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INTRODUCTION
Though still biologically enigmatic, Ewing's sarcoma family of
tumours (ESFT) has now been repeatedly demonstrated to be
curable cancers. Results from large studies of first-line combined
modality treatments indicate that perhaps two thirds of patients
will be long-term survivors. However, for patients wit... | 17496997 | PMC1698143 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Nov 6; 2006:83548 |
INTRODUCTION
Angioleiomyoma is a rare, benign smooth muscle tumour that
originates in the tunica media of veins. It can occur anywhere in
the body and can be found in the dermis, subcutaneous fat, and
fascia. This tumour causes pain in approximately 60% of the
patients and occurs most commonly on an extremity, particul... | 17251661 | PMC1698144 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Aug 30; 2006:93569 |
Background
Besides increased incidence of autonomic neuropathy and coronary artery disease, diabetes has been considered an independent risk for myocardial dysfunction [1,2].
It is well documented in experimental diabetes that both left ventricular diastolic [3,4] and systolic dysfunction [5,6] are attributed to diabe... | 17144912 | PMC1698470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Dec 4; 5:26 |
Background
LPCH population and habitat declines
The LPCH is a prairie grouse found in upland shrubland and grassland habitats of the Great Plains. Except for the Gunnison's sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus), the LPCH has the most restricted distribution and smallest population size of any native North American grouse ... | 17144922 | PMC1698471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:20 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Dec 4; 6:18 |
Background
Injection drug-use has been a major mode of HIV transmission since the beginning of the HIV epidemic. However, in 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a 42% decline in HIV diagnoses among injection drug users (IDUs) from 1994–2000 [1]. More recent surveillance data demonstrated... | 17144920 | PMC1698472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Dec 4; 1:34 |
Background
The endothelins constitute a group of vasoactive peptides mainly produced by vascular endothelial cells [1]. There are two known endothelin receptors in mammals and both are found in the vascular wall. Normally, the endothelin A (ETA) receptors are situated on the smooth muscle cells in arteries where they g... | 17129394 | PMC1698473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:08 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Nov 28; 6:13 |
Background
Managing inadequate dietary intake is prevalent throughout the health service, throughout multiple specialities, and in both community and hospital practice. Increased calorie intake can be achieved with dietary supplementation. There is also an important role for enhancing the enjoyment of eating[1].
Maxim... | 17134513 | PMC1698474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 29; 5:22 |
Background
Alcoholism is considered to be a very important problem that has taken huge dimensions since World War II [1]. There is a growing recognition of the significant contribution of alcohol to the global burden of illness, disability and death [2]. Europe holds the highest position in alcohol consumption rates an... | 17134512 | PMC1698475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 29; 5:21 |
Background
Research on biological networks is a well-established part of bioinformatics [1]. Examples of biological networks include regulatory networks [2], protein-protein interactions [3,4], and domain-fusion networks [5,6], among others. Typical objectives are to gain information about the over-all structure and ev... | 17147788 | PMC1698476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Source Code Biol Med. 2006 Nov 29; 1:8 |
Background
Health valuation studies are performed to understand population preferences for various health states and are important in informing healthcare resource allocation [1]. The topic of death is invariably raised in such studies as subjects are required to value death either directly, for example, when visual an... | 17147791 | PMC1698477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Dec 5; 4:93 |
Background
Child maltreatment, including neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and other types of abuse, is a persistent problem in the world, not only in poor countries, but also in rich, industrialized nations, including the United States [1]. In general, the rate of child maltreatment is inversely ... | 17144919 | PMC1698478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Dec 4; 5:53 |
Background
Obesity is an increasingly prevalent public health problem worldwide [1]. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke [2]. Secular trends towards overweight indicate the strong influence of lifestyle on the risk of obesity; nevertheless mult... | 17137505 | PMC1698479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Nov 30; 7:83 |
Background
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is an acute, highly communicable and economically important disease caused by Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus (FMDV). Animals that can be affected include cattle, swine, sheep, goats, wild pigs, wild ruminants and buffaloes [1]. FMDV is a positive sense single-stranded RNA virus (ge... | 17144917 | PMC1698480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:56 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Dec 4; 2:35 |
Background
The collaboration between specialists and general practitioners (GPs) has important implications for health care systems where the GP controls patient access to specialist care.
New models of collaboration between specialists and GPs are assumed to improve the efficiency of patient care and to contribute to... | 17144921 | PMC1698481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:56 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Dec 4; 6:155 |
Background
HD is a chemical weapon that can produce casualties in military situations and has been used with devastating results against civilian populations [1]. Extensive and slow healing lesions following exposure to HD can place a heavy burden on the medical services of military and public health organizations. The... | 17137498 | PMC1698482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Nov 30; 7:39 |
Introduction
Analyzing and interpreting sequence data is an important task in bioinformatics. One critical aspect of such interpretation is to extract important motifs (patterns) from sequences. The challenges for motif extraction problem are two-fold: one is to design an efficient algorithm to enumerate the frequent m... | 17109757 | PMC1698483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Nov 16; 1:21 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-shortening genetic disease among Caucasians, being caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene [1]. Dysregulation of epithelial chloride channels results in dehydration of the luminal surface of exocrine cells, increa... | 17137500 | PMC1698484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Nov 30; 7(1):138 |
Background
This study is performed as part of the Netherlands Heart Foundation 'Netherlands Research programme for weight Gain prevention' (NHF-NRG). This multidisciplinary programme aims to gain insight into behavioural determinants of weight gain and to identify potentially effective methods and strategies for the pr... | 17147832 | PMC1698485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 6; 6:293 |
Background
Depressive illness results in considerable functional disability and decreased quality of life, particularly for older people. Prevalence of depression in older persons in the primary care setting ranges from 10 to 30% [1-3]. Whilst antidepressants may be effective, they can have significant side effects, su... | 17134517 | PMC1698486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Nov 30; 6:18 |
Background
The development of genomic resources is a key step towards further investigation of wide-scale genome evolution, identification and study of gene or gene networks involved in complex characters. Such efforts have naturally focussed on genetic model systems and species of applied biomedical or agronomical imp... | 17137492 | PMC1698487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 30; 7:302 |
Background
The past decade has seen an international trend towards providing primary care based diabetes services with patient education and self-management at the forefront. The International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) [1] standards advocate that "implementation of diabetes education is learner-centred, facilitates cog... | 17129376 | PMC1698488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Nov 27; 7:70 |
Background
In recent years it has become apparent that transient or partial psychotic symptoms occur often in the general population [1] and that such features are more common in those who go on to develop schizophrenia [2,3]. The Edinburgh High Risk Study has prospectively examined, over a period of 10 years, the ment... | 17156415 | PMC1698489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Dec 7; 4:29 |
Background
Vector-borne diseases are among the most important public health problems and obstacles to socioeconomic development of developing countries, particularly in the tropics, with malaria alone causing an estimated 1.5 – 2.7 million deaths and 300 – 500 million cases per year. Flood irrigation during rice cultiv... | 17125501 | PMC1698490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 24; 5:114 |
Background
Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) is the national statistical data warehouse for the NHS in England. It includes clinical and administrative information about the care provided to NHS patients who live, or are treated in England. The data is compiled from information exchanged between healthcare providers su... | 17144923 | PMC1698491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Dec 4; 6:37 |
Background
Visual-tactile cross-modal plasticity due to visual deprivation has been reported [1-5]. For visually-deprived persons, Braille is the most successful system for the transmission of written information. In Braille, the visual perception of printed characters is replaced by the tactile interpretation of raise... | 17144928 | PMC1698492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Dec 5; 7:79 |
Background
Macrophages (Mθ) are key protagonists in both frontline defence against pathogens and regulation of the subsequent adaptive immune response. Chemokines secreted by Mθ during an inflammatory response are important determinants of the ensuing immune reaction, regulating the types and amounts of effector cells ... | 17134490 | PMC1698493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Nov 29; 7:45 |
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, affecting an estimated 300 million people around the globe [1]. The cause of one of every 250 deaths annually, asthma is also associated with high costs both economically and socially in terms of reduced quality of life and of missed work days and school days... | 0 | PMC1698494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Nov 30; 6(Suppl 1):S1 |
Background
Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory condition of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and episodic respiratory symptoms, such as breathlessness, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing. The prevalence of asthma continues to increase in many countries: the current estimate of 300 million peop... | 17140420 | PMC1698495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Nov 30; 6(Suppl 1):S2 |
Background
Asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) are chronic inflammatory conditions of the airways that affect a large proportion of the general population [1,2]. These diseases are often comorbid: 20–40% of patients with AR are reported to have asthma, and 30–90% of patients with asthma have AR [3-5]. AR is also a risk f... | 17140421 | PMC1698496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Nov 30; 6(Suppl 1):S3 |
Background
Many patients with asthma, particularly those with allergic asthma, also have allergic rhinitis (AR). The mucosa of the upper and lower airways is continuous, and the type of inflammation in AR and asthma is very similar, involving T helper type 2 cells, mast cells, and eosinophils, as reviewed in the follow... | 17140422 | PMC1698497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Nov 30; 6(Suppl 1):S4 |
Introduction
Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory condition of the lower airways characterized by largely reversible airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and episodic respiratory symptoms, including wheezing, productive cough, and the sensations of breathlessness and chest tightness [1]. Allergic rhinitis (AR)... | 17140423 | PMC1698498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Nov 30; 6(Suppl 1):S5 |
Background
Asthma is estimated to affect 300 million people worldwide, with an expected increase to 400 million worldwide by 2025 [1,2]. A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, asthma causes 0.25 million deaths annually and substantial socioeconomic burden around the globe [1,2]. Moreover, despite the developmen... | 17140424 | PMC1698499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:28 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Nov 30; 6(Suppl 1):S6 |
The two MetaForum conferences provided an opportunity for presentation of current information on asthma and allergic rhinitis, as well as a forum for discussion by European experts of important issues in the field of allergy and asthma [1]. Several key points were the focus of the talks and discussions and led to the d... | 17140425 | PMC1698500 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:28 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Nov 30; 6(Suppl 1):S7 |
Background
Most research in evolution pursues the comparative method, in which the present-day patterns of organismal diversity are examined in order to infer historical processes of change [1]. Research in paleontology allows a more direct examination of the past [2], but fossil data are limited in certain respects, i... | 17147797 | PMC1698501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 6:104 |
Background
Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women in the world and in Nigeria [1]. In Nigeria the prevalence of breast cancer is 116 per 100,000 and 27,840 new cases were expected to develop in 1999[1]. Recent observations show that the frequency of breast cancer has risen over that of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma... | 17125524 | PMC1698502 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 26; 6:271 |
Introduction
A prevailing hypothesis to explain the molecular basis of ageing is Harman's “free-radical theory of ageing”, which states that endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), which result from cellular metabolism, continually damage biomolecules [1]. In line with this hypothesis, it has been shown that increase... | 17326724 | PMC1698505 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:32 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 12; 5(1):e2 |
Background
The biomedical sciences are fraught with uncertainty. The sources of this uncertainty are manifold. Devices used to monitor biological processes vary in terms of resolutions. Gaps in the full understanding of basic biology compound this problem. Biological diversity or heterogeneity may make predictions diff... | 17125514 | PMC1698579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 24; 7:514 |
Background
Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are double-stranded RNAs typically of length between 19 and 25 with 2 nucleotide overhangs on the 3' ends, and they are capable of inducing sequence-specific, post-transcriptional deletion of gene products, leading to the silencing of the gene activity. Naturally occurring siR... | 17129386 | PMC1698580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 27; 7:516 |
Background
RNA interference (RNAi) is the process through which a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces gene expression silencing, either by degradation of sequence-specific complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) or by repression of translation [1]. The RNAi pathway was firstly identified in lower organisms (plants, fungi an... | 17137497 | PMC1698581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 30; 7:520 |
Background
The identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) that contribute to complex diseases has made them the preferred choice for diagnostics and therapeutics studies. For instance, the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism (dbSNP: rs1801133) has been reported to be associated ... | 17137522 | PMC1698582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 1; 7:525 |
Background
Genes are not randomly distributed and their coordinated expression is regulated by their position along chromosomes [1-3]. New mathematical approaches are therefore needed for the analysis of expression microarrays in order to identify variations in expression of spatially related genes and map them along c... | 17140431 | PMC1698583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 1; 7:526 |
Background
With the ability to properly account for high variance of estimates in small geographic areas and clarify overall geographic trends and patterns, Bayesian methods are becoming popular tools for disease mapping. Besag et al. [1] described a Bayesian approach which separated spatial effects from heterogeneity.... | 17156428 | PMC1698910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Dec 7; 5:54 |
Background
This paper focuses on syndromic surveillance (SS), an example of which is the frequent (usually daily) monitoring of counts of patient visits categorized into syndromes. The categorization arises upon mapping patient chief complaint and/or diagnosis data to syndrome categories such as respiratory, neurologic... | 17144927 | PMC1698911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Dec 4; 6:40 |
Background
Disturbances of the function of the thyroid gland can be caused by a number of natural and synthetic compounds. Pesticides may interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis through many mechanisms of action, i.e. at the receptor level, in binding to transport proteins, in cellular uptake mechanisms or in modify... | 17147831 | PMC1698912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Dec 6; 5:32 |
Background
Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon resulting from the interactions between stochastic processes and many physical systems [1-4]. In the early 1990s, Moss and colleagues [5] pointed out the importance of SR phenomena in biological sensory systems. Subsequently, Moss developed a more general theory (see... | 17140437 | PMC1698913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Dec 1; 3:39 |
Background
Amplification of double-stranded DNA occurs exponentially during the early stages of symmetric PCR, but eventually slows down and plateaus due to negative feedback between the double-stranded products and the Taq polymerase [1]. The plateau value of symmetric PCR is unsuitable for endpoint analysis of starti... | 17144924 | PMC1698914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Dec 4; 6:44 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major blood-borne human pathogen [1]. It is estimated that more than 170 million people worldwide have been infected with hepatitis C [2]. The majority of infected individuals develop life long chronic infections since only a fraction of people infected with HCV develop immunity ... | 17129382 | PMC1698915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | yes | Virol J. 2006 Nov 27; 3:100 |
Background
Embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster commences with 13 nuclear divisions in the absence of cytokinesis, generating a syncytium of ~6,000 nuclei located immediately beneath the plasma membrane. Cellularization then ensues, resulting in the synchronous formation of lateral and then basal membranes around e... | 17156430 | PMC1698916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Dec 7; 6:60 |
Background
Changing UK immigration and asylum trends – in particular a greater net inflow of migrants from New Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth Africa, Asia, and Latin America [1] – are posing new challenges for service providers [2], especially in inner-city London to which migration is greatest [3]. There has been c... | 17134491 | PMC1698917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Nov 29; 6:153 |
Background
Elevated plantar peak pressures are associated with a wide variety of foot impairments like rheumatoid arthritis, metatarsalgia and diabetes. Reduction or off-loading of plantar tissue stress is a commonly therapeutical concept for these conditions. Off-loading strategies could include padding and strapping ... | 17140435 | PMC1698918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Dec 1; 7:93 |
Background
Patients with colorectal cancer usually present in the 6th to 8th decade with symptoms such as change of bowel habit, bleeding per anum, passage of mucus and abdominal discomfort. Anorexia and weight loss may occur if the tumour mass is large or if it becomes disseminated [1].
We present an unusual case of ... | 17147825 | PMC1698919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 5; 4:86 |
Background
The testis provides an exceptional system for studying fate determination, differentiation, and death (apoptosis), interposed on mitosis and meiosis, and all these intertwined processes occurring in a single population of cells. The stages or fixed groups of cells undergoing different phases of spermatogenes... | 17147820 | PMC1698920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Dec 5; 4:63 |
Background
Asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory disease of airways [1], characterized by hyper responsiveness to a variety of stimuli. Among the various risk factors of asthma, those of occupational origin are gaining more importance with time due to use of various chemicals in industries which potenti... | 17144930 | PMC1698921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 5; 6:292 |
Background
Animal models have facilitated the investigation of the mechanisms of several diseases. For drug addiction in particular, inbred mouse strains have proved to be invaluable [1,2], and have facilitated the mapping of aspects of addiction-related behaviour to specific genetic loci. Inbred Long Sleep (ILS) and I... | 17147806 | PMC1698922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 5; 7:308 |
Background
DNA is the conduit for the transmission of genetic information between generations of a species [1]. The linear sequence of DNA is labile and can be altered by both intracellular and extracellular sources in a variety of ways. For example, within a cell errors by replication machinery can lead to point mutat... | 17140446 | PMC1698923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 1; 7:305 |
Background
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties associated with attention, motor hyperactivity and impulsivity. The inappropriate behaviour is related to deficits of executive functions including working memory, response inhibition and mot... | 17144907 | PMC1698925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:49 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Dec 4; 2:40 |
Background
As the world prepares for the emergence of a pandemic strain of influenza, trans-national, national and local organisations and agencies are designing plans to manage community outbreaks. In addition, the medical community is identifying scientific research priorities and needs related to the anticipated pan... | 17144926 | PMC1698926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:00 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Dec 4; 7:12 |
Background
The African Heads of State meeting in Abuja, Nigeria on Roll Back Malaria adopted effective treatment of malaria nearer the home as one of the strategies for malaria control in Africa [1]. In most part of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the public health infrastructure is inadequate to fully meet existing needs [2... | 17140449 | PMC1698927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Dec 1; 5:117 |
Background
Xanthine derivatives are one of the most important chemical classes of adenosine receptor antagonists [1]. High affinity and selectivity for certain adenosine receptor subtypes has been achieved by introducing substituents into the 8-position of the purine ring. Styryl substitution at this position has led t... | 17067400 | PMC1698928 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Oct 27; 2:20 |
Background
Skin toxicity is a common side effect of external beam radiotherapy in patients suffering from solid cancers. Radiation technique has improved dramatically with the introduction of linear accelerators, thereby reducing skin toxicity. However, current treatment concepts often include radiation dose escalation... | 17140430 | PMC1698929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Dec 1; 4:28 |
Background
Liver is the main organ involved in the metabolism of biological toxins and medicinal agents. Such metabolism is always associated with the disturbance of hepatocyte biochemistry and generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) [1]. Lots of liver damages ranging from subclinical icteric hepatitis to necroinfl... | 17140450 | PMC1698930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Dec 2; 5:31 |
Background
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a common and lethal genetic disease characterized by progressive muscle wasting. It is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which encodes a cytoskeletal protein, dystrophin [1]. The absence of dystrophin is accompanied by a loss of dy... | 17140458 | PMC1698931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Dec 4; 6:47 |
Background
Host cell entry of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) is a critical step in the virus life cycle, which requires the recognition of the host cell receptor CD4 and a co-receptor, CCR5 or CXCR4, by the viral envelope (Env) glycoprotein. Env is arranged on the virus particle as trimeric spikes, compris... | 17134507 | PMC1698932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Nov 29; 3:84 |
Report
What makes us human?
A reader: "Gosh, who does he thinks he is, he who claims to answer that question?"
Indeed, so complex is the question that one may legitimately wonder whether it is worth asking it. A check on the internet as of this year (2006) returns different websites, from the reputed Smithsonian Insti... | 17134485 | PMC1698933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Nov 29; 1:16 |
Background
Gefitinib(IRESSA) [4-(3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)-quinazoline] is an orally active, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits EGFR signaling [1,2]. IDEAL (IRESSA Dose Evaluation in Advanced Lung cancer) 1 and 2 were randomized Phase II tri... | 17150102 | PMC1698934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 6; 6:277 |
Background
Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common cancer in men in western countries, and is responsible for about 6% of overall cancer deaths [1]. Localized prostate adenocarcinoma is usually treated by either surgery or radiotherapy. In the early stages, tumor growth is dependent on androgen stimulus and androgen... | 17137506 | PMC1698935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:57 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 30; 6:272 |
Background
From a statistical point of view, the inference of phylogenies is similar to the estimation of an unknown quantity in the presence of uncertainty. Given the intrinsic uncertainty in solving phylogenetic relationships from limited (in size and numbers) samples, it is necessary to assume that phylogenetic esti... | 17150093 | PMC1698936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Dec 6; 6:105 |
Background
The enormous amount of sequence data produced by various sequencing projects requires the development of suitable bioinformatic tools to help with functional characterization and annotation processes. One major problem in the analysis of non-coding DNA is the accurate assignment of functional attributes to d... | 17137509 | PMC1698937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 30; 7:522 |
Recent global estimates of the number of blind people put the total at 37–42 million [1,2]. This figure is predicted to rise to over 75 million by the year 2020 as a result of increases in world population and life expectancy, if current age-specific rates of blindness are allowed to persist [3].
The distribution of t... | 17177594 | PMC1698938 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 19; 3(12):e450 |
Those who have been involved in surveys, particularly in developing countries, will agree that doing a survey is a challenging undertaking. Conducting surveys entails explaining the purpose and procedures in understandable language, walking around villages through rain or sun, and coaxing resistant people into being ex... | 17177595 | PMC1698939 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 19; 3(12):e476 |
Increasingly, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are recognized to have central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. Overt inflammation in the CNS is rare, but impairment of cognition or mood disturbance is common. Treatment of inflammation is directed at the underlying autoimmune disorder; treatment of o... | 17177601 | PMC1698940 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 19; 3(12):e498 |
Introduction
Iron is an extremely important element in biology. This metal is an integral part of heme and is used as a cofactor in Fe-S proteins. Among the most important cellular functions of iron proteins are protection from oxidative and nitrosative stresses (catalases, peroxidases, oxygenases), nitrogen fixation (... | 17173478 | PMC1698941 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Dec 15; 2(12):e163 |
Introduction
An increasing number of human pathologies are associated with the conversion of peptides and proteins from their soluble functional forms into well-defined fibrillar aggregates [1,2]. The diseases can be broadly grouped into neurodegenerative conditions, in which fibrillar aggregation occurs in the brain, ... | 17173479 | PMC1698942 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:45 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Dec 15; 2(12):e170 |
Introduction
Patterns of DNA polymorphism can be used to infer the processes that have played a role in the evolutionary history of a population. A process that is of primary interest to evolutionary biologists is directional selection, and the pattern that is left by it, a so-called selective sweep, has received a lot... | 17173482 | PMC1698945 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:28 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 15; 2(12):e186 |
Introduction
Congenital defects in genome stability-promoting mechanisms such as DNA repair often lead to elevated cancer predisposition and/or the accelerated appearance of some but not all characteristics (“segments”) observed in natural aging [1]. Among these so-called segmental progerias, different defects lead to ... | 17173483 | PMC1698946 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:29 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 15; 2(12):e192 |
Introduction
Y. enterocolitica is a globally distributed gastrointestinal pathogen that represents a key link in our understanding of how the three human pathogenic Yersinia species, Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. pestis, have evolved to produce diverse clinical manifestations. Like Y. enterocolitica... | 17173484 | PMC1698947 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:28 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 15; 2(12):e206 |
Introduction
The genomes of all organisms studied have been populated, over evolutionary time, by different classes of transposable elements. These multicopy genetic elements, first postulated by Barbara McClintock, are regulated at many levels to suppress their movement: such movement has been shown to result in genet... | 17173485 | PMC1698948 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:31 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 15; 2(12):e212 |
Background
Open fractures of the tibia with bone loss or extensive comminution can be treated by a variety of techniques [1-4]. A commonly well-accepted solution for tibia fractures is the interlocking tibial nail [5-9]. Rates of delayed unions and nonunions after intramedullary nailing range from 5% to 25% in the lite... | 17156471 | PMC1702341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Dec 11; 1:16 |
Background
Breastfeeding is the normal way to feed all infants; immediate and long-term health problems are increased in infants fed infant formula or other foods [1]. The World Health Organization Expert Consultation recommended 'exclusive breastfeeding' for the first six months of life and continued breastfeeding up ... | 17123450 | PMC1702342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Nov 24; 1:22 |
Definition, disease name and synonyms
Pheochromocytomas (PH) are neoplasms of chromaffin tissue which synthesize catecholamines. Most of these tumors appear in the adrenal medulla. Ten percent of catecholamine-producing tumors arise from extraadrenal chromaffin tissue and are called extraadrenal PH or secreting paragan... | 17156452 | PMC1702343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Dec 8; 1:49 |
Background
There is significant and growing national interest in the introduction and integration of CAM instruction into allopathic medical education, in part supported by recent educational funding from the National Institutes of Health. Interestingly, rates of CAM use by medical students [1] were found to be higher ... | 17156463 | PMC1702344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Dec 9; 6:58 |
Background
In recent years, health researchers have increasingly emphasized the importance of contextual environments for understanding individual health outcomes [1-6]. These types of studies are typically referred to as contextual analysis [7] and they usually involve one or more forms of multilevel analysis. The pri... | 17156433 | PMC1702345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Dec 7; 5:55 |
Background
The amoebozoan and animal talins (Fig. 1) are an ancient family of modular proteins that link the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane in several different multicomponent adhesion complexes [1-3]. The amoebozoan cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum contains two talins, each of which has a differ... | 17150103 | PMC1702346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Dec 6; 7:40 |
Background
In spite of remarkable advances in public health during recent decades, many people throughout the developing world remain vulnerable to food insecurity, under-nutrition, and ill health [1]. These problems tend to be particularly severe in developing countries struggling to emerge from the scourge of extreme... | 17147798 | PMC1702347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Dec 5; 5:15 |
Background
Breast cancer is the commonest cancer that afflicts females worldwide. In Cancer Statistics 2005, breast cancer remains the leading cancer among American women with an estimate of 32% excluding skin cancers [1]. Of all the cancers of the breast, carcinoma forms the bulk while breast sarcomas are negligible [... | 17156481 | PMC1702348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 11; 4:90 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the third of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as b... | 17134482 | PMC1702349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Nov 29; 4:15 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the seventh of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as... | 17140445 | PMC1702350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 1; 4:19 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the 14th of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as ba... | 17156458 | PMC1702351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 8; 4:26 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the 12th of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as ba... | 17147814 | PMC1702352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 5; 4:24 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the eighth of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as ... | 17147809 | PMC1702353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 5; 4:20 |
Background
Matrix protein 2 (M2) is a 97 aa-long transmembrane protein of IAV [1]. It contains a 24 aa-long (23 aa after posttranslational removal of the N-terminal Met) non-glycosylated N-terminal ectodomain (M2e). The mature protein forms homotetramers [2,3] that are displayed at high density (~50% of density of hema... | 17150104 | PMC1702354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Dec 6; 3:102 |
Background
In developed countries, foodborne or waterborne hepatitis A (HA) outbreaks are relatively uncommon [1]. However, infected food handlers remain the source of most reported foodborne outbreaks [2]. In many low endemicity countries, the potential for food contamination from an infected food handler is a recogni... | 17156461 | PMC1702355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Dec 8; 6:157 |
Background
The prognosis of HIV-infected people has improved dramatically since the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) [1,2]. However, a large proportion of patients have poor adherence to HAART [3,4], and this is the main reason for treatment failures and the development of virological resist... | 17144910 | PMC1702356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Dec 4; 6:154 |
Background
An association between symptoms of asthma and gastro-oesophageal reflux is now well-recognised, with a number of studies reporting a much higher prevalence of reflux symptoms in patients with asthma than in control subjects [1]. Objective measurements using endoscopy and oesophageal pH monitoring confirm a h... | 17147826 | PMC1702357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Dec 5; 7(1):142 |
Background
"Language exerts hidden power, like a moon on the tides." (Rita Mae Brown, Starting From Scratch, New York: Bantam, 1988)
What we call things matters – reports of medical errors "channel attention, shape interpretations and serve as springboards for action"[1]. Many entities require the reporting of errors,... | 17156447 | PMC1702358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Dec 8; 7:73 |
Background
Smoking is one of the greatest public health concerns [1,2], on which many policies and health promotion campaigns have been implemented, especially over the past two decades. Although it is a modifiable risk factor, effective interventions and the identification of priority groups require fuller understandi... | 17150089 | PMC1702359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 6; 6:294 |
Background
The optimal treatment for head and neck cancer is still a matter of dispute. In resectable tumors, complete resection followed by adjuvant radio- or radiochemotherapy revealed excellent local control rates but survival is impaired by second malignancies and distant metastases [1]. However, in advanced, non r... | 17150114 | PMC1702360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 7; 6:279 |
Background
A highly organized and strictly controlled process is necessary to accurately replicate the six billion base pairs of DNA that are tightly packaged within the confined volume of the human diploid nucleus. In order to accomplish this task, DNA replication is initiated at distinct sites in the genome as cells ... | 17134498 | PMC1702361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 29; 7:301 |
Background
Occupational and environmental medicine cover a broad field of areas including respiratory disorders [1-6], haematological disorders [7], musculoskeletal disorders [8,9] and dermatological and rheumatic disorders [10,11]. Shift work related disorders are common medical problems and are encountered daily thro... | 17156476 | PMC1702362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Dec 11; 1:25 |
Background
Recombinase-based cloning technologies are becoming increasingly popular because of their easy use and high efficiency. These tools exploit bacterial or viral site-specific recombinases like the bacteriophage P1 Cre, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae FLP or the bacteriophage lambda integrase [1-3]. These enzymes ... | 17150110 | PMC1702363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Dec 6; 7:46 |
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