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Introduction
Explaining the obvious morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits that separate modern humans from our closest relatives, the chimpanzees, is challenging given the low level of nucleotide divergence between the two species [1]. More than 30 years have passed since King and Wilson first pointed out... | 17183716 | PMC1762380 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:32 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e85 |
Introduction
Scaling, in physics, has provided fundamental insights from the tiny quark to the universe at large. In biology, allometric scaling [1] is typically associated with a simple power law: Y = Y
0
Mb, where Y is some observable and M is the mass of the organism. Allometric scaling has been identified on a wide... | 17183646 | PMC1762381 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:32 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e2 |
Introduction
Blood glucose levels in adult mammals are regulated by pancreatic islet hormones, secreted by alpha and beta cells. Early postnatal pancreatic development is important to reach an effective glycemic control in the adult.
A critical window is defined as a period of important structural and functional chang... | 17183663 | PMC1762382 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:32 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e35 |
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) causes approximately 2 million deaths per year globally;[1] 98% of these occur in low-income countries.[2] New ways to tackle the epidemic in high prevalence, resource poor, settings are urgently needed.[3] One option is to develop interventions against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infectio... | 17183699 | PMC1762383 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e68 |
Introduction
The myeloproliferative diseases (MPDs) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (CIMF) are clonal disorders characterized by overproduction of mature myeloerythroid cells, abnormalities of hemostasis and thrombosis, and ten... | 17183644 | PMC1762384 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e18 |
Introduction
Prion protein was detected in attempts to identify the infective agent of TSE [1], [2]. The finding that prion protein is present in normal and TSE-infected brain at similar levels [3], [4] suggests that the “cellular” prion protein (PrPC) constitutes a precursor of the “scrapie” prion protein (PrPSc) caus... | 17183703 | PMC1762385 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e71 |
Introduction
The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in children is difficult, since disease is often pauci-bacillary [1]. Bacteriological confirmation of M. tuberculosis in children may be possible in fewer than 40% of suspect cases, yet it remains the gold standard in the majority of diagnostic approaches [1]. ... | 17183648 | PMC1762386 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e21 |
Introduction
The extensive use of EGFP as a live cell reporter is based on the presumption that it does not affect (important) cellular functions. Nevertheless, a number of side effects have been reported. First a link between expression of GFP and induction of apoptosis was observed in number of cell lines [1]. In end... | 17183684 | PMC1762387 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e54 |
Introduction
Much progress has recently been achieved on our knowledge of the immunological and molecular mechanisms, which lead to amplification, and perpetuation of autoimmune inflammation. This progress has been translated into a generation of biologic therapeutic agents that target pro-inflammatory cytokines, with ... | 17183718 | PMC1762388 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e87 |
Introduction
Spatial and temporal control of gene expression represents an extremely powerful tool for the analysis of gene function and the events underlying complex biological processes such as embryonic development and cognitive function [1], [2].
One method of reversibly controlling gene activity is to regulate it... | 17183668 | PMC1762389 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e4 |
Introduction
Ribosomes are large ribonucleoprotein particles that catalyze messenger RNA-directed protein synthesis in all organisms. Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) species and about 79 different ribosomal proteins (RPs) [1], [2]. The higher-order structure of ribosomes has been well stu... | 17183665 | PMC1762390 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e37 |
Introduction
The whisker somatosensory system is crucial to rodents' ability to discriminate object location and identity. The elementary features of whisker stimulus representations continue to be a subject of great interest [1]. It has long been known that neurons throughout the pathway are sensitive to whisker motio... | 17205141 | PMC1762391 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e137 |
Introduction
Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries with approximately 12 million infected and 350 million people at risk (http://www.who.int/en/). The disease is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, a group of kinetoplastid protozoans, that are transmitted by sandflies as flagellated promastigotes. With the ... | 17183669 | PMC1762392 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e40 |
Introduction
Primates typically produce acoustic signals when detecting a predator, such as a raptor, large cat, or snake. These vocalisations are termed alarm calls, which function to warn other group members and sometimes also to communicate directly to the predator, for example to attract its attention or advertise ... | 17183705 | PMC1762393 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e73 |
Introduction
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Typically, patients diagnosed with high-risk disease demonstrate a good initial response to therapy, but as many as 80% of these patients relapse with metastatic disease that is refractory to therapy. Like other solid tumors, when neuro... | 17183650 | PMC1762394 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e23 |
Introduction
Dietary restriction (DR) increases the life span in a variety of organisms such as yeasts, nematodes, fruit flies and mammals [1]–[3]. In humans, it reduces the incidence of age related chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases [4]. Candidate genes that contribute to the longevi... | 17183686 | PMC1762395 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:50 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e56 |
Introduction
In the majority of drug-naive patients, initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) results in a reduction in plasma virus load (pVL) to below the detection limit of currently available assays [1]. Plasma viremia is a strong prognostic indicator of HIV disease progression [2]–[5], and suppre... | 17183720 | PMC1762396 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e89 |
Introduction
The pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to differentiate into cells from all three germ layers makes ESCs an ideal source of cells for regenerative therapy for many diseases and tissue injuries [1], [2]. However, this property of ESCs also poses a unique challenge of having to generate therap... | 17183690 | PMC1762397 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e6 |
Introduction
In an attempt to understand events in which people carry out horrific acts against their fellows Stanley Milgram carried out a series of experiments in the 1960s at Yale University that directly attempted to investigate whether ordinary people might obey the orders of an authority figure to cause pain to a... | 17183667 | PMC1762398 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e39 |
Introduction
Polyploidy, the existence of multiple copies of the normal set of chromosomes, is widely distributed in eukaryotes. Polyploids are common among fish and amphibian and very common among plants. It has even been proposed that the diploid vertebrate genomes were derived by reduction from polyploids [1]. The a... | 17183724 | PMC1762399 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e92 |
Introduction
Minor Histocompatibility (H) antigens crucially affect the outcome of HLA-matched allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) [1]. The influence of minor H antigen disparities between HLA identical SCT donor and recipient on graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), graft rejection, and on the graft-versus tumor (G... | 17183671 | PMC1762400 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e42 |
Introduction
The Hsp90 stress response protein is an ancient, abundant and nearly ubiquitous protein chaperone that supports an essential group of conserved signal transduction proteins in nearly every organism and cell type examined [1]–[3]. A minimal level of Hsp90 is required for cell viability, however signaling by... | 17183707 | PMC1762401 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e75 |
Introduction
Nitric oxide (NO), generated by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), is a key regulator of vascular function [1]. The physiological actions of NO are mediated predominantly via the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to generation of the potent second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) f... | 17183652 | PMC1762402 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e25 |
Introduction
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a serine hydrolase vital for regulating the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in mammals and in insects, has long been used as a target for pesticides. This enzyme has a deep and narrow active site, the bottom and opening regions of which are known as catalytic and peripheral site... | 17183688 | PMC1762403 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e58 |
Introduction
Plants are exposed to a wide variety of pathogens with different invasion strategies. Successful infections are, however, relatively rare because plants have evolved powerful preformed and inducible defence mechanisms to restrict pathogen growth. Nonhost resistance relies on multiple mechanisms, which are ... | 17205127 | PMC1762404 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e123 |
Introduction
Niemann Pick Type C disease (NPC) is a fatal, autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease due to mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 genes [1], [2]. NPC is associated with an inability to process cellular cholesterol, which accumulates together with glycosphingolipids within lysosomes of affected individuals. ... | 17183645 | PMC1762405 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e19 |
Introduction
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocysts [1], [2], can be maintained indefinitely in vitro
[3] in an undifferentiated self-renewing state in the presence of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) [4], [5] and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) [6]. The cells in cultu... | 17183653 | PMC1762406 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e26 |
Introduction
The hand-arm system is the most active part of the human upper extremities. Over the lifespan, hands undergo many physiological and anatomical changes [1] where both intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to age-related alterations. For example, muscle mass and strength decrease, especially after the a... | 17183722 | PMC1762407 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e90 |
Introduction
The process of transforming relatively immotile epithelial cells into actively migrating mesenchymal cells, known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), is central to a wide range of biological processes from mesoderm, mesenchyme, and neural crest formation to pathogenic fibrosis and metastasis [1]... | 17205110 | PMC1762408 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e106 |
Introduction
Heterozygote advantage, or overdominance, remains a popular and persuasive explanation for the maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations in the face of selection [1], [2]. However, despite being first proposed more than 80 years ago [3], [4] there remain only a small number of examples that f... | 17205129 | PMC1762409 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e125 |
Introduction
Fibroproliferative diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Fibrosis, the replacement of functional tissue with excessive fibrous tissue, can occur in all the main tissues and organ systems resulting in various disorders including cardiac, cerebral and peripheral vascular... | 17205112 | PMC1762410 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e108 |
Introduction
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are caused by the expansion of CAG codon repeats resulting in extended polyQ tracts in the expressed proteins [1]. This family of inherited neurodegenerative disorders includes Huntington's chorea, spinobulbar muscular atrophy, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, and spinoc... | 17205115 | PMC1762411 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e111 |
Introduction
Mid-Ocean ridge hydrothermal systems support rich communities of chemosynthetic organisms and are conduits for large heat and chemical exchanges between young oceanic lithosphere and the ocean. On a global scale the time-averaged hydrothermal heat flux and many chemical fluxes are well constrained [1]. On ... | 17205137 | PMC1762412 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e133 |
Introduction
The causes of differences in gender representation within the hierarchical structure of academic science remain contentious. In 2005 the flames of this controversy were fanned by the widely reported comments of Lawrence Summers [1] who argued that few females had progressed to the higher levels of scientif... | 17205131 | PMC1762413 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e127 |
Introduction
The fumigant phosphine (PH3) is widely used in stored product protection owing largely to its potency, ease of use, and low cost. With the phasing out of ozone-depleting substances in accordance with the United Nations Montreal Protocol, phosphine has become the only economically viable fumigant for the pr... | 17205134 | PMC1762414 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:51 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e130 |
Introduction
Homology detection is a key step in predicting the function of newly discovered proteins. Different methods for homology detection are currently available, and can be divided into sequence-based and structure-based methods. Sequence-based methods rely on estimated evolutionary models that aim at reconstruc... | 17205117 | PMC1762415 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e113 |
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most commonly diagnosed malignant disease with an estimated 1 million new cases and over 500 000 deaths each year worldwide [1]. The current management of patients with CRC revolves around excision of the primary tumor and the local lymph nodes and the selective use of... | 17205133 | PMC1762416 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e129 |
Introduction
That an East African predator might single out malaria vectors as preferred prey is of considerable interest. Not only is malaria the world's most important insect-borne threat to public health [1], [2], but it is especially in sub-Sahara Africa that Plasmodium falciparum and lethal malaria are prevalent [... | 17205136 | PMC1762417 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e132 |
Introduction
Aeromonas are Gram-negative rod shaped facultative anaerobic bacteria of the family Aeromonadaceae. They are widely distributed in variety of habitats ranging from fresh water to salt water and found in virtually all foods. The past decade has witnessed an explosion of scientific interest in members of th... | 17205119 | PMC1762418 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e115 |
Introduction
RNA polymerase III (pol III) is responsible for the transcription of various short genes encoding untranslated RNAs involved in the maturation of other RNA molecules and in protein biosynthesis. These untranslated RNAs are essential for cell growth and proliferation, and are often abundant and stable. Cons... | 17205138 | PMC1762419 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e134 |
Introduction
Despite decades of research, controversy persists regarding the effects of coffee consumption on cardiovascular health [1], [2]. Coffee drinking is a prevalent habit worldwide and one constituent of coffee, caffeine, is probably the most frequently ingested pharmacologically active substance in the world [... | 17205121 | PMC1762420 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e117 |
Introduction
The engulfment of dying cells is ruled by the concerted action of several molecules [1]: they act either at the cell surface to recognize the prey that is to be engulfed, or intracellularly to activate signalling cascades leading to the required spreading of the membrane during ingestion. Extensive genetic... | 17205124 | PMC1762421 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e120 |
Introduction
The lac operon of E. coli provides an important paradigm for gene regulation [1], in which DNA looping is a central aspect of transcriptional repression. The gene products of the lac operon are three enzymes important for metabolism of lactose, an alternative cellular energy source. In the wild-type lac op... | 17205140 | PMC1762422 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e136 |
Introduction
Nearly all tissue cells are embedded in a 3-dimensional (3-D) microenvironment in the body. However, almost all tissue cells have been studied in 2-D Petri dishes, 2-D multi-well plates or 2-D glass slides coated with various substrata. The architecture of the in situ environment of a cell in a living orga... | 17205123 | PMC1762423 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e119 |
Introduction
Skeletal leg musculature is required for walking in all animals, but the genetic mechanisms that control its development have been analysed mainly in vertebrates [1]–[6]. Although much knowledge has been gained from these studies, little is known about the mechanisms governing patterning and diversificatio... | 17205126 | PMC1762424 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e122 |
Introduction
Flowering time is a critical step in the life of annual species such as Arabidopsis thaliana. The proper timing of reproduction to coincide with suitable environments is important for its survival and interactions with other ecological factors. The major environmental cues that affect flowering time are li... | 17205109 | PMC1762425 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e105 |
Introduction
Cellular proliferation is an energy consuming activity that is stringently controlled by checkpoints of the cell cycle [1]. Transition from one phase of the cycle to the next is coordinated by the expression of specific cyclins and the sequential activation and inactivation of cyclin-dependent protein kina... | 17205111 | PMC1762426 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e107 |
Introduction
The decision-making regarding the meaning of a given sensory input is hypothesized to be dependent upon “heterosynaptic modulation” [1]. In general, two types of synapses are involved: ionotropic and metabotropic (also called “fast” and “slow”). The “dialogue” between these different types of synapses, alo... | 17205142 | PMC1762427 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e138 |
Introduction
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a pleiotropic immune regulatory protein predominantly produced by stromal cells and by cells at the inflammatory sites [1]. IL-7 is fundamental for the early development of lymphocytes and is a regulator of peripheral T cell homeostasis by modulating the expansion of peripheral T-ce... | 17205128 | PMC1762428 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e124 |
Introduction
A DNA palindrome is a unique case of inverted repeats (IRs) [1] where a segment of nucleotides is immediately followed by its reverse complement. Palindromes are involved in a variety of biological processes, for example acting as recognition sites for bacterial restriction enzymes to cut foreign DNA [2]. ... | 17205114 | PMC1762429 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e110 |
Introduction
Intracellular transport vesicles dock at the target membrane prior to fusion. Docking is morphologically well defined, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Based on experiments in mammalian synaptosomes and by analogy to vesicle trafficking in yeast, SNARE (soluble NSF-attachment protein rec... | 17205130 | PMC1762430 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e126 |
Introduction
Pet ownership is thought to have health benefits, but not all scientific explorations have been founded on proper applications of representative samples or statistically correct methodologies. Databanks have been too small for proper statistical analyses or instead of a random sample, participation has bee... | 17205113 | PMC1762431 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e109 |
Introduction
Genome-wide surveys generally reveal a positive relationship between the local rate of meiotic recombination and the level of nucleotide diversity [1], [2], [3]. Local recombination rates determine the interdependence of neutral, beneficial and deleterious mutations, thus a reduction in recombination is ac... | 17205116 | PMC1762432 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e112 |
Introduction
Cyclin D1 regulates G1 progression in cancer cells and is overexpressed in various malignant neoplasms [1]. As a result, it is a potential target for cancer therapeutics [2]. Transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1 has been extensively studied and is well understood [3]–[5]. It is stimulated when, for exam... | 17205132 | PMC1762433 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e128 |
Introduction
While human drug abusers exhibit specific preferences in their individual drugs-of-choice, polysubstance abuse is the rule, not the exception [1]. Animal studies have suggested that although different drugs of abuse have unique and specific mechanisms of action, the same molecular pathways may be involved ... | 17205118 | PMC1762434 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:21:52 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e114 |
Introduction
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were discovered over a decade ago but only in recent years have they been recognized as one of the major regulatory gene families in cells. As a new family of small non-coding RNA molecules with approximately 22 nucleotides, miRNAs regulate gene expression through translational repressio... | 17205120 | PMC1762435 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:53 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e116 |
Introduction
Giardiasis is a major contributor to the enormous burden of human diarrheal diseases, which are second only to respiratory infections as causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide [1]–[3]. Although diarrheal diseases rarely kill children in the USA, they remain important causes of infant death in less-dev... | 17183673 | PMC1762436 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:53 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e44 |
Introduction
Several human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antigenic formulations have been tested in animal models and clinical trials, but the immunogenicity and protection achieved to date are still far from the desired goals for an HIV-1 vaccine. While the correlates of immune protection are still only vaguel... | 17205139 | PMC1762437 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:53 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 27; 1(1):e135 |
Background
Cartilage in human joints is subjected to various loads that regulate chondrocyte metabolism and cartilage extracellular matrix protein composition. The mechanical stress placed on cartilage in vivo plays an important role in the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and hypertrophy. One ... | 17150098 | PMC1764003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Dec 6; 1:15 |
Background
Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic recurrent inflammatory disorder. First described was the characteristic triad of oral ulcerations, genital ulcerations and, ocular lesions and later additional manifestations were described, including disorders of the skin, joints, large vessels, lungs, brain, and gas... | 17156465 | PMC1764004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:12 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Dec 9; 4:20 |
Background
Vascular malformations of the limbs can present with a variety of symptoms. Diagnostic investigations uncover a range of anatomical complexity. Tools in the management of these lesions include direct surgical intervention, percutaneous sclerotherapy, and catheter-guided angiographic approaches. [1] Endovascu... | 17173687 | PMC1764005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:34 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2006 Dec 15; 1:8 |
Disease name and synonyms
KBG syndrome
K.B.G. syndrome
KBG-like syndrome
The name of the syndrome is based on the initials of the first 3 patients reported by Hermann et al. in 1975 [1].
Definition and diagnostic criteria
Currently, the diagnosis of KBG syndrome (OMIM %148050) is uniquely based on clinical findings... | 17163996 | PMC1764006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:22 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Dec 12; 1:50 |
Background
Understanding the mechanisms of species coexistence and hence the maintenance of diversity is a central theme of ecology and evolution. A number of ecological mechanisms have been suggested that allow coexistence of interspecific competitors that would otherwise competitively exclude [1]. One of these is nat... | 17166259 | PMC1764007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Dec 13; 6:19 |
Background
Labor pain is a common phenomenon that can be mitigated by pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Epidural techniques can be used to provide complete analgesia during labor [1,2], but some authors believe that epidural analgesia prolongs labor [2-4], and can increase the need for instrumental [1,3,... | 17176461 | PMC1764008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Dec 18; 6:15 |
Background
The extreme complexity of contemporary medical knowledge together with the intrinsic fallibility of human reasoning, have led to sustained efforts to develop clinical decision support systems, with the hope that bedside expert systems could overcome the limitations inherent to human cognition [1]. Despite th... | 17121675 | PMC1764009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Nov 22; 6:39 |
Background
The prevalence of childhood overweight has been reported frequently in the research literature and popular media. Recent epidemiological studies estimate that pediatric overweight has increased dramatically in the last generation, that as of 2000 approximately 15% of children aged 6–11 are overweight [1], an... | 17169161 | PMC1764010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Dec 14; 6:34 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO), like many other organisations around the world, has recognised the need to use more rigorous processes to ensure that health care recommendations are informed by the best available research evidence. This is the 11th of a series of 16 reviews that have been prepared as ba... | 17147813 | PMC1764011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 5; 4:23 |
Background
Despite, or perhaps because of, the high frequency of prostate cancer incidence in the United States (it is the most common non-dermatological malignancy diagnosed among American men), we remain unsure about the cause(s) and ways to effectively control the disease in the population [1]. Genetic susceptibilit... | 17176460 | PMC1764012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Dec 18; 5:59 |
Background
Communication problems between patient and provider can cause difficulties in the effective delivery of health care [1]. A supportive consultation environment with a warm and caring physician, and a good patient-physician interaction is particularly important in chronic diseases like diabetes [2-4]. There is... | 17156424 | PMC1764013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Dec 7; 7:72 |
Background
Hypoglycemia is a rare complication of rituximab treatment. The exact cause of this phenomenon is not known. We report here a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developin hypoglycemia on being treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy
Case presentation
A 50-year-old female presented in January 2004 with a 4 cm left tons... | 17156470 | PMC1764014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 11; 4:89 |
Background
TFT-LCD (thin film transistor-liquid crystal display) industry has been rapidly growing in Taiwan and many countries in the world. Taiwan's global market share of LCD panels has reached 35.4% in 2003, which made Taiwan the second leading panel producer, next only to Korea [1]. The manufacturing of TFT-LCD in... | 17173696 | PMC1764015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 16; 6:303 |
Background
In many sub-Saharan African countries community-acquired bacteraemia is a major cause of high morbidity and death among children especially from resource poor settings. Non-typhoidal salmonellae (NTS) account for a steadily increasing proportion of these infections and represent from 20–50% of cases [1-3]. I... | 17173674 | PMC1764016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Dec 15; 6:101 |
Background
The number of leishmaniasis cases associated with immunosuppression has increased regularly over the past 20 years. Immunosuppression related to HIV infection, drugs, organ transplantation, and neoplastic diseases increases the risk for Leishmania-infected people to develop visceral illness. In southwestern ... | 17176478 | PMC1764017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 18; 6:177 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) has long been a disease that affects humans. In many areas of the world, it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In the United States, effective diagnosis and treatment have reduced disease rates significantly, especially into the 1980s. However, there was a resurgence of TB wi... | 17177992 | PMC1764018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:07 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Dec 19; 1:28 |
Background
Attrition becomes a major concern in long-term studies if those who drop out differ systematically from those who continue to participate. Common statistical methods used for cohort studies assume there is no difference between subjects who drop out of the study and those who continue to participate. However... | 17169156 | PMC1764019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Dec 14; 6:58 |
Background
Mining the unprecedented wealth of information contained in complete genomes may help understand the evolutionary history of species. Available genomes from the three phylogenetic domains, covering a wide spectrum of lifestyles, provide through global comparative analyses, new opportunities to decipher genom... | 17147802 | PMC1764020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 5; 7:307 |
Background
Exposure to DNA damaging agents can cause mutation and cell death and may ultimately lead to disease. Protection from this damage is provided by a host of DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint proteins that collectively represent numerous pathways to help in the recovery response [2]. In humans, there are app... | 17163986 | PMC1764021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 12; 7:313 |
Background
As the closest relative to the human, the chimpanzee has been one of the best model organisms for researchers from anthropologists to molecular biologists. The recent release of the chimpanzee genome sequences and its comparison with the human genome sequences shows that the two genomes differ only by about ... | 17166280 | PMC1764022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 13; 7:316 |
Background
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which represent the largest family of cell-surface receptors, mediate a variety of extracellular signals, modulating many intracellular responses [1]. A wide variety of GPCRs control the activity of enzymes, ion channels and transport of vesicles via the catalysis of the ... | 17173697 | PMC1764023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 16; 7:317 |
Background
With growing interest in the genomic characteristics of various human tumors and a steep increase in the availability of genomic tests for both clinical and research purposes, the amount of genomic DNA available from biological samples may limit the practicality of genomic analysis. Having been used for deca... | 17156491 | PMC1764024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 12; 7:312 |
Background
It has been suggested recently that India now has the highest number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the world [1]. India's national organisation for control of acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS), the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), uses public-sector sen... | 17166257 | PMC1764025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Dec 13; 4:31 |
Background
Knowledge of the speed at which a contagious disease travels between geographical regions is vital for making decisions about the most effective intervention strategies. The actual routes a disease will take are strongly determined by how individuals travel within and between regions [1-4]. As was shown duri... | 17166291 | PMC1764026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Dec 14; 4:32 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem. Reducing the burden of morbidity and mortality due to TB relies on identifying the treatments and preventive measures of greatest impact, and communicating this information to decision-makers so that the most appropriate policies are implemented.
We... | 17181867 | PMC1764027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Dec 20; 4:35 |
Findings
The cell's RNA interference (RNAi) machinery is involved in either the inhibition of gene expression by sequence-specific cleavage of mRNAs or translational silencing of targeted RNAs [1-3]. One component of the RNAi machinery is Dicer, an ATP-dependent RNase III, which processes two classes of small RNAs: mic... | 17181864 | PMC1764028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 20; 3:95 |
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, characterized clinically by resting tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability and rigidity. The prevalence of PD is approximately 2% of the population over 65 years of age and 1.7 million PD patients (age ≥ 55 years) live in Ch... | 17187665 | PMC1764029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Dec 22; 6:47 |
Background
The Guanine protein coupled receptor (GPCRs) family is one of the largest receptor groups in vertebrates. Members of this family are also present in unicellular eukaryotes such as yeast and in plants which suggests that they are of ancient origin [1]. In the human genome, GPCRs account for approximately 2% o... | 17166275 | PMC1764030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Dec 13; 6:108 |
Introduction
Numerous studies have demonstrated that WNT signaling (WG in Drosophila) mobilizes a nuclear β-catenin/TCF complex that can activate transcription of WNT target genes [1]–[4]. WNT signaling typically leads to the stabilization and nuclear accumulation of ß-catenin ARM (Armadillo), which forms an activating... | 17206277 | PMC1764032 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:36 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 3; 2(1):e142 |
Introduction
Type 1 diabetes T1D is an autoimmune disorder in which autoreactive T cells attack pancreatic β-cells, leading to a lifelong dependency on insulin. Twenty years ago, T1D was hypothesized to be a chronic autoimmune disorder by Eisenbarth[1]. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the pathogene... | 17206281 | PMC1764033 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:36 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 3; 2(1):e146 |
Introduction
The steady increase of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to cheap first line antimalarials over the last decades has resulted in a dramatic increase in malaria-associated morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa [1], [2]. Research in recent years has established that resistance to chloroquine (CQ), pyr... | 17206274 | PMC1764034 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:36 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 3; 2(1):e139 |
Introduction
Cancers are complex tissues whose behavior is strongly influenced by dynamic interactions between the cancer cells, the tumor's stromal cells and the extracellular matrix [1]. Stromal cells provide growth factors, blood supply, and mechanical support, and changes in this microenvironment can trigger tissue... | 17206280 | PMC1764035 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:29:36 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 3; 2(1):e145 |
Introduction
The emergence of a pandemic strain of influenza is considered inevitable [1]. Provided the emerged strain is not too virulent, it may be possible to eliminate a nascent influenza pandemic in the source region via various combinations of targeted antiviral prophylaxis, pre-vaccination, social distancing and... | 17206278 | PMC1764036 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 3; 2(1):e143 |
Introduction
In response to the accelerating rate of biodiversity loss, and the far-reaching impacts of this, the governments of 190 countries have pledged to significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 [1]. This has led to increasing requirements for indicators that can chart the rate of biodiversity lo... | 17206275 | PMC1764037 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 3; 2(1):e140 |
Introduction
For a reaction occurring in an isothermal and isobaric system the chemical driving force ΔG—the Gibbs free energy difference—characterizes how far a chemical reaction is away from equilibrium. If we take a simple bimolecular reaction in a dilute solution as an example, then ΔG is related to the concentrat... | 17206279 | PMC1764038 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 3; 2(1):e144 |
Introduction
Many spliceosomal introns, which are non-coding DNA sequences, exist in eukaryotic nuclear genes. Their role in the genome, however, remains poorly understood. From the view of eukaryotic evolution, it is very important to know why exon/intron structures of genes differ across species and what the effects ... | 17206276 | PMC1764039 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 3; 2(1):e141 |
In PLoS Computational Biology, volume 2, issue 11: doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020121
In the author affiliation section, Dr. Iddo Friedberg should have been listed as a research scientist (instead of as a research assistant).
In the section called Rule 1: Select a Position That Excites You, the sentence, “Just becaus... | 0 | PMC1764056 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:43 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Dec 29; 2(12):e181 |
The control of lead-based paint in residences has posed an ongoing public health challenge for decades. Now researchers have shown that several Asian countries are still selling paint with lead levels exceeding U.S. standards. The team warns in the September 2006 issue of Environmental Research that a worldwide ban on ... | 0 | PMC1764126 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A694a |
The health of a nation could be said to depend upon the public health expertise of its scientists. In the United States and other developed areas of the world, it can be fairly simple to gain access to a variety of useful public health resources. But populations living in less-developed areas of the world often lack su... | 17185261 | PMC1764127 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A696-A697 |
Environmental Health Sciences Core Center Grants (P30)
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) invites applications from qualified institutions for support of the Environmental Health Sciences Core Centers. These centers are designed to build infrastructure in the field of environmental health s... | 0 | PMC1764128 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A718-A722 |
Arsenic contamination of groundwater has been reported in many countries throughout the world, most notably in Southeast Asia. In recent years, much attention has focused on the As calamity in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, following the highly publicized reports of vast populations being exposed to As-contaminated... | 17185270 | PMC1764129 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 3; 114(12):1826-1831 |
Pesticides are ubiquitous in the environment as a result of widespread agricultural and domestic use. Exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides has been linked in a small number of epidemiologic studies to asthma or asthma-related symptoms. In a study of pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina, OP exposure i... | 17185285 | PMC1764130 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 17; 114(12):1916-1922 |
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