text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The introduction of antimicrobial agents to treat human disease was one of the most significant public health accomplishments of the 20th century. Although many factors (e.g., improvements in sanitation, nutrition, and standard of living) worked in concert with antibiotic therapy to control and limit infectious disease... | 17185276 | PMC1764131 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 7; 114(12):1859-1864 |
Numerous time-series studies have investigated the association between daily adverse health outcomes and daily ambient air pollution concentrations (Chock et al. 2000; Cifuentes et al. 2000; Goldberg et al. 2003; Kelsall et al. 1997; Kwon et al. 2001; Moolgavkar 2000; Ostro et al. 1999; Smith et al. 2000; Stieb et al. ... | 17185279 | PMC1764132 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 24; 114(12):1877-1882 |
Excessive consumption of carbonated soft drinks has been putatively linked to health effects including dental caries, obesity, and osteoporosis. An August 2006 study by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a private research group in New Delhi, now reiterates another concern first raised three years ago: pesti... | 0 | PMC1764133 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A694b |
Wu DC, Ré DB, Nagai M, Ischiropoulos H, Przedborski S. 2006. The inflammatory NADPH oxidase enzyme modulates motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:12132–12137.
Approximately 30,000 patients in the United States currently have amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), ... | 0 | PMC1764134 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A697 |
The process of climate change, including both increases in global average temperatures (“global warming”) and changes in other climate characteristics such as the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation, has important implications for human health. It is important to describe, measure, and predict the health... | 17185288 | PMC1764135 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 11; 114(12):1935-1941 |
Aflatoxins, toxic metabolites of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus fungi, are naturally occurring contaminants of food. Although aflatoxins have been a problem throughout history, they have been recognized as significant contaminants within agriculture only since the 1960s. The establishment of regulatory ... | 17185282 | PMC1764136 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 24; 114(12):1898-1903 |
There is an increasing need to prevent or mitigate known exposures, extrapolate environmental remediation knowledge, and share lessons of effective risk communication from industrialized countries with less developed areas of the world. To facilitate this process, global health concerns resulting from environmental exp... | 17185268 | PMC1764137 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 18; 114(12):1813-1817 |
We read with interest the letter by Lumley et al. regarding our article (Lepeule et al. 2006), and we appreciate their comments and interesting suggestions.
Our results (Lepeule et al. 2006) showed that the Cox model (Cox 1972) approach gave more precise results for cohort data than the case-crossover design (Maclure ... | 0 | PMC1764138 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A691a |
Perchlorate, an oxidizer in solid rocket fuel, is widely found in groundwater, drinking water, milk, vegetables, fruit, grain, and forage crops. Large doses of perchlorate have been shown to inhibit iodide uptake and reduce thyroid hormone production, which can contribute to metabolic problems in adults and abnormal ne... | 0 | PMC1764139 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A714a |
By Richard Lathe
London:Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006. 288 pp. ISBN: 1-84310-438-5, $24.95
Autism rates have risen to “epidemic” proportions, as we hear from media reports. Yet understanding why has so far been elusive, and a myriad of theories have been proposed, from changing diagnostic criteria to increased aw... | 0 | PMC1764140 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A732a |
Before 1976, the U.S. government had virtually no records of what chemicals were imported, manufactured, used, or released into the environment and no way of regulating these chemicals before they appeared on the market. That changed when Congress passed the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), which required that chem... | 17185264 | PMC1764141 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A706-A709 |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood disorders, with an estimated prevalence ranging from 3 to 8% [American Psychiatric Association (APA) 1994; Costello et al. 2003; Lesesne et al. 2003; Olfson et al. 2003; Pastor and Reuben 2002; Rowland et al. 2002; Wolraich et al. 1996]... | 17185283 | PMC1764142 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 19; 114(12):1904-1909 |
The discovery of arsenic in drinking water in many areas of the world has caused widespread public health concern. Close to 100 million people in the world, including about 13 million in the United States, are chronically exposed to inorganic As [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 2004]. The As problem ... | 17185274 | PMC1764143 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 24; 114(12):1847-1852 |
Inorganic arsenic compounds have been shown to enhance the mutagenicity induced by ultraviolet (UV) light, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), X rays, alkylating agents, and DNA cross-linking compounds in cultured mammalian cells (Pott et al. 2001; Rossman 2003; Styblo et al. 2002). Arsenic may modulate the efficiency of carcinoge... | 17185271 | PMC1764144 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 18; 114(12):1832-1837 |
The November 2006 Focus article “Fertile Grounds for Inquiry: Environmental Effects on Human Reproduction” [
Environ Health Perspect 114:A644–A649 (2006)] contains two incorrect citations. Swan et al.’s review of declining human sperm counts (cited p. A647) appeared in the November, not October, 1997 issue of EHP, and ... | 0 | PMC1764145 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A691b |
As scientists seek to characterize human exposures to chemicals, they need more valid, accurate biomarkers—telltale molecular signatures that indicate a particular exposure has occurred. A team from the CDC has now provided the field with a new biomarker that could help researchers document exposures to a class of anti... | 0 | PMC1764146 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A714b |
Perchlorate is an inorganic anion used for a variety of products such as road flares, explosives, pyrotechnics, and solid rocket propellant (Mendiratta et al. 1996). Perchlorate can also form naturally in the atmosphere, leading to trace levels of perchlorate in precipitation (Dasgupta et al. 2005). Natural processes a... | 17185277 | PMC1764147 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 5; 114(12):1865-1871 |
A Primer on Environonmental Decision-Making: An Integrative Quantitative Approach
Knut Lehre Seip, Fred Wenstøp
New York:Springer, 2006. 496 pp. ISBN: 1-4020-4073-3, $149
Advanced Analysis of Gene Expression Microarray Data
Aldong Zhang
Hackensack, NJ:World Scientific Publishing Co., 2006. 356 pp. ISBN: 981-256-64... | 0 | PMC1764148 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A732b |
Hurricane Katrina, which occurred on 29 August 2005, caused the breach of several levees surrounding New Orleans, Louisiana, and left over 75% of the city underwater. A storm surge from Hurricane Rita several weeks later reflooded many areas of the city. In the aftermath of these disasters, homes were submerged in floo... | 17185280 | PMC1764149 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 24; 114(12):1883-1889 |
Research examining the impact of low-level polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure on the behavior of children has been performed in a variety of studies over the past several years (Jacobson and Jacobson 1996, 2003; Patandin et al. 1999; Stewart et al. 2005; Walkowiak et al. 2001). In general, the data have supported ... | 17185286 | PMC1764150 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 18; 114(12):1923-1929 |
Each Christmas, toy stores sell music featuring miniature skaters boxes that magically circle and spin around a mirrored surface. These figures are controlled by magnets hidden beneath the “ice.” That same principle is being used by scientists at Arizona State University (ASU) along with partners at the Universidad Nac... | 17185265 | PMC1764151 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A710-A713 |
Lung cancer kills more Americans each year than all leukemias and cancers of the breast, prostate, and ovary combined. But a new diagnostic that may allow early detection of the dominant form of the disease could change that grim picture. A team of researchers at the University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center in Le... | 0 | PMC1764152 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A693a |
The NIEHS relationship with the environmental justice community is much like that of a family—we have a long history, we are integrally connected, and unfortunately, we don’t always communicate well. I recently met with our environmental justice grantees, and during our conversations, I realized that my own failure to ... | 17185249 | PMC1764153 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A686 |
Debugging Without Methyl Bromide
Food and farming uses are among the few applications still allowed for the pesticide methyl bromide, which has been largely phased out under the Montréal Protocol. Now engineers at the University of California, Davis, have developed a new sterilization method for fresh produce that coul... | 0 | PMC1764154 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A693b-A695 |
Former President Leo Falcam of the Federated States of Micronesia stated, “for Pacific Island States, climate change and its associated effects are our main security concern” (Falcam 2001). The same could be said for many small island states.
There is no standard definition of a small island state (Schmidt 2005). The ... | 17185291 | PMC1764155 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 11; 114(12):1957-1963 |
Concern about the potential health efffects of climate change began in the mid-1980s, with indications that emission of greenhouse gases from human activities could influence the climate system and result in intensification of the greenhouse effect. Given the clear evidence that many health outcomes are highly sensitiv... | 17185289 | PMC1764156 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 11; 114(12):1942-1949 |
In a recent article, Lepeule et al. (2006) proposed using Cox regression with time-dependent covariates to estimate the acute health effects of air pollution. Their results were similar to those they obtained in a previous case-crossover analysis (Filleul et al. 2004), and they claimed that the Cox model approach is mo... | 17185253 | PMC1764157 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A690-A691 |
Evidence shows that ambient air pollution from combustion sources (Peden 2002), indoor allergens such as those from dogs, cats, and cockroaches (Institute of Mecidine 2000), and endotoxin (Michel 2003) all exacerbate asthma. In addition, increasing experimental evidence shows that oxidant air pollutants such as diesel ... | 17185284 | PMC1764158 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 29; 114(12):1910-1915 |
An estimated 40,000 men and women worked at Ground Zero, the former site of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City, and at the Staten Island landfill, the principal wreckage depository in the days, weeks, and months after 11 September 2001 (Levin et al. 2004). These workers and volunteers included traditional fi... | 17185275 | PMC1764159 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 6; 114(12):1853-1858 |
Pesticides are toxic chemicals that are both ubiquitous and unique. Unlike other toxic chemicals, they are designed to kill, repel, or otherwise harm living organisms [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2005c], and they are one of the few toxic substances that are intentionally applied to the environment [Natio... | 17185266 | PMC1764160 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 18; 114(12):1803-1806 |
The advent of nanotechnology is considered to be the biggest engineering innovation since the Industrial Revolution. Proponents of this new technology promise to reengineer the man-made world, molecule by molecule, sparking a wave of novel revolutionary commercial products from machines to medicine (Aston 2005). This “... | 17185269 | PMC1764161 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 18; 114(12):1818-1825 |
Mage et al. criticize our article (Barr et al. 2006), stressing six “… factual and conceptual errors that need to be called to the readers’ attention.” We appreciate their careful reading of our work, and they raise several important points regarding survey design. However, we take issue with some of their statements.
... | 0 | PMC1764162 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A689-A690 |
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurologic movement disorder in which neurons of the substantia nigra, which are responsible for dopamine production, attenuate in number or become functionally impaired. Resultant symptoms include resting tremor in the extremities and head, limb and/or trunk rigidity, bradykinesia, and po... | 17185278 | PMC1764163 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 18; 114(12):1872-1876 |
Most of the change we think we see in life is due to truths being in and out of favor.
Robert Frost
The Black Cottage
The worldwide obesity epidemic is usually blamed on overeating and underexercising. But limited evidence has suggested a few environmental contaminants may also be playing a role. Now some of the fir... | 0 | PMC1764164 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A692 |
The tobacco industry has a history of manipulating science regarding both active and passive smoking to serve its political, legal, and regulatory needs (Barnes and Bero 1998; Barnoya and Glantz 2002, 2005; Bero 2005b; Bero et al. 1994; Glantz et al. 1996; Hirschhorn and Bialous 2001; Hong and Bero 2002; Muggli et al. ... | 17185281 | PMC1764165 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 29; 114(12):1890-1897 |
Over the past decade, it has become clear that the world’s climate is changing. In 2001 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities (Albritton and Meiro Filho 2001). The Inter... | 17185287 | PMC1764166 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 11; 114(12):1930-1934 |
Should hormesis, as Thayer et al. (2006) implied in the title of their letter in the November 2006 issue of Environmental Health Perspectives, be dismissed by scientists, regulators, and others as simply a new faith-based religion? No. Hormesis is a data-based biological reality, one that challenges the low-dose assump... | 17185251 | PMC1764167 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A688a |
Fonofos (O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate), first registered for use with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1967, is an organophosphate insecticide applied to soil to protect mainly corn but also sugarcane, peanuts, tobacco, and several other crops from various types of worms (U.S. EPA 1999). Fo... | 17185272 | PMC1764168 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 18; 114(12):1838-1842 |
During the last decade, the health sciences have experienced a major shift in orientation. With the rise of genomics and advances in molecular biology, scientists have increasingly moved away from population-based approaches to health toward studies of disease susceptibility among individuals. That change is reflected ... | 17185263 | PMC1764169 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A700-A705 |
Many studies have documented health risks of childhood exposures to lead and tobacco smoke. Both exposures have been implicated in the development of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. A team of researchers now confirms links between both neurotoxicants and ADHD development [EHP 114:1904–1909;... | 0 | PMC1764170 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A715a |
Barr et al. (2006) surveyed statistical issues related to farmworker exposure studies. However, they made several factual and conceptual errors that need to be called to the readers’ attention.
First, Barr et al. (2006) claimed incorrectly that “representativeness” is optional and not a necessary condition for a well-... | 17185250 | PMC1764171 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:53 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A688b-A689 |
There is strong evidence that Canada’s North is already experiencing significant changes in its climate (e.g., McBean et al. 2005). The climatic and environmental changes that have been observed during the last century require greater understanding and involvement by individuals and institutions to define effective ada... | 17185292 | PMC1764172 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 11; 114(12):1964-1970 |
On its 3 April 2006 cover Time magazine proclaimed that we should “be worried . . . very worried” about global climate change (Kluger 2006). These discussions are now widespread across all media (from Science magazine to National Public Radio to the movie An Inconvenient Truth). Americans are fast becoming either worri... | 17185267 | PMC1764173 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 5; 114(12):1807-1812 |
Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most prevalent causes of infections of the blood, skin, soft tissue, and lower respiratory tract, spreads through close contact with contaminated people and surfaces. Although a few studies hint that airborne transmission of the microbe may be involved in hospital infections, no studie... | 0 | PMC1764174 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A715b |
The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI), based at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, is the research and education arm of a three-part program established by the state’s 1989 Toxics Use Reduction Act (the program also includes regulatory and onsite consultation components). The TURI website at http... | 0 | PMC1764175 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A695 |
In this article we describe the Climate Change in Portugal: Scenarios, Impacts and Adaptation Measures (SIAM) project. The first phase of the project was conducted to assess climate change impacts and adaptation measures in continental Portugal (Santos et al. 2002). The SIAM project was divided functionally into 10 gro... | 17185290 | PMC1764176 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 11; 114(12):1950-1956 |
As part of the Strategic Plan, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences has announced two new initiatives to enhance opportunities for young, motivated high school and undergraduate students to participate actively in research and to increase the visibility of the field of environmental health sciences.
... | 0 | PMC1764177 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec; 114(12):A717 |
Parabens are esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, widely used as antimicrobial preservatives—especially against molds and yeast—in cosmetic products and pharmaceuticals and in food and beverage processing (Elder 1984; Orth 1980; Weber 1993). Cosmetics manufacturers and food processers use methyl and propyl parabens most ex... | 17185273 | PMC1764178 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:54 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec 29; 114(12):1843-1846 |
Background
The identification of specific differences between metabolite profiles plays a prominent role in metabolomic data analysis and can be useful for the discovery of biomarkers or the characterization of specific biological activities. Hyphenated mass spectrometry methods (GC-MS, LC-MS, CE-MS, etc.) are among th... | 17166258 | PMC1764210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 13; 7:530 |
Background
We and others [1-4] have shown that 37 to 41% of sporadic breast cancer samples contain MMTV-like env gene sequences. The sequences are expressed as RNA [5] and as protein in breast cancers (Melana et al., submitted). They are absent from the normal breasts of patients with env positive tumors [6] and are ex... | 17173685 | PMC1764410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2006 Dec 15; 1:7 |
Background
Single-stage resection and anastomosis of lthe left colon has important advantages in reducing the hospitalization period, decreasing mortality and morbidity and protecting the patient from stoma. Anastomotic leak (15%), wound infection (50%) and intra-abdominal abscesses can be seen following colon resectio... | 17173707 | PMC1764411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Dec 18; 1:37 |
Background
Harm reduction has been gaining popularity in North America as an alternative to traditional means of dealing with substance abuse. Research indicates that harm reduction strategies such as needle exchange and methadone maintenance are associated with reductions in: drug use [1], disease [2-4], crime [2,5] u... | 17169151 | PMC1764412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Dec 14; 3:35 |
Background
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury occurs when there is a disruption of the blood flow to the liver followed by restoration of blood flow. This injury usually manifests itself during hepatic surgery, transplantation, trauma and hemorrhagic shock, and can lead to liver injury. Hepatic I/R injury is exe... | 17177998 | PMC1764413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Dec 19; 3:16 |
Background
There are grounds to suspect a connection between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and variation in the major histocompatibility complex at the chromosomal region, 6p21.3. AD is characterised by chronic inflammation and altered immune function, including activation of immunocompetent glia expressing high levels of h... | 17176470 | PMC1764414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Dec 18; 3:33 |
Background
Since the first complete genome was sequenced in 1995, more than 300 prokaryotic genomes and more than 20 eukaryotic genomes have been sequenced [1]. Discovering the functional roles of gene products after the completion of sequencing the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae genome has been in the spotlight of post-geno... | 17147822 | PMC1764415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:49 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Dec 5; 1:24 |
Background
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently defined as a cognitive developmental disorder where all clinical criteria are behavioral [1]. Overactivity, impulsiveness, and inattentiveness are presently regarded as the main clinical symptoms.
There have been many attempts to explain the origi... | 17173664 | PMC1764416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Dec 15; 2:41 |
Background
Lesions of the base of skull are typically slow growing, but potentially morbid tumors [1]. They rarely metastasize making local control the primary determinant of long-term survival [2]. Although surgical resection may still be the treatment "gold-standard" [3,4], radiosurgery is an appropriate treatment op... | 17173702 | PMC1764417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Dec 16; 1:46 |
Background
The vanilloid receptor (TRPV1) is a member of a distinct subgroup of transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels [1]. The neuronally expressed TRPV1 is a non-selective, Ca2+ preferring, cation channel. The TRPV1 channel is activated by a number of different stimuli including heat, acid certain ... | 17173683 | PMC1764418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | Cough. 2006 Dec 15; 2:10 |
Background
Recent advances in materials science have fueled tremendous interest in numerous potential biomedical applications of various nanomaterials. For example, fullerene C60 molecules are unique for their multi-functional uses in materials science and optics [1-4], and are considered for a variety of biological ap... | 17169152 | PMC1764419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Dec 14; 4:14 |
Background
The occupational risks associated with coal mining are well-documented and range from entrapment in collapsed mining structures to health problems associated with chronic exposure to coal dust (see [1] for review of the hazards). The most common diseases encountered among coal miners are coal workers' pneumo... | 17177987 | PMC1764420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Dec 19; 3:16 |
Background
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a coccidian parasite found worldwide [1,2], that infects nearly one third of humanity [2,3]. Humans acquire a T. gondii infection mainly by ingesting food or water that is contaminated with oocysts shed by cats or by eating undercooked or raw meat containing tissue cysts [3-5... | 17178002 | PMC1764421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 19; 6:178 |
Background
Resistance to antimalarials is a major drawback in effective malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium falciparum has developed high levels of resistance to the cheap and safe chloroquine (CQ) and to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) [1,2]. Therefore, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is recom... | 17177997 | PMC1764422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:02 | no | Malar J. 2006 Dec 19; 5:126 |
Background
Recombination between two genetically-distinct isolates of the same retrovirus species was first described in 1970[1-3]. Retroviruses carry two copies of genomic RNA within each viral particle. Prior to a recombination event, heterodiploid viruses must be produced from cells co-infected with two different vi... | 17164002 | PMC1764423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:10 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 12; 3:91 |
Background
Somatic mutations of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are common in many human cancers, likely a reflection of altered DNA repair mechanisms and predisposition of mtDNA to free radical damage [1-3]. Although the functional significance of these mutations has been debated vis-à-vis their "cause and effect" relat... | 17166268 | PMC1764424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:49 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Dec 13; 5:73 |
Background
Retinoblastomas form due to the inactivation of the RB1 gene together with other genetic changes [1]. Whereas RB1 is also inactivated in other tumors, the cells that give rise to retinoblastoma are exceptionally sensitive to Rb loss. Individuals with bilateral retinoblastoma (and presumed germ line RB1 mutat... | 17163992 | PMC1764425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:49 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Dec 12; 5:72 |
Background
Kidney cancer represents ~3% of cancer deaths worldwide and is the most deadly of the common urological diseases [1]. While combined nephrectomy and immunotherapy are standard care for localized primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors, approximately 30% of these treated patients will eventually develop met... | 17140440 | PMC1764426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:49 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Dec 1; 5:66 |
Background
Thyroid cancers constitute 1% of all malignancies worldwide and are heterogenous in terms of histology, clinical presentation, treatment response and prognosis. The annual incidence of thyroid cancer varies considerably in different registries. High incidence rates in Hawaii, Iceland and Israel have been kno... | 17156468 | PMC1764427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 11; 6:284 |
Background
The enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose by β-galactosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.23) is one of the most promising biotechnological processes in development to use the sugar of the milk whey, a by-product of cheese manufacture with high polluting power [1]. β-galactosidases are widely distributed in nature and are produced... | 17176477 | PMC1764428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Dec 18; 5:41 |
Background
Blood pressure (BP) increases after the first minutes of acute cerebrovascular occlusion [1] and decreases significantly from admission to 12 hours after thrombolysis especially in case of adequate recanalization [2]. The physiologic reasons for BP elevation, presumably may represent increased sympathetic au... | 17177982 | PMC1764429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Dec 19; 6:46 |
Introduction
What a pleasure it is to read Karl Pribram's 1970 James Arthur Lecture on human specializations of the brain and cognition [1]. It takes us back to a time of bold scientific conjectures about human nature, an era that saw the publication of Konrad Lorenz's On Aggression (1966; first German edition, 1963) [... | 17134486 | PMC1764430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Nov 29; 1:17 |
Background
In the last years, immunotherapy of malignant diseases and the understanding of underlying mechanisms have made rapid progress despite limited clinical response [1]. T cells directed against tumor antigens are believed to play a crucial role in mediating anti-tumor effects. Even without prior immunotherapy, ... | 17166272 | PMC1764431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Dec 13; 4:52 |
Background
DNA microarray technology provides a powerful tool for characterizing gene expression on a genome scale. While the technology has been widely used in discovery-based medical and basic biological research, its direct application in clinical practice and regulatory decision-making has been questioned [1,2]. A ... | 17173684 | PMC1764432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 15; 7:533 |
Introduction
DNA viruses have yielded many insights into cell cycle control as well as regulation of cellular processes associated with oncogenesis because they encode regulatory proteins that modulate cell cycle progression and cell death. Members of the papillomavirus, polyomavirus, hepadnavirus, and herpesvirus fami... | 17206862 | PMC1764433 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:34 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jan 5; 3(1):e6 |
INTRODUCTION
Malaria is an overwhelmingly important public health problem with up to 3–4 billion cases and 3 million deaths each year [1,2]. In terms of malaria control and human health, chloroquine (CQ) was the most important antimalarial for more than 40 years because of its efficacy, safety, and affordability [3–5].... | 17213921 | PMC1764434 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2007 Jan 5; 2(1):e6 |
Introduction
The extent of industrial funding for pharmaceutical research, and its implications for public health, have been extensively considered in recent years. Moses et al. reported that pharmaceutical firms provided 30% of the almost $100 billion spent on biomedical research in the United States in 2004 [1]. Thes... | 17214504 | PMC1764435 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 9; 4(1):e5 |
Introduction
Schistosomiasis, or bilharzia, is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions including sub-Saharan Africa, South America, China, and Southeast Asia. An estimated 200 million people are infected, and a total of 400 million are at risk. Caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, ... | 17214506 | PMC1764436 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 9; 4(1):e14 |
Introduction
In response to pressure overload, the heart produces an adaptive response in the form of cardiac hypertrophy to maintain adequate cardiac output and tissue perfusion [1–3]. In the early stage of hypertrophy, cardiac contractile dysfunction is not present, and the ventricle is hemodynamically compensated. W... | 17214508 | PMC1764437 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 9; 5(2):e21 |
Introduction
High-throughput genome sequencing and bioinformatics technologies have dramatically eased the task of genomic annotation, producing parts lists of living organisms as simple as Mycoplasmas and as complex as mammals. Further progress in the understanding of an organism's biology requires development and ref... | 17214507 | PMC1764438 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 9; 5(1):e8 |
Introduction
With an overwhelming amount of biomedical knowledge recorded in texts, it is not surprising that there is so much interest in techniques which can identify, extract, manage, integrate and exploit this knowledge, and moreover discover new, hidden or unsuspected knowledge. For this reason, in the past five y... | 0 | PMC1764445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 24; 7(Suppl 3):S1 |
Background
In applying general parsers to specific domains, adaptation is often necessary to achieve high parsing performance (see e.g. [1]). Sublanguage is defined by Grishman [2] as a specialized form of a natural language that is used within a particular domain or subject matter. It is characterized by specialized v... | 17134475 | PMC1764446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 24; 7(Suppl 3):S2 |
Background
Information overload is one of the most widely felt problems in our modern society. Individuals have access to a previously unimaginable flood of new information and professionals are confronted in their daily activities with a cornucopia of relevant results. Especially for biomedical scientific literature, ... | 17134476 | PMC1764447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 24; 7(Suppl 3):S3 |
Introduction
This paper presents an information recognition system for gene-disease association mentioned in literature. Such systems are receiving increased attention, particularly from medical doctors and pharmacists, as they have the potential of reducing the burden on researchers to explore the extensive pool of li... | 17134477 | PMC1764448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 24; 7(Suppl 3):S4 |
Background
Semantic representation in biomedicine: the current state of the art
Most tasks related to semantic mining in biomedicine, from manual annotation of experimental data to information extraction from free text, depend critically on a target semantic representation of the domain. Unfortunately, no generally acc... | 17134478 | PMC1764449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 24; 7(Suppl 3):S5 |
Background
Introduction
The interpretation of experimental data generally requires physicians and biologists to compare their clinical and biological data to already existing data sets and to reference knowledge bases. For example, starting from a gene involved in a pathological condition, users may want to obtain info... | 17134479 | PMC1764450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:13 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 24; 7(Suppl 3):S6 |
Introduction
Bioinformatics applications often require high-performance computing and large data handling which exceeds the computing capacity of a single institution [1]. Sharing of unpublished data is also important in promoting collaborative research among institutions, as well as sharing of public databases, bioinf... | 17254294 | PMC1764466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S10 |
Background
The exponential growth of large-scale molecular sequence databases and PubMed scientific literature has prompted active research in biological literature mining and information extraction to facilitate genome/proteome annotation and improve the quality of biological databases [1]. Critical tasks in biomedica... | 17254295 | PMC1764467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S11 |
Background
The emergence of high throughput technologies for genome sequencing, microarrays and proteomics transformed biology into a data-rich information science. Sequencing the complete genome of an organism is the first step in generating the 'parts list' of life. One of the first efforts involved sequencing of Hae... | 17254296 | PMC1764468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S12 |
Background
Metal-binding proteins play important roles in structural stability and complex formation [1-5], gene expression regulation and alteration [1,6-9], DNA processing [10], signaling processes and cellular events [11], transport [8,12,13], metabolism control [1,4,12,14], metal homeostasis [15,16], antibody recog... | 17254297 | PMC1764469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S13 |
Background
Caspases belong to a unique class of cysteine proteases which function as critical effectors of apoptosis, inflammation and other important cellular processes such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell migration and receptor internalization [1-3]. Caspases contain a cysteine residue at the active... | 17254298 | PMC1764470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S14 |
Background
Advances in the genome sequencing technology have created a vast amount of sequence data and completed genomic sequences. Identification of all genes is one of the major objectives of a genome sequencing project. In eukaryotic genomes, the detection of a coding region also depends on the precise identificati... | 17254299 | PMC1764471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S15 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions play a key role in many biological processes and therefore, are increasingly forming the focus of studies in understanding protein function and cellular behaviour [1,2]. Genome-scale protein interaction networks have now been determined experimentally for several model organisms ... | 17254300 | PMC1764472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S16 |
Background
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important components of the innate immunity of a wide range of organisms and present the first line of defence against invading microorganisms. Typically cationic, the peptides act against bacteria, fungi, and viruses through mechanisms involving membrane disruption or pore ... | 17254301 | PMC1764473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S17 |
Background
In most cases, proteins are the way that genes exert their function. These macromolecules mediate their functions by forming complicated and interconnected networks that are flexible and dynamic. For instance, more than 200 cell types are identified in the human body. These cells use the same genome content,... | 17254302 | PMC1764474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S18 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) are essential for almost all cellular functions. Proteins seldom carry out their function in isolation; rather, they operate through a number of interactions with other biomolecules. Experimental elucidation and computational analysis of the complex networks formed by indiv... | 17254303 | PMC1764475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S19 |
Background
Eukaryotic gene prediction has been a challenging problem, explored over the last two decades and driven by the availability of large volumes of genomic data. The development of gene prediction methods have traditionally included (1) ab-initio approaches such as GENSCAN [1,2] that do not use any experimental... | 17254304 | PMC1764476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S2 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous, small regulatory RNA averaging 22 nucleotides in length that mediate the post-transcriptional regulation of messenger RNAs. They bind to target messages in a sequence-specific manner, and induce translational repression or endonucleolytic cleavage. The first two ... | 17254305 | PMC1764477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S20 |
Background
The overwhelming amount of molecular data generated by the sequencing of whole genomes and EST libraries has triggered the development of numerous sequence comparison algorithms, aimed at detecting related sequences and at quantifying this relatedness. BLAST [1], FASTA [2] and other related algorithm are arg... | 17254306 | PMC1764478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S21 |
Background
Although RNA interference (RNAi) has been successfully used for studying gene functions in both plants and invertebrates, many practical obstacles need to be overcome before it becomes an established tool for use in mammalian systems [1-6]. One of the important problems is designing effective siRNA sequences... | 17254307 | PMC1764479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S22 |
Background
During the last decade a number of different methods have been generated for the computational prediction of the subcellular localization of eukaryotic proteins. Automated approaches such as these have become necessary as large-scale genomic and proteomic sequencing efforts have contributed a massive amount ... | 17254308 | PMC1764480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S3 |
Background
Dengue virus has four serotypes (DV1, DV2, DV3 and DV4) that show substantial genetic diversity both within and between serotypes. Sequence comparison studies showed 30–40% difference in amino acid sequences between serotypes [1,2]. The amino acid differences within each serotype are lower but the observed i... | 17254309 | PMC1764481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S4 |
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