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Background
Evidence suggests that breakfast consumption and food habits have an impact on cognitive function and school performance among school children [1,2]. In two different studies Schoenthaler et al. showed that both antisocial behaviour and nonverbal intelligence improved in malnourished school children receivin... | 17150115 | PMC1713247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Dec 7; 5:33 |
Background
Complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), such as anemia, metabolic acidosis, nutritional deficits, secondary hyperparathyroidism and hypertension occur well before renal replacement therapy is needed and significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality [1-5]. National treatment guidelines for CKD, a... | 17164005 | PMC1713248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:00 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Dec 12; 4:30 |
Background
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major pathogen associated with serious community- and hospital-acquired diseases. Most of S. aureus infections are caused by methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus strains (MSSA) that are susceptible to all other classes of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics. Methicil... | 17140452 | PMC1713249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Dec 2; 5:30 |
Background
In 1985, RET was first identified as a novel oncogene. RET encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, the ligands of which belong to the glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) family [1]. Chimeric RET oncogenes, designated ret/PTC, display a ligand independent constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and ar... | 17156473 | PMC1713250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Dec 11; 5:70 |
Background
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a swift and deadly cancer whereupon an accurate diagnosis can be challenging, since many of the clinical and pathologic features overlap with those of non-malignant inflammatory lesions. Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) has proven to be a highly sensi... | 17156485 | PMC1713251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Dec 11; 3:27 |
Background
Upon entering an uninfected host cell, the single-stranded RNA genome of Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is copied into DNA by the viral reverse transcriptase. Following integration of DNA into the host genome, transcriptional activation of the proviral DNA generates progeny virions. The post-int... | 17125513 | PMC1713252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Nov 24; 3:83 |
Background
The discipline of bioinformatics makes use of varied data resources that provide access to both experimental data and the results of analyses over such data. There are many hundred resources in the public domain [1]; individual laboratories maintain their own collections by either building on local data or c... | 17169146 | PMC1713253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 14; 7:532 |
Introduction
Human tissues contain common and distinct macromolecular components in varying amounts. Large-scale, high-throughput analyses of mRNA expression in human tissues show tissue-specific gene expression (e.g., [1–3]). Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a central role in translating the mRNA sequence into the protein se... | 17194224 | PMC1713254 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:44 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 22; 2(12):e221 |
Introduction
Biological research is based on the shared history of living things. Taxonomy—the science of classifying organismal diversity—is the scaffold on which biological knowledge is assembled and integrated into a cohesive structure. A comprehensive eukaryotic taxonomy is a powerful research tool in evolutionary ... | 17194223 | PMC1713255 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 22; 2(12):e220 |
Introduction
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted signaling molecules belonging to the transforming growth factor β superfamily, originally identified on the basis of their ability to induce ectopic bone formation when implanted within soft tissue in vivo [1–3]. BMP family members are now known to play an ex... | 17194222 | PMC1713256 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:44 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 22; 2(12):e216 |
Introduction
In addition to its use in understanding human evolutionary history, investigation of human genetic variation and population structure is important for the design and analysis of studies that map disease-susceptibility loci. For example, if human genetic disease is largely a consequence of common alleles an... | 17194221 | PMC1713257 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:02 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 22; 2(12):e215 |
Introduction
Strains of Arthrobacter species were first culled from soils in the 19th century [1] and are among the most frequently isolated, indigenous, aerobic bacterial genera found in soils [2–6]. These bacteria typically appear as Gram-negative rods in younger cultures and as Gram-positive cocci in older cultures.... | 17194220 | PMC1713258 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 22; 2(12):e214 |
Introduction
The paradigm of the coevolutionary arms race has had a tremendous influence on our interpretation of pathogen–host interactions [1]. It has profoundly influenced our understanding of the mechanisms by which genetic variation is maintained in populations, and how variation in one species influences the evol... | 17194219 | PMC1713259 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:44 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 22; 2(12):e209 |
Introduction
A central challenge in analyzing any genetic dataset is to explore whether there is any evidence that the samples in the data are from a population that is structured. Are the individuals from a homogeneous population or from a population containing subgroups that are genetically distinct? Can we find evid... | 17194218 | PMC1713260 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:28 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Dec 22; 2(12):e190 |
INTRODUCTION
Despite widespread efforts to prevent and treat malaria, worldwide the burden of morbidity and mortality is still high, due in part to the spread of drug-resistant Plasmodium spp. strains. The increasing prevalence of strains of Plasmodium falciparum resistant to 4-aminoquinolines and antifolate drugs has ... | 17192794 | PMC1713262 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Dec 22; 1(8):e38 |
Dr. Nissen's comments [1] on our paper [2] reveal a fundamental difference in his and our perspectives on the ethical conduct of clinical trials. While we agree with his central point that the ADAPT data do not permit definitive conclusions regarding the safety of naproxen or celecoxib, we doubt Dr. Nissen's conjecture... | 17192795 | PMC1713263 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:53 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Dec 22; 1(8):e41 |
Background
Elevated fasting glucose levels and extended postprandial hyperglycemia are cardinal traits of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [1-3]. Impaired early insulin secretory response of the pancreatic β-cell and decreased insulin sensitivity of muscle, fat and liver cells contribute to the state of... | 17163994 | PMC1716156 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Dec 12; 4:22 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Tina Bakolitsa (nominated by Eugene Koonin), Martin Jambon (nominated by Laura Landweber), Sandor Pangor and Franck Eisenhaber. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
There are three isoforms of GDH. According to the following reaction:
2-oxoglutara... | 17173671 | PMC1716157 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Dec 15; 1:38 |
Background
The development of multi-cellular organisms requires a continual source of differentiating cells to populate fields within diverse tissues. Similarly, following tissue damage, the replacement of lost cells often relies on the proliferation and subsequent differentiation of a population of pluripotent "stem" ... | 17150096 | PMC1716158 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:28 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Dec 6; 1:29 |
Background
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genome has a tetraploid origin with 20 consensus linkage groups representing 20 pairs of chromosomes with a genome size of 1.115 Gbp [1,2]. Within the soybean chromosomes there were large regions of euchromatic and heterochromatic DNA. Two separate duplications or hybridizati... | 17156445 | PMC1716159 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Dec 8; 2:20 |
Background
To date, lithium is probably still the gold standard for the long term treatment of bipolar disorder, as shown in classical papers [1], newer studies [2] and a recent and thoughtful meta analysis [3]. However, a marked gap has been noted between the efficacy of lithium in clinical trials and its effectivenes... | 17147815 | PMC1716160 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Dec 5; 2:34 |
Background
A great part of the Mexican territory is covered by mountains which are home to a variety of habitats, ecological niches and communities [1] (Fig. 1), many of which have been completely isolated for a long time. People living in these areas have relied on gathering resources from their surroundings, and have... | 17144918 | PMC1716161 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Dec 4; 2:51 |
Background
Anaemia is a significant public health problem in Vietnam. The 2000 National Nutrition Risk Factor Survey in Vietnam showed an anaemia prevalence of 34% in children under five and 25% in women [1]. No nationally representative data are available on the prevalence of anaemia among primary schoolchildren in Vi... | 17147795 | PMC1716162 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Dec 5; 5:32 |
Background
In the last years increasing interest focused on QoL instrument as a broader measure of the burden of MS. Recent studies reported that QoL assessment may provide unique information often underestimated by the EDSS [1-3], which remains to date the primary clinical outcome measure for MS related disability [4]... | 17163989 | PMC1716163 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Dec 12; 4:96 |
Background
Schizophrenia is a complex phenotype with a multifactorial etiology. Reducing heterogeneity by identifying alternative phenotypes or valid subtypes that reflect specific neurobiological processes in the pathophysiology of the disorder is critical to uncovering susceptibility genes [1-3]. The concept of the d... | 17173666 | PMC1716164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Dec 15; 2:42 |
Background
The unregulated growth of cancer cells often results in hypoxic conditions in tumor cell masses. Tumor hypoxia results from an imbalance between elevated consumption of oxygen in the rapidly cycling tumor cells and insufficient oxygen supply due to the lack of a physiological vascular network. Multicellular ... | 17166265 | PMC1716165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 13; 4:94 |
Background
Colorectal cancer usually presents in patients in their 6th to 8th decade or in individuals in whom there is a genetic predisposition to develop cancer. The usual presenting symptoms are commonly those of altered bowel habit, abdominal pain, bleeding per anum, general malaise or a microcytic anaemia of unexp... | 17169149 | PMC1716166 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 14; 4:95 |
Background
Gardner's syndrome includes familial adenomatous polyposis with extracolonic manifestations, such as osteomas, supernumerary teeth, fibrous dysplasia of the skull, fibromas, and epidermoid cysts. Desmoid tumors, also known as "aggressive fibromatosis", can have a significant impact on the morbidity and morta... | 17173703 | PMC1716167 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 17; 4:96 |
Background
Missing data are a common challenge in health research, and the problem is often pronounced in studies that use self-report instruments. As part of an outcome study in surgical patients, we measured levels of depression in surgical patients using a validated instrument, the Zung Self-rated Depression Scale (... | 17166270 | PMC1716168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Dec 13; 6:57 |
Background
Messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation is an important mechanism for controlling gene expression in all organisms. The rate of mRNA decay directly affects the steady state concentration of mRNA, thereby influencing the rates of protein synthesis. The lifetimes of mRNAs can differ significantly within a single cell... | 17164000 | PMC1716169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Dec 12; 5:38 |
Background
Shortly after independence (1975), the mass repatriation of the Portuguese cadres working in the Health System left the MOH with the urgent need of finding specialized medical doctors (MD) for its referral hospitals. In 1972 there were 289 MDs in the country [1]. In 1976, only about 60 MDs had remained [2]. ... | 17140454 | PMC1716170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Dec 2; 4:26 |
Background
Malaria in pregnancy continues to be a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Pregnant women are a specific risk group for Plasmodium falciparum infection, malaria and related consequences [1]. This increased risk is partially due to physiological alterations of immunity. Moreover, in pregnancy a... | 17166266 | PMC1716171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Dec 13; 5:119 |
Background
The detection of asexual parasites by light microscopy of Giemsa-stained thick and thin films remains the standard laboratory method for the diagnosis of malaria [1,2]. Although detection of parasites in symptomatic patients reporting to local malaria clinics is the primary means used for malaria diagnosis i... | 17169142 | PMC1716172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Dec 14; 5:121 |
Background
The spread of antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum has led to serious setbacks in global malaria control and stimulated an urgent search for new treatments[1]. Monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy and policy decision making is generally based on the results of clinical antimalarial trial... | 17169157 | PMC1716173 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Dec 14; 5:122 |
Background
The threat of malaria
Malaria is a major public health threat to the developing world, indirectly affecting the economic development. Nearly 40% of the world's population is at risk and 80% of the burden exists in sub-Saharan Africa. Almost all the remaining cases exist in tropical and subtropical Asia, Lati... | 17173672 | PMC1716174 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Dec 15; 5:123 |
Background
Malaria is one of the leading causes of ill health and deaths in Uganda, accounting for 46% of the illness in children, 20–40% of out-patient visit at health facilities, 25% of hospital admissions, 14% of in-patient deaths and 20–23% of – infant and childhood mortality (Uganda Ministry of Health,, surveillan... | 17173675 | PMC1716175 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Dec 15; 5:124 |
Background
Neutrophils are short lived immune cells who invade tissues in response to a variety of stimuli, for example viral and bacterial infections [1,2]. They are professional phagocytes and contribute to resolution of inflammation by removing infectious and inflammatory stimuli [1,2]. Apart from being present duri... | 17166290 | PMC1716176 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Dec 14; 7(1):143 |
Background
The p53 tumor suppressor pathway is inactivated in a majority of human cancers, either through mutation of the p53 gene or alterations of p53 regulators or p53-pathway proteins [1,2]. Wild-type p53 is a transcription factor that binds the promoter regions of various target genes in a sequence-specific manner... | 17150106 | PMC1716177 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Dec 6; 5:68 |
Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, and it increases in prevalence with advancing age to about 5% in people older than 65 years (Table 1). The chance of developing atrial fibrillation at age 40 years or older is about 25% in men and women. This arrhythmia accounts for about one-th... | 17166260 | PMC1716178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Dec 13; 6:15 |
Auto [innate]immunity: a new chapter of autoimmunity
The term "Inflammaging" has been coined by Claudio Franceschi to explain the now widely accepted phenomenon that ageing is accompanied by a low-grade chronic, systemic up-regulation of the inflammatory response and that the underlining inflammatory changes are also c... | 17173699 | PMC1716179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Immun Ageing. 2006 Dec 16; 3:12 |
Background
Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis is a simple and cost-effective method with high reliability for the identification of base substitutions or other sequence variations like small deletions or insertions in large cohorts of individuals [1]. We used SSCP analyses in order to define geneti... | 17134500 | PMC1716180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Nov 29; 5:19 |
Background
There are commonly one or more years between survey dates in the longitudinal studies used in disability research. Although the literature includes reports of health transitions recorded over time intervals as long as 19 years [1], it is unusual to find estimates of disablement-process parameters–i.e., trans... | 17166277 | PMC1716181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Dec 13; 4:16 |
Background
In his seminal lecture in 1970, Karl Pribram asked the question, what makes us human? Nearly four decades of research has accumulated since, and major technical advances have been made, but our newly-gained perspective affords us little more than the realization of how exceedingly subtle and fine-scaled the ... | 17134487 | PMC1716182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Nov 29; 1:18 |
Background
Mitochondria are subcellular organelles that appear only in eukaryotic cells. They are surrounded by two layers of membrane, the inner membrane and the outer membrane. Proteins which are localized within mitochondria play important roles in energy metabolism process. Inner membrane, outer membrane and matrix... | 17134515 | PMC1716183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 30; 7:518 |
Background
Since protein-protein interactions are of fundamental importance for all processes taking place in a cell, great efforts have been devoted to the systematic identification of protein interactions for a number of organisms. To generate large-scale protein interaction maps, two methods are commonly used: (i) y... | 17137490 | PMC1716184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 30; 7:519 |
Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection results in severe acute respiratory disease, pneumonia, and sometimes death[1,2]. The disease was reported in Guangdong Province, China, in 2002 and spread to more than 30 nations within a few months. Disease severity was linked to age and ... | 17194199 | PMC1716185 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e525 |
Introduction
Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite that causes the most lethal form of malaria, a major human disease urgently in need of new targets for future antimalarial drugs. Targeting the blood stages of infection is particularly important since these stages are responsible for all of the symptoms and p... | 17194200 | PMC1716186 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e528 |
Introduction
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the US [1]. The high mortality among patients with lung cancer is mainly due to the absence of an effective screening strategy to identify lung cancer at an early stage [2]. Thus, only ~25% of patients presenting with lung cancer ar... | 17194181 | PMC1716187 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e467 |
Introduction
Tumor-acquired alterations in DNA methylation include both genome-wide hypomethylation and locus-specific hypermethylation. Genomic hypomethylation occurs early in cellular transformation and affects both genome stability and imprinted gene expression [1–3]. Promoter hypermethylation often coincides with l... | 17194187 | PMC1716188 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e486 |
Introduction
The risk of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from individuals with tuberculosis (TB) to other patients and to health-care workers (HCWs) has been recognized for many years [1,2]. This risk is greater when larger numbers of infectious (smear-positive) TB patients are managed at a health-care facil... | 17194191 | PMC1716189 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e494 |
Introduction
The study of families displaying exceptional longevity may reveal the biological basis for a healthy ageing process [1,2]. First-degree relatives of centenarians [3] and nonagenarian siblings [4] have a lifelong mortality advantage as compared with their birth cohort. These findings imply that there is a s... | 17194192 | PMC1716190 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e495 |
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) regards as unacceptable a mortality rate of over 20% in children with severe malnutrition, a situation that is common in many hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa [1,2]. These high case fatality rates are often attributed to insufficient staff training and poor compliance wit... | 17194194 | PMC1716191 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e500 |
Introduction
Malaria re-emerged abruptly in the highlands of Madagascar in the mid-1980s and was associated with large-scale mortality and morbidity in the nonimmune inhabitants [1]. Shortage of antimalarial drugs, mainly chloroquine, led the population to rely on traditional herbal remedies. In a subsequent large-scal... | 17194195 | PMC1716192 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e513 |
Introduction
Despite hopeful signs of abatement in a few countries, the HIV epidemic continues to spread [1]. In the face of this challenge, substantial new resources have been committed to expand access to both prevention and treatment. These include the United States' Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, the World Bank's ... | 17194197 | PMC1716193 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e517 |
Introduction
Preeclampsia is a maternal disease of pregnancy associated with increased blood pressure and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It is a major cause of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide and has particularly high incidence in Latin American and Caribbean countries, in which hypert... | 17194198 | PMC1716194 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e520 |
Review
Eg5 motors slide microtubules during cell division
Eg5, a member of the Kinesin-5 subclass of kinesins, is a plus-end-directed tetrameric kinesin-family protein that influences the assembly and organization of the mitotic spindle, a self-assembled and dynamic microtubule-based structure that orchestrates chromos... | 17173688 | PMC1716758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Dec 15; 1:31 |
Background
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an autonomous, non-enveloped single stranded DNA virus with a diameter of 26 nm. The icosahedral T = 1 virion contains 60 protein subunits composed of three different polypeptide chains designated VP1, VP2, and VP3 [1-7]. VP1 is identical to VP2, but has 154 additional N-terminal a... | 17156442 | PMC1716759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Dec 8; 4:13 |
Background
In the highland steppes of Tunisia the two large desert ants, Cataglyphis bicolor and Cataglyphis mauritanica, occur sympatrically. A recent ecological comparison revealed that the two coexisting species do not show any differences in the use of the three resource characteristics habitat, time and food [1], ... | 17173691 | PMC1716760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Dec 15; 3:21 |
Background
The diagnosis of acute vestibular neuritis requires objective findings indicating complete or partial unilateral loss of vestibular function. In ordinary clinical practice vestibular integrity is tested by caloric irrigation and the horizontal head impulse test [1]. Both of these procedures test the horizont... | 17169144 | PMC1716761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:00 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Dec 14; 6:45 |
Background
About 25% of sarcoidosis patients may suffer from skin lesions during the course of their disease [1]. Psoriasiform lesions have been reported in sarcoidosis [2-6]. In this paper we present a patient who showed clinical and histological features compatible with both pulmonary sarcoidosis and psoriasis vulgar... | 17166281 | PMC1716762 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:00 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Dec 13; 6:26 |
Background
Although concerns have been expressed about the use of cost utility analyses (CUA)[1,2], the number of such analyses has increased in the past ten years[3]. Guidelines in the UK and Canada, and those proposed by the Washington Panel on cost effectiveness in the USA, promote CUA where the purpose of the analy... | 17129380 | PMC1716763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Nov 27; 4:90 |
Background
Non-communicable and chronic disease currently account for 60% of deaths globally per annum and 47% of the global burden of disease [1], yet there has been little research interest in countries outside Western Europe and North America [2]. Furthermore, the emphasis in research worldwide until recently has fo... | 17156494 | PMC1716764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Dec 12; 4:95 |
Introduction
The brain is a most complex and fascinating organ in mammals [1]. It has been the focal point of comparative studies among primates and mammals [2,3]. Recent developments in molecular, cellular, and cognitive methods have significantly advanced the comparative approach [4,5]. Because earlier studies have s... | 17194215 | PMC1717015 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 26; 5(2):e13 |
Introduction
Many viruses encode strong transcriptional positive-feedback (i.e., excitatory-feedback) loops in order to quickly ramp up their gene expression after invading the host cell. But positive-feedback loops are inherently unstable when turned off (henceforth referred to as the “off state”), which frustrates a ... | 17194214 | PMC1717016 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 5(1):e9 |
Upon entering a cell, a virus often becomes dormant, turning off its genes and laying low until awakened by some trigger from its environment. When that trigger is pulled, the virus quickly ramps up production of proteins through built-in positive-feedback loops that turn up gene transcription. (In positive feedback, p... | 20076644 | PMC1717017 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 5(1):e25 |
Introduction
Selenocysteine (Sec) is a selenium-containing amino acid that is cotranslationally inserted into protein and is recognized as the 21st amino acid in the genetic code [1–3]. Sec is incorporated into protein in all three lines of descent, eukaryota, archaea, and eubacteria, but unlike other amino acids, Sec ... | 17194211 | PMC1717018 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 09:10:33 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 5(1):e4 |
Introduction
3′ pre-mRNA processing severs the nascent transcript from the elongating polymerase to liberate a new polyadenylated mRNP particle [1,2]. Since the placement of the cleavage site can include or remove RNA sequences that influence transcript stability, transcript localization, protein expression, or protein... | 17194212 | PMC1717019 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:33 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 5(1):e6 |
Introduction
Drug resistance is a medical problem, ranging from cancer cells evading chemotherapy to bacteria surviving antibiotic treatment. Efflux pumps represent one class of integral membrane transport proteins in bacteria that confer antibiotic resistance [1]. These proteins actively detoxify the intracellular spa... | 17194213 | PMC1717020 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 5(1):e7 |
Introduction
Disease-associated, mutant misfolded proteins such as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator [1], peripheral myelin protein 22 [2], huntingtin (Htt) [3], parkin [4], α-synuclein [5,6], ataxin-3, and Down syndrome critical region 1 [7] are found to accumulate in aggresomes. Aggresomes are defin... | 17147470 | PMC1750924 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 4(12):e417 |
One of the most important features of biology is the ability of organisms to persist in the face of changing conditions. Consider the remarkable fact that every organism alive today is the product of billions of generations in which its progenitors, without fail, managed to produce progeny that survived to reproduce. T... | 17238277 | PMC1750925 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 12; 4(12):e428 |
Complex microbial communities, such as biofilms in the oral cavity and lumenal and mucosal communities in the gastrointestinal tract, play prominent roles in human health and disease [1]. Microbial communities in vivo include many different bacterial species that are in dynamic, intimate association with each other and... | 17238278 | PMC1750926 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 12; 4(12):e430 |
Introduction
Cooperative hunting, i.e., the increase in successful prey capture observed when two or more individuals engage in a hunt, has been demonstrated in a wide variety of species [1–4]. In many cooperatively hunting species, hunts can best be described as opportunistic, simultaneous individual hunts [4], in whi... | 17147471 | PMC1750927 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:01 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 4(12):e431 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 11: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040348
The author contributions were listed incorrectly. The correct author contributions are as follows: BAH conceived and designed the experiments. MS, ML, JNN, LGF, CMC, and BAH performed the experiments and analyzed the data. MS, LGF, JNN, and BAH wr... | 0 | PMC1750928 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 12; 4(12):e432 |
Introduction
Adaptive radiation, the generation of ecological diversity in a rapidly multiplying lineage, is receiving much attention by evolutionary biologists and ecologists because it is thought to be a force able to quickly generate large numbers of new species and ecological diversity through multiple episodes of ... | 17147472 | PMC1750929 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 4(12):e433 |
Introduction
RNA silencing, or RNA interference (RNAi), refers to a group of RNA-induced gene silencing mechanisms that developed early in the eukaryotic lineage and play essential roles in cellular immunity, modulation of chromatin structure, and development [1–3]. RNAi can induce transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) ... | 17147473 | PMC1750930 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 4(12):e434 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 4: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040095
There were errors in Figure 4. In (A), the shaded box connecting the hypothetical protein adjacent to the amoB subunit of C. symbiosum to a conserved homolog identified in the crenarchaeal soil clone (AJ627422) was misplaced. This box should be dra... | 0 | PMC1750932 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 12; 4(12):e437 |
Who—or what—is Homo floresiensis? The tiny hominid bones, which a joint Australian-Indonesian team unearthed in 2003 on the Indonesian island of Flores, have quickly become as celebrated (and derided) as any find in the tempestuous history of human paleontology. The mystery that shrouds these ancient skeletons, nicknam... | 17238279 | PMC1750933 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 12; 4(12):e440 |
It is commonly thought that animals can be arranged along a ladder of intelligence—a sort of modern-day Scala Naturae—with humans inevitably at the top, followed by our close relatives, the primates, all the way down to fish and other slimy creatures.
Over the past decade, this ladder has been challenged by claims of ... | 20076519 | PMC1750934 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 4(12):e444 |
For HIV infection to take hold, a virus particle must first attach to a cell to gain entry. Once inside, the viral genome is reverse transcribed from RNA to DNA, and then integrated into the host genome. By co-opting the host’s molecular machinery, the virus churns out multiple copies of its genome (transcribed back in... | 20076520 | PMC1750935 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 4(12):e445 |
Biological continuity relies on successful cell division. Research over the years has provided a good understanding of how cells divide to form two daughter cells through mitosis. During mitosis, chromosomes are duplicated and divied up between the cells to provide each daughter cell with a complete copy of the organis... | 20076521 | PMC1750936 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:45:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 4(12):e446 |
RNA silencing — also known as RNA interference — is an intriguing phenomenon in which short, double-stranded RNA “triggers” can prevent the expression of specific genes. First discovered in plants, RNA interference is now recognized as a widespread, if not ubiquitous, phenomenon, and it is causing great excitement as a... | 20076523 | PMC1750937 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 4(12):e448 |
The geological history of Africa’s Lake Victoria, the second largest freshwater lake in the world, provided the raw materials for investigating one of the most compelling hypotheses for the origin of species: ecological speciation. After drying out three times over its 400,000-year history, the lake refilled about 15,0... | 20076524 | PMC1750938 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 4(12):e449 |
Introduction
Fluid challenge is commonly performed in critically ill patients but the response is quite variable [1]. Inappropriate fluid administration can result in interstitial edema, which may have harmful consequences, especially in patients with respiratory failure. Measurements of cardiovascular pressures or vol... | 16846530 | PMC1750965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:09 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jul 17; 10(4):R102 |
Introduction
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is a major cause of death in multisystem intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Similar to all critically ill ICU patients, patients with life-threatening neurologic injury are at risk for development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. However, non-neurologic organ dys... | 16882348 | PMC1750966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:09 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Aug 1; 10(4):R115 |
Introduction
Maintenance of spontaneous breathing in mechanically ventilated patients has beneficial effects. Spontaneous breathing augments ventilation perfusion matching and cardiopulmonary function, reduces sedative requirement and shortens intensive care stay [1-5]. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), at... | 16848915 | PMC1750967 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:09 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jul 18; 10(4):R103 |
Introduction
Trauma and sepsis are the leading causes of death in developed countries; incidence of mortality in septic patients could reach as high as 30% [1,2]. The reasons for this high incidence are very complex. After multiple trauma and/or sepsis the immune system becomes highly activated. Once the inflammatory c... | 16859502 | PMC1750969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:09 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jul 19; 10(4):R109 |
Introduction
Administration of corticosteroids in a variety of settings in acute critical illness has become widespread. Corticosteroids are used therapeutically for relative adrenal insufficiency as well as for the attenuation of the inflammatory and immune response in the critically ill [1]. Early use of corticostero... | 16846529 | PMC1750970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:01 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jul 17; 10(4):R101 |
Introduction
This study is endorsed by the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA), the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), the European Society for Emergency Medicine (EuSEM), the European Resuscitation Council (ERC), the European Haematology Association (EHA) and the European Association of Trauma ... | 16919168 | PMC1750973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:08 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Aug 18; 10(4):R120 |
Introduction
Sepsis and septic shock represent the most frequent causes of death in surgical intensive care units. Despite an abundance of experimental and clinical studies of sepsis, the mortality rate (40–70%) has remained unchanged over recent years.
Deterioration in hepatosplanchnic perfusion plays a pivotal role ... | 16893450 | PMC1750974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:08 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Aug 7; 10(4):R117 |
Introduction
The use of mechanical ventilation with an artificial airway requires conditioning of the inspired gas [1]. This conditioning is necessary because medicinal gases are cold and dry, and when the upper airway is bypassed it cannot contribute to the natural heat and moisture exchange process of inspired gases.... | 16884530 | PMC1750976 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Aug 2; 10(4):R116 |
Introduction
Delirium is a common disorder among older intensive care unit (ICU) patients because of their advanced age, critical illness, and multiple medical procedures and interventions [1-3]. Mechanically ventilated patients are at risk for the development of delirium due to multi-system illnesses, co-morbidities, ... | 16919169 | PMC1750978 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:02 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Aug 18; 10(4):R121 |
Introduction
It is well known that about 90% of the patients under general anaesthesia develop atelectasis and airway closure, mainly in dependent lung regions [1,2]. Muscle paralysis, which reduces the displacement of the diaphragm in dependent lung, results in atelectasis and airway closure in anaesthetized patients ... | 16925814 | PMC1750982 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:09 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Aug 23; 10(4):R122 |
Introduction
Organ dysfunction is a hallmark of severe sepsis despite normal or high systemic oxygen delivery [1]. The hepatosplanchnic organs are susceptible to insufficient perfusion in severe sepsis and septic shock, and hepatic function is impaired even in hemodynamically stable sepsis [2]. Although microvascular b... | 16895596 | PMC1750984 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:09 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Aug 8; 10(4):R118 |
Introduction
Oesophageal tumour resections carry a considerable risk of early postoperative complications. The consequent inhospital mortality rate can be as high as 10–15% [1]. Atelectasis formation has been identified as a leading cause of early secondary morbidity after oesophagectomy [2]. The preceding clinical sig... | 16859526 | PMC1750987 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:01 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jul 19; 10(4):R110 |
Introduction
Intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infection of the respiratory tract is a common complication among patients who receive medical care in this setting. Colonization of the respiratory tract by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria may precede infection of the lower respiratory tract, including pneumonia... | 16934148 | PMC1750990 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:01 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Aug 25; 10(4):R123 |
Introduction
Impairment in cardiac function is one of the most recognized organ dysfunctions in sepsis. Although the mechanism of myocardial dysfunction is complex and remains incompletely defined, increasing experimental evidence suggests that the main subcellular mechanisms include decreased cardiac myofilament respo... | 16942612 | PMC1750995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:09 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Aug 30; 10(4):R124 |
Introduction
The occurrence of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) during intensive care unit (ICU) stay is an independent predictor for mortality [1-3] and IAH may cause injury to various organs [4]. Recently, we found that increases in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), even at low levels, are associated with increases i... | 16934130 | PMC1750998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:09 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jul 6; 10(4):R98 |
Introduction
Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa, NovoSeven®/Niastase®, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) is an effective first-line hemostatic agent for the management of acute and surgical bleeds in patients with hemophilia A or B and inhibitors to factor VIII or factor IX [1]. The ability of rFVIIa to provi... | 16859505 | PMC1750999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:09 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jul 19; 10(4):R104 |
Introduction
Mortality from sepsis remains unacceptably high despite recent advances in diagnostic procedures, antimicrobial treatment, and supportive care [1,2]. Although antibiotic therapy is the cornerstone of treatment of infections, the influence of adequate antimicrobial therapy on prognosis in septic patients wa... | 16859504 | PMC1751000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:02 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jul 19; 10(4):R111 |
Introduction
Mortality in patients following repair of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) remains high (30% to 70%), despite important advances in emergency medicine, anaesthesiology, surgery and intensive care [1-5]. The postoperative course of patients after RAAA repair is almost always characterized by syst... | 16899122 | PMC1751002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:09 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Aug 9; 10(4):R119 |
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