text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
Retrieval of similar proteins from a database is a fundamental problem in Bioinformatics. Traditionally, similarity is defined in terms of scores of optimal sequence alignment between the amino acid sequences of the two proteins involved. However, it is well known that structures of proteins relate more accu... | 17254310 | PMC1764482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S5 |
Background
Amino acid composition varies in protein domain region and linker region [1]. Structural domains define the basic building blocks of proteins. Domains are frequently smaller than a protein, yet they epitomize the core principles of the entire protein structure; domains are compact, fold independently and oft... | 17254311 | PMC1764483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S6 |
Background
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a severe autoimmune blistering skin disorder due to loss of integrity of normal intercellular attachments within the epidermis and mucosal epithelium. Strong association of PV to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II alleles DRB1*0402 and DQB1*0503 have been reported ... | 17254312 | PMC1764484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S7 |
Introduction
The Asia-Pacific Bioinformatics Network (APBioNet, [1-3]) was established in 1998 [4] to bring together scientists from diverse disciplines, working together in the area of Bioinformatics to champion the advancement of bioinformatics in the Asia Pacific region. After annual meetings held at the Pacific Sym... | 0 | PMC1764485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 20:21:47 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S1 |
Background
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) comprise an important component of the innate immune system in protecting the host from microorganisms. Mammals produce many different antimicrobial peptides that are active against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, protozoans, fu... | 17254313 | PMC1764486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S8 |
Background
Genome sequencing projects have generated large volumes of biological data which are difficult to manage and integrate effectively. This has thrown new challenges for biologists who are now supposed to decode the complex physiological information encoded within these huge genomes. A first step in this direct... | 17254314 | PMC1764487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7(Suppl 5):S9 |
The histologic features of idiopathic forms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) were first described by Theodor Fahr in the Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie in 1925 [1]. Over the subsequent eight decades much has been written about the histologic features and clinical characterist... | 17151873 | PMC1764601 | CC BY | 2021-01-06 05:09:04 | no | Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Feb 1; 22(2):183-186 |
Evidence that animals can learn to attend to a stimulus dimension comes from experiments employing an intradimensional/extradimensional shift paradigm (Mackintosh, 1974). In one version of this paradigm the subjects initially learn discrimination problems (“intradimensional shifts”, ID) in which the stimuli vary in at ... | 17162503 | PMC1764629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 17:14:09 | no | Q J Exp Psychol (Colchester). 2007 Jan 22; 60(1):1-8 |
Introduction
Regulation of cholangiocyte survival is crucial for maintaining epithelial cell integrity in the biliary tract. Immune-mediated destruction of cholangiocytes in diseases including primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), allograft rejection and graft versus host disease occurs as a result of increased apoptosis, m... | 17225862 | PMC1764644 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e159 |
Introduction
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is involved in many aspects of nerve growth. This small secreted dimeric protein, originally identified by its ability to promote neurite out-growth, exerts its biological actions primarily on cells of the nervous system [1]. Binding of NGF to p75 and trk family receptors on respo... | 17215957 | PMC1764646 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 10; 2(1):e148 |
Introduction
Sperm vary enormously in size and shape across taxa [1]. This variation is largely unexplained, but is thought to be determined by three factors: (i) phylogeny [2]; (ii) mode of fertilisation (internal vs external [3]); and (iii) post-copulatory sexual selection i.e., sperm competition and cryptic female c... | 17245446 | PMC1764683 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 24; 2(1):e170 |
Introduction
Coalescent theory, placed in a maximum-likelihood framework, allows researchers to explicitly test hypotheses concerning the processes that shape patterns of genetic variation in natural populations [1]. Catalyzed by automated sequencing technologies as well as the availability of universal PCR primers (a ... | 17225863 | PMC1764684 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e160 |
Introduction
Most malaria deaths occur in children in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa [1]. A major cause is lack of access to prompt effective treatment. Those that present with severe malaria have short histories of illness, emphasizing the speed of disease progression if not treated promptly and effectively [2]. Fo... | 17225854 | PMC1764709 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e149 |
Introduction
Baló's concentric sclerosis has been a neuropathologic enigma since its description in 1927 [1]. Many hypotheses have been formulated to explain its striking, reproducible patterns. Early analogies with the phenomenon of Liesegang ring formation were proposed [2]. Our approach reconsiders these analogies a... | 17225855 | PMC1764710 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e150 |
Introduction
The use of site-specific recombinases (SSRs) both in vitro and in vivo, have proven to be useful tools in the analysis of gene function. Upon binding to their target recognition sequences, SSRs can induce the deletion, insertion, or inversion of DNA sequences leading to conditional gene inactivation or exp... | 17225864 | PMC1764711 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e162 |
Introduction
The early phase of HIV transcription is characterized by the absence of the viral transactivator Tat and a block in viral transcription elongation [1]. During this phase, basal activity of the viral promoter is controlled by the local chromatin environment, cellular transcription factors that bind to cis-a... | 17225856 | PMC1764712 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e151 |
Introduction
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has drastically reduced mortality and morbidity of HIV/AIDS in resource-rich countries; however there are now fairly high levels of drug resistance in many of these countries [1]. Therefore there is concern that the rollout of ART in Africa could quickly lead to high levels of ... | 17225857 | PMC1764713 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e152 |
Introduction
Normal human cells undergo a finite number of cell divisions and ultimately enter a nondividing state called replicative senescence[1]. Replicative or cellular senescence was observed and proposed as an experimental model for aging at the cellular level over thirty years ago. Senescent cells remain metabol... | 17225865 | PMC1764714 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e164 |
Introduction
Each silk (stigma/style) of a maize plant can support the germination and growth of numerous pollen tubes, but only one tube enters the micropyle, penetrates the ovule and achieves fertilization. Considering that only the first pollen tube to reach the micropyle passes its genes to the next generation, it ... | 17225858 | PMC1764715 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e154 |
Introduction
There is a growing appreciation that the conflict of evolutionary interests between males and females is a powerful and near-ubiquitous evolutionary force [1]–[3]. There are two broad ways in which sexual conflict can impact on evolution. First, when a particular interaction between a male and a female has... | 17225859 | PMC1764717 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e155 |
Introduction
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents at least 15% of all strokes in the western population and a considerably higher proportion at 50–60% in the oriental populations in Korea, Chin and Japan [1], [2]. ICH is a lethal stroke type, as mortality approaches 50% and neurological disability in survivors is ... | 17225860 | PMC1764718 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e156 |
Introduction
Exudative epidermitis (EE) in pigs, also called Greasy Pig Disease, is a communicable skin disease caused by pathogenic strains of staphylococci. This disease is mostly seen as an acute or peracute infection in suckling and newly weaned piglets although it may occur as a chronic infection in adult [1]–[4].... | 17215958 | PMC1764720 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 10; 2(1):e147 |
Background
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major vascular complication in patients with type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have shown that up to 30% of the diabetic patients with CAD had silent ischemia and experienced poor outcome following acute coronary events [1], indicating clinical importance of screening asymp... | 17178005 | PMC1764721 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:18 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Dec 20; 5:27 |
Background
Definition
A coronary arterial fistula (also known as coronary arteriovenous malformation) is a connection between one or more of the coronary arteries and a cardiac chamber or great vessel, having bypassed the myocardial capillary bed.
Epidemiology
This is a rare abnormality and usually occurs in isolation... | 17184545 | PMC1764722 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:22 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Dec 21; 1:51 |
Background
A research was carried out in some localities of Calabria region (Italy) in the last twenty years on the traditions relevant to the plants used in veterinary science and in other ethno-botanical fields (minor nourishment, domestic and handicraft sector) in order to preserve the historical "memory" of the ter... | 17156472 | PMC1764723 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Dec 11; 2:52 |
Background
Child feeding is political
In feeding young children, the primary parties are the mother and the child. But there are others with some interest and some influence in the situation. There is the father, and siblings. There is the extended family. There are friends. There is the local community. There are also... | 17176464 | PMC1764724 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:10 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Dec 18; 1:27 |
Background
Breastfeeding is the preferred way to feed all infants and expressing breast milk allows mothers to be away intermittently from their infants to exercise lifestyle choices while continuing to breastfeed. A recent cohort study from Perth, Western Australia showed that while the breastfeeding initiation rate w... | 17184553 | PMC1764725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:10 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Dec 22; 1:28 |
Background
Alcohol misuse is a common problem in the general population all over the world. Recent surveys reported that alcoholism affects almost 10–15% of the general population in US and 1–5% in Europe [1-5]. There is a general agreement in the scientific community that heavy drinking is largely underestimated by cl... | 17176456 | PMC1764726 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Dec 18; 1:35 |
Background
There has been a growing realisation that chronic pain is a complex phenomenon that consists of and is influenced by a wide range of psychosocial, behavioural and physical factors [1,2]. The complexity of chronic pain has led a number of authors to suggest that adequate treatment for chronic pain sufferers w... | 17169143 | PMC1764727 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Dec 14; 2:48 |
Background
Ischemic stroke is one of largest socioeconomic challenges in the health care systems of developed countries due to the large number of patients who are left disabled [1]. Apart from acute thrombolysis within the first three to six hours after onset of stroke symptoms, efficient treatment options are still l... | 17150094 | PMC1764728 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Dec 6; 3:31 |
Background
Eye development begins in the fourth week of life in a human embryo, and at embryonic day (E) 8.5 in the mouse embryo. Bilateral protrusions of the developing forebrain neuroepithelium extend towards the surface ectoderm to form the optic vesicles. Invagination of the optic vesicle together with the overlyin... | 17173667 | PMC1764729 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Dec 15; 6:62 |
Background
Depressive disorders are a major health problem, affecting one-fourth to one-third of women and one-sixth of men at some time in life [1]. Every tenth patient seen in primary care has a depressive disorder, but in half of these patients, the depression is not diagnosed by the physician [2].
In Europe, depre... | 17173663 | PMC1764730 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Dec 15; 6:57 |
Background
Cancers as well as benign neoplasias are very old diseases, which have afflicted animals since long before man appeared on earth [1,2] and human beings since prehistoric times [1,3]. Written records concerning cancer can be traced to ancient Egypt [4]. However, there is consensus that only during the past 10... | 17173673 | PMC1764731 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:20 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Dec 15; 3:43 |
Background
Insect audition represents a fascinating example of multiple evolution in several lineages. Tympanal hearing in insects evolved more than 10 times independently from each other [1-3]. These tympanal organs are located at different sites on the insect body and have distinct designs, but with common features, ... | 17163993 | PMC1764732 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Dec 12; 3:20 |
Background
In treating infection with hepatitis C virus, knowledge of a patient's viral genotype informs the choice of appropriate therapy [1-3]. Although the HCV subtype afflicting a patient is not currently used to make clinical treatment decisions, knowing the viral subtype is important for studies of its origin, tr... | 17169155 | PMC1764733 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:15 | no | Virol J. 2006 Dec 14; 3:103 |
Background
Aspartyl (Asparaginyl) β-Hydroxylase (AAH) is a Type 2 transmembrane protein that has a predicted molecular mass of ~86 kD [1]. AAH is a member of the α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family of molecules [2,3], and catalyzes the hydroxylation of specific aspartyl and asparaginyl residues in EGF-like dom... | 17156427 | PMC1764734 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Dec 7; 7:41 |
Background
Regular breakfast eating (RBE) has been identified as an important factor in nutrition, especially during growth. Eating breakfast regularly is also an important contributor to a healthy lifestyle and health status. Several studies [1-4] have revealed that smoking, frequent alcohol used, and infrequent exerc... | 17150112 | PMC1764735 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 7; 6:295 |
Background
In human beings, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic and life threatening disorder in which a progressive increase of pulmonary vascular resistance leads to right ventricular failure. When detected, PH is often an already irreversible chronic pathology and leads to death after several years of severe il... | 17176479 | PMC1764736 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Dec 18; 7(1):144 |
Background
The potential of adult-derived bone marrow cells being localised to the airway is an attractive, novel therapeutic approach for pulmonary repair. Much scientific debate has centred on the ability of bone marrow-derived cells to engraft into non-haematopoietic tissues and assume an epithelial phenotype. The a... | 17177981 | PMC1764737 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Dec 19; 7(1):145 |
Background
Genome sequencing, gene identification and the functional annotation of gene products are the basic first steps towards understanding the wide spectrum of biological processes taking place in a living organism. Although each of these steps presents its own difficulties, the experimental determination of prot... | 17166279 | PMC1764738 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 13; 7:315 |
Background
The mammalian epididymis is a segmented organ comprised of a single highly convoluted tubule divided into four regions: the initial segment, caput, corpus, and cauda regions. As sperm produced in the testis pass through the epididymis, they undergo sequential, marked changes to develop motility and the abili... | 17166261 | PMC1764739 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 13; 7:314 |
Background
One of the most daunting challenges in the post-genomic era is to identify all transcribed regions in a sequenced genome. Although computational programs have played an important role in genome annotation, highly accurate prediction of the coding regions of many genes is still challenging [1]. Therefore, the... | 17156450 | PMC1764740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 8; 7:310 |
Background
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. In 1999, it was the second leading cause of death in Trinidad and Tob... | 17187674 | PMC1764741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Dec 22; 3:17 |
Background
Small joint inflammation in the hands and feet are the hallmark of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clinical studies suggest foot pain may be problematic in about one-third of patients in early disease with more frequent involvement of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints (34%) in comparison with the midtars... | 17184535 | PMC1764742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Dec 21; 7:102 |
Background
Whiplash injuries leading to chronic symptoms have an estimated annual incidence of one million in the USA [1], resulting in societal costs up to $29 billion [2]. Between 5 and 8% of whiplash patients develop chronic symptoms severe enough to diminish their work capacity [3-5]. Present knowledge remains inco... | 17184536 | PMC1764743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Dec 21; 7:103 |
Background
Huntington's disease (HD) was first described by the American physician George Huntington in 1872. The disease is a genetic disorder of the central nervous system, with symptoms usually consisting of uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration [1,2]. Psychiatric abnormalities, in... | 17173700 | PMC1764744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Dec 16; 1:19 |
Background
All achievements of modern medicine stem from research. Advances, now taken for granted, were developed through experimentation, which was conducted, for the most part, according to the standards and theories available at the time that it was conducted [1]. Even though guidelines and rules have been implemen... | 17166274 | PMC1764745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:00 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Dec 13; 7:13 |
Background
Geographical variations in HIV prevalence have been observed between less-developed and more-developed countries, as well as within regions of similar socioeconomic development [1-5]. The epidemiology of HIV and other infectious diseases have been associated with both religious practices and male circumcisio... | 17137513 | PMC1764746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 30; 6:172 |
Background
The various differentiated phenotypes of cells and tissues are based upon the establishment of stable cell type-specific patterns of gene expression. The recent advances in the sequencing of mammalian genomes [1], together with the development of efficient high-throughput technologies for quantification of g... | 17176485 | PMC1764747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Dec 19; 4:64 |
Background
Delayed uterine involution causes economic losses to dairy farmers. Uterine involution is normally completed between 26 to 52 days post partum, but changes after 20–25 days are often imperceptible [1]. Puerperal controls are often done between 20–33 days post partum [2,3]. This period overlaps with the perio... | 17184541 | PMC1764748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Dec 21; 4:65 |
Background
The free ionic iron (Fe) concentration in the human body is kept at a very low level to limit bacterial growth. This is achieved through Fe-carrier proteins like transferrin and lactoferrin that bind ferric Fe (Fe3+) with a high affinity. Pathogenic bacteria however have developed powerful mechanisms that ar... | 17177984 | PMC1764749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Dec 19; 6:103 |
Background
Police work has often been regarded as a stressful occupation; in fact, it has been described as one of the most stressful occupations in the world [1]. However, previous studies have found that police work is not a particularly stressful occupation, but may be a factor of psychological distress [2,3], and t... | 17156489 | PMC1764750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:07 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Dec 11; 1:26 |
Background
The library and information science research community has carried out a substantial body of work examining health professionals' information needs, information seeking and use [1-5], and [6]. Among health professionals, physicians represent the majority of populations studied [7]. Physicians seek health inf... | 17163991 | PMC1764751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 Dec 12; 3:12 |
Background
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 105400) is characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration resulting in paralysis and death, usually from respiratory failure, within 3 to 5 years of symptom onset[1]. ALS is typically sporadic in nature. However, 5–10% of ... | 17166276 | PMC1764752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Dec 13; 6:44 |
Background
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterised by a progredient degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, but there is growing evidence for extra-motor involvement in non-demented patients with ALS that has been provided in neuropathological, neurophysiological, electrophysiological, and neuroimag... | 17189609 | PMC1764753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:14 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Dec 25; 6:48 |
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Most of HCC patients suffer from virus-induced liver injury and most have underlying liver cirrhosis [1]. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) has been used widely for the treatment of unresectable HCC [2]. Many reports show... | 17181870 | PMC1764754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2006 Dec 21; 5:10 |
Background
The smooth muscle cells are the principal source of collagen in the atherosclerotic plaque [1]. During the development of the plaques an increasing number of smooth muscle cells die, at least partly due to programmed cell death, apoptosis [2,3]. This impairs the collagen synthesis, which weakens the fibrous ... | 17181861 | PMC1764755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Dec 20; 6:49 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common, costly and preventable disease and is the fourth leading cause of death globally [1,2]. Internationally there is a substantial variation in death rate due to COPD possibly reflecting smoking behaviour, type and processing of tobacco, pollution, climate,... | 17177991 | PMC1764756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Dec 19; 6:27 |
Background
Cilengitide (EMD 121974, Cyclo-l-Arg-l-Asp-d-Phe-N (Me) l-Val) is a new low-molecular weight anti-angiogenesis agent. It is a cyclic peptide inhibitor of the endothelial cell surface receptors, integrins ανβ 3 and ανβ 5 [1]. Integrins are responsible for cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. They bind t... | 17156477 | PMC1764757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 11; 6:285 |
Background
Despite the use of platinum-based combination chemotherapy, which has shown to prolong survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell-lung cancer (NSCLC) when compared to best supportive care, the prognosis of advanced NSCLC continues to be poor with a median survival of about 10 months [1,2]. The goals o... | 17173694 | PMC1764758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 16; 6:288 |
Background
The tumor suppressor p53 is mutated in 30% of breast cancers [1], but rates of p53 mutation vary depending upon the subtype of breast cancer. For example, p53 mutations are found more frequently in aggressive estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancers [1], and have been shown to correlate with breast can... | 17150101 | PMC1764759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 6; 6:276 |
Background
Cancer is the second-most common cause of death (after cardio-vascular disease) in North Americans, and breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women [1]. It was estimated in 2004 that one in seven American women would develop breast cancer in her lifetime [1], up from one in eight estimated i... | 17176480 | PMC1764760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 18; 6:291 |
Background
The therapeutic efficacies of many indigenous plants, for various diseases have been described by traditional herbal medicine practitioners [1]. Natural products are a source of synthetic and traditional herbal medicine. They are still the primary health care system in some parts of the world [2]. The past d... | 17184528 | PMC1764761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Dec 21; 6:41 |
Background
Hox genes are homeobox containing genes involved in the specification of regional identities along the anteroposterior body axis and, thus, play a fundamental role in animal development [1]. They encode transcription factors that regulate the expression of other genes downstream in the regulatory cascade of ... | 17163987 | PMC1764764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Dec 12; 6:106 |
Background
The third dimension has now become a real entity in the clinical study of scoliosis, but today the evaluation of the third dimension always requires, together with the use of radiographic projections, a wealth of clinical experience and considerable powers of abstraction in order to form an idea of what migh... | 17147800 | PMC1764765 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Dec 5; 1:20 |
Background
Microarray techniques provide a way of monitoring gene expressions on a large scale. Biomedical experiments have been designed to discover important genes or gene pathways, that are linked with variations of phenotypes. Those genes can then be used as biomarkers in clinical studies and to construct predictiv... | 17176468 | PMC1764766 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7:537 |
Introduction
Phrenic Nerve Injury (PNI) has been well studied by cardiac surgeons [1-3]. Protective measures during cardiac surgery has led to significant decline in the incidence of PNI from 30%-55% [2] during the early 1980s to 10% in the last few years [3].
Recently the association of PNI after percutaneous based c... | 17235367 | PMC1764817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:21 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2007 Jan 1; 7(1):1-6 |
Introduction
Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is often associated with underlying structural heart disease such as hypertension, idiopathic dilated or ischemic left ventricular dysfunction [1-4]. Differentiating ILVD from NILVD is important prognostically and therapeutically but might be difficult clinically [5]. In gen... | 17235370 | PMC1764818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:21 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2007 Jan 1; 7(1):26-32 |
Introduction
Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Virus (ASLV)-receptor interactions are a useful model system for studying the mechanism of retroviral entry into cells since there are multiple virus subgroups (designated A–J) that use different cellular receptors [1]: TVA for ASLV-A [2], TVB for ASLV-B, ASLV-D, and ASLV-E [3]–[... | 17245447 | PMC1764858 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:37 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 24; 2(1):e171 |
Introduction
Transplantation of cells and tissues to the mammalian brain and CNS has been clinically assessed for more than 15 years, in several hundred patients with Parkinson or Huntington Disease. Because the brain was considered differently than almost all other organs, in terms of the possibility of an immune resp... | 17245442 | PMC1764859 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 24; 2(1):e166 |
Introduction
The non-LTR retrotransposons Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements-1 (LINE-1, or L1) are a major component of mammalian genomes (∼20% of that of human) that transpose through an RNA intermediate (reviewed in [1]). Most LINE-1 elements are 5′ truncated upon transposition and are therefore inactive. In fact, on... | 17225861 | PMC1764860 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e158 |
Background
The foundation of the Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen, IQWiG (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care) exemplified the need for a scientific and independent evaluation of health-care services in Germany. Since a basic benefit package should be publicly financed, t... | 17199886 | PMC1764870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:56 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 2; 7:1 |
Background
Maternal smoking during pregnancy harms unborn children and, as up to 30% of pregnant women smoke [1], it is a significant public health problem. The adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy include an increased risk of miscarriage and stillbirth, accounting for 4000 deaths annually, and of pre-term birth... | 17201904 | PMC1764871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:54 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 3; 7:2 |
Background
The possibility that strong, static (non-gradient) magnetic fields might have an influence on biological processes has been discussed for many years [1-6], including reports that implicate high magnetic fields in alterations of the cleavage plane during cell division [7-9] and other cellular disorders [10]. ... | 17187667 | PMC1764872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2006 Dec 22; 4:7 |
Background
Late obstetric brachial plexus palsy serves as a good example for studying the outcome of partially regenerated nerves. Three main types of lesion [1] have been recognized. In a C5-6 lesion, the arm is adducted and internally rotated at the shoulder and the elbow extended. The forearm is pronated and the wri... | 17147803 | PMC1764873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:32 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2006 Dec 5; 1:6 |
Text
In our article [1] there was an error in the calculation of population attributable risk percents (PAR%) for 1996–99 shown in Table 1 (bottom row). The corrected Table is in this correction article (see Table 1). This correction has also required revising Figure 2 (see Figure 1 in this correction article). In the ... | 0 | PMC1764874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:56 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Dec 18; 5:16 |
Background
A hallmark of many orofacial pain disorders is cold sensitivity, but unlike heat-related pain, the mechanisms underlying cold perception and the development of cold hypersensitivity are less clearly understood. Most cold research has focused primarily on in vitro or immunohistochemical studies; in contrast t... | 17166284 | PMC1764875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:45 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Dec 13; 2:37 |
Background
There is an expectation that faculty in higher education participate in scholarship and research in some fashion. In the current environment within the chiropractic academic community, there is also a growing emphasis on assessment and program development. Faculty members are expected to play a role in this ... | 17184526 | PMC1764876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:12 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Dec 21; 14:27 |
Background
3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaric aciduria (3HMG, McKusick 246450) is an autosomal recessive branched chain organic aciduria caused by deficiency of the enzyme 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl CoA lyase (HL, HMGCL, EC 4.1.3.4). This mitochondrial enzyme catalyzes the last step of both leucine degradation and ketogenesis[... | 17173698 | PMC1764877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Dec 16; 7:86 |
Background
Cherubism (MIM 118400) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease of the jaws. The lesion was first described by Jones in 1933 as a hereditary multilocular cystic disease of the jaws, characterized by symmetrically swollen cheeks, particularly over the angles of the mandible, and an upward turning of the eye... | 17147794 | PMC1764878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Dec 5; 7:84 |
Background
The selective uptake of cholesteryl esters (CE) from lipoprotein particles such as HDL is a process by which the HDL core-CE is taken into cells without parallel uptake and degradation of the HDL particle itself [1,2]. It represents a major route for the delivery of CEs to steroid producing tissues of rodent... | 17173681 | PMC1764879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Dec 15; 3:43 |
Background
In eukaryotes, triacylglycerol (TAG) is synthesized through both acyl-CoA-dependent and acyl-CoA-independent processes [1]. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the acylation of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate TAG and CoA. Various acyl donors have also been identified... | 17192193 | PMC1764880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Dec 27; 7:24 |
Background
Stroke is the leading cost of disability in the USA and rehabilitation is estimated to cost $60 billion annually for the 5.4 million living with disability. Neurological impairment after stroke frequently leads to hemiparesis or partial paralysis of one side of the body. This hemiparesis can profoundly impai... | 17176474 | PMC1764881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Dec 18; 3:29 |
Background
Enzymes have been successfully employed to catalyze a number of transformations and chiral resolutions of biological and industrial importance in organic solvents [1-10]] It is well documented that enzyme catalysis in these non-natural media offers some advantages over that in natural-aqueous environment, su... | 17187678 | PMC1764882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Dec 22; 6:51 |
Background
Secretory carcinoma was first described in 1966 by McDivitt and Stewart [1]. This is a rare breast neoplasia first identified in female children and adolescents, at the average age of nine. Neoplasias with similar features were subsequently observed in male children and young boys, in adult men and in women ... | 17150092 | PMC1764883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 6; 4:88 |
Background
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe childhood diarrhoea in developed and developing countries worldwide. Virtually all children could be infected before their fifth birthdays. It is estimated that each year rotavirus infections are responsible for approximately 2 million hospitalizations in children <5 ... | 17173677 | PMC1764884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 15; 6:176 |
1. Background
An electronic nose (e-nose) is an instrument that has been developed as a simplified "electronic" model of the human olfactory system. To humans, the sensation of flavour is due to three main chemoreceptor systems. These are gustation (sense of taste by tongue), olfaction (sense of smell by nose) and trig... | 17176476 | PMC1764885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:19 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Dec 18; 5:65 |
Background
At the European level, Spain ranks midway in terms of thyroid cancer (TC) incidence. This is a tumor that is far more frequent among women than among men. In recent years, incidence rate per 100,000 population has increased from 1.73 to 2.22 in the periods 1993–1996 [1] and 1997–2000 [2] in men, and from 3.6... | 17173668 | PMC1764886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 15; 6:302 |
Background
A public health sector, enforcing and ensuring prevention, control, and management of environmental health issues, is essential during a mass gathering event such as the Olympic and Paraolympic Games. Approximately 500 000 visitors, 15 000 athletes from 202 countries, and 6900 official media representatives ... | 17176469 | PMC1764887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 18; 6:306 |
Background
Interest in the reproductive health of adolescents continues to grow throughout the world. One of the factors responsible for this interest is the sheer number of young persons worldwide. For example, nearly half of the global population is less than 25 years old [1]. Addressing the reproductive health infor... | 17187685 | PMC1764888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 23; 6:310 |
Background
Gastrointestinal illness (GI) is a global public health concern. In developed countries, GI is typically mild and self-limiting, but has considerable economic impact due to high morbidity [1-3]. Recent studies on the burden of GI in the general population of a number of countries have been reported [4-12]. T... | 17178001 | PMC1764889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 19; 6:307 |
Background
Medical providers worldwide are gearing up for a likely pandemic of human influenza. Professional duty of healthcare professionals (HCP) may clash with fear of contracting influenza or its transmission to family members. Triggered by the experience responding to the SARS epidemic in 2003, the lack of officia... | 17192198 | PMC1764890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 28; 6:311 |
Background
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the world[1]. Given the multitude of health benefits of smoking cessation, considerable effort has been focused on identifying mechanisms to assist smokers in quitting. However, smoking cessation is challenging and behavioural interventions have had only m... | 17156479 | PMC1764891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 11; 6:300 |
Background
Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a method used to detect segmental DNA copy number alterations and is widely used to discover chromosomal aberrations in cancer and other genetic diseases [1,2]. In this method, differentially labeled genomic DNA samples are competitively hybridized to chromoso... | 17192189 | PMC1764892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 27; 7:324 |
Background
The vertebrate olfactory system receives and decodes sensory information from a myriad chemical cues. The first step in this process is the recognition of these cues by receptors expressed by the primary sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (reviewed in refs. [1,2]). Receptor-mediated activity within ... | 17156446 | PMC1764893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 8; 7:309 |
Background
Medulloblastoma is a relatively common primary tumor of the central nervous system (CNS) in the pediatric population, representing about 20% of brain tumors in this group [1]. The mainstays of treatment include maximal surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and radiation to the entire craniospinal axis ... | 17187666 | PMC1764894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Dec 22; 1:48 |
Background
Recent advances in transplantation have expanded the criteria of age and end organ diseases for organ recipients thus exponentially increasing the waiting list for new organs[1,2]. The expanded pool of recipients has increased the demand for the donation and use of deceased organs [3]. The Health Resources a... | 17187671 | PMC1764895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:00 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Dec 22; 7:14 |
Background
It is known that clinical studies can generate discordant results. This observation is addressed scientifically in various ways. Deviant study results may be understood as an expression of spreading or scattering from a supposed true value (whereas deviation depends on the precision of the methods). An alter... | 17156475 | PMC1764896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Dec 11; 6:56 |
Background
In the past decade, understanding the impact of the physical environment on physical activity has become a topic of increasing interest. Recent reviews have highlighted characteristics of the physical environment associated with physical activity behaviors [1-3]. To date measures of the physical environment ... | 17173695 | PMC1764897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:45 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Dec 16; 3:44 |
Background
Until now, prediction of the expected difficulty of a phacoemulsification procedure has been based on a pre-operative subjective assessment of the patient by the operating surgeon.
An objective system to predict posterior capsule rupture during phacoemulsification surgery has been formulated by Habib et al ... | 17192173 | PMC1764898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Dec 27; 6:38 |
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