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Background
Cholesterol is an essential, integral membrane component of mammalian plasma membranes. Genetic or pharmacological interference with cholesterol synthesis during development has dramatic effects on mice, ranging from embryonic lethality to severe brain abnormalities including holoprosencephaly [1-3]. Defects... | 17199885 | PMC1769390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 2; 8:1 |
Introduction
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an important disabling condition[1], and its prevalence is increasing. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is generally understood to be a metabolic disorder defined by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance combined with abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. The current focus of... | 17181866 | PMC1769391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Dec 20; 4:34 |
Background
The global trend of increasing obesity in the developed world and, even more pronounced in the countries of transition, is associated with an increase in prevalence of all components of the metabolic syndrome. Based on these observations, predictions of a world-wide epidemic of diabetes have been made. Accum... | 17187681 | PMC1769392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:17 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Dec 22; 5:34 |
Background
External ear canal cholesteatoma (EECC) is a rare condition with an estimated incidence of 1.2 per 1,000 new otological patients[1]. EECC presents itself by an accumulation of epithelial debris in the ear canal, and early reports on such manifestations have been made in 1850 by Toynbee [2] and later in 1893 ... | 17187684 | PMC1769393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Dec 23; 6:16 |
Correction
Much to our regret we have to inform you about a mistake/misprint in our recent article: Fruhmann Berger et al [1].
In Table 1, the mean scores of the Glasgow Coma Scale reported for the stroke patient groups should read:
Neg 14.6 (0.5);
RBD 14.9 (0.3);
LBD 14.2 (1.1).
Pre-publication history
The pre-pu... | 0 | PMC1769394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Dec 28; 6:49 |
Background
Over the past sixty years, Mohs micrographic surgery has become the standard of care in the management and treatment of many skin cancers. Unlike standard vertical sectioning, the horizontal sectioning utilized by Mohs technique allows a full view of surgical margins [1] and has a reported cure rate between ... | 17150105 | PMC1769395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2006 Dec 6; 6:10 |
Introduction
"The hippopotamus may well regard man, with his physical weakness, emotional unpredictability, and mental confusion as a freak.[1]
In the middle ages thinkers were trying to discover proofs for the existence of god. Today we seem to look for proof for the existence of man"[1]
What makes man human is his ... | 17132178 | PMC1769396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Nov 29; 1:13 |
Background
In recent years there has been an increasing level of interest in researching neighbourhood effects on health [1]. It is widely believed that the social environment has an important influence on health and well-being [2], but it is less certain how to conceptualise, define, operationalise and measure specifi... | 17184538 | PMC1769397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Dec 21; 4:17 |
Background
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is the most common spine deformity arising during childhood, but the etiology of IS remains unknown. A large proportion (75%) of structural scoliosis is clinically classified as idiopathic [1]. Idiopathic scoliosis often appears in several members of the same family, this... | 17176459 | PMC1769398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Dec 18; 1:21 |
Background
Mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer afflicting men in the developed world. Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances, there has been little improvement in the mortality over the last three decades [1]. Although the genetic events underlying HNSCC pro... | 17177999 | PMC1769399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:15 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Dec 19; 6:28 |
Background
The limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders of the skeletal muscle inherited in either autosomal dominant or recessive fashion. LGMDs are characterized clinically by progressive muscle weakness predominantly in the pelvic and shoulder-girdle ... | 17176482 | PMC1769400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Dec 19; 4:53 |
Background
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently [1]. A key clinical symptom is shortness of breath upon physical exertion, depending on the severity of the disease. Consequently, the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, which is based on a... | 17140456 | PMC1769401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Dec 2; 4:51 |
Background
Attempts to assign behavioral and mental functions to regions of the brain are as old as brain science. Today, in insects this mapping attempt reaches the resolution of neurons and neuronal circuits. In particular, the 2-component Gal4 technique in Drosophila [3] facilitates this approach providing the means... | 17196102 | PMC1769402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 29; 7:544 |
Background
Tumor markers have been established to detect cancer, to monitor cancer progression, to gauge responsiveness to cancer treatment, and to provide insight into tumor development. Molecular tumor markers can be grouped into those that are identifiable in cancer cells and those that are secreted as molecules int... | 17184519 | PMC1769403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:02 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 21; 7:539 |
Background
Repeat sequences are a common feature of prokaryote and eukaryote genomes [1-3] and in both types of organisms the selective neutrality or otherwise of extra copies of sequences has been debated for decades [3]. Since the start of the genomics era in the mid-1990s the hitherto unexpectedly large amount of re... | 17187668 | PMC1769404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 22; 7:541 |
Introduction
The interleukin (IL)-13/IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT-6) signaling pathway is essential in the control of a number of infectious diseases as well as being a key factor in the induction of allergic responses. Signaling through this pathway can either confe... | 17222057 | PMC1769405 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jan 12; 3(1):e1 |
Introduction
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of cell membrane receptors with almost 2,000 members identified [1]. It is estimated that more than 50% of pharmaceuticals target GPCRs [2]. While the majority of pharmacologic research has focused on ligand-specific properties that influence cell b... | 17222056 | PMC1769407 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 12; 3(1):e6 |
Introduction
As proteins and nucleic acids must remain in their native conformations at physiologically relevant temperatures, thermal adaptation requires adjustment of interactions within these biopolymers. Given the limited alphabet of amino acid residues, an apparent way to control protein stability is to properly c... | 17222055 | PMC1769408 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 12; 3(1):e5 |
Introduction
Internal models—that is, neural mechanisms for motor planning and control—mimic the input/output characteristics of the motor apparatus or their inverses [1]. Recent studies have shown that multiple internal models are acquired in the cerebellum [2], and that these can be switched under a given context of ... | 17222054 | PMC1769409 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 12; 3(1):e179 |
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) causes an estimated 2 million deaths per year, the majority of which occur in the developing world. Many studies conducted over the past 60 years have found an association between tobacco smoking and TB, as manifested by a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) or as active disease and its s... | 17227135 | PMC1769410 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 16; 4(1):e20 |
Introduction
Authorship establishes accountability, responsibility, and credit for scientific articles [1]. If authorship is misappropriated, readers may be misled, and the potential for manipulated analyses and conclusions may increase. One type of misappropriation is ghost authorship, which has been defined as the fa... | 17227134 | PMC1769411 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:54 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 16; 4(1):e19 |
Introduction
Preterm delivery remains a major public health problem with lasting family and societal repercussions [1]. Prevention strategies have failed, and the prevalence of preterm birth in the United States rose to an unprecedented 12.3% in 2003 [2]. Preterm birth accounts for almost 70% of neonatal deaths and up ... | 17227133 | PMC1769412 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:54 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 16; 4(1):e18 |
Introduction
In high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence resource-constrained settings, HIV-infected pregnant women face a dilemma regarding the feeding practices of their forthcoming infant [1]. Indeed, in sub-Saharan Africa, where breast-feeding is widely practiced and usually prolonged at least 1 y after b... | 17227132 | PMC1769413 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:54 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 16; 4(1):e17 |
Introduction
Cancer is generally a disease of old age with mortality rates increasing with each succeeding decade of life [1]. However, for many forms of cancer, the relevant risks are conferred by exposure to environmental agents decades earlier [2,3]. Long latencies between exposure to a carcinogen and clinical expre... | 17227131 | PMC1769414 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:07 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 16; 4(1):e7 |
Introduction
Selection of drug-resistant viruses is a major problem causing therapy failure in a substantial proportion of patients infected with HIV-1. Increasingly, these drug-resistant viruses are transmitted and reported to persist in the absence of therapy [1–4]. Moreover, the use of sequential monotherapy in deve... | 17227139 | PMC1769415 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 16; 4(1):e36 |
Since the earliest peer-reviewed publications of the late 17th century, conventions about the authorship of scientific papers—which were generally anonymous and attributed to the sponsor (in those days, usually the church or the king)—have evolved considerably [1]. Readers now want to know not only who paid for the res... | 17227138 | PMC1769416 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:55 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 16; 4(1):e34 |
In this issue of PLoS Medicine, Renaud Becquet and colleagues report their findings from a new study looking at the long-term safety of infant feeding interventions aimed at reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission in Africa [1]. Over two years, the researchers studied the safety of infant feeding interventions (eithe... | 17227137 | PMC1769417 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:54 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 16; 4(1):e30 |
The study of family of origin (parental family), as contrasted to family of procreation, originally received attention from epidemiology in the context of childhood infectious diseases. Two aspects of parental family have been intensely investigated: sibship size and birth order [1,2]. Larger sibship size increases the... | 17227136 | PMC1769418 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:54 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 16; 4(1):e25 |
Introduction
“Neurophysiologists…have been reluctant to face up to [changes in anatomy from moment to moment] in explaining perception, for they know more about the anatomy of the eyes, ears, and skin than they do about the physiology of looking, listening, and touching” – J. J. Gibson [1].
The noted psychologist J. J... | 17227143 | PMC1769422 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 16; 5(2):e15 |
Introduction
The transient opening of nucleic acid duplexes is a key step in many DNA and RNA metabolic processes. This reaction is catalyzed by helicases, a rapidly growing family of enzymes that unwind nucleic acids in a reaction coupled to the binding and hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) [1–3]. A feature ... | 17227144 | PMC1769423 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 16; 5(2):e20 |
Introduction
Predators face severe energetic constraints that affect many aspects of their ecology and evolution [1–4]. Many species in the Order Carnivora, for example, are at a high trophic level, with their population biomass representing only a small fraction of that of their prey [5]. The largest prey species them... | 17227145 | PMC1769424 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 16; 5(2):e22 |
Introduction
Understanding the functional consequences of interactions between multiple components of a complex biological system is a challenge. Typical proteomic approaches provide only snapshots of one specific state of a network of interactions. Usually, they do not contain information about how biochemical changes... | 17227146 | PMC1769425 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 16; 5(2):e29 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 10: doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040325
The “female population” part of the x-axis label in Figure 2 has an error: the labels sym and allo are switched in two places. Attached is a PDF of Figure 2 as it should appear. The legend should remain the same. | 0 | PMC1769428 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 16; 5(1):e3 |
The study of networks has expanded rapidly over the last 10 years; networks are now widely recognized not only as outcomes of complex interactions, but as key determinants of structure, function, and dynamics in systems that span the biological, physical, and social sciences [1–4]. The “new science of networks” [5] has... | 17227140 | PMC1769436 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 16; 5(1):e11 |
The increasing tendency across scientific disciplines to write multiauthored papers [1,2] makes the issue of the sequence of contributors' names a major topic both in terms of reflecting actual contributions and in a posteriori assessments by evaluation committees. Traditionally, the first author contributes most and a... | 17227141 | PMC1769438 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 16; 5(1):e18 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 12: doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040382
Because of an editorial error, the author contributions were printed incorrectly. The correct author contributions are printed below.
Author contributions. IB and KS conceived and designed the experiments. IB and FvSP performed the experiments. I... | 0 | PMC1769441 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:45:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 16; 5(1):e28 |
The summer of 2006 was a heady time for neurologist Douglas Kerr. As Director of the Johns Hopkins Transverse Myelitis Center in Maryland, Kerr studies the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases in the hope of developing therapies to treat them. He sees patients with transverse myelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis... | 17227142 | PMC1769442 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Jan 16; 5(1):e32 |
Introduction
The honeybee (Apis mellifera) is a model organism for studying learning and memory formation and its underlying mechanisms (Menzel, 2001). The cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA) plays a crucial part in a multitude of cellular processes and in the formation of long-term memories in the honeybee (Fiala et al., 199... | 17069631 | PMC1769443 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:20:11 | no | Insect Mol Biol. 2006 Oct; 15(5):551-561 |
Introduction
The advent of potent antiretroviral therapies (ART) a decade ago has led to a substantial decline of morbidity and mortality in HIV infected patients [1]–[3]. Since then many new compounds and drug classes for the treatment of HIV infection have been developed that have substantially increased the complexi... | 17245449 | PMC1769464 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 24; 2(1):e173 |
Introduction
The European Union has elaborated a new set of rules for the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH; white paper policy, IP/03/1477, Brussels) for all the chemicals registered for use after 1981. This new policy shifts the responsibility to establish proof that a chemical is safe fr... | 17235363 | PMC1769465 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e163 |
Introduction
Monkeypox virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxviridae, can cause a serious, smallpox-like illness in humans. Since the global eradication of smallpox in 1977, monkeypox virus has been considered the most problematic orthopoxvirus as regards human health [1]. Nonetheless, little is known about the geograph... | 17268575 | PMC1769466 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 31; 2(1):e176 |
Background
Benign Intracranial Hypertension (BIH) is due to an increased intracranial pressure of unknown origin [1]. One of the possible causes of BIH may be due to intracranial venous sinus thrombosis [2], although cerebral angiograms could be normal in patients affected by BIH associated with conditions highly predi... | 17187688 | PMC1769472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:12 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Dec 24; 4:21 |
Background
The quality of life of patients suffering from idiopathic scoliosis and submitted to various treatments is the object of increasing interest of the professionals. Questionnaires assessing the quality of life are applied to patients who have already completed their treatment. SRS-22 [1] and SF-36 [2] seem the... | 17201928 | PMC1769473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:19 | no | Scoliosis. 2007 Jan 3; 2:1 |
Background
Arthroscopic knee surgery is one of the most common surgical procedures done in an outpatient setting. Post operative pain undoubtedly, it has a negative impact on the patient's psychology causing discomfort and prohibiting early mobilisation.
Administration of oral opioids and non-steroid antinflammatory d... | 17187686 | PMC1769474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Dec 23; 1:17 |
Background
Acute aortic dissection, acute intramural hematoma and aortic penetrating ulcer are entities with high mortality known as acute aortic syndromes. The usual fatal course of these conditions is closely related to their lethal complications [1]. The most frequent complications are rupture of the aorta with hemo... | 17201908 | PMC1769475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:50 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2007 Jan 3; 5:1 |
Background
Insulin, the body's only blood glucose-lowering hormone, is exclusively produced by the β-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM), formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes, affects an estimated 1,000,000 Americans, and is thought to result from t... | 17201925 | PMC1769476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:09 | no | J Transl Med. 2007 Jan 3; 5:1 |
Introduction
One key factor to promote the progress of science is to exchange scientific ideas and new discovery through meetings. Scientific meeting provides critical chance for investigators to communicate new ideas, discuss different/conflicting results, and set up potential collaborations. Annual meeting of the Ame... | 17196111 | PMC1769477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:31 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Dec 30; 2:38 |
Background
Genital infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is considered one of the major cofactors favoring both sexual transmission and acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) [1]. This assertion is based on several criteria as defined by Judith and Wasserheit [2], including mainly epi... | 17207276 | PMC1769478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:17 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 5; 4:2 |
Background
Protein phosphorylation is considered to be one of the major determinants regulating a large spectrum of biological processes [1]. It is a key reversible modification occurring mainly on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues, by acting as a switch to turn "on" or "off" a protein activity or a cellular path... | 17199894 | PMC1769479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Proteome Sci. 2007 Jan 2; 5:1 |
Background
The initiation and maintenance of central sensitization involve numerous neuromediators. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), for example, is enhanced rapidly in the spinal cord during sensitization, along with the production of prostaglandins like prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) [1]. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) i... | 17204142 | PMC1769480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:07 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2007 Jan 4; 4:1 |
Background
The 8020 Campaign was started in 1989 to promote oral health in Japan [1,2]. The objective of the campaign is to encourage people to retain 20 or more natural teeth at 80 years of age. That acceptable level of oral health was based on recommendations by Chief Dental Officers of Northern European countries [3... | 17181853 | PMC1769481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Dec 20; 6:15 |
Background
A large number of genetically transmitted endogenous murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) and non-genetically acquired exogenous retroviruses have been classified on the basis of their in vitro host range, interference and neutralization properties. Regardless of their origin, the gammaretroviruses isolated from ... | 17147829 | PMC1769482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:15 | no | Virol J. 2006 Dec 5; 3:101 |
Background
Throughout the medical and paramedical professions, self-report health status questionnaires are used to gather patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. PRO data from self-report health status questionnaires are collected at the point of care in clinical and research settings to help guide patient assessment... | 17184533 | PMC1769483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Dec 21; 6:42 |
1. Background
Organic-rich freshwater marsh and lake sediments and pore waters show distinct vertical patterns of redox stratification [1-8]. This vertical zonation results, in part, from oxidation of organic matter being coupled to a succession of increasingly less energetically-favorable terminal electron acceptors, ... | 17181862 | PMC1769484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:47 | no | Geochem Trans. 2006 Dec 20; 7:11 |
Background
Cathodoluminescence (CL) and backscattered electron (BSE) imaging of zircon (ZrSiO4) commonly records fine-scale composition zoning [1] that demonstrates its ability to retain geochemically important trace and rare earth elements (REE) over a range of geological conditions. This attribute has resulted in its... | 17181855 | PMC1769485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:47 | no | Geochem Trans. 2006 Dec 20; 7:10 |
Background
The prevalence of suicide attempts [1] completions [2] and mental disorders [3,4] increases in adolescence compared with childhood. Suicide is a major cause of death among adolescents in most western countries [5]. A previous suicide attempt is among the most significant factors for future suicidal behavior ... | 17196100 | PMC1769486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Dec 29; 6:58 |
Background
Social inequalities in health are a growing public health concern. Globally and historically, socio-economic status has a profound influence on health [1]. Equity in health is one of the main aims of the WHO program on health policy "Health for all" [2]. However, important social health inequalities exist al... | 17194300 | PMC1769487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 28; 6:312 |
Background
It is thought that socialization is most successful in societies with simple division of labor and minimal distribution of knowledge [1]. Each member of the society knows who he/she is and who the others are. An individual becomes the member of the society when he/she realizes that he/she is living in the sa... | 17173706 | PMC1769488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 18; 6:305 |
Background
Anthropometric values are closely related to nutrition, genetic makeup, environmental characteristics, social and cultural conditions, lifestyle, functional status and health. Anthropometric evaluation is an essential feature of geriatric nutritional evaluation for determining malnutrition, being overweight,... | 17201919 | PMC1769489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 3; 7:2 |
Background
Young people's behaviour changes when holidaying away from their usual residence [1-3]. Typically on short one or two week holidays, risk taking behaviours (in particular alcohol and drug use) escalate as constraints from education or work commitments reduce, social mores relax and opportunities to consume s... | 17199891 | PMC1769490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 2; 7:1 |
Background
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is non-random association between alleles at different loci and helps us to reconstruct the genetic history of human populations and to improve our understanding of the biological processes of recombination and natural selection [1]. LD also helps association studies to identify h... | 17192199 | PMC1769491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 28; 7:326 |
Background
Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) is considered a model for species within the Poaceae family and, in particular, for agronomically important cereals such as maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare). Recently, map-based sequencing of a japonica subspecies of rice has been comple... | 17194304 | PMC1769492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 28; 7:327 |
Background
The genomic region of the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) contains multi-gene family members involved in the immune response. The Mhc class I and class II genes encode glycoproteins that transport foreign peptides to the surface of cells for recognition by T cell receptors on lymphocytes, which in tur... | 17184537 | PMC1769493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 21; 7:322 |
Background
Dopamine (DA) is a catecholamine neurotransmitter important in myriad brain functions. Disruptions of DA neurotransmission are associated with a wide range of pathological conditions. Gender differences in the expression of some of these diseases [1], as well as fluctuations in estrogen levels over the life ... | 17224081 | PMC1769494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:39 | no | J Mol Signal. 2006 Dec 5; 1:5 |
Background
Mix. 1, a paired-like homeobox gene, was initially identified as an inducer of ventral mesoderm and/or endoderm in Xenopus [1,2]. Subsequently, several closely related genes, Mix 2–4, Bix 1–4, and Mixer, were isolated and found to regulate mesoderm and/or endoderm formation [3-6]. However, in chicken (CMIX),... | 17224082 | PMC1769495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | J Mol Signal. 2006 Dec 5; 1:6 |
Background
Rho family GTPases control a wide variety of critical cell functions that are important in development, immunity, and disease processes ranging from oncogenesis, hypertension, and asthma. These cell behaviors include migration, proliferation, contact-inhibition, and contraction [1]. Proper execution of these... | 17224083 | PMC1769496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | J Mol Signal. 2006 Dec 6; 1:8 |
Background
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are commonly expressed in a variety of tissues and are classified into five known subtypes (M1 -M5 mAChR). M1, M3, and M5 mAChRs are selectively coupled to Gq proteins while M2 and M4 mAChRs are linked to... | 17224084 | PMC1769497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:14 | no | J Mol Signal. 2006 Dec 5; 1:7 |
Background
Asthma is now accepted as a T-helper type 2 (Th2) lymphocyte-mediated chronic inflammatory disorder, characterized by airway eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) [1]. Eosinophils (EOS) appear to play a crucial role in the ongoing inflammation due to either an impaired clearance or a delayed apop... | 17178007 | PMC1769498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Dec 20; 7(1):146 |
Background
The pigment composition of the photosynthetic apparatus of higher plants is extremely well conserved: chloroplast-encoded photosynthetic reaction center complexes bind β-carotene and chlorophyll a, while nuclear-encoded light harvesting proteins bind Chl a, chlorophyll b and the three xanthophylls lutein, vi... | 17192177 | PMC1769499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:16 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Dec 27; 6:32 |
Background
Most estrogen actions are mediated by specific nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), which classically regulate transcription by binding as dimers to specific estrogen-response elements (ERE) found in promoters of estrogen-responsive genes (ERGs) [1]. This transcriptional activity is dependent on conformational ... | 17192186 | PMC1769500 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Dec 27; 4:67 |
Background
The ovary is innervated by the ovarian plexus nerve and the superior ovarian nerve [1], the latter being the most related to ovarian steroidogenesis [2]. Most of the fibers of the superior ovarian nerve come from the postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the celiac ganglion [3]. They directly innervate the o... | 17184551 | PMC1769501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Dec 21; 4:66 |
Background
Organophosphorus (OPs) are broadly used in pest control in agriculture [1]. Pesticide exposure can occur through a number of sources such as contaminated soil, dusty work clothing, water, contaminated food, and drift of a pesticide off target deposition [2,3]. A high risk of occupational human exposure to OP... | 17177990 | PMC1769502 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Dec 19; 1:27 |
Background
The human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family has 7 genes belonging to the CEACAM subgroup. These subgroup members are mainly associated with the cell membrane and show a complex expression pattern in normal and cancerous tissues. The CEACAM5 gene, also known as CD66e, codes for the protein, CEA [1,2]. CEA... | 17201906 | PMC1769503 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 3; 7:2 |
Background
"Medicine has for long possessed the qualities necessary to make a science. These are a starting point and a known method according to which many valuable discoveries have been made over a long period of time [1]."
The known method of the Hippocratics was rooted in healing practice, spurred by the actuality... | 17178003 | PMC1769504 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 Dec 19; 1:13 |
1. Background
S100B protein is a Ca2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ binding member of the S100-calmodulin-troponin superfamily and is primarily found in high abundance within the nervous system [1].
21 kDa homodimers are the predominant form in which the protein exists within cells. A number of intracellular growth-associated target... | 17199889 | PMC1769505 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 2; 8:2 |
Background
During development the CNS is vascularized by angiogenesis, in which blood vessels covering the leptomeningeal surface of the brain turn and grow in towards the CNS parenchyma [1-3]. EC detach from the growing blood vessels, to proliferate and migrate deeper into the cerebral parenchyma. Evidence suggests th... | 17199896 | PMC1769506 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 2; 8:3 |
Background
For a patient ill with malaria, rapid resolution of illness without complications from the disease or its treatment is the first priority. Preventing return of the illness is a second priority. In a high transmission setting reinfection is inevitable, so the longer that subsequent illness can be delayed, the... | 17187673 | PMC1769507 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:02 | no | Malar J. 2006 Dec 22; 5:127 |
Background
Fragility fractures are associated not only with trauma but with a reduced bone mineral density (BMD), a low level of calcium intake, low concentration of vitamin D in the blood and a high loss of calcium in the urine [1-3]. A high loss of calcium in the urine is also associated with stone formation in the r... | 17177983 | PMC1769508 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:04 | no | Trials. 2006 Dec 19; 7:33 |
Background
Primary liver carcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma (HC) constitutes the most common visceral malignant tumor and in some populations is the most common overall [1]. It arises, mainly, from hepatocytes, the major cell type of liver and it can be also derived from characteristic morphological cells named "ova... | 17169158 | PMC1769509 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 14; 6:286 |
Background
With the advent of personalised medicine, there is a compelling need for rapid and accurate methods for detection of nucleic acid sequence changes in clinical specimens. An ideal technology should be sensitive enough to accommodate significant amounts of stromal and normal cell contamination, robust and simp... | 17184525 | PMC1769510 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 21; 6:295 |
Background
Increasing data suggests that selenium deficiency is a risk factor for certain cancers, neurodegenerative disorders and complications from diabetes [1-4]. Selenium is required for normal immune function and selenium deficiency can be associated with enhanced infectious disease severity [1,5]. Selenium defici... | 17156480 | PMC1769511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Dec 11; 7:56 |
Background
Initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with HIV-1 infection can rapidly reduce plasma viremia, bolster immune responses, and improve clinical outcome [1-3]. Despite significant progress in the clinical management of HIV-1 infection, the therapeutic efficacy of ART is often undermined by incom... | 17184540 | PMC1769512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:10 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 21; 3:97 |
Background
The core objective of GOA (GO Annotation) is to provide high-quality GO (Gene Ontology) annotations to proteins within the UniProt Knowledgebase [1-3]. Manual GO annotation produces high-quality and granular GO term assignments, but tends to be slow and therefore covers less than 3% of UniProt. For better co... | 17181854 | PMC1769513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Dec 20; 1:19 |
Background
External validity of conclusions reached in a randomised trial depends upon the number and characteristics of eligible patients not included in the trial (excluded by patient or researcher) and number and characteristics of patients who do not meet the eligibility criteria [1]. According to the CONSORT [2] r... | 17190587 | PMC1769514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Dec 26; 6:17 |
Background
One of the fundamental challenges for an organism is to survive changes in the physical environment-mainly extreme temperatures, salinity, or dehydration. This problem was to be solved very early in evolution since the first cells inhabited the primitive seas [1,2]. Organisms evolved two different strategies... | 17178000 | PMC1769515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Dec 19; 6:109 |
Background
Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a useful tool for elucidating the relationships among function, evolution, sequence, and structure of biological macromolecules such as genes and proteins [1-3]. Although we can calculate the optimal alignment of a set of sequences by n-dimensional dynamic programming (DP... | 17137519 | PMC1769516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 1; 7:524 |
Burn wound sepsis is a common and often fatal sequel in patients suffering from major thermal injury.1 Severely burned skin ceases to perform its natural protective role and surrenders itself as a nidus and portal for bacterial invasion. Multiple organ failure syndrome remains a problem in patients with extensive deep ... | 17235375 | PMC1769518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | J Burns Wounds. 2007 Jan 10; 5:e10 |
Introduction
The dynamics of pathogen introduction into a naïve, or completely susceptible, host population have been thoroughly described in the literature and are well understood from both theoretical and empirical perspectives [1], [2], [3]. Emerging infectious diseases are generally considered within this framewor... | 17225866 | PMC1769520 | CC BY | 2024-06-07 01:07:42 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 17; 2(1):e165 |
Background
Neutral endopeptidase (NEP, also known as CD10, MME, CALLA) is a 90–100 kDA cell surface peptidase that inactivates a variety of physiologically active peptides. Altered NEP expression has been shown to play a role in many non-neoplastic [1-3] and neoplastic disaeases [4-8]. In many tumors, such as prostate ... | 17207277 | PMC1770905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:09 | no | J Transl Med. 2007 Jan 5; 5:2 |
Background
Diseases of the ear, nose and throat (ENT) affect the functioning of adults as well as children, often with significant impairment of the daily life of affected patients [1]. It has been envisaged that with increase in global population, infections remain the most important causes of disease, with upper resp... | 17192184 | PMC1770906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:12 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Dec 27; 2:54 |
Background
The history of medical screening began with that for syphilis and later for tuberculosis. Screening for infectious diseases served a dual purpose; to cure the patient and to reduce the incidence of the disease in the general population [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) screening criteria published in ... | 17210071 | PMC1770907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:30 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007 Jan 8; 5:3 |
Background
In modern diagnostic and descriptive prognostic research, regression models are often used to model an illness-related outcome based on a number of independent regressor variables, also referred to as diagnostic indicators or prognostic predictors [1]. Such regressor variables can be categorical or numerical... | 17169154 | PMC1770908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:57 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Dec 14; 6:41 |
Background
The proportion of children requiring dental care in many developed countries is decreasing [1]. Most children who do require such care are able to receive simple treatment in a dental chair, with local anaesthesia or sedation procedures being used if necessary. However, a small minority of children require d... | 17184552 | PMC1770909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Dec 21; 6:16 |
Background
Obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) has been described as a discrete entity since 1754 [1]. The pathophysiology of the secondary deformities encountered in this population was described succinctly in 1905 by Whitman who wrote that the large majority of internal rotation and subluxation deformities of the... | 17192183 | PMC1770910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:36 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2006 Dec 27; 1:9 |
Background
Osteoporosis is commonly defined as a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and the microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue [1]. It is a multifactorial chronic disease that may progress silently for decades until characteristic fractures occur late in life. This bone fragility increases considerably... | 17184534 | PMC1770911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Dec 21; 5:33 |
Background
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is, after malaria, the second most common vector borne disease globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the global burden of infection to be 120 million with 1 billion people at risk of infection [1]. LF is the second most important cause of long-term disability world... | 17196113 | PMC1770912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:01 | no | Filaria J. 2007 Jan 1; 6:1 |
Background
Plant acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases (TEs) hydrolyze acyl-ACP thioester bonds, releasing free fatty acids and ACP. Plant acyl-ACP TEs are nuclear encoded, plastid-targeted globular proteins [1] that are functional as dimers [2,3]. Their activity represents the terminal step in the plastidial f... | 17201914 | PMC1770913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2007 Jan 3; 7:1 |
Background
Studies of volumetric quantification of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data in autism have largely been non-replicative. To illustrate with a single example of considerable theoretical importance to autism, interest in hippocampal volume has been high since the neuropathology studies of Bauman and Kemper [... | 17166273 | PMC1770914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Dec 13; 6:56 |
Background
The antennal lobe (AL) of insects is the functional analogue of the olfactory bulb (OB) in mammals, which is the first central neuropil where information from the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) is processed. Both the AL and OB, consist of different neuron types that modulate and optimize the afferent input... | 17196109 | PMC1770915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Dec 29; 3:22 |
Background
The interest for 17β-estradiol as vasoactive and vasoprotective agent is raising, since it was observed that it takes effect directly on the vascular wall, improving vasodilatation and inhibiting neointimal proliferation [1-7]. New devices, such as 17β-estradiol-eluting- stents, were developed to protect rev... | 17181858 | PMC1770916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:19 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Dec 20; 1:46 |
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