text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
There is now some evidence that despite the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders remains common [1]. Moreover, with longer survival, HIV-infected individuals require complex management of co-morbid neurological diseases. Sensory neuropathy is t... | 17150108 | PMC1702364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Dec 6; 6:42 |
Background
A prerequisite for safe cataract surgery is an adequately dilated pupil. Various methods of mydriatic drug delivery have been studied, including sprays and depots, with the common goal of obtaining maximal dilatation of the pupil efficiently and comfortably [1-3]. Some studies have also looked at combining t... | 17129389 | PMC1702365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Nov 27; 6:36 |
Introduction
Reviewing what I wrote more than three decades ago [1] makes me exclaim: It's pretty damn good. Who wrote this? I'm sure many of you have had this feeling about something that you composed some time ago.
Almost everything I wrote back in 1970 I'll vouch for today – and in some cases the earlier statements... | 17134483 | PMC1702366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Nov 29; 1:14 |
Background
Nephroblastoma or Wilms' tumor is the most common malignant renal tumor in children. It accounts for approximately 5–6% of the neoplasms in children and is rare in the adult population [1]. Less than 3% of all the reported Wilms' tumor cases occur in adults. The overall survival to the tune of 83% has been r... | 17144931 | PMC1702367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Dec 5; 1:46 |
Background
Breastfeeding difficulties in the early postpartum period, especially if combined with inadequate support and advice, may lead new mothers to give up breastfeeding. Many factors influence the establishment of breastfeeding, including the type of labour and birth [1-4]. Local anecdotal reports were suggesting... | 17134489 | PMC1702531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Dec 11; 1:24 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the second of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as ... | 17134481 | PMC1702532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Nov 29; 4:14 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the last of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as ba... | 17156460 | PMC1702533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 8; 4:28 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the fifth of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as b... | 17140442 | PMC1702534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 1; 4:17 |
Background
The number and nature of the metameric elements constituting the head is one of the highly controversial issues in developmental biology, morphology, and phylogenetics of arthropods [1,2]. The most controversial head structure is the arthropod labrum, or upper lip. Based on a great variety of approaches and ... | 17144925 | PMC1702535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Dec 4; 3:19 |
Background
In oromandibular dystonia (OMD) spasms of the masticatory, facial, and lingual muscles result in repetitive and sometimes sustained jaw opening, closure, deviation, or any combination of these as well as abnormal tongue movements [1]. Although most cases are idiopathic, neuroleptic drugs can induce OMD [2,3]... | 17156419 | PMC1702536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Dec 7; 2:47 |
Background
Taxol (generic name paclitaxel), a potent antimitotic drug employed for the treatment of a variety of cancers [1,2], was originally extracted from the bark of Taxus brevifolia, a slow growing yew native to the North-Western Pacific area [3]. Taxol was found to have a unique way of preventing the growth of ca... | 17150090 | PMC1702537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Dec 6; 6:45 |
Background
Geocoding patient data – translating the plaintext addresses of patients into longitudes and latitudes – has become routine and enables display and analysis of disease patterns. Many public health surveillance systems and academic investigations rely on specific case locations for identifying patterns, corre... | 17156451 | PMC1702538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Dec 8; 5:56 |
Background
Uncertainty is a major feature of human and animal health decision-making and increasing attention is being paid to methods that detect, measure and reduce uncertainty in a range of settings. Uncertainty can be any error, ambiguity or variation in a decision process or the data on which the decision process ... | 17156467 | PMC1702539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Dec 10; 5:57 |
Background
The will to eat is a decision associated with conditioned responses and with body feelings reflecting changes in metabolic biomarkers. The body feelings are often described as hunger, but have components that are strongly conditioned by time, social, and metabolic factors, for which there are salient uncondi... | 17156448 | PMC1702540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Dec 8; 3:42 |
Background
There has been growing interest in recent years in researching symptoms in the community [1,2], particularly since symptoms are drivers of health care utilisation and have been shown to be the principal reason for clinic visits in about half of all outpatient encounters [2]. Previous population-based studies... | 17156478 | PMC1702541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Dec 11; 6:158 |
Background
The association of mutations with specific human inherited diseases has been known for over five decades [1]. These mutations can be single nucleotide changes (point mutations), insertion or deletion of nucleotides (indels), or gross chromosomal rearrangements; furthermore, they may occur in protein-coding a... | 17144929 | PMC1702542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 5; 7:306 |
Background
Immunocompromised patients are at risk of contracting serious fungal infections which cause significant morbidity and mortality [1-3]. The diagnosis of fungal infection in immunocompromised cancer patients is difficult for the clinician while the risk of fungal infection is high in patients with prolonged fe... | 17147804 | PMC1702543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 5; 6:173 |
Background
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is endemic in most countries [1-4], although infection rates continue to decline as hygiene and sanitation improve [5]. Infection is often subclinical in children but the majority of infected adults develop clinical symptoms, and often do not seek medical attention [5,6]. ... | 17147828 | PMC1702544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 5; 6:174 |
Background
A reduction of the renal ability to excrete sodium and free water and a decrease in renal perfusion and GFR are the three main renal function abnormalities in Cirrhosis [1]. However, assessment of renal function by common creatinine-based methods potentially are inaccurate in patients with liver cirrhosis [2... | 17134488 | PMC1702545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Nov 29; 6:39 |
Background
Different plasticity changes in neurons may lead to expression from gene loci belonging to different chromosomes. For example, subunit genes for NMDA receptor reside in different chromosomes (in mouse, NR1 and NR2B in chromosome 2; NR2A in chromosome 16). However, the process of optimization of an organized ... | 17156432 | PMC1702546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | Cell Chromosome. 2006 Dec 7; 5:1 |
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD) is classically characterized by cardinal motor signs such as bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, tremor and postural instability. In addition to these motor symptoms, cognitive and perceptual changes are frequently reported in the literature. With respect to perceptual skills, changes i... | 17156486 | PMC1702547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Dec 11; 6:43 |
Background
All solid tumours depend on a functional vascular supply for their growth, survival and metastatic spread [1]. Two new classes of anti-cancer agents specifically target the tumour blood vessels, namely anti-angiogenic agents, which interfere with the formation of new blood vessel, and anti-vascular agents, w... | 17156434 | PMC1702548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 7; 6:280 |
The history and current status of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China
China reported its first HIV/AIDS cases among hemophiliac patients in Zhejiang province in 1985 [1]. In the same year, a foreigner was diagnosed with AIDS in Beijing [2]. There were a few isolated cases of HIV/AIDS identified sporadically but the first HI... | 17140434 | PMC1702549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 1; 3:87 |
Background
Herbal medicine use is thriving worldwide [1]. In 1998 approximately 20% of participants in a UK survey reported using herbal or homeopathic medicine during the previous 12 months and the sale of herbal medicines grew by 50% in the UK during the period 1995–2000 [2]. Current regulation does not safeguard con... | 17156416 | PMC1702550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Dec 7; 6:40 |
Background
Natural killer (NK) cells are a heterogenous group of large granular lymphocytes derived from bone marrow precursors which are phenotypically distinct from T and B lymphocytes. NK cells have been recognised to constitute up to 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBMC) and are also found in peripheral tissue... | 17134511 | PMC1702551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Immun Ageing. 2006 Nov 29; 3:10 |
Background
Base damage to p53
The wild-type p53 protein inhibits neoplastic transformations as well as tumor growth. Moreover, if DNA damage occurs, p53 is induced and maintains the integrity of the genome by causing cell cycle arrest, to allow for repairs or, in the event of severe damage, by sacrificing the damaged c... | 17140443 | PMC1702552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Dec 1; 6:27 |
Background
Genotyping SNPs
Determination of the alleles at a specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site is called genotyping. An optimal genotyping technology should be capable of genotyping any number of SNPs for a large number of individuals satisfying the following criteria: 1. easy and quick development of ... | 17137502 | PMC1702553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 30; 7:521 |
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the number of people with visual impairment worldwide in 2002 was in excess of 161 million, of whom about 37 million were blind [1]. More than 90% of the world's visually impaired live in developing countries, the vast majority of them in rural areas of th... | 17177596 | PMC1702554 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 19; 3(12):e477 |
Introduction
Trachoma is a neglected disease that affects those who live in the poorest conditions; it causes blindness, disability, stigmatization, and poverty. Caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, trachoma is the leading infectious cause of preventable blindness and is estimated to be responsible fo... | 17177597 | PMC1702555 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 19; 3(12):e478 |
Introduction
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates fundamental processes of cell growth and differentiation. Deletion of the EGFR gene is embryonically lethal in mice, and increased EGFR signaling has been linked to a variety of human malignancies. Mechanisms for oncog... | 17177598 | PMC1702556 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 19; 3(12):e485 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, also called lupus) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by nuclear autoantibodies, immune complex formation, and systemic vasculitis [1]. Organs targeted in SLE include the skin, joints, lungs, blood cells, kidneys, and the central and peripheral ne... | 17177599 | PMC1702557 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 19; 3(12):e491 |
Introduction
Skin atrophy is a frequent and clinically relevant manifestation of aging, often complicated by ulceration and impaired wound healing. Experimental evidence suggests that defective function of the principal cell-surface hyaluronate (HA) receptor CD44 [1,2], which is associated with impaired HA metabolism, ... | 17177600 | PMC1702558 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 19; 3(12):e493 |
Introduction
The influence of the immune system on cognition and emotion is unclear. Recently, it was shown that antibodies could alter emotional behavior in a rodent model of human autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [1]. SLE is characterized by the production of various types of autoantibodies; it ... | 17177602 | PMC1702559 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 19; 3(12):e499 |
Introduction
The deamidation of internal asparaginyl and glutaminyl protein residues has attracted increasing attention over the past decade as a modification leading to significant changes in protein function [1,2]. The protein deamidation rates of more than 18,000 proteins have been computed, containing 230,000 indiv... | 17177603 | PMC1702560 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 19; 5(1):e1 |
In the 1920s, when the genetic theory of cancer was taking root, German biochemist Otto Warburg (winner of the 1931 Nobel prize in physiology or medicine) proposed that abnormal energy metabolism caused cancer. Cells can generate energy either through oxidative respiration in mitochondria or through glycolysis in the c... | 20076643 | PMC1702561 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 19; 5(1):e10 |
Introduction
The half-life (t½) of mRNAs is regulated in a complex fashion in response to external stimuli. Whereas transcripts containing the AU-rich element (ARE) are labile, activation of signal transduction pathways induces their stabilization [1]. It is now clear that mRNA decay regulation by different signals mak... | 17177604 | PMC1702562 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | yes | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 19; 5(1):e5 |
Background
Cancer is the major public health burden in all developed countries. Currently one in four death in the United States is due to cancer [1]. In all types of cancer, genetic alterations give rise to changes in expression, activation or localization of regulatory proteins in the cells. They then affect the sign... | 17137521 | PMC1705806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Dec 1; 5:27 |
Background
Crohn's disease, a human disease similar to paratuberculosis in animals is the most painful and devastating disease that may involve infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), different genetic polymorphisms and an immune dysregulation syndrome [1-5]. Treatment of Crohn's disease is most commonly... | 17107610 | PMC1705807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Nov 15; 5:27 |
Background
Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (CCOC) is a rare odontogenic tumor arising from the anterior region of mandible and has a predilection for females with 43 cases reported in literature. We report a case of CCOC in the mandible of a 45- year- old female with lymph node metastasis
Case presentation
A 45-year-... | 17156493 | PMC1705808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 12; 4:91 |
Background
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which is reported to be overexpressed in approximately 70 to 75% of colorectal cancer [1]. It consists of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain [2,3]. Its signaling p... | 17163999 | PMC1705809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 12; 4:92 |
Findings
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are pharmaceutical targets of great importance. Their wide-ranging effects on key transcriptional pathways for lipid handling, insulin sensitivity, inflammation and other functions have led to marketed drugs and vast clinical and preclinical research efforts.... | 17076898 | PMC1705810 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:53 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Oct 31; 2:21 |
Background
Recently it has been reported that, toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on a series of tumor cells, such as colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma and lung cancer [1]. In particular, melanoma cells are reported to express TLR-4, respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and produce interleukin... | 17156435 | PMC1705811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 8; 6:281 |
In 1993 the journal Pediatrics published an editorial entitled “TV or not TV: Fat is the question” [1]. It critiqued a study that used both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to ask whether after-school TV viewing was associated with adiposity and physical inactivity in adolescent American girls [2]. Surprisingl... | 17194185 | PMC1705823 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 12; 3(12):e481 |
Introduction
Although the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has recently placed limitations on resident work hours in an attempt to reduce fatigue-related medical errors, the practice of working for more than 24 h consecutively remains the cornerstone of American postgraduate medical educatio... | 17194188 | PMC1705824 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 12; 3(12):e487 |
Introduction
Metabolic and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors comprise a number of factors including disturbed insulin and glucose metabolism, hypertension, general and abdominal obesity, and dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides and decreased inverted high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol levels). Until rec... | 17194189 | PMC1705825 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 12; 3(12):e488 |
Introduction
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with persistence of viremia in the majority of infected persons, characterized by high plasma viral RNA titers with or without progressive liver disease. A minority of individuals establish long-term viral control and thereby do not experience disease progres... | 17194190 | PMC1705826 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 12; 3(12):e492 |
Heated debates and controversies surrounding the regulation of medical residents' work hours have raged for over twenty years. In the wake of Libby Zion's untimely death in 1984 and resulting recommendations by the Bell Commission, New York State enacted legislation (Code 405.4) governing residents' working conditions ... | 17194193 | PMC1705827 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 12; 3(12):e497 |
Introduction
Torvaldsen and colleagues have published an interesting paper [1] on an extremely important topic: the impact of intrapartum analgesia on infant feeding. If intrapartum analgesics do interfere with breastfeeding, this might, arguably, be the adverse drug reaction with the greatest public health consequence... | 17331266 | PMC1712219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Dec 11; 1:25 |
Background
Spontaneous rupture of the spleen is an uncommon, dramatic abdominal emergency that requires immediate diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment to ensure the patient's survival. Spontaneous rupture rarely occurs in a histologically proven normal spleen and in such cases is called a 'true spontaneous rupture'.... | 17129392 | PMC1712221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Nov 28; 1:35 |
Background
Substances of abuse have been shown to have a number of immunomodulatory activities [1,2], and drugs such as opiates have been implicated as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory conditions such as HIV-1 encephalitis [3]. Three classes of opioid receptors (μ, κ, and δ) have been identified in n... | 17156455 | PMC1712222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Dec 8; 3:32 |
Background
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are frequent adverse events after anaesthesia. In western countries about 10% of the population undergoes a surgical procedure every year. Assuming that still a quarter of all patients suffer from PONV, more than 18 million patients are nauseated or vomit after their ... | 17166262 | PMC1712223 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Dec 13; 6:14 |
Background
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses should include all available evidence to avoid selection bias and to increase the power of analyses of primary effects and effect modification by differences in patients and interventions. In meta-analysis of patient reported outcome (PRO) measures, effects are, however, ... | 17156420 | PMC1712224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Dec 7; 4:94 |
Background
The small polypeptide ubiquitin (76 amino acids) is used in many processes including signal transduction, DNA repair, transcription and chromatin remodelling [1-5]. However, ubiquitin is best characterized has a post-translational modification required to label proteins for recognition and degradation by the... | 17166256 | PMC1712225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Dec 13; 1:30 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the 15th of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as ba... | 17156459 | PMC1712226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 8; 4:27 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the thirteenth of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared... | 17156457 | PMC1712227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 8; 4:25 |
Background
Positive selection for allelic variants in genes involved in food utilization, fat deposition and weight gain was useful in past ages when access to food was limiting (thrifty genotype). Such polymorphisms show high frequency and may now lead to obesity and diabetes in the industrialized countries [1]. Among... | 17150099 | PMC1712228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Dec 6; 7:85 |
Background
The isolation of recombinant antibody fragments with unique binding specificities can be readily accomplished using antibody display methods such as phage display or ribosome display. In such display methods large naïve libraries are generated where the gene encoding an antibody is physically linked to the r... | 17156422 | PMC1712229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Dec 7; 6:46 |
Background
In two papers published this year (one on Biology Direct [1], and one coauthored by W. Martin in Nature [2]), Eugene Koonin argues that intron proliferation played a key role in the evolution of eukaryotes from an ancestral archaeon. I argue here that an archaeal host is not compatible with intron proliferat... | 17156426 | PMC1712230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Dec 7; 1:36 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Gáspár Jékely, Etienne Joly and Neil Smalheiser. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
The tight junction is a specialized cell-cell interaction that is found in almost all types of epithelial cells [1]. An electron dense plaque of ~100 nm [2] under... | 17156438 | PMC1712231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Dec 8; 1:37 |
Background
Sperm interaction with the extracellular matrix surrounding the oocyte, the zona pellucida (ZP), is a key step in mammalian fertilisation. The structure and function of the ZP were first studied in mice in the 1980s [1-3]. Mouse ZP contains three glycoproteins: ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3. ZP3 binds to primary receptor... | 17147816 | PMC1712232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 6:59 |
Background
The development of a malignancy is a relatively common complication of endometriosis [1]. In fact, several publications have reported malignant neoplasms arising from endometriosis. Most of these publications are case reports or refer to a small series of patients presenting either ovarian carcinomas with as... | 17164003 | PMC1712233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 12; 4:93 |
Background
As the demand for total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA) continues to increase, there will be an associated increase in the need for rehabilitation services. Most patients receive some form of postoperative rehabilitation services through inpatient rehabilitation, home care or outpatient services [1]. B... | 17156487 | PMC1712335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Dec 11; 7:100 |
Background
Progressive non-infectious anterior vertebral fusion is a unique spinal disorder with distinctive radiological features. Early radiographic findings consist of narrowing of the anterior aspect of the intervertebral disk with adjacent end plate erosions. There is a specific pattern of progression. The managem... | 17147792 | PMC1712336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Dec 5; 7:94 |
Background
Metatarsalgia is either a primary or secondary condition that causes great discomfort in daily living [1-4]. Primary metatarsalgia is mainly related to repetitive pressure loading under the MH, which exceeds the focal tissue tolerance and leads to inflammation and pain [1,2,5]. Many conditions such as pes ca... | 17147793 | PMC1712337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Dec 5; 7:95 |
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disorder of multifactorial origin, which involves articular cartilage, synovium, subchondral bone, ligaments and/or the neuromuscular apparatus [1]. OA causes disability, pain and reduced quality of life. Risk factors for occurrence and progression of knee OA include age, previous in... | 17156423 | PMC1712338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Dec 7; 7:98 |
Background
1,3-1,4-β-Glucans are polysaccharides, components of the cell walls of higher members of the Poaceae family. They areparticularly abundant in the endosperm cell walls of commercially valuable cereals such as barley, rye, sorghum, oats and wheat [1]. Structurally, these polysaccharides are linear glucans of u... | 17147821 | PMC1712339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:49 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Dec 5; 7:23 |
Background
In Mozambique as well as in many other sub-Saharan African countries, people are born and die before being formally registered and most of demographic data are obtained using census or sample survey including indirect estimations. However, problems with surveys and census include errors such as omissions of ... | 17137494 | PMC1712340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 30; 6:291 |
Background
At the time this project was initiated (1980–85) there was substantial interest in the idea of pre-pregnancy – or pre-conception – counselling and care. Pre-pregnancy care was discussed in three contexts. The first was routine advice, counselling and care around rubella immunisation, nutrition, smoking, alco... | 17156466 | PMC1712341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 10; 6:299 |
Background
Are responsibilities for health protection in England clear? One of the consequences of the 2002 changes to NHS structures was a change in the organisations, and in some cases the individuals, responsible for health protection. Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) took on the previous roles of District Health Authorit... | 17156421 | PMC1712342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 7; 6:297 |
Background
Both excess body weight and lack of leisure-time physical activity have been identified as important risk factors for cardiovascular mortality, as well as coronary heart disease [1-13]. These two risk factors are also associated with each other [14,15].
Regular physical activity seems to attenuate much of t... | 17156418 | PMC1712343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 7; 6:296 |
Background
Newborn Screening (NBS) programs based upon blood samples from newborn babies have been operating in Australia since the late 1960s. The programs were initiated by the development of a biochemical assay by Guthrie to detect the chemical imbalances found in the blood of babies affected by phenylketonuria (PKU... | 17164009 | PMC1712344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 Dec 13; 3:14 |
Background
Recent studies have highlighted the massive problem of over-diagnosis of malaria in malaria endemic countries [1-3]. Over-diagnosis of malaria has moved to the forefront of policy due to the unacceptable increase in mortality associated with an incorrect diagnosis [2] and the cost implications as a result of... | 17166271 | PMC1712345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Dec 13; 5:120 |
Background
Microscopy has been used to detect malaria parasites in the blood of infected patients since Laveran first identified the parasites in 1880 [1]. Microscopic examination of blood is the most affordable, accessible, widely used and reliable technique for diagnosis of malaria infection. Although molecular techn... | 17164007 | PMC1712346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Dec 12; 5:118 |
Background
The healthcare professions are increasingly considering available evidence when determining best practice. Clinical practice guidelines based on the most recent and reliable evidence are designed to keep practitioners up-to-date with research and assist them in the process of implementing evidence into pract... | 17150111 | PMC1712347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Dec 6; 1:29 |
Background
Modeling of bioprocesses has been pursued since the 1970s, with the aim to rationally optimize processes. While the mathematical description of processes like growth and product formation have been fairly well achieved, it is still not routine practice to design biotechnological production processes based on... | 17156474 | PMC1712348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Dec 11; 5:37 |
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier functions together with the blood-brain barrier and the meninges, to control the internal environment of the brain. Sited at the choroid plexus epithelium, it secretes the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which circulates through the ventricles and around the outside of the brain and spi... | 0 | PMC1712349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 Dec 8; 3:12 |
Background
Study of a gene product by expressing its constitutively active or dominant negative mutant in a cell is a powerful tool of investigation. However, neutrophils are non-dividing cells with poor survival after isolation. Consequently, exogenous gene expression in neutrophils is challenging. Researchers have pa... | 17150107 | PMC1712351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Dec 6; 7:28 |
Background
It is generally accepted that appendectomy is the therapy of choice in children. Conservative management, as evaluated in some studies of adult patients [1] is not established for children. A delay in diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA) is associated with increased risk of perforation and further complicati... | 17132173 | PMC1712352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Nov 28; 6:15 |
Background
Mutations in the protein-kinase enzyme family, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ERBB2), found in human cancers are being investigated as promising targets for the development of novel antitumor therapies.EGFR is the first described member of a family of related transmembrane receptor tyros... | 17150109 | PMC1712353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:58 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 6; 6:278 |
Measles has caused millions of deaths since its emergence thousands of years ago, probably as a zoonosis [1]. Deaths from measles are due largely to an increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial and viral infections. This period of increased susceptibility lasts for several weeks to months after the onset of rash ... | 17199409 | PMC1712354 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:54 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 2; 4(1):e24 |
Background
Folate and one-carbon metabolism play a central role in cellular physiology because they are intimately involved in the control of purine, pyrimidine, and glutathione synthesis, as well as the methylation of DNA, histones and a host of other key cellular components. Deficiencies in folate metabolism have bee... | 17150100 | PMC1713227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Dec 6; 3:40 |
Background
Globally, the amount of carbon stored in soils is over three times that found in the atmosphere [1]. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for maintaining fertility, water retention, and plant production in terrestrial ecosystems [2]. The amount of SOC stored within an ecosystem, is dependent on the quantit... | 17150091 | PMC1713228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Dec 6; 1:14 |
Background
The global healthcare system, which is often a "disease-care" system, is at a breaking point. Healthcare costs are escalating, and disease-prevention strategies focused on changing behaviors among individuals, one at a time, have had limited success [1,2]. Even if we were able to reduce all risk factors and ... | 17164004 | PMC1713229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Dec 12; 3:18 |
Background
Obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) is a complication of childbirth, which is characterized by one or more nerve conduction blocks within the brachial plexus [1]. These blocks range in severity and location within the plexus and primarily affect the child's ability to move and effectively use their affect... | 17147776 | PMC1713230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:35 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2006 Dec 1; 1:5 |
Text
The Health Survey for England warns that by 2010, if nothing is done, 19% of boys and 22% of girls aged two to 15 will be obese [1]. Larger body size is not the main problem of obesity [2], the problems are the numerous accompanying maladies [3-5].
The spreading of the obesity epidemic, termed Globesity [6,7], is... | 17166286 | PMC1713231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Dec 13; 6:33 |
Introduction
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is defined neuropathologically by the presence of two types of protein aggregates: extracellular senile plaques, which are composed of the Aβ peptide, and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which are composed of phosphorylated forms of the tau protein [1-3]. Tau is a micr... | 17166269 | PMC1713232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Dec 13; 1:18 |
Background
Embryo implantation is a necessary stage in fetal development: in order to gain access to nutrients and gas exchange, the embryo attaches to the uterine epithelium and invades into the endometrium. It is a multi-step process that consists of: the hatching of the blastocyst from the zona pellucida, adhesion o... | 17156484 | PMC1713233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Dec 11; 6:61 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are an evolutionarily conserved, large new class of ~22 nucleotide (nt) long, gene regulatory RNA molecules that are involved in silencing mRNA transcripts through sequence-specific hybridization to 3' UTRs of mRNA molecules [1]. In plants, gene silencing is mediated primarily through RNA i... | 17164008 | PMC1713234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:59 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Dec 12; 6:47 |
Background
The question has been raised to what extent evidence from controlled clinical trials on prevention interventions is of value in the routine clinical practice of primary care [1-6]. Explanatory trials, the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) measuring the treatments' efficacy, meet the criteria for valid eval... | 17166255 | PMC1713235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:59 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Dec 13; 6:160 |
Background
It is estimated that during the course of a year, approximately 34% of adults experience neck pain, of which a significant proportion is chronic, with about 14% experiencing neck pain for at least six months duration [1]. As well as the impact it has on individuals at a personal level, there are also signifi... | 17156464 | PMC1713236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:59 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Dec 9; 7:99 |
Background
Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common peripheral entrapment neuropathy and a frequent cause of disability in the upper extremity[1]. Surgical release or decompression rates in the USA amount to 400,000 to 500,000 per year [2] and 43 to 74 per 100,000 in the UK[3]. Conservative treatment of CTS also accou... | 17147807 | PMC1713237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:59 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Dec 5; 7:96 |
Gene expression as well as reactions involving low protein concentrations are intrinsically stochastic, see e.g. [1]. In biology, this is called intrinsic noise, while extrinsic noise refers to cell-to-cell variation due for example to different expression levels of proteins. This book gives an introduction to stochast... | 0 | PMC1713238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:37 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Dec 13; 5:64 |
Background
For many years, short-acting β2-agonists (SABA), such as salbutamol and terbutaline, have played an important role in the treatment of asthma; the bronchodilating effects have, indeed, proved to be life-saving for episodes of acute asthma. The long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) formoterol has a comparable onset o... | 17144916 | PMC1713239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Dec 4; 7(1):141 |
Text
Why some infants develop bronchiolitis when exposed to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is poorly understood, and several aspects of environmental and host immunity have been extensively studied [1,2]. The role of the virus itself in modulating host immune response has also been investigated. Recent studies have ... | 17166282 | PMC1713240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 13; 6:175 |
Background
Over the last decades, the organisation of out-of-hours primary health care in many countries has shifted from practice-based services to large-scale general practitioner (GP) cooperatives [1-3]. These changes were fuelled mainly by an increasing demand for out-of-hours care and the GP's desire to reduce the... | 17163984 | PMC1713241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Dec 12; 7:74 |
Background
Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157 is a bacterial pathogen capable of causing potentially fatal gastrointestinal disease in humans. In 2004 there were a total of 918 laboratory confirmed infections in the UK [1,2]. 209 of these cases occurred in Scotland where the rate of infections per hundred thousand is cons... | 17140453 | PMC1713242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:00 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Dec 2; 6:99 |
Background
Enterobacter sakazakii, previously known as yellow-pigmented E. cloacae [1], has been identified as the causative agent of rare but often severe invasive infections in infants. Neonates and infants less than 2 months of age appear to be groups at particular risk [2,3]. Meningitis is the most frequently repor... | 17166252 | PMC1713243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:00 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Dec 13; 6:100 |
Background
Most protein-coding genes in multicellular eukaryotes are interrupted by multiple introns that are removed by the spliceosome in a complex succession of concerted hydrolysis and ligation reactions [1-4]. Obviously, high-precision recognition of introns is required for efficient splicing, and this recognition... | 17156453 | PMC1713244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:00 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 8; 7:311 |
Background
Repetitive elements comprise ~45% [1] of mammalian genomes and are increasingly known to impact genomic function by contributing to the genomic architecture, by direct regulation of gene expression [2,3] and by affecting genomic size, diversity and evolution [4-8]. The ubiquity and increasingly understood im... | 17140439 | PMC1713245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:00 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 1; 7:304 |
Background
Electromyography (EMG) is an important tool in the fields of biomechanics and kinesiology. In the time domain, the envelope of the rectified EMG signal is commonly used for several applications including: force estimator [1], muscle activity indicator [2], fatigue indicator [3], and more recently as a bio-co... | 17123447 | PMC1713246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Nov 23; 3:27 |
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