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Background
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is often taught and learnt through attendance at courses, conferences, workshops, journal clubs, educational meetings, surveillance of medical literature and guidelines, and investments in textbooks [1]. Many of these activities fall under broader concepts such as Continuing Pro... | 17173690 | PMC1770917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Dec 15; 6:59 |
Background
The JAK-STAT pathway is known to play a pivotal role in a variety of different cytokine cascades. JAKs (Janus kinases) are associated with intracellular domains of receptors and become phosphorylated after ligand binding and aggregation of respective receptor chains. Activated JAKs phosphorylate tyrosine res... | 17184522 | PMC1770918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Dec 21; 6:48 |
Background
Fever is the clinical hallmark of malaria disease. Diagnostic reliance on fever alone, however, results in high diagnostic sensitivity but poor specificity [1,2]. Nevertheless, as malaria is a common and frequently fatal disease among young children in sub-Saharan Africa, fever is regarded as a sufficient tr... | 17196105 | PMC1770919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 29; 6:314 |
Background
The in vivo diagnostic examination of life threatening illnesses affecting the musculoskeletal system is of clinical significance. Muscle function has been extensively studied in vitro but there are some important differences to the in vivo setting. For example, in vivo the effect of surrounding muscular and... | 17199890 | PMC1770920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:49 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2007 Jan 2; 6:1 |
Background
The monitoring of the functionality of vital parameters is known to be a basic aspect in up-to-date surgical techniques. This is particularly true in the case of surgery performed on the vertebral column (i.e.: correction of serious scoliosis), when a continuous monitoring of the spinal cord functionality is... | 17204138 | PMC1770921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:49 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2007 Jan 4; 6:2 |
Background
Diabetes affects hundreds of millions world wide, contributing to cardiovascular disease, blindness, amputation, kidney failure and many other diseases. Obesity and impaired insulin sensitivity are among the major factors responsible for development of type 2 diabetes (DM2). Skeletal muscle and white adipose... | 17178004 | PMC1770922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 19; 7:318 |
Background
Although dopaminergic neurons are few (e.g. 10–20,000 in the rat brain), they regulate a number of physiological, behavioral and cognitive functions, including regulation of locomotor activity, incentive behaviors, short-term and stimulus-dependent memory systems [1-3]. Dysfunction of the dopaminergic system... | 17201924 | PMC1770923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 3; 8:4 |
Background
Protein kinase C (PKC) was discovered almost thirty years ago by Takai et al [1]. It has since been shown to include several isoforms, all of which are serine/threonine kinases [2-4]. The PKC isoforms are divided into three subgroups; the conventional, the novel and the atypical PKCs depending on their struc... | 17212812 | PMC1770924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 9; 8:7 |
Background
Oxygen is known to help in stabilizing the radiation-induced DNA damage [1]. The lack of oxygen in solid malignant tumors results in their resistance to radiation therapy [1,2]. Attempts to overcome this resistance include the use of "oxygen-mimetic" radiosensitizers [3]; compounds which offer an attractive ... | 17201910 | PMC1770925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:29 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2007 Jan 3; 2:1 |
Background
Everyone who has already counted colonies from a clonogenic assay knows that this is hard work which takes a lot of time. Many groups have thought about an improvement of the counting system [1-8] and the cited publications certainly won't cover all attempts, but no method has achieved a widespread use at al... | 17212832 | PMC1770926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:29 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2007 Jan 9; 2:4 |
Background
Most children with HIV infection live in resource-limited settings. With the recent availability of generic antiretrovirals (ARV), more children are being treated. The Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO) began producing generic ARVs in 2001. Out of about fifty thousand children living with HIV ... | 17194311 | PMC1770927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Dec 29; 3:30 |
Background
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are complex congenital malformations of the central nervous system. Anencephaly and spina bifida are the most common and severe forms of NTDs. The birth prevalence of NTDs varies from approximately 0.8/1,000 births in many areas of the US to 3.5/1,000 in Mexico [1,2]. Epidemiologic... | 17184542 | PMC1770928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Dec 21; 4:36 |
Background
Asthma is a recognized cause of persistent cough in both adults [1,2] children [3], but cough productive of sputum for more than three months out of the year, referred to as chronic productive cough (CPC), is not considered common in children with asthma. The NHLBI guidelines do not discuss productive cough ... | 17192188 | PMC1770929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:13 | no | Cough. 2006 Dec 27; 2:11 |
Background
Aerobic organisms are constantly exposed to endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Endogenous ROS include hydroxyl radicals that are produced predominantly as byproducts of normal cellular metabolism and through leakage of electrons during the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The inte... | 17192190 | PMC1770930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 27; 6:297 |
Background
The progression of the mammalian cell cycle is controlled by the sequential activation of a series of cell cycle-dependent kinases (CDKs) [1]. Dysfunction of these molecular checkpoints results in the proliferation of cancer cells. In this context, an abrupt shift of the cell to mitosis from the G2 phase has... | 17177986 | PMC1770931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 19; 6:292 |
Background
Transcription factor AP-1 (activator protein 1) is thought to play an important role in regulating the gene expression pattern in response to external stimuli [1-4]. It is composed of transcription factors belonging to Jun and Fos families [5,6]. In mammalian cells, three members of the Jun family (c-Jun, Ju... | 17192200 | PMC1770932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 28; 6:298 |
Background
It is estimated that the incidence of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma is increasing worldwide by up to 10% per year [1] and it currently accounts for approximately 80% of all non-melanoma skin cancer – with highest rates in elderly men and increasing incidence in young women [2]. Several sub-types of BCC have... | 17173689 | PMC1770933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:49 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Dec 15; 5:74 |
Background
Within the framework of biomedicine, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are seen as providing the most valid means of establishing the efficacy of treatment for conditions of ill health but are inherently difficult to recruit to 'precisely because of the randomisation element that makes them so statisticall... | 17163988 | PMC1770934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:04 | no | Trials. 2006 Dec 12; 7:32 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer related deaths in developed countries, including Norway [1,2]. Despite the fact that metastases are the leading cause of colorectal cancer deaths, the majority of genetic studies of colorectal carcinogenesis have focused on changes found in pr... | 17201907 | PMC1770935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Jan 3; 6:2 |
Background
Gene expression data are ever increasingly being used in the fields of medicine including categorization of cancers into different diagnostic subgroups, which often appear similar in routine histology [1-3]. We focus our attention on one such important problem, proper classification of various groups of chil... | 17207284 | PMC1770936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 6; 8:5 |
Background
Ninety-five percent of lymphangiomas occur in the head and axila, while intra-abdominal lesions (located in the omentum, mesentery and retroperitoneum) are rare. Lymphangiomas are hamartomas of the lymphatic vessels that have the potential to infiltrate surrounding structures. About 50% are present at birth ... | 17192181 | PMC1770937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Dec 27; 6:18 |
Background
Antiretroviral treatment has been shown to be effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in patients infected with HIV in developing countries [1]. However, in sub-Saharan Africa where 25.8 million are HIV-infected [2] only 17% of those in need of ART were using treatment by the end of 2005 [3]. Although ... | 17147833 | PMC1770938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:13 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Dec 6; 4:20 |
Background
Our objective within the current study was twofold: to construct informatics tools for neuroscientists to manage and use neuroanatomical knowledge within their everyday work and to provide support for neuroanatomical tract-tracing studies that elucidate the connections and chemoarchitecture of the brain. The... | 17166289 | PMC1770939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 13; 7:531 |
Background
Sequence alignments are essential to the study of molecular biology and systematics because they purport to reveal regions in sequences that are homologous. Because sequences gain and lose residues as they evolve, alignments are necessary for revealing such gaps in sequence data. Therefore, researchers usual... | 17147805 | PMC1770940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 5; 7:527 |
Introduction
Ancestral Gene Landscapes
Gene duplication has long been recognized as a powerful mechanism in evolution [1]–[3]. As noted by Haldane [1], and Ohno [2] the products of such events may acquire new functions (neo-functionalization), survive due to dosage effects (sub-functionalization), become dysfunctional ... | 17245445 | PMC1770952 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 24; 2(1):e169 |
Background
Recently, researchers have begun to apply machine-learning-based information extraction techniques to biomedical text, most notably to identify gene and chemical compound mentions [1-3]. A related problem is gene normalization, which involves annotating a document (or abstract) with the list of identifiers f... | 15960825 | PMC1771968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 May 24; 6(Suppl 1):S13 |
An estimated 64 million persons are at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria in the eastern Mediterranean region; as many as 25% of these people live in Afghanistan (1), where most (70%–90%) malaria cases are caused by P. vivax and the rest by P. falciparum (2). The main vectors in Afghanistan are Anopheles stephensi and A... | 17176583 | PMC1773016 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:33 | no | Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Oct; 12(10):1600-1602 |
Introduction
Plant-pathogen-vector systems are characterized by complex direct and indirect interactions [1], [2]. Direct interactions between the pathogen and the vector include transmission and dispersal of the pathogen by the vector, influence of the pathogen on the vector through its presence and replication within... | 17264884 | PMC1773017 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 31; 2(1):e182 |
Background
The aim of preimplant surgery is the creation of an environment that is favorable to the function and long-term survival of endosseous dental implants. One essential requirement for successful implantation is the presence of sufficient bone in which the implants are placed. Besides the quantity of bone, the ... | 17204134 | PMC1774560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Head Face Med. 2007 Jan 4; 3:2 |
1. Background
1.1. The scenery of the Mbya
The Mbya inhabit the Paranaense Rainforest – among the environmental systems of South America, one of the richest in its biodiversity. The Mbya – together with the Kayova and the Ñandeva – is one of the ethnic groups of the Tupí-Guaraní linguistic family which currently inhabi... | 17207272 | PMC1774561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:55:27 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2007 Jan 5; 3:2 |
Disease name/synonyms
Hereditary chronic pancreatitis
Definition/diagnostic criteria
Genetic definition
Already in 1952 Comfort and Steinberg were first to recognize that chronic pancreatitis may accumulate in selected families suggesting a genetic background [1]. Thereafter, hereditary chronic pancreatitis (HCP) was ... | 17204147 | PMC1774562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:02 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Jan 4; 2:1 |
Background
Trauma is the main cause of occiput-atlas abnormality in pediatric acute care practice. Young children are especially vulnerable to this injury because of their small occipital condyles and horizontally oriented atlanto-occipital joints [1]. Trauma can cause injury or rupture of the tectorial membrane and th... | 17210070 | PMC1774563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:02 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Jan 8; 2:2 |
Background
Physicians appear to attach much value to their professional autonomy. The distinguishing characteristic of professionalism is that professionals themselves control the access to the profession and determine the required knowledge and skills to practise [1,2]. It is therefore important to match collaboration... | 17207278 | PMC1774564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:56 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 5; 7:4 |
Background
Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) is an atypical myeloproliferative disorder characterized by an absolute peripheral blood monocyte count of greater than 1.0 × 109/L, with evidence of both effective and ineffective haematopoiesis [1]. The aetiology of CMML is complex and incompletely understood. It is ... | 17212818 | PMC1774565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:21 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jan 9; 2:3 |
Background
Spaceflight presents a novel environment for organisms that evolved under the selection pressures of gravity on Earth. Cellular responses to the environment are mediated by phenotypic changes ultimately driven by alterations in gene expression, some of which resemble environmental stress responses [1,2]. Mic... | 17201921 | PMC1774566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 3; 8:3 |
Background
Genetic variations contribute to the development and maintenance of complex disorders, such as cancer, through alterations in the structure and/or abundance of individual mRNA molecules. The human transcriptome could therefore be considered as a priority target in the fight against cancer. Transcript sequenc... | 17201911 | PMC1774567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 3; 8:2 |
Background
Foreign accent syndrome (FAS) is a rare speech disorder characterized by the appearance of a new accent, different from the speaker's native language and perceived as foreign by the listener and, in most cases, by the speaker also. Previous exposure to the new accent is not necessary for its emergence. Diffe... | 17204160 | PMC1774568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 4; 6:1 |
Background
In the United Kingdom (UK), policy directives have highlighted the importance of offering either maintenance or detoxification to illicit opiate users within an agreed plan of care [1]. This is in response to routine practice by some treatment providers of 'gradual reduction' of opiate maintenance treatment ... | 17210079 | PMC1774569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:50 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2007 Jan 8; 8:3 |
Background
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, plus-strand RNA viruses belonging to the family Coronaviridae [1]. The genomic RNA is 27 – 32 Kb in size, capped and polyadenylated. The virions are 80 – 150 nm in diameter and have a unique morphology, with extended, petal-shaped spikes that give the virus a crown-like pr... | 17194306 | PMC1774570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:15 | no | Virol J. 2006 Dec 28; 3:106 |
Background
Prediction of secondary structures is a fundamental basis for protein structure prediction. This provides constraints for finding remote homologues with low sequence similarity for comparative modeling (e.g. [1]) and starting points for fold recognition (e.g. [2]). This information is particularly useful to ... | 17210072 | PMC1774571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2007 Jan 8; 7:2 |
Background
Research that examines the quality of home health care is complex because no gold standard exists for measuring adverse events, and because the patient and clinician populations are highly heterogeneous. In 1999, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) instituted the use of the Outcomes and Asses... | 17181868 | PMC1774572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Dec 20; 6:162 |
Background
Gastric adenocarcinomas comprise one of the common types of cancers in Asian countries including Japan, being second only to lung cancer as to the number of deaths it causes. In spite of the recent development of diagnostic techniques, most gastric cancer patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage and have ... | 17187689 | PMC1774573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:49 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Dec 25; 5:75 |
Background
UNAIDS recently estimated that in 2005 India had 5.7 million persons of all ages living with HIV, the highest number for any country in the world, but because of poor confidence in the HIV estimation data from India the plausibility range of this estimate is almost three-fold from 3.4 to 9.4 million [1]. The... | 17181865 | PMC1774574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 20; 6:308 |
Background
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most commonly occurring cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths in the world, with the majority of cases occurring in developing countries [1]. China, with ~250,000 cases diagnosed yearly, lies in the "esophageal cancer belt" [2], and contributes to about half of t... | 17173682 | PMC1774575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 15; 6:287 |
Background
Microarrays completed their first steps involving technical development and extraction of candidate genes by comparing small sets of samples. With the availability of data from public databases, e. g. GEO [1] and ArrayExpress [2], establishment of standards (e. g. MIAME and MAGE, [3]), and more and more hybr... | 17181856 | PMC1774576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 20; 7:319 |
Background
The green alga Volvox carteri has a level of complexity representing an ideal model system for studies of multicellularity and cellular differentiation [1,2]; each wild-type Volvox spheroid contains only two cell types, somatic cells and reproductive cells (gonidia) (Fig. 1A). Both cell types arise through a... | 17184518 | PMC1774577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 21; 7:321 |
Background
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous pathogen and has been isolated from a wide variety of sources, mainly water-associated, both inside and outside the hospital environment [1,2].
S. maltophilia is now recognised as an important cause of hospital-acquired infection, causing significant morbidity an... | 17194302 | PMC1774578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Dec 28; 5:32 |
Background
Data clustering is based on the assumption that a population of objects can be subdivided into smaller subgroups, internally homogeneous for one or more features. Since the work of Eisen and colleagues [1], clustering methods have become a key step in microarray data analysis, to identify groups of genes or ... | 17204155 | PMC1774579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 4; 8:3 |
Background
Solenoid repeat proteins have recently attracted interest because of their versatility as scaffolds for the engineering of protein-protein interactions [1]. This class of proteins is characterized by homologous, repeating structural units, which stack together to form an open-ended superhelical structure. Su... | 17199898 | PMC1774580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 3; 8:2 |
Background
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a disease in which malignant cells form in the tissues of the nasopharynx. As one of the most common cancers among Chinese or Asian ancestry, it poses one of the serious health problems in southern China where an annual incidence of more than 20 cases per 100,000 is reported... | 17199893 | PMC1774581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Jan 2; 6:1 |
Background
The brain is very sensitive to changes in its surrounding environment and homeostasis is essential to maintain normal function. Separated from the vascular system, most water-soluble compounds are excluded for stability and protection. Furthermore, endogenous metabolites as well as xenobiotics are actively r... | 17184532 | PMC1774582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:51 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 Dec 21; 3:13 |
Background
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that accounts for nearly 50% of deaths in western societies [1]. Initiation of atherosclerotic plaque formation is a complex process. It involves secretion of chemokines such as the Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein–1 (MCP-1) [1-4] and expression of adhesion molecule... | 17210084 | PMC1774583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2007 Jan 8; 7:1 |
Introduction
One of the most important functions of cutaneous pigmentation in humans is protection against the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Depending on wavelength and intensity, UV radiation can have broad-ranging effects on DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis [1] in virtually every one of ... | 17222061 | PMC1774588 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:02 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 12; 3(1):e9 |
In the 20th century the study of life was generally approached with a reductionistic approach: analysing the simple and extrapolating to more complex systems. Thanks to this strategy the most important functions of a living organism have been dissected and elucidated: the structure of DNA, the complex machinery subserv... | 0 | PMC1775039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30; 7(Suppl 1):S1 |
Introduction
Signaling pathways enable cells to sense changes in their environment, to integrate external or internal signals, and to respond to them by changes in transcriptional activity, metabolism, or other regulatory measures. The proper functioning of these pathways is crucial for adaptation and survival under va... | 17118154 | PMC1775040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30; 7(Suppl 1):S10 |
Introduction
Computational Neurosciences, modelling the function of the nervous systems, have been around for decades. By contrast, Computational Neurobiology, aiming to model the behaviour of the neuron, is a more recent discipline, although developing at a steady pace. The rising popularity of Systems Biology increas... | 17118155 | PMC1775041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30; 7(Suppl 1):S11 |
1. Introduction: the modular systems biology approach
Systems biology aims at describing biological processes as interactions of molecular components structured by regulatory wirings, whose dynamics in various conditions might be predicted by using mathematical models and computer simulations. The goal is to achieve th... | 17118156 | PMC1775042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30; 7(Suppl 1):S2 |
Background
Cell biological processes are mediated by pathways of interacting macromolecules. Comprehensive understanding of a particular cell biological pathway requires: inventory of all molecules involved in the pathway (including concentrations and diffusion coefficients); structures of all macromolecules in the pat... | 17118157 | PMC1775043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:17 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30; 7(Suppl 1):S3 |
Background
The structure and function of the nerve terminal has been a topic of extensive research for many years [1,2]. It is only in recent years, however, that the molecular complexity of this structure has been fully appreciated. The availability of complete genomes for different organisms and the development of si... | 17118158 | PMC1775044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30; 7(Suppl 1):S4 |
Introduction
In recent years it has become more and more clear that RNA cannot be any longer classified as ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA); instead a number of different RNA molecules have been characterized, which are involved in a variety of cellular regulatory processes on their own or as a ... | 17118159 | PMC1775045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30; 7(Suppl 1):S5 |
Background
The "inverse" problem is related to the determination of unknown causes on the bases of the observation of their effects. This is the opposite of the corresponding "direct" problem, which relates to the prediction of the effects generated by a complete description of some agencies. Typical inverse problems i... | 17118160 | PMC1775046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30; 7(Suppl 1):S6 |
Introduction: application of stable isotope tracer data in neuro -biology and -medicine
Metabolic networks of living cells produce the intricate redistribution of carbon skeleton atoms of substrates. If these substrates are artificially labeled by stable isotopes (such as 13C) at specific positions, the reorganization ... | 17118161 | PMC1775047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30; 7(Suppl 1):S7 |
Background
Control of gene expression is essential to the establishment and maintenance of all cell types, and is involved in pathogenesis of several diseases, possibly including many complex diseases, such as mental disorders [1]. Neuronal gene expression regulation is expected to be more complex than other cell types... | 17118162 | PMC1775048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30; 7(Suppl 1):S8 |
The following treatise includes review chapters from presentations of distinguished scientists at a symposium held August 16–17, 2005, in Portland, Oregon, entitled "Basic and applied biology of the primate reproductive tract: in Honor of the career of Dr Robert M Brenner". As a prelude to the 2005 annual meeting of th... | 17118164 | PMC1775060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 9; 4(Suppl 1):S1 |
Introduction
The enigma of mammalian pregnancy, which usually succeeds despite genetic differences between the mother and her embryo/fetus, has intrigued immunologists for half a century [1]. Immune mechanisms are in place to prevent incursion into the host of foreign DNA or RNA that successfully prevent transplantatio... | 17118165 | PMC1775061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 9; 4(Suppl 1):S10 |
Introduction
In 1962, the National Institutes of Health dedicated the first Primate Center in the United States, located in Beaverton, Oregon and closely associated with what was then called the University of Oregon Medical School, now known as Oregon Health & Science University. Within a few years, the Oregon Regional... | 17118166 | PMC1775062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 9; 4(Suppl 1):S2 |
Early History
For many centuries studies on the uterus were hampered by both religion and law. Early physicians were forbidden to dissect human bodies and as such their understanding of the female reproductive system was founded on their knowledge of domestic animals [1]. There is, however, some anecdotal evidence from... | 17118167 | PMC1775063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 9; 4(Suppl 1):S3 |
Background
Human endometrium, the anatomic prerequisite for continuation of the species, is a dynamic tissue that responds to the circulating steroid hormones, estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P), throughout normal menstrual cycles (Figure 1; and [1], review). The goals of orchestrated events in endometrium are to perm... | 17118168 | PMC1775064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 9; 4(Suppl 1):S4 |
Introduction
The uterus plays a pivotal role in the key events of primate reproduction, implantation, and in the absence of pregnancy, menstruation. Preparation of the endometrium for implantation is a consequence of exposure of this steroid target tissue to estradiol and progesterone [1,2]. Absence of pregnancy, demis... | 17118169 | PMC1775065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 9; 4(Suppl 1):S5 |
Review
Macaques are excellent models for the study of menstruation because, like women, they display 28-day menstrual cycles [1-3]. The macaque uterus, which is anatomically similar to the human uterus, has been morphologically characterized into well defined functional zones [4,5]. In this classification, the surface ... | 17118170 | PMC1775066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 9; 4(Suppl 1):S6 |
Introduction
Endometriosis, the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside of the uterine cavity, is one of the most common causes of chronic pelvic pain and infertility: it affects 1 in 10 women in the reproductive-age group [1]. This incidence increases up to 30% in patients with infertility [2]. Several theor... | 17118171 | PMC1775067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 9; 4(Suppl 1):S7 |
Background
Progesterone plays a crucial role in controlling various reproductive functions. It is the natural ligand of the progesterone receptor (PR), which is expressed in various tissues in the body, predominantly in the reproductive tract. The isolation of progesterone in 1934 [1-3] led to the search for synthetic,... | 17118172 | PMC1775068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 9; 4(Suppl 1):S8 |
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded, nonsegmented RNA virus of the genus Metapneumovirus of subfamily Pneumovirinae of the family Paramyxoviridae, a large family of viruses that affect humans and animals (1). Recently identified, hMPV is noted for causing respiratory tract infections in ch... | 17235379 | PMC1776506 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:15:54 | no | Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Dec; 12(12):1853-1859 |
Background
The most common type of malignant laryngeal tumors is the classical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Benign tumors of the larnyx are divided in two groups: mesenchymal and epithelial lesions. The latter harbours particular papillomas, whereas simple vocal cord polyps, Reinke edema, or e.g. leiomyomas have a me... | 17212821 | PMC1779261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:42 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2007 Jan 9; 2:1 |
Background
Latitude and altitude of origin are known to modify fundamental properties of the pacemaker controlling circadian rhythms of eclosion, oviposition and adult locomotor activity of naturally occurring clock phenotypes of Drosophila [1]. For example, latitude of origin dramatically altered the basic parameters ... | 17210086 | PMC1779262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2007 Jan 9; 5:1 |
Background
Until now the main purpose of indoor lighting has been to aid visually directed tasks in the absence of sufficient external light. There is, however, increasing evidence to suggest that the brightness and wavelength of ambient light is not only important for task completion, but that it can also have strong ... | 17217543 | PMC1779263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2007 Jan 11; 5:2 |
Background
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are common pathogens associated with benign and malignant neoplasia of mucosal and cutaneous epithelia [1,2]. To date more than 100 HPV genotypes have been identified and at least 50 are known to infect the female anogenital tract [3,4]. Among these thirteen mucosotropic HPVs (t... | 17201927 | PMC1779264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:13 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2007 Jan 3; 2:1 |
Background
Weight monitoring and breastfeeding
Monitoring infant weight is an integral part of baby care in most countries [1]. Health workers take regular weight measurements, plot them on a growth chart to make growth patterns visible in comparison with the reference population and discuss this with the mother or oth... | 17187669 | PMC1779265 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:10 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Dec 22; 1:29 |
Background
Split-flow thin (SPLITT) fractionation has become useful separation techniques for macromolecules, colloids, and particles [1-14]. In SPLITT fractionation (SF), thin (< 0.5 mm) channels without packing stationary phase are used and different forces are applied perpendicularly to the channel flow for separati... | 17177988 | PMC1779266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2006 Dec 19; 4:6 |
Background
Drug users are over-represented in prisons in Europe. Nevertheless, data on patterns of drug use among prisoners are rare and difficult to interpret: Indeed, a large part comes from non-controlled or local studies, using different data collection methods. Furthermore, the fear of confidentiality breaches may... | 17204156 | PMC1779267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2007 Jan 4; 2:1 |
Background
The global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis, a mosquito-transmitted parasitic disease, is vast [1]. In the Americas alone an estimated 8 million people are affected [2]. In the Dominican Republic more than 63,000 people have lymphatic filariasis and more than 400,000 people are at risk of future infection ... | 17187660 | PMC1779268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:01 | no | Filaria J. 2006 Dec 22; 5:13 |
Background
Amaranth is defined as a "never-fading flower" in Greek. Various Amaranthus species were grown by the Aztecs 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, prior to the disruption of the South American civilization by the Spanish conquistadors. Both the grain amaranth and leaves are utilized for use for human as well as for anim... | 17207282 | PMC1779269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:02 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2007 Jan 5; 6:1 |
I. Background
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 45 million Americans continue to smoke [1], even after one of the most intense public health campaigns in history, now over 40 years old. Some 438,000 smokers die from smoking-related diseases each year, including lung and other canc... | 17184539 | PMC1779270 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Dec 21; 3:37 |
Background
Prostatic carcinoma is the second most common cause of cancer related deaths in males in the West [1]. Approximately 20% of patients present with metastatic disease but colo-rectal involvement is rare[2]. We describe the case of a patient with metastatic prostate cancer to the bowel presenting as primary cae... | 17207288 | PMC1779271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 7; 5:2 |
Background
Recommendations to prevent and treat hypertension include weight loss, reduced sodium and adequate calcium intake, limited alcohol consumption, consumption of a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and low fat dairy products, and habitual physical activity [1]. The blood pressure (BP) lowering effects of dietary ... | 17204161 | PMC1779272 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:00 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2007 Jan 4; 4:1 |
Background
Patients with head-and-neck cancer have to cope with many aspects of their life-threatening disease. They have to deal with the diagnosis and the treatment as well as with the impact on physical, psychological and social functioning. Radiotherapy (RT) is a treatment modality, sometimes combined with surgery ... | 17207274 | PMC1779273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2007 Jan 5; 2:3 |
Background
Productive entry of HSV into host cells proceeds following endocytosis [1] or by direct penetration at the cell surface [2]. The viral and cellular factors that determine which pathway is utilized are not clear. The viral envelope glycoproteins gB, gD, and gH-gL are required for entry by both endocytic and n... | 17192179 | PMC1779275 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:15 | no | Virol J. 2006 Dec 27; 3:105 |
The theme of this issue of Preventing Chronic Disease (PCD) — Appalachia — will stir a collage of images in readers' minds. A dominant image is likely to be derived from the great Appalachian mountain chain of eastern North America. A saddle gap in the top ridge of that mountain chain may yield a glimpse of a meanderin... | 16978487 | PMC1779276 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:47:02 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A112 |
Health Disparities in Appalachia
Facts about health in the mountains of Appalachia have been slow to emerge. The formation of the Appalachian Regional Commission in the 1960s led to increased efforts to combat known precursors to poor health (e.g., low income, limited education, geographic isolation) (1). From New Yor... | 16978488 | PMC1779277 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:18:47 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A113 |
Introduction
The Healthy Kids Project is an ongoing height, weight, and blood pressure screening project in the Anadarko, Okla, public school system. The project originated from discussions about health issues at a quarterly meeting of the University of Oklahoma Prevention Research Center's (OUPRC's) Community Advisor... | 16978489 | PMC1779278 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:13 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A114 |
Introduction
Tooth loss is a persistent health problem among U.S. adults. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of the U.S. population from 1999 to 2002, individuals in the 45- to 59-year age bracket had an average of 24 teeth remaining (1). As this segment of the population ages, more teeth... | 16978490 | PMC1779279 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:36 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A115 |
Introduction
Over the past decade, the health benefits of moderate-intensity physical activity have received increased research attention (1). In particular, brisk walking (≥3.5 mph) has been shown to reduce body fat (2,3), lower blood pressure (2,4), increase high-density lipoprotein (2,5,6), and reduce risks of bone... | 16978491 | PMC1779280 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:18:10 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A116 |
Introduction
Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer in both men and women in the U.S. and although screening for CRC reduces mortality and is recommended by several professional organizations (e.g., American College of Gastroenterology, American Cancer Society) (1-5), the screening rate for CRC is low com... | 16978492 | PMC1779281 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:44 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A117 |
Introduction
Physical activity has been demonstrated to improve management of chronic conditions and delay decline in function in older adult populations (1). Current indicators, however, show that less than 20% of U.S. adults older than 64 years engage in the surgeon general's recommended amount of physical activity,... | 16978493 | PMC1779282 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:21 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A118 |
Introduction
Physical inactivity contributes to the increasing prevalence of diabetes, a disease that affects 20 million individuals in the United States (1). A similarly large number of individuals have prediabetes and are at high risk for progression to diabetes. Current estimates are that more than 40 million indiv... | 16978494 | PMC1779283 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:16:13 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A119 |
Introduction
Latin American countries are experiencing an epidemic of chronic diseases that are having an overwhelmingly detrimental impact on the health of their populations (1,2). In Colombia, the leading cause of mortality is cardiovascular disease (121 deaths per 100,000 population) (3).
Evidence shows that unhea... | 16978495 | PMC1779284 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:37 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A120 |
Introduction
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed form of cancer and accounts for approximately 10% of cancer deaths each year. In 2006, an estimated 148,610 new cases of colorectal cancer are expected to occur (1). Early detection is key; the 5-year survival rate is 90% when colorectal cancer is dia... | 16978498 | PMC1779287 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:38 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A123 |
Introduction
For more than a century, Appalachia has been mythologized by journalists, scholars, and policy makers as an area apart from the rest of America in terms of geography, economy, and culture (1-4). Beginning in the 1870s, the local color literary movement characterized Appalachia as "a strange land with a pe... | 16978499 | PMC1779288 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:35 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A124 |
Introduction
West Virginia is the only state in which all of the counties lie entirely within the Appalachian region. The region, as well as West Virginia, is largely rural and demographically homogeneous. West Virginia's population is 95% white, compared with 92% for Appalachia (1,2). Approximately 42% of Appalachian... | 16978500 | PMC1779289 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:15:13 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A125 |
Introduction
Disparities in cancer incidence have been recently reported in rural regions of Appalachia that include Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia (1). Similar disparities are evident in Ohio Appalachia for all cancer sites and types combined, and there is a similar pattern in cancer mortality rates among ... | 16978502 | PMC1779290 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:46 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A127 |
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