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Background
Originally, hypoxia/ischemia-induced alterations in neuronal function have been attributed to be an over-release of neurotransmitters, including dopamine and glutamate. Many studies have been performed on the mechanisms of glutamate-induced neuronal damage [1,2] but relatively few have investigated the hypox... | 15588278 | PMC544856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Dec 8; 5:55 |
Introduction
There are many challenges facing pharmaceutical companies in the post-genome era not least of which is declining productivity and innovation. Not surprisingly, there is agreement between Industry, Academia and Regulatory communities that the drug discovery and development process needs to change in order t... | 15610560 | PMC544857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Dec 20; 2:44 |
Background
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common condition in western society [1]. Treatment of CAD often involves surgical revascularization, that is, removal of coronary artery stenoses to restore sufficient myocardial blood flow. Currently, there are three major treatment options for coronary artery revasculariz... | 15596004 | PMC544858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Dec 13; 4:23 |
Introduction
Rubella virus (RV) is the sole member of the Rubivirus genus of the Togaviridae. It has a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome that is 9762 nucleotides (nt) in length and contains two non-overlapping open-reading frames (ORFs). The 5' proximal ORF encodes the p200 polyprotein precursor for the nonstru... | 15631631 | PMC544859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jan 4; 2:1 |
Background
Some phytochemicals are considered to be endocrine disrupters that mimic or modulate the physiological effects of steroid hormones, especially that of estrogens [1,2]. Of all estrogenic endocrine disrupters examined thus far, phytoestrogens have been extensively studied [1-6].
Phytoestrogens represent hundr... | 15617573 | PMC544860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:45 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Dec 23; 1:16 |
Questionnaires are, by far, the most common method of data collection in the world. There is hardly anyone who has not been asked to answer questions from one form of questionnaire or another. Familiarity with the method may, on the other hand, give the impression that they are easy to develop and that their findings a... | 0 | PMC544861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jan 6; 4:3 |
Background
There are several factors to consider in undergoing genetic testing for cancer risk: potential benefits, possible risks, psychological distress, and the uncertainty in subsequent decision-making about prophylactic interventions [1-9]. While the health professional's assessment of the potential benefits and h... | 15588314 | PMC544862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Dec 10; 5:28 |
Background
Members of the Rhadinovirus genus of the gammaherpesviruses are lymphotrophic and are associated with a variety of lymphoproliferative diseases. Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), the prototype rhadinovirus isolated from the South American squirrel monkey, causes fulminant T-cell lymphomas in closely related host sp... | 15634356 | PMC544863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:59 | no | Virol J. 2005 Jan 5; 2:2 |
Background
The clinicopathologic features of 11 examples of a distinctive pediatric tumor designated desmoplastic supratentorial neuroepithelial tumors of infancy (also known as desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, [DIG]) were originally described by Vandenberg et al in 1987 [1]. Since that seminal report, at least 40... | 15644137 | PMC544864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:23 | no | Cytojournal. 2005 Jan 11; 2:1 |
Background
Neonatal intensive care is associated with a range of long-term health problems such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness and milder but more common problems such as learning disabilities and behavioral problems [1-13]. Although these problems create challenges for the parent responsibl... | 15598353 | PMC544865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Dec 14; 4:24 |
Background
The relationship between male infertility and elevated proportions of sperm with extra or missing chromosomes in any given ejaculate is now extensively documented. There have been over 30 studies that have investigated this effect [e.g. [1-7]], and the majority have suggested a highly significant relationshi... | 15598347 | PMC544866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Dec 14; 2:82 |
Progress
The beginning of a year provides an occasion to look back upon progress made over the past 52 weeks. With the end of 2004, Retrovirology concluded its first calendar year of publishing. In actual fact, Retrovirology launched as an Open Access journal the final week of February 2004 and has been publishing cont... | 15644139 | PMC544867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:40 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jan 11; 2:1 |
Background
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which infect humans cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which has reached pandemic levels in some societies, especially those in Southern Africa and Southeast Asia [1]. Given the immensity of HIV pandemic, the development of a rather safe and cheap, effect... | 15601474 | PMC544868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Dec 15; 1:44 |
Introduction
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) provide the only known gateway for transport of RNAs to the cytoplasm and bidirectional transport of proteins between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The NPC in vertebrates has an estimated mass of approximately 125 Mda. Structural studies suggest an octagonal rotational symmet... | 15613247 | PMC544869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2004 Dec 21; 3:7 |
Background
Hammerhead ribozymes were discovered as self-cleaving motifs in a number of small, circular, pathogenic RNAs in plants [1-3]. Uhlenbeck [4] showed that the ribozyme was able to act in a bimolecular fashion as a true enzyme, ie each ribozyme was able to cleave multiple substrates. Haseloff and Gerlach [5] div... | 15588292 | PMC544870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:50 | no | BMC Chem Biol. 2004 Dec 9; 4:1 |
Background
This paper describes the WINPEPI (PEPI-for-Windows) programs recently added to the PEPI suite of computer programs for epidemiologists, and discusses some of their uses and limitations. The programs were developed for use in practice and research in the health field and as learning or teaching aids.
PEPI (a... | 15606913 | PMC544871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2004 Dec 17; 1:6 |
Introduction
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that colonizes the harshly acidic milieu of the human stomach. More than half of the world's population carries this infection. Infection rates vary among the developed and developing countries of the world. H. pylori infection is on a steep decline in most of the western... | 15634357 | PMC544872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Jan 5; 4:1 |
Background
Public health practitioners have long recognized the connections between patients' socioeconomic conditions and their health [1-8]. Yet these practitioners and their empirically oriented researcher colleagues have faced difficulties in establishing the precise linkages between socioeconomic variables and sub... | 15627401 | PMC544873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 31; 4:69 |
Background
Around 5000 people take their own lives in England every year [1]. The Government's White Paper Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation sets a target to reduce suicide deaths by 20% by 2010 [2]. One of the most common risk factors amongst suicide victims is a major depressive episode (present in about 60–90% of v... | 15613234 | PMC544874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 21; 4:63 |
Background
The background section presents the importance of computing elementary modes for metabolic system analysis, its computational difficulties and the existence of various known algorithms. A theoretical section brings these algorithms into a unified framework. In a following section we introduce a new approach,... | 15527509 | PMC544875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Nov 4; 5:175 |
Background
Mutagenesis in stationary-phase cells has attracted much attention recently. Historically, most studies on spontaneous mutation rates in bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes were conducted in exponentially growing cells, even though it was well known that bacteria and yeast, in their natural habitat, spend mo... | 15617571 | PMC544876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:16 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Dec 23; 5:34 |
Background
The number of elderly people is increasing. Due to the ageing population, more demands are made on health care services [1]. In the last two decades, preventive programmes have been developed aiming at reducing health care cost and improving the independent functioning of elderly people. One of such programm... | 15601473 | PMC544877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:29 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Dec 15; 4:35 |
Hypertension is a common problem, with a consistent and continuous risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke associated with rising blood pressure levels [1]. Furthermore, effective treatment of blood pressures has been shown to cause reductions in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease and stroke. The mod... | 15638936 | PMC544878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Jan 7; 3:3 |
Background
Despite the tremendous efforts and successful completion of the Human Genome Project by April 14th 2003, a set of recalcitrant gaps remain in the euchromatic part of the final human genome sequence. One obvious reason for these gaps is that the appropriate regions are enriched in sequences that are not toler... | 15588320 | PMC544879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Dec 10; 5:92 |
Background
Infective endocarditis has been classified as acute or subacute-chronic based on the clinical presentation and often presents extracardiac findings such as fever, anorexia, weight loss, malaise, and night sweats [1]. The prognosis of infective endocarditis has been shown to be strongly influenced by the comp... | 15610562 | PMC544880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2004 Dec 21; 5:18 |
Background
Primary lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe hypertriglyceridemia, due to the accumulation in plasma of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) that result from the absence of LPL activity [1]. The estimated frequency of this disorde... | 15610556 | PMC544881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Dec 20; 4:27 |
Background
The purpose of this study has been to identify domains with homology to AlkB in viral genomes, in order to get a better understanding of distribution and possible function of such domains. The AlkB protein of E. coli, and probably most of its homologues, is involved in repair of alkylation damage in DNA and ... | 15627404 | PMC544882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jan 3; 6:1 |
Background
Transcriptional control is a major mechanism whereby a cell or organism regulates its gene expression. Sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription regulators, one class of transcription factors [1], play an essential role in modulating the rate of transcription of specific target genes. In this way, they dir... | 15629062 | PMC544883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jan 3; 5:1 |
Background
Respiratory tract infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are very common in young children worldwide. In temperate climates the infection occurs in yearly winter epidemics, and by two years of age most children have been infected [1]. Reinfections are common throughout life but the first infecti... | 15606912 | PMC544884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Dec 17; 4:25 |
Background
Experiments in which subjects are assigned randomly to levels of a treatment factor (or treatment combinations of more than one factor) and then are measured for trends at several sampling times, spaces or regions (within-subject factors) are increasingly common in clinical and medical research. The analysis... | 15626348 | PMC544885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 30; 5:209 |
Introduction
Prostate cancer ranks first amongst all male urological cancers [1]. In the UK, 26027 new patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer during 2001 [1]. The evidence suggests an increasing trend in the incidence in the recent years, being 18201 in 1997 [2]. Nonetheless, better treatment modalities and earli... | 15642124 | PMC544886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Jan 10; 5:1 |
Background
The Sicily statement on evidence-based practice
"Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough, we must do" [1]
Health care delivered in ignorance of available research evidence, misses important opportunities to benefit patients and may cause significant harm [2-4]. Providing evidence-based c... | 15634359 | PMC544887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:55 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jan 5; 5:1 |
Background
Genome sequencing and high-throughput technologies of functional genomics generate a huge amount of information about cellular components and their functions in an unprecedented pace. These advances make it possible to reconstruct large scale biological networks (metabolism, gene regulation, signal transduct... | 15603590 | PMC544888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 16; 5:199 |
Introduction
DNA microarray analysis has been shown to be a powerful tool in various aspects of cancer research [1]. With the increasing availability of published microarray data sets, there is a tremendous need to develop approaches for validating and integrating results across multiple studies. A major concern in the... | 15598354 | PMC544889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Dec 14; 5:94 |
Background
Despite the fact that incidence figures between 4–79% have been reported for cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery [1], diagnostic steps are seldom taken to diagnose this impairment. The golden standard for detecting cognitive dysfunction is neuropsychological tests, which are complex and difficult to ... | 15601479 | PMC544890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:50 | no | BMC Neurol. 2004 Dec 16; 4:24 |
Introduction
Levels of serum or plasma Lp(a) above 30 mg/dL are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease and stroke in adults of European descent [1-3]. Given the high degree of structural homology of one of the domains of its apolipoprotein(a) component with plasminogen, one proposed mechanism is inte... | 15601478 | PMC544891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Dec 16; 3:29 |
Background
The HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to be a major public health challenge in the African-American community. Although African Americans constitute only 13% of the United States population, they have accounted for 39% of all the 886,000 estimated AIDS cases that have been diagnosed since the epidemic began in 198... | 15638937 | PMC544892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 7; 5:3 |
Background
Oral cancer is one of the 10 most frequently occurring cancers worldwide, and its incidence in Europe and the United States ranges from 2% to 6% among all cancer patients [1,2]. The 5-year survival rate of less than 50% has not substantially improved over the past several decades, since many oral carcinomas ... | 15613236 | PMC544893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:34 | no | Mol Cancer. 2004 Dec 21; 3:38 |
Background
The excessive consumption of high calorie, high fat diets and the adoption of a sedentary life style have made obesity and atherosclerosis major health problems in Western societies. In the USA, over 50% of the population are over-weight (BMI > 25) and close to 25% are considered obese (BMI > 30) [1,2]. As a... | 15588328 | PMC544894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Dec 10; 5:93 |
Background
Flavonoid compounds constitute one of the major groups of secondary metabolites and play important roles in plant development, reproduction and defence. This diverse spectrum of activities results from their structural diversity and a variety of functional group substitutions [1]. Chrysosplenium americanum (... | 15596008 | PMC544895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2004 Dec 13; 4:20 |
Background
Investigating patterns of gene expression using mouse and human microarrays has produced insights into cancer [1,2], cardiac diseases [3-6], and metabolic disorders [7-12]. These and many other functional genomics studies rely on full genomic sequence to establish well-annotated databases. Yet, microarrays b... | 15610557 | PMC544896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Dec 20; 5:96 |
Background
"The immense majority of countries who have passed legislation recently do ban both reproductive and therapeutic cloning" (Senator Morin, The Standing Senate Committee On Social Affairs, Science And Technology, Ottawa, Canada, Wednesday 18 February, 2004).
In February 1997 an article was published in Nature... | 15596013 | PMC544897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:54 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2004 Dec 13; 5:9 |
Background
A meta-level view of science
Our aim is to place Medical Informatics in the context of other sciences and to bring coherence in its formal education [1]. This will necessarily place the discussion at a meta-level view of science, which traditionally was the concern of philosophers. From such a general perspe... | 15533257 | PMC544898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Nov 8; 4:19 |
Introduction
Animals and humans deprived of vision have been shown to have enhanced nonvisual perceptual abilities. Indeed, many blind individuals are extremely efficient in tactile processing, including Braille reading; the talent manifested by some well-known blind musicians, singers, and even piano tuners is often i... | 15678166 | PMC544927 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 25; 3(2):e27 |
Introduction
Whether mate choice can be maintained by indirect selection when females incur direct costs by being choosy is the subject of ongoing theoretical controversy [1,2,3,4,5]. This is particularly true when the principal or only benefit of mating with attractive males is that they sire attractive sons. Weatherh... | 15678167 | PMC544928 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 25; 3(2):e33 |
Introduction
Functionally important sequences are expected to evolve more slowly than neutrally evolving sequences. This is because long periods of selection for functional efficiency lead to sequences in which most advantageous mutations have already become fixed. The majority of new mutations in a sequence are then d... | 15678168 | PMC544929 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 25; 3(2):e42 |
Stevie Wonder and Ray Charles are often cited as evidence that blindness confers superior musical ability. Wonder lost his sight after an incubator-related oxygen overdose during infancy; Charles lost his as a boy to glaucoma. It's impossible to know whether sight would have compromised their success, but many gifted m... | 0 | PMC544930 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:23 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 25; 3(2):e48 |
Biologists studying the evolution of mate choice have their work cut out for them. Not only is there little agreement on how best to determine the interplay between mate choice and fitness, there's not even consensus on how to estimate fitness. (Fitness being an individual's success in passing their genes on to future ... | 0 | PMC544931 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 25; 3(2):e57 |
What makes us human? From a philosophical perspective, the answer may lie in part in our apparently unique need—and self-awareness—to ask the question in the first place. From a biological perspective, the answer lies in part in the sequence of our DNA. While fossil evidence has provided a rough draft of the story of h... | 0 | PMC544932 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 25; 3(2):e73 |
The revival of integrative zoology
Zoology has a long history of more than 2000 years and is one of the natural sciences attracting most public attention. Nevertheless, as a scientific field, zoology occasionally is considered to be old-fashioned and in danger of being replaced by narrower sub-disciplines that focus on... | 15679902 | PMC544933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Front Zool. 2004 Sep 29; 1:1 |
Background
Animal studies from diverse fields – such as morphology, physiology, behaviour, population dynamics, genetics, ageing and sexing – often require the estimation or classification of colour in skin, fur, feathers or cuticula. To make meaningful comparisons within and between studies, and effectively communicat... | 15679904 | PMC544934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Front Zool. 2004 Oct 6; 1:2 |
Background
The arthropods form a diverse group with a correspondingly high variation of neural structures adapted to the specialized behaviour and lifestyles of individual species. This raises the question of how developmental processes have been modified during evolution to generate the wide diversity of nervous syste... | 15679931 | PMC544935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Front Zool. 2004 Oct 25; 1:3 |
Introduction
Phylogeography, named by Avise et al in 1987 [1], is a recent and rapidly developing field that concerns the geographical distribution of genealogical lineages. It grew from the newly acquired technical ability to obtain DNA sequence variation from individuals across a species range, and from this to recon... | 15679920 | PMC544936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Front Zool. 2004 Oct 26; 1:4 |
Background
Recent empirical data and theoretical advances suggest that the diversity of complex species assemblages is based at least partially on the hybridization of numerous ancestral allopatric lineages that formed hybrids upon invasion of new environments [1-5]. A growing amount of studies show that cytoplasmatic ... | 15679917 | PMC544937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Front Zool. 2004 Oct 26; 1:5 |
Background
The genes wingless (wg) and decapentaplegic (dpp) are important factors for the normal development of the Drosophila legs. Both genes encode secreted morphogens that generate combinatorial gradients across the developing imaginal leg discs (e.g. [1]). These gradients form the top level in a PD axis patternin... | 15679927 | PMC544938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:33 | no | Front Zool. 2004 Nov 24; 1:6 |
"Causality. There is no escape from it, we are forever slaves to it. Our only hope, our only peace is to understand it, to understand the 'why'[1]."
- The Merovingian
As far as we know, the Wachowski brothers' Merovingian was not an epidemiologist, but his sentiments should resonate well with those in the field. Prob... | 15679908 | PMC544939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2004 Oct 6; 1:1 |
The idea that has given birth to Emerging Themes in Epidemiology (ETE) was conceived late on a Friday afternoon. As the rest of the academic and professional work week was coming to an end, the creators of this journal were just beginning to think straight. Clearly the work of students. However, it was not just clandes... | 15679903 | PMC544940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2004 Oct 6; 1:2 |
Introduction
In the last decade, humanitarian aid agencies have put a great deal of effort into improving the design and management of humanitarian responses in conflict situations: humanitarian agencies have agreed on international standards, numerous technical guidelines have been produced, training programmes are of... | 15679909 | PMC544941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2004 Oct 7; 1:3 |
Introduction
In 2004 it is estimated that there are 95 violent conflicts worldwide [1,2]. The profound consequences to the well-being of communities from these conflicts are disproportionately distributed. Ninety percent of those who die in war are civilians, half are female, and more children will die or be disabled t... | 15679905 | PMC544942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2004 Oct 7; 1:4 |
"And there went out another horse that was red: and power was given to him that sat thereon to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another: and there was given unto him a great sword." – Revelations 6:4
Perhaps more than any other previous conflict, the recent war in Iraq has stirred the public he... | 15679911 | PMC544943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2004 Oct 15; 1:5 |
Introduction
Of the obstacles to development in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) region, perhaps none has had a more profound impact than the dual burdens of HIV/AIDS and conflict. During the past quarter century, no region of the world has been more acutely affected by large-scale violent conflict than SSA. Almost all SS... | 15679919 | PMC544944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2004 Oct 29; 1:6 |
Autoimmune diseases are common and can affect virtually every organ in the body. They range from organ specific diseases such as thyroiditis or type 1 diabetes to life-threatening multi-system diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and the systemic vasculitides. Clinicians from every field of medicine may encoun... | 15679906 | PMC544945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2004 Oct 13; 1:1 |
1. Introduction
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic liver disease of unknown etiology. The estimated prevalence of AIH in Northern European countries is approximately 160–170 patients/106 inhabitants [1,2]. The disease predominates among women and is characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia even in the absence ... | 15679907 | PMC544946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2004 Oct 15; 1:2 |
Background
Genetic alteration of non-pancreatic cells in a diabetic person to synthesise, store and secrete insulin in the same manner as a pancreatic β cell is a potential therapy of type 1 diabetes. The hepatocyte has been suggested as a suitable target cell for such gene therapy [1-9]. Such cells made in vitro are c... | 15679918 | PMC544947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2004 Nov 8; 1:3 |
A new journal for a quickly evolving research field
During the past decade, we have witnessed profound changes in physical medicine & rehabilitation originated by advances in neuroscience and biomedical engineering. For example, imaging and neurological assessment methods have dramatically improved the management of pa... | 15679915 | PMC544948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Oct 13; 1:1 |
Introduction
Common oscillations in neurophysiological activity in the human motor system have been well documented. During voluntary muscle contraction, the human central nervous system drives motor neurons at a range of frequencies which cause common modulations in the firings of these neurons. These drives are revie... | 15679910 | PMC544949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Oct 14; 1:2 |
Introduction
The thumb has unique anatomical and biomechanical characteristics that are required to perform many manipulative tasks. Thumb motor dysfunction resulting from neuromuscular and musculoskeletal pathologies severely hinders the performance of these daily tasks. Clinical treatment, prevention protocols, and r... | 15679912 | PMC544950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Oct 19; 1:3 |
Background
Several studies have confirmed that lack of movement leads quickly to profound negative physiological and biochemical changes in all organs and systems of the body [1-5]. It is important for patients suffering from diseases such as stroke, spinal cord and traumatic brain injury to be mobilized at an early st... | 15679913 | PMC544951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:39 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Oct 25; 1:4 |
Background
Rather than using robotics as an assistive technology for a disabled individual, our research focus is on the development and application of robotics as a therapy aid, and in particular a tool for therapists. We foresee robots and computers as supporting and enhancing the productivity of clinicians in their ... | 15679916 | PMC544952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Oct 26; 1:5 |
Background
Many technological barriers exist for the implementation of life-like mobility in robotic and prosthetic systems. Included among these barriers are (1) the availability of high-energy density storage media, (2) the availability of adequate muscle-like actuators, and (3) the availability of biologically inspi... | 15679914 | PMC544953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Oct 28; 1:6 |
Immunity & Ageing is a new Open Access, peer reviewed journal that aims to provide a forum for articles examining ageing from an immunological point of view.
During the past century, humans have gained more years of average life expectancy than in the last 10,000 years; we are now living in a rapidly ageing world. The... | 15679921 | PMC544954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:28 | no | Immun Ageing. 2004 Oct 29; 1:1 |
Introduction
The headline "Minimal benefit is seen in drugs for Alzheimer's disease" summarized an article in the New York Times concerning drug therapy of Alzheimer's disease [1]. The inescapable conclusion was that present drug therapy benefits only a very small percentage of the 4.5 million Americans with Alzheimer'... | 15679923 | PMC544955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:28 | no | Immun Ageing. 2004 Nov 12; 1:2 |
Immunotherapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rapidly becoming a hot topic of modern geriatric and clinical gerontology. M.E. Weksler [1] in the article entitled "The immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease" published in Immunity and Ageing discussed this theme.
Current views see immunization with Aβ peptide... | 15679924 | PMC544956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:28 | no | Immun Ageing. 2004 Nov 12; 1:3 |
Introduction
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that results from hyperlipidemia and complex interactions involving other genetic and environmental factors. OxLDL plays a central role in the atherogenic process through generation of highly immunogenic neodeterminants for the immune system [1]. Natural au... | 15679933 | PMC544957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:28 | no | Immun Ageing. 2004 Nov 12; 1:4 |
Introduction
The thymus gland is a central lymphoid organ in which bone marrow-derived T cell precursors undergo a complex process of maturation and differentiation leading to migration of positively selected thymocytes to the T cell-dependent peripheral areas [1]. Although thymocytes proliferation and differentiation ... | 15679929 | PMC544958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:28 | no | Immun Ageing. 2004 Nov 12; 1:5 |
In the human brain several cell types are responsible for initiating and amplifying a specific inflammatory response. In Alzheimer disease (AD) signs of an inflammatory activation of microglia and astroglia are present both inside and outside amyloid deposits. Cell cultures and animal models suggest an interactive rela... | 15679925 | PMC544959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:28 | no | Immun Ageing. 2004 Nov 12; 1:6 |
Editorial
Welcome to Australia and New Zealand Health Policy a new journal which aims to promote debate and understanding about contemporary health policy developments in Australia and New Zealand. Health policy is regularly in the media and is a high profile issue at election times. In Australia the health system has ... | 15679922 | PMC544960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2004 Nov 17; 1:1 |
Introduction
Primary health care and community care can be thought of as a set of health programs and services. Most discussions of the primary health and community care services sector suggest that it has the following characteristics: (1) It is the first point of contact with the health system. This may occur through... | 15679930 | PMC544961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2004 Nov 17; 1:2 |
Introduction
Following the lead of the National Aboriginal Health Strategy (NAHS) [1], national strategy in this field has focussed on health sector reform and the development of inter-sectoral strategies to improve Indigenous health outcomes. In 1995, the health portfolio assumed responsibility for the management of t... | 15679932 | PMC544962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2004 Nov 18; 1:3 |
The evidence for healthy public policy for children
There can be no keener revelation of a society's soul than the way it treats its children [1].
Research evidence has demonstrated that the experiences of early childhood can have a profound lifelong impact on a child's health, wellbeing and competence [2]. The import... | 15679926 | PMC544963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:26 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2004 Nov 18; 1:4 |
Background
In recent years, there has been a rolling (and sometimes repetitive) tide of structural change in the way state and territory governments organise to lead and/or provide health care within their jurisdictions, with every state and territory of Australia involved at least once in the last 10 years.
This pape... | 15679935 | PMC544964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2004 Nov 19; 1:6 |
The management of infectious diseases in an increasingly complex world of mass international travel, globalization and terrorism heightens challenges for Federal, State and Territory Governments in ensuring that Australia's laws are sufficiently flexible to address the types of problems that may emerge.
In the 1980's ... | 15679928 | PMC544965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2004 Nov 19; 1:7 |
Cerebrospinal Fluid Research is an open access, online journal that publishes manuscripts on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in health and disease in the broadest sense. The CSF, its composition, circulation and absorption play vital roles in normal and abnormal brain function. The fluid within the CSF system is important fo... | 15679934 | PMC544966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2004 Dec 10; 1:1 |
Introduction
Increased exposure to PM10 particles is associated with adverse health effects [1,2]. Much of the mass of PM10 is low in toxicity and it has been suggested that, combustion-derived nanoparticles (ultrafine particles) [3-5] are a key component that drives these effects, especially inflammation. In individua... | 15613243 | PMC545043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:22 | no | Respir Res. 2004 Dec 21; 5(1):29 |
Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new infectious disease in humans. The first victim of SARS to be diagnosed was a businessman from the city of Foshan in Guangdong Province, China. SARS patients may present with a spectrum of symptoms and signs, ranging from relatively asymptomatic to fulminant... | 15638943 | PMC545044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 8; 6(1):5 |
Review
Background
Recently, the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) formed a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Task Force that prepared a handbook to aid cancer registry staff in using GIS for the collection, analysis, and presentation of cancer registry data [1]. The first chapters of t... | 15649320 | PMC545045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Jan 13; 4:3 |
Background
Phyllodes tumors constitute less than 1% of breast tumors and 2–3% of fibroepithelial breast tumors [1]. They usually occur in middle-aged to elderly women but can occur at any age. No single feature is reliable in predicting clinical behavior of phyllodes tumors. Several histological parameters should be ev... | 15601470 | PMC545046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Dec 15; 2:46 |
Background
The incidence of early gastric carcinoma defined as being confined to the mucosa or submucosal layer has increased. In Japan, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is now generally accepted for intramucosal cancers that are associated with a minimal risk of regional lymph node (LN) metastasis [1-4]. For submuco... | 15636643 | PMC545047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jan 7; 3:2 |
Background
The elongation phase of transcription is often a critical juncture for regulating gene expression [1,2] and a number of genes including c-myc, c-fms, hsp70, and those encoded by HIV-1 are regulated at this stage of transcription [3-6]. During transcription elongation, shortly after successful initiation of R... | 15620346 | PMC545048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:37 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Dec 27; 1:46 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the U.S. [1,2]. Estimated new cases of colon cancer were 79,650 for men and 73,530 for women in 2004 [1]; approximately $6.3 billion is spent in the United States each year on treatment of CRC [... | 15644144 | PMC545049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jan 11; 4:1 |
Background
Often the first step in protein purification is production of the protein of interest in Escherichia coli using a gene expression system that allows selective overexpression of a cloned gene [1]. In the most desirable situation, expression of the cloned gene will consume the majority of the cellular resource... | 15638935 | PMC545050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Jan 7; 4:3 |
Introduction
Antithrombotic agents such as warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel and heparin have proven efficacy and are widely prescribed in the prevention and treatment of many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [1-3]. However, a significant disadvantage of the use of these therapies is an increased incidence of m... | 15638939 | PMC545051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:24 | no | Thromb J. 2005 Jan 7; 3:1 |
Background
Synovial sarcoma is a relatively rare, high-grade malignant tumor of soft tissue, characterized by biphasic or monophasic histology, specific chromosomal translocation t(X;18), and its resultant SYT-SSX fusion gene[1]. This tumor affects mostly adolescents and young adults. The 5-year survival rates of patie... | 15647119 | PMC545052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jan 12; 3:1 |
Introduction
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are anaerobic Gram positive bacteria with a GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe) status. They are also food grade bacteria, and therefore, they can be used for the delivery of proteins of interest in foodstuff or in the digestive tract. A last advantage compared to other well-known ... | 15631634 | PMC545053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Jan 4; 4:2 |
Background
Assessment of quality of life (QoL) has become increasingly important in health care, particularly as an evaluative method to measure outcomes of the impact of disease and interventions. To date it is unclear how research on QoL relates to other psychological constructs such as depression and anxiety. Many c... | 15634354 | PMC545054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jan 5; 3:1 |
Introduction
The most common epidemiological exposure-disease effect measures are based on exposure or disease frequency statistics, like risks or odds. Such frequency statistics focus on the question whether an exposure or disease occurred in a population. This information is used to measure the effect of exposure on ... | 15601477 | PMC545055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:33 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2004 Dec 16; 1:5 |
Background
Actinomycosis is an uncommon inflammatory entity caused by the universally distributed anaerobic bacterium, Actinomyces Israeli. This Actinomyces is a gram-positive, rather microaerophilic bacterium, which consists a component of the normal human flora. Actinomyces requires the presence of many other bacteri... | 15631636 | PMC545056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:27 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan 4; 5:1 |
Background
Long-term indwelling central venous access devices are indispensable to the supportive care of cancer patients. Infection remains a major complication of Hickman type catheters [1]. Intravascular catheter-related infections can be the cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing autologous periphe... | 15615593 | PMC545057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Dec 22; 4:62 |
Background
The molecular mechanisms that target postsynaptic glutamate receptors to the postsynaptic membrane, and keep receptors clustered there, remain unknown. Membrane-associated guanylate kinase proteins (MAGUKs) are cell-cell junction proteins with multiple protein-interaction domains (PDZ, SH3, 4.1/Hook, and a c... | 15638945 | PMC545058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:16 | no | BMC Biol. 2005 Jan 8; 3:1 |
Background
Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) is defined as spontaneous ventricular fibrillation in the absence of any structural heart disease, including coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy or electrophysiological diseases, with a well-defined cause, such as the long QT s... | 15627402 | PMC545059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Jan 1; 3:1 |
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