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Background
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ancient molecules that act as vital sensors of environmental and internal physiological signals in organisms. This family of proteins which forms the largest class of cell surface receptors found in animal genomes [1,2], has an early evolutionary origin [3-6], and serv... | 17134503 | PMC1762030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 29; 6:103 |
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are generally defined by their dual capacity to self-renew and differentiate into more specialized cell types such as neurons and glia. NSCs have been the object of many studies aimed at neuron replacement therapy in several degenerative conditions of the central nervous system such as Parkinso... | 17194186 | PMC1762040 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e482 |
In a previous issue of PLoS Medicine, Kantor et al. [1] published very impressive results from an international multicenter collaboration in which they reported significant overlap between subtype B drug resistance mutations and mutations associated with at least one non-B isolate in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) an... | 17194205 | PMC1762043 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e540 |
The paper by Fiscus et al. [1] gives an excellent overview of current technologies to measure HIV-1 viral load (VL), and highlights the problems with finding assays that, whilst affordable and practicable, provide reliable and high-quality results to guide patient management in resource-constrained settings.
One conce... | 17194203 | PMC1762044 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e538 |
Escobar et al.'s discussion of medically unexplained physical symptoms is useful, and could trigger a renewal of how the medical profession works [1]. We are in transition at the present, and what we have been trained for is less and less relevant. This disjunction between our training and practise has given rise to a ... | 17194206 | PMC1762046 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e541 |
Tupasi et al. [1] show the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in a resource-limited setting. These conclusions could lead to error since the tertiary hospital where the pilot project was carried out is not representative of the average health-care setting available ... | 17194204 | PMC1762047 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e539 |
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is mainly a phenomenon caused by physicians, patients, and health-care systems through incorrect treatments, noncompliance, and poor delivery of tuberculosis services, respectively. These man-made facts could be avoided with appropriate actions. However, the weakness of health systems in the... | 17194207 | PMC1762049 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e542 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 35-year-old unemployed man presented to Accident and Emergency with a three-day history of progressive diplopia and a one-day history of slurred speech. There was no history of fever, paraesthesiae, dysphagia, or respiratory difficulty. He admitted drug abuse including “muscling” (intramuscular in... | 17194180 | PMC1762052 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e453 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 9: doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030346
The competing interests statement was incomplete and should have read: “Jean-Louis Vincent is the current chairman of the International Sepsis Forum, and a member of the steering committee of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. His personal views do not... | 0 | PMC1762053 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e543 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 9: doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030260
Main Paper
In Table 1, row “America 6,” last column: “countries” should be “counties.”
In Methods, “High-risk urban areas were defined as those where the cumulative probability of homicide death between the ages of 15 and 74 exceeded the 95th perc... | 0 | PMC1762056 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e545 |
There has been growing recognition in the international community that health should be considered a human right, a right enshrined by several international treaties. Much less attention has been paid, however, to the ensuing legal obligation to provide international assistance.
Kenneth Roth, director of Human Rights ... | 17194201 | PMC1762058 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e530 |
In allocating public health resources, the guiding principle should be an evidence-based quantification of need. A significant effort to categorize diseases by their global morbidity and mortality impact has developed during the last decade, epitomized by the Global Burden of Diseases [1] and the Disease Control Priori... | 17147467 | PMC1762059 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 5; 3(12):e473 |
A long with improving patients' safety and reducing medical errors, one of the main challenges in medicine is implementing new strategies that have the potential to improve health outcomes. After the process of critically appraising clinical trials has finished, and the results of this appraisal are used to guide chang... | 17147466 | PMC1762062 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 5; 3(12):e456 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 12: doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030484
A related publication should have been cited as a reference in this paper:
Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, Manuelli V, Jean-Pierre P, et al. (2006) Mechanisms of gastrointestinal CD4+ T cell depletion during acute and early HIV-1 infection. ... | 0 | PMC1762064 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e546 |
The Problem: Sharp Increase in Syphilis among Men Who Have Sex with Men
San Francisco experienced a sharp rise in early syphilis between 1999 and 2002, with the number of cases rising from 44 to 494 per year (Figure 1). Rates continued to rise through 2004. Since 1999, most syphilis cases have been among men who identi... | 17194182 | PMC1762065 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e474 |
This month's PLoS Medicine publishes a paper describing the results of a very early drug discovery study. The nature of early drug development is to identify many promising compounds, only a small number of which eventually make it into routine treatment. Consequently, there are many more papers reporting promising lea... | 17526082 | PMC1762067 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e547 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 35-year-old man came to the office with right-sided facial swelling, which he had noted over the last two years. The swelling was worse in the mornings and decreased through the day; however there were no symptom-free days. He had not experienced fevers, chills, or changes in his vision. He had ex... | 17194183 | PMC1762068 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e475 |
We thank Drs. Preiser, Drexler, and Drosten for their letter [1] and share their concerns regarding HIV-1 viral load assays in resource-limited settings. The real-time RT-PCR (reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) assay they have developed had not yet been published when our review was submitted or revised. ... | 0 | PMC1762069 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e550 |
Background
Recent studies have confirmed that acute HIV infection results in a rapid and profound loss of memory CD4+CCR5+ T cells within the first few weeks of infection [1,2]. Since most of these cells reside in the intestinal tract, profound CD4+ T cell depletion occurs in the intestine within days of infection, whe... | 17147469 | PMC1762071 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 5; 3(12):e515 |
The comments of Garner et al. [1] and Portero and Rubio [2] on our article, “Feasibility and Cost-Effectiveness of Treating Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Cohort Study in the Philippines” [3] warrant a response. This reply is written on behalf of all authors of the original article.
Garner et al. focus on four is... | 0 | PMC1762076 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e549 |
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1], with a five-year survival rate of 10% in Europe and 15% in the United States [2,3]. Strikingly, for lung cancers detected in their early stage, the rate of recurrence within five years is ... | 17194184 | PMC1762083 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e479 |
As researchers managing an HIV prevention microbicide trial, which takes place across three provinces, we would like to commend Singh et al. for their informative article on the need to include adolescent women in HIV prevention trials [1]. This commendation is based on our clinical trial experience where we have enrol... | 17194202 | PMC1762084 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 26; 3(12):e537 |
Introduction
Over the past 25 y, more than 25 million individuals have succumbed to the complications of HIV-1 infection [1]. The development and evolution of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in the ability to achieve durable control of viral replication and preservation of immune function in t... | 17147468 | PMC1762085 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Dec 5; 3(12):e484 |
Introduction
Many investigations of sensory processing are based on the principle that the capacity to discriminate between two sensory stimuli must be based upon the difference between their neural representations. Thus, identifying how manipulations of a stimulus alter its percept can help elucidate the neural repres... | 17183633 | PMC1762303 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:02 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e100 |
Introduction
The most dramatic “bursts” of adaptive radiation often occur within confined geographical regions (e.g. oceanic islands or inland freshwater lakes; e.g. [1]). Although island adaptive radiations may be viewed as extreme examples of evolutionary diversification, it is thought that major adaptive radiations ... | 17183712 | PMC1762304 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:02 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e8 |
Introduction
Scientific innovation often proceeds through a painstaking search for a logically consistent model that best explains a large collection of weakly supported and contradictory facts. We can think of the generation of good models from noisy observations as what John von Neumann called a “synthesis of reliabl... | 17183692 | PMC1762305 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:02 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e61 |
Introduction
Nitric oxide (NO·) is a critical mediator of the cell's innate immune response that defends against infection caused by a wide range of pathogens including fungi, bacteria, protozoan parasites and viruses [1]–[5]. Thus, a critical biological counter-measure would include the ability to detoxify or limit th... | 17183726 | PMC1762306 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:02 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e94 |
Introduction
The investment of societies around the world on biomedical research leads to important developments including the continuous discovery of new pharmaceutical compounds. It is not clear, however, whether newly developed and approved drugs cover all therapeutic areas in a relatively uniform manner. Different ... | 17183637 | PMC1762307 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:02 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e11 |
Introduction
Cytokinesis involves the formation of a myosin II containing contractile ring at the furrow of dividing cells. The placement of this contractile ring is controlled by the small GTPase Rho1/RhoA [2], [3] which stimulates both actin filament formation at the furrow by localized activation of formin proteins ... | 17205135 | PMC1762308 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:03 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e131 |
Introduction
The study of innate immunity received renewed attention when the first parallels between mammalian and Drosophila melanogaster immunity were discovered (reviewed in [1]–[3]). Since then, various invertebrate model systems have been used to dissect highly-conserved immune responses without the complications... | 17183709 | PMC1762309 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:03 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e77 |
Introduction
An emerging paradigm for the spread of infectious diseases is that of a structured metapopulation; host populations are sub-divided into interconnected sub-populations that are linked by migration and well-mixed with respect to disease transmission [1]–[4]. Migration rates among local populations typically... | 17183654 | PMC1762310 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:21:03 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e27 |
Introduction
Obesity has increased at a fast rate in recent years and is now a worldwide public health problem. The major consequence of overweight and obesity is that they are associated with more than 30 medical conditions, which cause approximately 300,000 deaths and total medical expenditures (direct and indirect) ... | 17183713 | PMC1762311 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:03 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e80 |
Introduction
Vertical transmission of HIV-1 can occur in utero, during labor, or after delivery. In the absence of antiretroviral prophylaxis and in a non-breastfeeding population, in utero transmission occurs on average in only 3-15% of HIV-1-exposed infants [1]. Multiple factors increase the risk of in utero vertical... | 17183635 | PMC1762312 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:03 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e102 |
Introduction
Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency has been initially described in 1965 [1]. It is a unique glycolytic enzymopathy with autosomal recessive inheritance that is characterized by chronic haemolytic anaemia, cardiomyopathy, susceptibility to infections, severe neurological dysfunction, and, in most cases, d... | 17183658 | PMC1762313 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:03 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e30 |
Introduction
Native forests are shrinking worldwide. Human settlement, clearing for agriculture, and conversion of forests to tree plantations account for most of these declines [1]. This loss of natural systems has resulted in declines in biodiversity and degradation of ecosystem services formerly provided by the fore... | 17183694 | PMC1762314 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:04 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e63 |
Introduction
In vitro molecular evolution can be considered an adaptive walk on a fitness landscape in sequence space, where “fitness” is a quantitative measure of a certain physicochemical property of a biopolymer, such as thermostability or enzymatic activity [1], [2]. The “fitness landscape” is a map of the fitness... | 17183728 | PMC1762315 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:03 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e96 |
Introduction
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) was the first identified member of the family that now includes placental growth factor (PIGF) and several other VEGFs (VEGF-B,-C,-D,-E) [1], [2]. Since then the VEGF family has been shown to play a major role in vascular permeability, angiogenesis and lymphangio... | 17183639 | PMC1762316 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:03 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e13 |
Introduction
Genome wide DNA methylation is set up during early development and then maintained in a semi-conservative manner through every cell division [1]. The presence of methyl groups apparently serves as a molecular signal that can direct the packaging of DNA into a closed inaccessible chromatin conformation [2] ... | 17183675 | PMC1762317 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:04 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e46 |
Introduction
Regeneration of a functional and living tooth is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies for the replacement of a diseased or damaged tooth [1]–[3]. Recent advances in dental stem cell biotechnology and cell-mediated murine tooth regeneration have encouraged researchers to explore the potential fo... | 17183711 | PMC1762318 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:04 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e79 |
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) represents a major threat to humankind, causing approximately 2 million deaths each year. In the majority of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the bacilli cause long-term asymptomatic infection termed latent TB during which bacilli persist within granulomas in a ... | 17183656 | PMC1762319 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e29 |
Introduction
The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1) encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein RB with tumor suppression function [1]. Inheritance of germline RB1 mutation causes retinoblastoma with 90% penetrance in children; the tumor cells exhibit loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the RB1 locus with the invariable loss th... | 17183714 | PMC1762320 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e82 |
Introduction
Predation pressure is a primary force driving morphological, physiological, and behavioral evolution in many fishes [1]–[6]. As a result, individuals in prey species frequently employ multiple sensory systems – visual, chemical, auditory, tactile – in the detection and avoidance of predators. Vulnerability... | 17205122 | PMC1762321 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e118 |
Introduction
Malignant tumors are complex cellular ensembles composed, in addition to tumor cells, of host tissue-derived fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and leukocytes. Despite self-sufficiency in growth signal generation and resistance to a variety of growth inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing stim... | 17183660 | PMC1762322 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e32 |
Introduction
Comparative studies on locomotor performance and maximum running speed (MRS) in mammals have mostly concentrated on biomechanical models. Factors such as skeletal structure, gravity, bone-length and width, or peak stress on muscles and tendons affect MRS and explain several differences in locomotor perform... | 17183696 | PMC1762323 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e65 |
Introduction
Aberrant gene transcriptions resulting from epigenetic changes are frequent events in the molecular pathogenesis of malignant transformation. DNA hypermethylation and histone deacetylation are critical for determining a closed chromatin structure responsible for or related with aberrant gene transcription ... | 17183730 | PMC1762324 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e98 |
Introduction
Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions play a crucial role in migration, proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development [1], [2] and also in the maintenance or regulation of ES cell features. Prudhomme et al. reported that the extracellular matrix might affect the self-renewal of or differe... | 17183641 | PMC1762325 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e15 |
Introduction
Inadequate healing of myocardial infarction may contribute to local expansion of the infarct, frequently leading to chamber dilation, heart failure, or myocardial rupture [1]. Experimental evidence in mouse models suggests that Factor XIII might play a key role in wound healing and low persistent values le... | 17183677 | PMC1762326 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e48 |
Introduction
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by abnormalities in post-translational processing of two proteins, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the microtubule associated protein tau [1]. A “unifying hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease” has been suggested, according to which the aberration of a single ... | 17183681 | PMC1762327 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e51 |
Introduction
Deep body temperature (Tb) is regulated by both autonomic and behavioral means. Autonomic thermoregulation is limited in its ability to compensate for thermal loads and exacts a high price. Indeed, the most effective mechanisms of heat loss involve evaporation of water from the surface of the skin or respi... | 17183631 | PMC1762328 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e1 |
Introduction
Rapid developments in the field of DNA arrays have led to a number of methods for their in situ synthetic preparation, including photolithography using both fixed and programmable masks, ink jet printing of reagents, and electrochemical deprotection techniques.[1] These techniques have led to a number of c... | 17183662 | PMC1762329 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e34 |
Introduction
Transmitter release is triggered by the influx of calcium ions through local calcium channels[1] which bind to a calcium sensor on the transmitter release site and gate the fusion of the docked synaptic vesicles (SV) with the surface membrane. After discharge of the vesicle contents, the SV is recovered by... | 17183698 | PMC1762330 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:09 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e67 |
INTRODUCTION
The ability to assemble complete genomes from DNA extracted from the environment has revolutionized the study of uncultivated microorganisms and established the science of metagenomics [1]. Such cultivation-independent methods based on sequence analysis of DNA have considerably enhanced our understanding o... | 17183643 | PMC1762331 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:08 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e17 |
Introduction
Molecular oxygen accepts electrons easily to form the reduced derivatives superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide, which damage living cells. These reactive oxygen species and their products can modify nucleotide bases, cleave the phosphate backbone of DNA, crosslink proteins and lipids by free-radical dr... | 17183702 | PMC1762332 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:09 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e70 |
Introduction
Rapidly spreading outbreaks of infectious diseases are an increasing concern for global public health [1], [2] and security [3]. Emerging infections, which are typically defined as infectious diseases that have newly appeared in a population or are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range [4], a... | 17183647 | PMC1762333 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:09 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e20 |
Introduction
Cohesion between sister chromatids must be maintained from the time of its establishment, coupled to DNA replication, until it is rapidly removed in early anaphase allowing the sister chromatids to disjoin and chromosomes to segregate to each daughter cell. It had been proposed that cohesion depends on the... | 17183683 | PMC1762334 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:09 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e53 |
Introduction
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, monogentic neurological disorder causing a degeneration of the neostriatum. The disease is genetically expressed by an extension of the CAG-repeat length at the 4th chromosome [1] encoding a large protein, the “huntingtin”. This protein accumulates and ca... | 17183717 | PMC1762335 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e86 |
Introduction
Homing endonuclease genes (HEGs) are superfluous, but invade populations because they cheat the rules of Mendelian inheritance and over-represent themselves in the next generation [1]–[3]. Each homing endonuclease (HE), the protein product of an HEG, recognises and cuts a specific 15–30 bp DNA recognition ... | 17183657 | PMC1762336 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e3 |
Introduction
Stomatal pores are located on the plant epidermis and regulate CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and water loss to drive transpiration. Stomatal opening is induced by several environmental factors, among them, blue light [1]–[3]. When either entire plants or epidermal strips adapted to darkness are exposed to ... | 17183664 | PMC1762337 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e36 |
Introduction
Enhanced inactivated polio vaccine (eIPV) is an enhanced potency injectable trivalent vaccine produced from wild-type poliovirus strains representing each of the three poliovirus serotypes [1]. The polioviruses in eIPV have been inactivated with formalin. In contrast, OPV is a trivalent attenuated live vir... | 17183700 | PMC1762338 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e69 |
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV positive populations [1], [2] and TB often brings the HIV-positive individual to medical attention. Since TB patients constitute a readily identifiable group in the health system for HIV-testing, they thus offer an opportu... | 17205125 | PMC1762339 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e121 |
Introduction
Inbreeding is more likely to take place in small populations and may contribute to further decline and eventual extinction [1], [2]. It has therefore become a key objective for conservation geneticists to monitor genetic variation [3] and to measure the occurrence of inbreeding in threatened populations [4... | 17183704 | PMC1762340 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e72 |
Introduction
Regular exercisers have reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [1]–[3]. In addition, exercisers are characterized by enhanced psychological well-being and sharper minds. They have a lower incidence of depression and anxiety disorders [4]–[7] and show cognitive advantages, specifically in frontal ex... | 17183649 | PMC1762341 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e22 |
Introduction
T cells are key players in the antigen specific immune responses. Antigen specificity is provided by the T-cell receptor (TCR), which is unique for each T-cell clone. Upon antigen recognition, individual T cell clones generally expand and acquire differential effector properties. Although the number of pot... | 17183685 | PMC1762342 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e55 |
Introduction
Microarrays have become one of the most popular technologies for profiling gene expression since its invention more than a decade ago [1]–[3]. Expression microarrays use probes targeting specific genes based on nucleotide sequence complementarity to quantitatively measure mRNA levels for tens of thousands ... | 17183719 | PMC1762343 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e88 |
Introduction
Despite a very large number of scientific journals (probably exceeding 100,000 worldwide), the concentration of scientific information is skewed to a minority of journals that publish the majority of the articles (Bradford's law) and receive the majority of the citations. In the Web of Knowledge, a core of... | 17183679 | PMC1762344 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e5 |
Introduction
The eye is comprised of several specialized tissues that work together to initiate visual perception in response to photons of light. Any insult to these tissues results in a consequence to vision and an impact on the quality of life for the patient. Both environmental trauma and genetic disorders can caus... | 17183666 | PMC1762345 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e38 |
Introduction
Coronary artery morphology and diameter change as a result of atherosclerosis. This phenomenon has already been described in 1987 [1] and has since been demonstrated repeatedly. Initially coronary artery remodeling was held to consist of enlargement of the lumen diameter as a result of a volume change of t... | 17183723 | PMC1762346 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e91 |
Introduction
Pathogens have highly variable host ranges: in natural conditions some infect only one or a few related species (i.e., specialist pathogens) while other can infect a wide range of hosts belonging to different taxonomic groups (i.e., multi-host or generalist pathogens). A large fraction of described pathoge... | 17183670 | PMC1762347 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e41 |
Introduction
Ever since Alfred Wegener's theory in 1915, biologists have had vicariance at their disposal as a mechanism to logically explain transoceanic distributions in plants and animals. Meta-analyses of area cladograms [1] show that many animal phylogenies match the sequential break-up of Gondwana and thus suppor... | 17183706 | PMC1762348 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e74 |
Introduction
SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome, is a serious respiratory illness caused by a novel variant of coronavirus (SARS-associated coronavirus, SARS-CoV) [1]–[8]. Others and we have previously demonstrated that the persistent and high levels of N protein-specific and S glycoprotein-specific neutralizin... | 17183651 | PMC1762349 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e24 |
Introduction
Chagas' disease severely affects a considerable number of persons on the American continent, but in the majority of infected, it takes an ‘indeterminate’ course over a long period of time [1]. Genetic factors determining the course and outcome of the infection are thought to be of major influence on the se... | 17183687 | PMC1762350 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:27 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e57 |
Introduction
Developmental buffering is an important factor in evolutionary processes, because it can maintain adaptive phenotypic traits in the presence of genetic and environmental variation and it can conceal genetic variation from selection [1]–[3]. The processes responsible for developmental buffering are little k... | 17183701 | PMC1762351 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:30 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e7 |
Introduction
Criminologists have long studied the effect that penalties for criminal behavior have on the subsequent offending of those penalized. This focus on specific deterrence has included evaluations of the impact of incarceration [1]–[4], fines [2], restitution [5], and other penalties [6], [7] among charged or ... | 17183691 | PMC1762352 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:30 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e60 |
Introduction
The World Health Organization reports that approximately 1.25 billion people smoke cigarettes on a daily basis [1] and that smoking will cause roughly 10 million deaths per annum by the year 2030 [2]. Approximately one quarter of these deaths will be from lung cancer. The molecular pathogenesis of lung can... | 17183725 | PMC1762353 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:30 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e93 |
Introduction
The incidence of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) diseases vary with location and time. Rheumatic fever is still a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in developing countries [1], [2], while it has become uncommon in the industrialized world. Pharyngitis occurs predominantly during the cold se... | 17183632 | PMC1762354 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:30 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e10 |
Introduction
Up to one third of the world's population is estimated to carry latent M. tuberculosis infections, and hundreds of millions of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation cases are anticipated in the coming decades if control is not strengthened [1], [2]. This is particularly true in areas of low or moderate endemicity... | 17183672 | PMC1762355 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:30 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e43 |
Introduction
Across diverse species, the Hsp90 chaperone buffers widespread morphological variation and controls characteristic developmental transitions, for example altered morphologies in laboratory and wild populations of Drosophila [1] and Arabidopsis [2], cortical patterning in Tetrahymena [3], [4], developmental... | 17183708 | PMC1762356 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:30 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e76 |
Introduction
Species identification relies heavily on DNA sequence comparison in many groups of organisms, particularly those in which distinguishing morphological characteristics come thinly seeded. Such processes, increasingly known as barcoding, hold great promise for simplifying and standardizing the identification... | 17183689 | PMC1762357 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:30 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e59 |
Introduction
Vaccinia vaccination was introduced in 1800 and was associated with marked reductions in mortality in the industrialising countries [1]. The last case of smallpox occurred in 1977 [2] and in 1980 the World Health Organization recommended stopping vaccinia vaccinations. No assessment was made of the health ... | 17183634 | PMC1762358 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:30 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e101 |
Introduction
Cells in multicellular organisms must establish directionality within the plane of a sheet of cells (planar cell polarity or PCP) in order to form complex structures such as organized wing hairs and photoreceptors in Drosophila and hair patterns and inner ear epithelia in vertebrates[1]–[4], and yet the si... | 17183721 | PMC1762359 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:30 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e9 |
Introduction
Since Darwin's 1871 publication [1] on the evolution of humans and sexual selection, reproductive competition among males has been considered a powerful force in the evolution of primates and other mammals. The evolution of brain size and complexity in the Order Primates is widely regarded as the hallmark ... | 17183693 | PMC1762360 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:30 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e62 |
Introduction
The worldwide spread of high-pathogenicity H5N1 avian influenza A virus in poultry and wild birds has resulted in many human infections, with high fatality rates. Although sustained human-to-human transmission has not yet occurred, concern about a potential pandemic continues to mount. The current HA linea... | 17183727 | PMC1762361 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e95 |
Introduction
Control of epidemics of (emerging) infectious diseases, such as SARS, pandemic influenza, or foot-and-mouth disease, always faces the difficulty that some infectives are not yet observed. By concentrating control measures only on observed cases (treatment, isolation, culling), resources are used efficientl... | 17183638 | PMC1762362 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:30 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e12 |
Introduction
The phenomenon of mimicry, a high degree of resemblance due to selection, was first proposed in 1862 by Sir Walter Henry Bates upon his return from eleven years as a professional collector in Amazon. Writing about butterfly wing patterns, Bates noted, “… on these expanded membranes Nature writes, as on a t... | 17183674 | PMC1762363 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e45 |
Introduction
Beta-diversity, the spatial structure of species diversity, is a key to the understanding of competitive strategies of organisms in complex ecosystems [1]. The clustering of conspecific individuals, for example, bears the signatures of the processes regulating recruitment modes and rates, and the spatial r... | 17183710 | PMC1762364 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e78 |
Introduction
For more than two centuries, researchers have studied how quick amplitude modulations of a light source (i.e. flicker) become undetectable as the frequency of modulation increases [1]. This in fact is the principle underlying modern cinematography and television and computer displays. In scientific investi... | 17183655 | PMC1762365 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e28 |
Introduction
Knowing how to behave adaptively reduces, in most circumstances, to knowing the consequences of available actions, or, how much reward each action will garner on average. Practically speaking, this is a daunting problem. This is particularly so since the reward associated with different actions depends on ... | 17183636 | PMC1762366 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e103 |
Introduction
Obesity is clearly associated with the development of insulin resistance, diabetes and other metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in man. An important mechanistic link between these debilitating diseases and an increased fat mass is thought to be the anomalous production by adipose cells of a group of di... | 17183659 | PMC1762367 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e31 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Sweden and in most Western countries. Almost 50% of deceased individuals died due to cardiovascular causes in Sweden 2005 (Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare http://www.socialstyrelsen.se). Both genetic and environmental factors modify the r... | 17183695 | PMC1762368 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e64 |
Introduction
Large-scale clinical trials have shown that statins are effective and safe cholesterol lowering drugs [1]–[3]. Recently more patients have been titrated to higher doses of statins in order to reach the new goals of LDL-cholesterol lowering and achieve even greater reductions of atherosclerotic complication... | 17183729 | PMC1762369 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e97 |
Introduction
Cognitive abilities are rapidly established during development, stabilize in adults and may decline with aging. This general trend has its notable exceptions, represented by the early onset of cognitive deficits in some individuals, in contrast to others who preserve remarkably high cognitive functions unt... | 17183640 | PMC1762370 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e14 |
Introduction
Homeo-box-containing transcription factors (Hox proteins) play a pivotal role in normal differentiation and expansion of hematopoietic cells [1], [2]. Overexpression of several Hox genes such as Hoxa9 induce leukemia reminiscent of mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) [1]. The MLL gene is frequently targeted by ch... | 17183676 | PMC1762371 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e47 |
Introduction
NKT cells play important and multifaceted roles in immune regulation, tumor rejection and resistance to a variety of viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens through their rapid secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines and potent cytotoxicity [1]–[4]. NKT cells are characterized by a highly conserved T cel... | 17183680 | PMC1762372 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e50 |
Introduction
Homocysteine is a sulphur-containing amino acid formed as a by-product of methyl-transfer reactions in methionine metabolism [1]. Since proposed in 1969 by McCully [2], the association between serum total homocysteine (tHcy) and coronary artery disease (CAD) has been strongly corroborated by recent meta-an... | 17183715 | PMC1762373 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:31 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e83 |
Introduction
Single cell assays of gene expression in metazoa have revealed that the same gene in the same cellular environment can sometimes be expressed in more than one way [1], [2]. That is, gene expression is only partly determined by the available transcription factors and nucleotide sequences, and this indetermi... | 17183661 | PMC1762374 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:32 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e33 |
Introduction
In multicellular organisms, cells are exposed to a complex environment in which they read numerous and sometimes conflicting stimuli. Cross-communication between signaling pathways is crucial for the integration of the multiple intracellular responses elicited by simultaneous signals, allowing the generati... | 17183697 | PMC1762375 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:32 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e66 |
Introduction
Anthrax toxin is an AB-type toxin, secreted by B. anthracis that contributes to bacterial virulence, as well as causing many disease symptoms. The toxin has a single B-moiety, protective antigen (PA), for receptor binding and cytoplasmic delivery of the two catalytic A-moieties, lethal factor (LF) and edem... | 17183731 | PMC1762376 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:32 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e99 |
Introduction
Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission is an attractive cellular mechanism for learning and memory [1], [2]. Like memory, LTP can be divided into two distinct phases, an early-phase LTP (E-LTP) that depends on the modification of pre-existing proteins, and a late-phase LTP (L-LTP) that requi... | 17183642 | PMC1762377 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:32 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e16 |
Introduction
Cells alter their gene expression in response to environmental changes or external signals to switch between coherent genetic programs in order to produce a phenotypic state, among many available, that best copes with the new environment. It is increasingly becoming clear that such genetic programs represe... | 17183678 | PMC1762378 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:32 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e49 |
Introduction
There is concern that the progressive loss of neurons and synapses with age may lead to dramatic increases in incidence rates of late-onset Alzheimer's disease in future generations with greater longevity [1]. However, while there is substantial evidence that normal aging is associated with some cognitive ... | 17183682 | PMC1762379 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:32 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e52 |
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