text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
Quality of life seems to be an important issue for patients with scoliosis. Frequently the SF-36 questionnaire was used to assess health related quality of life (HRQL), which has to be regarded as a general tool already used for quite a variety of diagnoses. In a study related to scoliosis it has already bee... | 17176483 | PMC1764899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Dec 19; 1:22 |
Background
JSRV is the cause of a contagious lung cancer in sheep and goats that occurs in many countries worldwide [1]. Disease progression leading to death may take years in adult sheep but lung tumors can appear in as little as 10 days in experimentally-infected animals [2]. Disease and death is primarily the result... | 17177996 | PMC1764900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 19; 3:94 |
Commentary
A court in Tripoli, Libya, sentenced five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian doctor to death for intentionally infecting 426 Libyan children with HIV at Al Fateh Children's Hospital in Benghazi, Libya.
The six medical workers, along with the children and the families concerned, were involved in a political ... | 17192180 | PMC1764901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 27; 3:98 |
Background
Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (TCD) is currently used as a sensitive, real time tool for monitorization of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV). From the first clinical application by Aaslid in 1982 [1], TCD has been extensively used in clinical routine, in particular during neurosurgery and vascular surger... | 17166253 | PMC1764902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:51 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Dec 13; 4:47 |
Background
Adenosine (A) to inosine (I) conversion catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) is an evolutionally conserved process, occurring in organisms from unicellular protozoa to humans [1,2]. Through site-specific modification of pre-mRNAs, this process provides an important post-transcriptional mech... | 17156436 | PMC1764903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 8; 6:282 |
Background
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) accounts for 10–30% of all malignant mesothelioma cases [1]. Although a direct causal relationship between pleural mesothelioma and occupational asbestos exposure is strong [2], only 33% of patients with MPM report a history of asbestos exposure [3]. Most of the patien... | 17176466 | PMC1764904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 18; 6:289 |
Background
User-scripts are programs, typically written in JavaScript, that are installed inside web-browsers. They manipulate the content of specified sets of Web pages prior to their display in the browser. The name 'user-script' may be slightly misleading as a typical user of a Web browser will not likely write user... | 17173692 | PMC1764905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:02 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 15; 7:534 |
Introduction
Attenuation of the amplitude of P-waves in patients developing peripheral edema (PERED), similar changes in the respective QRS complexes, and increase in weight, with good inter-correlations, have been previously reported [1]. Since duration of QRS complexes changed in parallel with amplitude of QRS comple... | 17235368 | PMC1764906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:21 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2007 Jan 1; 7(1):7-18 |
Introduction
Brugada syndrome is an arrhythmogenic disease characterized by an ECG pattern of ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads and increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) as a result of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation [1].
Studies on the prognosis of patients with... | 17235371 | PMC1764907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2007 Jan 1; 7(1):33-39 |
Aims
Temporary cardiac pacing wires have existed for almost 50 years but their use remains controversial. Guidelines do exist for their use, but most of the recommendations come from clinical experience rather than scientific trials [1].
Over the past 30 years there have been several studies that look at various aspec... | 17235372 | PMC1764908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:21 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2007 Jan 1; 7(1):40-49 |
Atrial Fibrillation and Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the tachyarrhythmia that has the highest prevalence among all populations. It is clinically important because affected patients have a higher risk of mortality; a deterioration in haemodynamics due to increased heart rate, loss of a... | 17235373 | PMC1764909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | yes | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2007 Jan 1; 7(1):50-60 |
Introduction
Scores aimed at contributing to the optimization of exercise testing (ET) have been developed and the experience with their application in coronary artery disease (CAD) has proven to be favorable [1].
Although there is debate on the use of scores in clinical practice, those that stand for it argue that th... | 17235374 | PMC1764910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:21 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2007 Jan 1; 7(1):61-72 |
1. Introduction
Neutral models are highly valued in population genetics, even by those who do not subscribe to them (Kreitman 1996). They provide a null hypothesis to be falsified and, in doing so, frame most evolutionary analysis of DNA sequence data. Bacterial populations are large, making natural selection a potent ... | 17062419 | PMC1764929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:21 | no | Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Nov 29; 361(1475):2045-2053 |
1. Introduction
Bacterial species exist … bacterial diversity is organized into discrete phenotypic and genetic clusters, which are separated by large phenotypic and genetic gaps, and these clusters are recognized as species. Fred Cohan (2002)
To many microbiologists, bacterial species are real entities that can be ... | 17062411 | PMC1764932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:18 | no | Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Nov 29; 361(1475):1917-1927 |
1. Introduction
Despite the well-documented extent of lateral gene transfer among the prokaryotes (Gogarten et al. 2002), which has led some researchers to doubt whether the term ‘species’ has any meaning for these organisms (Lawrence 2002; Gevers et al. 2005), we can define clusters of similar phenotype or genotype wh... | 17062418 | PMC1764933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:21 | no | Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Nov 29; 361(1475):2039-2044 |
Introduction
Arrhythmic cardiac events are a common cause of death in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) and perhaps the most preventable cause. Due to large number of these patients and high cost of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation, selection of eligible patients is very imp... | 17235369 | PMC1766332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2007 Jan 1; 7(1):19-25 |
Introduction
Rett syndrome (RS) is an X-linked neurological disorder that almost exclusively affects the female population. RS is the leading cause of profound mental retardation of genetic origin in girls. First described in the 1960s by A. Rett [1], this disorder has been recognized as a neurological syndrome in the ... | 17237885 | PMC1766343 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e157 |
Review
Donor milk banking thrives in countries such as Brazil, where there has been a concerted effort at the Health Ministry level to incorporate milk banks into health policy [1]. Its prime mover, Dr. Joao Aprigio Guerra de Almeida, has been honored with the prestigious WHO Sasekawa prize for making an important cont... | 17164001 | PMC1766344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:10 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Dec 12; 1:26 |
Background
Opiate addiction, a pathological form of learning and memory associated with repeated drug use or administration, reflects neuronal adaptive/plastic changes that endurably alter synaptic transmission within relevant circuits in the central nervous system [1-4]. The biochemical mechanisms underlying the funct... | 17184524 | PMC1766345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:10 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Dec 21; 4:23 |
Background
Severe penetrating head injuries caused by pointed objects account for about 0.4% of all head injuries [1-3]. The literature reports ten cases wherein the penetrating object was a screwdriver [4-10]. In five of these cases, the patient survived and in four of these five cases, the patient presented either an... | 17169147 | PMC1766346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Dec 14; 1:36 |
Background
Increasing evidence has suggested that neuroinflammation may contribute significantly to neurodegeneration in parkinsonian animals or even human Parkinson's disease (PD) [1-3]. One of the key features of neuroinflammation is microglial activation with resultant morphological changes, increased expression of ... | 17204153 | PMC1766347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2007 Jan 4; 4:2 |
Background
In response to a large open public drug scene, high rates of HIV and hepatitis C transmission, fatal drug overdoses, and poor health outcomes among injection drug users, Vancouver established North America's first government sanctioned medically supervised safer injection facility (SIF) in September 2003 [1-... | 17176481 | PMC1766348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Dec 18; 3:36 |
Background
A 57 year old male was admitted with haematemesis. He had a previous history of peptic ulcer disease and had a Billroth's Type II procedure performed 10 years ago. As part of his work-up, a transthoracic ECHO was performed and a mass in the right atrium was identified. The patient denied any cardiovascular s... | 17201932 | PMC1766349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:21 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jan 4; 2:1 |
Background
Deforestation is considered the second largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions amounting to an estimated 2 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC) per annum over the last decade [1]. It is a persistent problem. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization, in its recently released most comprehensive assessment of fo... | 17150095 | PMC1766350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:55 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Dec 6; 1:15 |
Background
General physicians play an important role for individual directed primary prevention of cardiovascular disease during patient consultation. Their recommendations on life style changes or additional management decisions (like drug treatment) should be based on estimates of global absolute risk [1-3].
Estimat... | 17201905 | PMC1766351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:51 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2007 Jan 3; 8:1 |
Open peer review
This article was reviewed by Eric Bapteste, Patrick Forterre, and Mark Ragan.
For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
DNA replication is central to the reproduction of all cellular life forms and many viruses. Indeed, inasmuch as accurate DNA replication is stri... | 17176463 | PMC1766352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:10 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Dec 18; 1:39 |
Background
Copper is an essential trace element and the cofactor of several enzymes involved in a wide variety of physiological processes. However by virtue of its ability to participate in single-electron transfer reactions, copper can also generate reactive oxygen species which can be highly damaging to cell membrane... | 17192175 | PMC1766353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Dec 27; 2:36 |
Background
Obesity has become a pervasive disease affecting all ages, socioeconomic classes, and ethnicities [1]. Current data indicates that obesity is responsible for approximately 300,000 deaths per year [2] with a direct impact of approximately 70 billion dollars on healthcare costs [3]. Though the obesity crisis i... | 17192197 | PMC1766354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Dec 28; 3:44 |
Background
When performing gait analysis, subjects are normally asked to walk at a constant speed
of progression (at steady-state). The resulting estimated kinematic and kinetic
quantities are assumed to be periodic, and, as such, are described with reference to a
single walking cycle [1,2].
This cycle is commonly defi... | 17156417 | PMC1766355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:40:39 | no | J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2006 Dec 7; 3:28 |
Background
In 2000, the population of the 22 Arab countries was about 280 million representing approximately 5% of the world population. In a series of reports, The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) considered the human development globally in the Arab world. The first Arab Human Development Report (AHDR 2002) ... | 17194309 | PMC1766356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Dec 28; 5:61 |
Background
It is estimated that over 350 adult patients suffer from severe, but potentially reversible, respiratory failure in the UK each year. The mortality rate for such patients is very high and has only improved marginally in the majority of centres over the last 20 years[1,2] Current management uses intermittent ... | 17187683 | PMC1766357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Dec 23; 6:163 |
Background
Aging is defined by an increase in the probability of death over time associated with characteristic changes in phenotype [1]. Sleep alteration is a common phenomenon observed in humans and animals during aging and is often associated with impaired learning and memory [2]. The oxidative stress resulting from... | 17184520 | PMC1766358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Dec 21; 7:81 |
Background
Esophageal cancer is a common disease worldwide, especially in the north of China. Despite advances in therapy, the overall 5-year survival rate of esophageal cancer still remains less than 30% [1,2]. In contrast, 5-year survival rate of early esophageal cancer is higher than 90% [3]. Thus, prevention and ea... | 17187659 | PMC1766359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 22; 6:296 |
Background
The bladder cooling reflex (BCR) is a segmental reflex believed to be triggered by menthol sensitive cold receptors in the bladder wall, mediated by a spinal reflex pathway [1-3]. It is thought to be a neonatal reflex that becomes suppressed by descending signals from higher centres at approximately the time... | 17192176 | PMC1766360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Dec 27; 6:31 |
Findings
Mycoplasma alkalescens is a bovine mycoplasma species, which was originally isolated from the nasal cavity of cattle in Australia [1]. Like many other mycoplasmas, M. alkalescens is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract, but it has also been associated with disease. M. alkalescens has mostly been ... | 17204146 | PMC1766361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:20 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2007 Jan 4; 49(1):2 |
Background
Almost all existing methods for comparing biological sequences are based on certain implicit (and necessary) assumptions about the kinds of changes sequences undergo during their putative evolution. Under these assumptions, some changes like permutations and inversions are often ignored (see however [1-3]) w... | 17199892 | PMC1766362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 2; 8:1 |
Background
Either in the research community and biotechnology industry, Escherichia coli is the prokaryotic vector of choice for the high-level expression of proteins [1]. Unfortunately, this process sometimes results in the production of insoluble protein aggregates, incorrectly folded or non-functional proteins and p... | 17169153 | PMC1766363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Dec 14; 5:40 |
Background
Recombinant proteins represent an important tool in the field of immunology research and have been used to understand pathogenesis and host susceptibility and may serve as components for vaccines. In general these proteins augment the specificity of diagnostic tests since they are specific peptides with know... | 17201926 | PMC1766364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2007 Jan 3; 6:1 |
Background
Infertility is a problem of global proportions. The WHO estimates that 8–12% of couples around the world experience difficulty conceiving a child [1]. The infertility rates vary between countries and regions. Due to the overpopulation problem in developing countries, overfertility rather than infertility has... | 17192178 | PMC1766365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:09 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Dec 27; 4:54 |
Background
The 5' untranslated region (UTR) or leader sequence of lentivirus possess multiple structural and functional domains that include the regulatory elements for the initiation of reverse transcription, integration of the proviral genome, the trans-activation of RNA transcription, and protein translation. This r... | 17184529 | PMC1766366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:10 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 21; 3:96 |
Background
Protein methylation is a post-translational modification by which a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine is added to a protein. In eukaryotes, proteins can be methylated on the side chain nitrogens of arginine, lysine, and histidine residues or on the carboxyl groups of proteins [1]. Methylation on side ch... | 17169163 | PMC1766367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 15; 3:92 |
Libya, once again
More than two years ago in September 2004, I wrote an editorial entitled "Mohmmar Qadaffi, open access, and retrovirology" [1]. At that time, I did not imagine that the topic of Libya would ever emerge in another of my editorials. Yet, today I again comment on Libya, a country in which I grew up from ... | 17194303 | PMC1766368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:10 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 28; 3:99 |
Background
Recently, there has been much interest in the use of large, concatenated multiple sequence alignments ('supermatrices') for phylogenetic analysis [1,2]. Such datasets have been shown to be useful in resolving difficult phylogenetic questions with a high degree of confidence. By combining the phylogenetic sig... | 17176465 | PMC1766369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7:536 |
Background
Recent advances in microarray technologies have led to an avalanche of gene expression data from a variety of organisms. Many of these microarray experiments have been deposited in array databases and are available for public scrutinizing and data mining purposes [1-3]. Initially, microarray experiments invo... | 17176458 | PMC1766370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 18; 7:535 |
Introduction
The increasing availability of genomic and EST sequence data for model genetic organisms has greatly facilitated genome-wide approaches for gene discovery and analysis. We used a morpholino-based gene ‘knockdown’ strategy (Figure 1) to assess the role of members of the secretome in vertebrate development a... | 17218990 | PMC1766371 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:53 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e104 |
Introduction
The rapidly increasing number of characterised human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) available on public databases represents a powerful resource with which to improve our understanding of population history, disease susceptibility and forensic studies[1]. Yet the conventional approach used to produ... | 17218991 | PMC1766372 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:21:53 | no | PLoS One. 2006 Dec 20; 1(1):e81 |
1. Introduction
In a Friday Evening Discourse given at the Royal Institution in 1949, A. V. Hill (1950) discussed the movement of animals in relation to their dimensions, and predicted that running or swimming speed and muscle shortening speed should be independent of body size for geometrically similar animals. If tru... | 17476766 | PMC1766382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:21 | no | Proc Biol Sci. 2007 Feb 22; 274(1609):471-477 |
Introduction
Prostate cancer is one of the most common male-specific cancers, but its incidence varies considerably between populations, with the chance of developing this cancer being highest in Western countries and lowest in Asian countries. Recent surveys suggest that both genetic alterations and dietary factors ma... | 17245448 | PMC1766463 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 24; 2(1):e172 |
Introduction
Modification of ribonucleotides represents a way to expand the topological potentials of RNA molecules beyond those afforded by each of the four bases alone. Extensive research into rRNA modification has resulted in mapping of the majority of pseudouridine (Ψ) and 2′-O-methylation (Nm) residues in eukaryot... | 17245450 | PMC1766470 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 24; 2(1):e174 |
Introduction
Protein-DNA interactions on DNA cis-regulatory elements and cross-talk between these complexes underlie precise transcription regulation. Since genes are embedded in huge DNA molecules containing abundant putative cis-regulatory elements such as enhancer and promoter sequences, the interactions of cis-regu... | 17245451 | PMC1766471 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 24; 2(1):e175 |
Introduction
Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ), and the components of its signal transduction pathway, are known to demonstrate tumour suppressor activity. In many human cancers, there are inactivating mutations in components of the TGFβ pathway resulting in uncontrolled proliferation. In addition, through its action... | 17264880 | PMC1766472 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 31; 2(1):e177 |
Introduction
Anxiety is thought to be a way of controlling an animal's response to threatening or potentially threatening stimuli, whereas excessive levels of anxiety, or pathological anxiety, cause distress and suffering [1], [2]. The amygdala is a key circuit for processing neuronal inputs from other parts of the bra... | 17245443 | PMC1766473 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 24; 2(1):e167 |
Background
Local, regional, national and global public health authorities publish an ever-increasing number of reports that statistically describe the health of the populations they serve. Graphs form a large component of such reports, because they provide a visual means to summarise relationships between variables tha... | 17178006 | PMC1766925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Dec 20; 4:33 |
Editorial
It's almost a decade since the whole genome sequence of the tubercle bacillus M. tuberculosis was completed. The genome sequence of tuberculosis (TB) bacteria has opened various new avenues for studying biology of TB as well as heralded major funding possibilities for researchers worldwide. However, it is pat... | 17187658 | PMC1766926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Dec 22; 5:31 |
Background
During embryogenesis, the formation of blood vessels is accomplished by two distinct processes called vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. In the former process, angioblasts derived from the lateral plate mesoderm migrate and differentiate into endothelial cells, thereby forming endothelial tube and primary vess... | 17176484 | PMC1766927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Dec 19; 6:63 |
Background
Members of the S100 protein family comprise a multigenic group of non-ubiquitous cytoplasmic Ca2+-binding proteins of the EF-hand type, differentially expressed in a wide variety of cell types. In particular, S100A8 and S100A9 also known as calgranulins are abundant in myeloid cells. The expression of S100A8... | 17187679 | PMC1766928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:50 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Dec 22; 7:48 |
Background
Cardiovascular disease, which encompasses heart disease, stroke and hypertension, was responsible for 16.7 million deaths in 2003. This number represented one-third of total deaths worldwide [1]. In the United States, cardiovascular disease alone is responsible for approximately 1 in every 5 American deaths ... | 17156462 | PMC1766929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 8; 6:298 |
Background
The fields of Preventive Medicine, Occupational/Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health constitute scientific fields, along with clinical medicine, which play an important role on people's health around the world [1-3]. Research performed in the above fields provides the basis for identifying ... | 17173665 | PMC1766930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 15; 6:301 |
Background
Previous studies designed to identify genes related to Brucella virulence and survival utilized Tn5-based mutagenesis strategies. Although useful in identifying numerous factors, this approach may be restricted in potential by the sequence bias for integration of Tn5 in GC-rich DNA sequences [1]. In contrast... | 17176467 | PMC1766931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Dec 18; 6:102 |
Background
Burkholderia cenocepacia, belongs to a group of nine related species with common phenotypes, but distinct genotypes collectively named the "Burkholderia cepacia complex" (Bcc) [1,2]. The Bcc are opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients but have also been isolated from pl... | 17187664 | PMC1766932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:15 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Dec 22; 6:104 |
Background
Renal cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer mortality, representing 2,6% of all human tumours [1]. The most frequent type of renal cell carcinoma is the conventional (clear cell) one [2]. Approximately, one third of the patients with RCC has metastatic disease at the beginning, and up to 50% relapses... | 17177989 | PMC1766933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 19; 6:293 |
Background
Due to a highly malignant potential for lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion, long-term prognosis of esophageal carcinoma still is – despite curative surgery – poor with 5-year survival rates of 30% reported even recently [1]. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus exhibit a diffe... | 17176471 | PMC1766934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 18; 6:290 |
Background
Anabolic effects of β-adrenergic receptor agonists (BA) have been widely studied for potential applications in the prevention of muscle atrophy [1,2] and improvement of the efficiency of muscle growth in production livestock [3-5]. Clenbuterol is a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist that has been shown to have a... | 17181869 | PMC1766935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 20; 7:320 |
Background
The problem we consider is haplotype reconstruction: given the genotypes of a sample of individuals, the task is to predict the most likely haplotype pair for each individual. Computational haplotype reconstruction methods are based on statistical dependency between closely located markers, known as linkage ... | 17187677 | PMC1766938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 22; 7:542 |
The skin is a composite structure composed of a superficial epidermis and an underlying dermis. Wounding of this structure with resultant functional and anatomical disintegration leads to a cascade of events directed at the restoration of these features. However, maintenance of anatomical integrity has a higher priorit... | 17224971 | PMC1766945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | J Burns Wounds. 2006 Nov 30; 5:e9 |
Background
Millions of people in many developing countries do not have enough food to meet their daily requirements and a further more people are deficient in one or more micronutrients [1]. Thus, in most cases rural communities depend on wild resources including wild edible plants to meet their food needs in periods o... | 17184523 | PMC1769355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Dec 21; 2:53 |
Findings
Persistent infection with high risk HPV is a necessary cause for invasive cervical cancer; studies on HPV type distribution among ICC cases worldwide have shown some geographical variation [1]. Limited data on HPV type distribution among ICC cases from Italy are available to date [2]; this information is usefu... | 17192187 | PMC1769356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2006 Dec 27; 1:9 |
Background
Members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors, such as Myf5, MyoD, Myogenin, and MRF4, are crucially important in the specification and differentiation of skeletal muscle progenitors [1]. These myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) activate muscle-specific transcription by binding... | 17199897 | PMC1769357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:44 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2007 Jan 3; 7:1 |
Background
Barry J. Marshall and Robin Warren, two Australian researchers who discovered the bacterium Helicobacter pylori in 1982 have been awarded Nobel Prize of 2005 in Physiology or Medicine. This 'old fashioned medical detective work' impressed the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute, to move away from basi... | 17201930 | PMC1769358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:13 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2007 Jan 4; 2:2 |
Background
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measurement has emerged as an important health outcome in clinical trials, clinical practice improvement strategies, and healthcare services research and evaluation [1,2]. A HRQOL instrument must be multidimensional, consisting at the minimum of the physical, psychologi... | 17201923 | PMC1769359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:30 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007 Jan 3; 5:2 |
Background
The last decade has evidenced a dramatic increase in the development and utilization of pediatric health-related quality of life measures in an effort to improve pediatric patient health and well-being and to determine the value of healthcare services [1,2]. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been pr... | 17201920 | PMC1769360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:30 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007 Jan 3; 5:1 |
Background
Cyclin D1 plays a central role in the regulation of proliferation, linking the extracellular signaling environment to cell cycle progression [1]. The expression level of cyclin D1 is highly responsive to the action of proliferative signals including growth factor receptors, Ras, and their downstream effector... | 17176475 | PMC1769361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Dec 18; 1:32 |
Background
With a GDP per capita of just USD 167 in 2004, Malawi remains one of the poorest countries in the world. Economic growth rates during the last 10–15 years have consistently fallen below that required to make an impact on poverty, and on most socio-economic indicators Malawi compares unfavourably with her reg... | 17176457 | PMC1769362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:00 | no | Global Health. 2006 Dec 18; 2:12 |
Background
Prion diseases are characterised by a neurodegenerative pattern represented by neuronal loss, vacuolation of neurons and neuropil, and astrocytosis. They are characterized by the accumulation of an abnormal protein, named PrPSc, which is formed postranslationally from the normal isoform (PrPC). To date, the ... | 17192191 | PMC1769363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Dec 27; 2:37 |
Background
Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the mid-1990s, the survival benefits of this treatment for the management of HIV infection have been well established [1-4]. Nevertheless, the clinical management of HIV disease continues to present major challenges. Persons undergoing treatment for H... | 17204162 | PMC1769364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2007 Jan 4; 4:2 |
Background
Premature mortality among injection drug users (IDUs) is higher than in the general population with rates of mortality estimated to range between 0.8–3.26/100 person-years [1,2]. Young IDUs are at higher risk for a number of adverse health outcomes, including blood-borne infection, than among young people in... | 17201933 | PMC1769365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2007 Jan 4; 4:1 |
Background
HIV-1 delivers its genetic material into the cell by direct fusion of the viral membrane with the plasma membrane of the host cells [1]. HIV-1 Env encodes a polypeptide (gp160) that is folded in the endoplasmic reticulum into a complex, disulphide-linked structure, which is anchored in the membrane by virtue... | 17187670 | PMC1769366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:15 | no | Virol J. 2006 Dec 22; 3:104 |
Background
The role of male circumcision (MC) in protecting against HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa has been controversial since the beginning of the HIV epidemic. This is because evidence derived from observational studies is prone to bias due to confounding risk factors and because MC as a HIV prevention strategy... | 17187662 | PMC1769367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:17 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Dec 22; 3:19 |
Background
In sub-Saharan Africa, communicable diseases are still major threats to health but the burden of chronic diseases and injuries are expected to increase rapidly [1]. The epidemiological transition in relation to oral health is particularly apparent in the growing incidence of dental diseases such as caries an... | 17192172 | PMC1769368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Dec 27; 6:164 |
Background
Functional genomic applications have increased the requirement for producing large protein sets including the generation of protein microarrays for mapping protein-protein, nucleic acid or small molecule interactions [1,2], high throughput antibody generation [3,4] and structural genomics [5]. Although expre... | 17187663 | PMC1769369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Dec 22; 6:49 |
Background
Fluorescent viral particles represent an extremely useful tool for the study of virus-cell interaction. For this reason many efforts have been devoted to the recovery of fluorescent viruses of different species, including herpesviruses [1,2], adenoviruses [3], rhabdoviruses [4], and the African swine fever v... | 17192195 | PMC1769370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Dec 27; 6:52 |
Background
Self-management is increasingly emphasised as a key component in chronic disease treatment, including chronic pain management. Most psychological programmes designed to help patients alter behavioural and perceptual patterns surrounding pain also aim to foster self-reliance and reduce medical intervention. T... | 17169141 | PMC1769371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Dec 14; 7:101 |
Background
Overweight and obesity in adolescence are two of the main predictors for obesity throughout the further life course [1-3]. The rising trends in excess weight among children and adolescents represent an emerging threat to public health [4], as overweight and obesity in adulthood are clearly linked to an incre... | 17173701 | PMC1769372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 16; 6:304 |
Background
Recent policy developments within the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom (UK) have emphasised the need to bring services closer to home, with primary care increasingly acknowledged as the means of delivering population-based public health initiatives [1-4]. Such rhetoric needs to be matched ... | 17184517 | PMC1769373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 21; 6:309 |
Background
Genetic and epigenetic changes are among the hallmarks of cancer, with the illegitimate amplification of oncogenes and anti-apoptotic genes, and inactivation or deletion of tumour suppressors and pro-apoptotic genes as the main features. Positional cloning of such genes is dependent on high-resolution method... | 17196103 | PMC1769374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 29; 7:330 |
Background
Alternative splicing of mRNA transcripts is one mechanism by which genomic complexity is generated from the surprisingly low number of genes currently estimated from the human genome sequence. The fraction of human genes subject to alternative splicing has risen from 5% in early predictions to at least 75% i... | 17192196 | PMC1769375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 27; 7:325 |
Background
Gene expression profiling utilizing microarrays has become a widely used approach to elucidate biological function in complex systems. In mice and humans, a number of different platforms and approaches have been developed that have allowed gene expression analysis under a broad range of treatment conditions ... | 17194308 | PMC1769376 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 28; 7:328 |
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant genetic variation in vertebrate genomes. They have been important tools in many biological fields, including mutation mechanisms, genome evolution, disease studies, pharmacogenomics, and fine mapping [1-4]. Strong demands of SNP data and rapid tech... | 17196097 | PMC1769377 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 29; 7:329 |
Background
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are being used more frequently as treatment for generalized and specific Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), a common illness with significant associated disability. Estimates of lifetime prevalence in adult samples, when modern diagnostic criteria are used, range f... | 17166264 | PMC1769378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Dec 13; 2:35 |
Background
The male gametophyte of flowering plants displays a highly reduced structure of two or three cells at maturity and its development provides an excellent system to study many fundamentally important biological processes such as cell polarity, cell division and cell fate determination (reviewed by [1]). An inc... | 17184530 | PMC1769379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 6:31 |
Background
Various studies have shown that general practitioners (GPs) regularly order blood tests without good medical arguments [1,2]. Unnecessary supplementary diagnostics have a number of disadvantages. In view of the relatively low a-priori probability of serious disorders in the general practice setting, there is... | 17166263 | PMC1769380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Dec 13; 7:75 |
Background
Predicting the secondary structure of a protein is often a first step toward 3D structure prediction of a particular protein. In comparative modeling, secondary structure prediction is used to refine sequence alignments, or to improve the detection of distant homologs [1]. Moreover, it is of prime importance... | 17166267 | PMC1769381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Dec 13; 6:25 |
Background
Medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) constitute about 5 to 7 % of thyroid neoplasms. They originate from parafollicular C cells which are derived from the ultimobranchial body and neural crest [1]. C cells produce Calcitonin, a hormone which has an impact on calcium metabolism. Microscopically the tumor is cha... | 17184544 | PMC1769382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Dec 21; 4:97 |
Background
The magnitude of socioeconomic differences in health varies between societies, and over time within a given society. Previous studies identified associations between low social class and stomach, esophagus and pancreas cancers (both for incidence and mortality). Positive socio-economic gradients (i.e. low ri... | 17144908 | PMC1769383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Dec 4; 6:41 |
Background
"Downhill" esophageal varices (DEV) which develop in the upper third of the esophagus are less common than distal esophageal varices, i.e. the uphill type, which is usually produced by portal hypertension [1,2]. DEV serve as collateral branches directing blood flow "downwards", either to bypass superior vena... | 17192182 | PMC1769384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Dec 27; 6:43 |
Background
In the eyes of teleosts and many other vertebrates, the retinal photoreceptors (rods and cones) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) interact continuously during normal physiological conditions to optimize light capture for vision. The RPE lies posterior and adjacent to the retinal photoreceptors; theref... | 17196104 | PMC1769385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Dec 29; 7:82 |
Background
Because of the dependence on optimisation algorithms, treatment planning for intensity modulated photon radiotherapy (IMRT) frequently evades intuition. This is particularly true for the issue of beam placement in complex cases that may even require non-coplanar beam directions, where it is hard to decide wh... | 17176462 | PMC1769386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Dec 18; 1:47 |
Background
In external beam radiation therapy of lung tumors, even in extracranial stereotactic high dose ablative treatments, in-field relapses are observed even at high doses [1-3].
It is well known that the Pencil Beam dose calculation algorithm (PB), which is most commonly implemented in commercial treatment plann... | 17132177 | PMC1769387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Nov 29; 1:45 |
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been utilized as markers for species differentiation [1] and are implicated in insecticide resistance in many anopheline mosquitoes [2]. While various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approaches to discriminate SNPs exist, specific primers for the wild-type and/or m... | 17177993 | PMC1769388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:02 | no | Malar J. 2006 Dec 19; 5:125 |
Background
With an estimated 1.15 million new cases worldwide each year, breast cancer is by far the most frequent cancer in women. Because of its high incidence and relatively good prognosis, breast cancer is also the most prevalent cancer in the world today [1]. After curative treatment for breast cancer women freque... | 17199887 | PMC1769389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 2; 7:1 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.