population. It occurs in both childhood and adulthood and women are more frequently affected than men (4/1). The main symptoms of this disease are pain and increased stiffness of the joints. ... | 17134492 | PMC1693559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:53 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 29; 7:89 |
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic disease that poses particular challenges to patients and health professionals as there is currently no cure for the condition. Consequently, the majority of chronic disease care and management is undertaken by the individual who may only have brief and infrequent inter... | 17134516 | PMC1693560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:53 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 30; 7:90 |
1. Background
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a painful disorder which mainly occurs as a complication after surgery or trauma, and the main characteristics are continuous pain, marked changes in tissue blood flow and skin surface temperature, oedema and sweating, movement disorders and trophic changes of the ... | 17137491 | PMC1693561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:53 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 30; 7:91 |
Background
Prebiotics are dietary carbohydrates, which escape digestion in the small intestine, but undergo bacterial fermentation in the large intestine, and beneficially affect the intestinal microbiota [1]. In addition to a well-established effect on bowel habit and stool bulking, animal studies suggest that ingesti... | 17137493 | PMC1693562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:53 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Nov 30; 6:98 |
Background
The respiratory effects of adenosine, and endogenous nucleoside, have been studied in animals and man. Adenosine is also used therapeutically to treat supraventricular tachycardia [1]. Amongst the reported side effects [2] of intravenous adenosine in asthmatics are bronchospasm and dyspnea; however, in norma... | 17137511 | PMC1693563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Nov 30; 7(1):139 |
Background
Serum cortisol is a widely accepted indicator of energy mobilisation and hence a useful indicator of stress [1]. It has been discovered by Kirschbaum and Hellhammer and confirmed by other groups that variations in saliva concentration reliably reflect variations in the serum concentration of free cortisol [2... | 17129377 | PMC1693564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:53 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 27; 6:288 |
Background
The commercial interest in single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) is rapidly increasing due to their superior mechanical, electric and thermal properties [1]. With the development of mass production and handling facilities for SWCNT, it is critical to fully understand the risk associated with exposure since ... | 17134509 | PMC1693565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Nov 29; 3:15 |
Background
Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has emerged as a frequent and serious pathogen in several regions in the United States. The CA-MRSA strains have distinctive phenotypic and genotypic features when compared to typical hospital-acquired strains. Most CA-MRSA remain sus... | 17137512 | PMC1693566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Nov 30; 5:29 |
Background
Loss of reading ability is a leading complaint of subjects with central scotomas due to macular disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [e.g. [1,2]]. As fixation frequently shifts to a non-foveal location, an adaptation of the oculomotor system is necessary to search for, position and stabi... | 17123448 | PMC1693567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Nov 23; 6:35 |
Background
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a common, debilitating condition and is a major public health burden in the Western world. It is a multi-organ disease, involving the musculoskeletal, respiratory and endocrine systems [1]. CHF most frequently results from coronary artery disease or hypertension and patients ge... | 17137495 | PMC1693568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Nov 30; 6:46 |
Background
The strongest indicator for referral and further orthopaedic assessment of the general children and adolescent population for scoliosis during school-screening is the amount of asymmetry of the trunk shape, which is the existence of a hump at the thoracic, thoracolumbar or lumbar area [1,2].
It is axiomatic... | 17137516 | PMC1693569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Nov 30; 1:19 |
Background
Recent developments in large bowel surgery are the introduction of laparoscopic surgery and the implementation of multimodal fast track perioperative care programs. Both focus on enhanced recovery and shorter hospital stay as compared to open surgery and traditional care. Laparoscopic colectomy was first des... | 17134506 | PMC1693570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:53 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Nov 29; 6:16 |
Background
The sensory input measured by vertebrate mechanosensory hair cells is hair deflection, yet this input can convey information about a number of different stimuli, such as sound waves, angular acceleration of the head, body movement, or posture. The process by which sensory transduction translates into percept... | 17147780 | PMC1693910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Neural Develop. 2006 Nov 29; 1:4 |
Introduction
The third theme of the Science Framework of the Global Carbon Project is Carbon Management [1]. At the GCP's first conference dedicated to the topic, Carbon Management at Urban and Regional Levels: Connecting Development Decisions to Global Issues in Mexico City Sept. 4–8, 2006, educators and students met ... | 17118193 | PMC1693911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Nov 21; 1:13 |
Background
We present a case study using the Evidence Based Medicine approach and have attempted to work through a common problem. The aim of the process was to underpin our clinical decision with relevant research evidence.
Case
A 39-year-old married housewife with 2 children aged 16 and 12 years was electively admit... | 17134508 | PMC1693912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 29; 5:20 |
Background
"Is it not the supreme exercise of power to get another or others to have the desires you want them to have – that is to secure their compliance by controlling their thought and desire" [1].
Kidney disease information can be found on several Internet sites. Some of this information is adequate, but most of ... | 17144913 | PMC1693913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 Dec 4; 1:12 |
Background: James Arthur and the James Arthur lecture series
Born in Ireland in 1842 and raised in Glasgow, Scotland, James Arthur immigrated to New York City in 1871. Skilled in mechanics and gear-cutting, he established a profitable career in the manufacture and repair of machinery of diverse types, in the course of ... | 17134484 | PMC1693914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Nov 29; 1:15 |
Background
A cornerstone principle of neurophysiology is the idea that neurons are either intrinsically designed to be selective with respect to the stimuli to which they will respond, or through connections with other units, can be made to be selective [1-4].
A corollary is the concept of a "rate code," this being th... | 17134493 | PMC1693915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:49 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Nov 29; 2:38 |
Background
The spread of drug resistant pathogens is one of the most serious threats to successful treatment of microbial diseases. Down the ages essential oils and other extracts of plants have evoked interest as sources of natural products. They have been screened for their potential uses as alternative remedies for ... | 17134518 | PMC1693916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Nov 30; 6:39 |
The HIV epidemic in Australia
Australia is generally viewed as a success story in the global HIV epidemic, with its national strategic response in place since the late 1980s credited with delivering extremely low infection rates and high levels of treatment access. Perhaps less well known is the extent to which Austral... | 17140433 | PMC1693917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 1; 3:86 |
Background
The origins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be traced to zoonotic transmissions of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) to humans from at least two different kinds of non-human primates [1]: HIV-1, which came from chimpanzees, and HIV-2, which came from sooty mangabeys. While similar in many ways, t... | 17144914 | PMC1693918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 4; 3:90 |
Background
AD is the most prominent dementia in senile population affecting approximately 5% of the over 65-year old populations, but the cause of AD remains largely unknown. In the pathogenesis of AD, the inflammation mechanism is seemed to play an important role [1]. The senile plaque is the hallmark of AD. The core ... | 17137520 | PMC1693919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:55 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Dec 1; 7:78 |
Background
Numerous studies have shown that socio-economic status (SES) has a profound influence on mortality and morbidity in adulthood [1-3]. Behavioral factors such as smoking, malnutrition, excessive consumption of alcohol and lack of physical activity play a major role in the explanation of these social inequaliti... | 17132161 | PMC1693920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 28; 6:289 |
Background
Psychological distress, defined here as anxiety and depression, is a common complaint in Western societies [1]. Nursing personnel, doing both emotional and physical work, and being exposed to psychosocial as well as mechanical stress at work, seem to be one of the occupational groups that are most frequently... | 17132172 | PMC1693921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 28; 6:290 |
Background
When assessing the value of a particular anticancer treatment it is important to consider the impact it may have not only on length of survival but also on health related quality of life (HRQOL). In medical care of patients with gastric cancer, the 5-year survival is a crucial outcome. However, in the last f... | 17147808 | PMC1693922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 5; 6:274 |
Background
Upper limb arm morbidity resulting from treatment for early breast cancer is a common sequela of treatment for breast cancer [1]. In a study of 644 older women treated for breast cancer, 54% reported a decline in upper body function compared to 10% in the control group who had not undergone treatment [2]. Ba... | 17140447 | PMC1693923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 1; 6:273 |
Background
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe provides an attractive model system for studying cellular differentiation processes in response to environmental cues. It is a unicellular, haploid organism with a conventionally organized cell cycle [1], and it is easily subjected to genetic analysis [2]. Furtherm... | 17137508 | PMC1693924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 30; 7:303 |
Background
The BioMoby project [1-3] began in 2001 as an initiative of the model organism database community and other interested parties to define standards and technologies that would facilitate greater interoperability between Web-based bioinformatics and biological resources. It now boasts greater than 50 independe... | 17137515 | PMC1693925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 30; 7:523 |
Background
The metabolic syndrome is said to consist of a cluster of heart disease risk factors, including low high density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglycerides, impaired carbohydrate metabolism, central obesity, and high blood pressure [1,2]. The metabolic syndrome is expected to be diagnosed in millions of sub... | 17140429 | PMC1697801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Dec 1; 5:25 |
Background
Nowadays most people have some contact with computers either at work or at home. This change has been associated with an increase in complaints of a number of health problems associated with working at visual display terminals (VDTs) [1]. Eye problems are the single most common complaints [2]. The main visua... | 17140457 | PMC1697802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Dec 3; 2:46 |
Background
Peripheral nerve injury and brachial plexopathy are known, though rare complications of coronary artery surgery. The true incidence of nerve injury during general anesthesia remains unclear and probably is underestimated [1]. The ulnar nerve is most frequently affected accounting for one third of all nerve d... | 17147818 | PMC1697803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:32 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2006 Dec 5; 1:7 |
Background
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a complex protein degradation system that is conserved from yeast to mammals and plays an important role in many processes such as cell cycle control, endocytosis and DNA repair [1-5]. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad23, Ddi1 and Dsk2 are the three UBL-UBA proteins, which a... | 17144915 | PMC1697804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Dec 4; 1:28 |
Background
Increasingly, the concept "health-related quality of life" (HRQL) has attracted attention in research within the medical and caring sciences [1]. There are many definitions of HRQL, but they can be summarized as referring to a multidimensional psychological construct, which encompasses physical, psychologica... | 17140436 | PMC1697805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Dec 1; 4:91 |
Background
The importance of quality of life issues for cancer patients is well-recognized by both researchers and clinicians [1-3]. Over the past several decades numerous studies have addressed the physical, emotional, social, and sexual well-being of cancer patients with the focus largely on the period of treatment f... | 17140438 | PMC1697806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Dec 1; 4:92 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the ninth of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as b... | 17147810 | PMC1697807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 5; 4:21 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the 10th of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as ba... | 17147811 | PMC1697808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 5; 4:22 |
Background
Public health officials frequently use cancer mortality maps to identify areas of excess and their potential causes (e.g. environmental exposure or socio-demographic factors), as well as to guide surveillance and control activities. The interpretation and analysis of those choropleth maps faces three major h... | 17137504 | PMC1697809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Nov 30; 5:52 |
Background
Synchronous presentation of more than one germ cell tumors (GCTs) in the same patient is considered to be quite rare. It usually involves almost identical histological subtypes, the possibility of metastasis from the one site to another being the most probable explanation [1]. Here we describe a case of conc... | 17112390 | PMC1697810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:56 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2006 Nov 20; 6:8 |
Background
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a combination of interconnected risk factors for obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) defined a group of five clinical criteria for effective cla... | 17147796 | PMC1697811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Dec 5; 3:41 |
Background
Tissue repair and remodelling in response to injury require well-coordinated cellular proliferation in synchrony with reorganization of the extracellular matrix. After a toxic injury resulting in focal hepatic necrosis, liver cells undergo proliferation events to recover the original hepatic mass in a time-r... | 17134505 | PMC1697812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:56 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Nov 29; 6:40 |
Background
The treatment of peritoneal metastases remains one of the most challenging problems in clinical oncology. Over the last decade, interest in the use of aggressive cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal intraoperative chemotherapy (HIPEC) has increased [1]. This interest has been fuel... | 17137499 | PMC1697813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 30; 4:85 |
Background
Many different mycotoxins have been recognized and isolated from a variety of Fusarium moulds and some of the disease states, caused by consumption of cereals containing these toxins in domestic animals as well as in humans, have been called fusariotoxicoses. Zearalenone (ZEA) and related compounds α and β z... | 17137489 | PMC1697814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov 30; 4:62 |
Background
Modern epidemiology studies have established a clear association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health status even after standardization for all known confounders. Low SES has been shown to be an independent predictor of higher mortality rates [1,2], higher disease prevalence [3,4], higher hospitaliz... | 17125520 | PMC1697815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:56 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Nov 25; 6:152 |
Background
Surgical site infections (SSIs) have been estimated to occur in up to 15% of elective surgical patients and approximately 30% of patients whose surgical procedure was classed as contaminated or "dirty" [1]. The proportion of SSIs that are preventable is unknown, however there are wide variations in infection... | 17129368 | PMC1697816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:20 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 27; 6:170 |
1- Background
Microscopy is an essential tool in biological research, micromechanical testing, the integrated circuit industry, etc. The demand for higher resolution and contrast, shorter acquisition time, and multimodal imaging, among other desirable properties, has resulted in the recent invention, demonstration, and... | 17132171 | PMC1697817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Nov 28; 5:63 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major and growing cause of morbidity and mortality [1,2]. It is characterized by progressive and not fully reversible airflow limitation, as measured with the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). The airflow limitation is associated with a chronic i... | 17137518 | PMC1697818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Nov 30; 7(1):140 |
Background
Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) mediate accumulation of monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and histamine from the cytoplasm into storage organelles with an absolute dependence on a vacuolar ATPase-generated proton gradient to transport the cationic amine substrates in... | 17134514 | PMC1697819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Nov 30; 2:39 |
The Elbs and Boyland-Sims oxidations are shown in Scheme 1:
Scheme 1 The Elbs and Boyland-Sims Oxidations.
Both of these reactions, last reviewed in 1988 [1], are nucleophilic displacements on a peroxide oxygen of the peroxydisulfate ion. In the Elbs oxidation, the nucleophile is a phenolate anion (or a tautomer) and... | 17090305 | PMC1697820 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Nov 7; 2:22 |
Background
Sinusoidal perfusion is highly variable and regulated by different humoral substances including nitric oxide and endothelin [1-3]. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), one of the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictors [4], has extra- and intra-sinusoidal actions, the latter being more important at low endothelin concentrat... | 17147823 | PMC1697821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2006 Dec 5; 5:9 |
Background
In the Republic of Congo (RoC), malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age and the main reason for hospitalization. The total population of the country, totalling 3.2 million, is at risk of year-round highly endemic malaria. The percentage of medical consultat... | 17125496 | PMC1697822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 24; 5:113 |
Background
Recently, we and other groups have identified a small population of cancer stem cells in adult and pediatric brain tumors [1-4]. These cancer stem cells form neurospheres and possess the capacity for self-renewal. They also express genes associated with neural stem cells (NSCs) and differentiate into phenoty... | 17140455 | PMC1697823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Dec 2; 5:67 |
Background
During replication of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) the viral (+)RNA genome is reverse transcribed and integrated into the host cell genome. Transcription of this provirus by the cellular RNA polymerase II generates a polycistronic pre-mRNA that contains at least four 5' splice sites (5'ss)... | 17144911 | PMC1697824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 4; 3:89 |
Findings
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV type 2 (HTLV-2) are a family of retroviruses, which share around a 70% nucleotide identity and similar biological properties [1-6]. For instance, both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 can efficiently transform primary human T-cells in vitro and establish a life-long persis... | 17140451 | PMC1697825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 2; 3:88 |
Background
Although cutaneous melanoma is a relatively rare tumor, its incidence is rising sharply, with minimal progress made in its treatment [1]. When lymph node or distant metastases are present, clinical outcome is poor but highly variable. In fact, patients in the same TNM stage can have very different clinical o... | 17129373 | PMC1697826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Nov 27; 4:50 |
INTRODUCTION
Soft-tissue sarcomas are a large group of rare and heterogeneous
cancers from the extraskeletal connective tissues that make up
less than 1% of adult malignancies. Estimated incidence of soft
tissue sarcoma is 9530 new cases in the United
States in 2006, an incidence rate of approximately 32 per million
[1... | 17496991 | PMC1698137 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Nov 21; 2006:15947 |
INTRODUCTION
Doxorubicin (DXR) and ifosfamide (IFOS) are two active agents
against advanced soft tissue sarcomas
(ASTS), which have been combined in an attempt to improve
therapeutic efficacy [1]. However, the combination of DXR 50 mg/m2 plus IFOS 5 g/m2 was not more active
than single agent DXR at 75 mg/m2 in an EORTC... | 17251655 | PMC1698138 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Sep 19; 2006:26986 |
INTRODUCTION
We report our experience of performing a total hip arthroplasty
for osteoarthritis of the hip in a patient who had
previously undergone contralateral hindquarter amputation.
Patients with musculoskeletal sarcomas are now surviving their
disease in greater numbers. They are clearly at risk of developing
de... | 17496994 | PMC1698139 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Oct 9; 2006:28141 |
CASE REPORT
A 66-year old woman presented in July 1999 with 2-week history of
flu-like illness and progressive exertional dyspnea. She was found
to have a cardiac mass on transesophageal echocardiogram.
MRI-magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3.5/4/4-cm mass in the
right atrium and ventricle extending into the anteri... | 17251657 | PMC1698140 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Oct 4; 2006:39130 |
BACKGROUND
Multifocal or multicentric osteosarcoma was first described by
Silverman [1]. It is usually defined as the occurrence of the tumour at two or more sites in a patient without pulmonary metastases [2–4] and may be synchronous (more than one lesion at presentation) or metachronous (new tumours developing after ... | 17251658 | PMC1698141 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Sep 4; 2006:53901 |
INTRODUCTION
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) constitute a heterogenous group of
cancers that all share origins from mesenchymal tissue. The
annual incidence of STS is approximately 9 420 cases per year in
the United States, resulting in 3 490 deaths per year and
represents approximately 1% of all adult malignancies [1].
Eve... | 17251659 | PMC1698142 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Oct 1; 2006:64374 |
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