text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
Population surveys in the US from early in the last century have consistently documented higher blood pressures and related cardiovascular sequelae in blacks compared to whites [1,2]. The enormous attention focused on this observation has resulted in a dichotomous view of hypertension risk: whereby populatio... | 15629061 | PMC545060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Jan 5; 3:2 |
Background
Previous literature has shown a relationship between maternal smoking and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Published studies vary in size and methodology but consistently demonstrate a two-fold increased odds of SIDS with both prenatal and postnatal maternal smoking [1-10], including one study of ove... | 15644131 | PMC545061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:56 | no | BMC Med. 2005 Jan 11; 3:4 |
Background
Genomic imprinting in mammals is a process that leads to the preferential mono-allelic expression of specific genes in diploid cells, depending on whether they are inherited from the sperm or from the oocyte. To date, approximately 70 mammalian imprinted genes have been identified which map to at least 11 re... | 15634360 | PMC545062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jan 5; 6:1 |
Background
Parents and health care workers use temperatures measured by parents at home to determine if a child requires medical assessment. Health care workers sometimes make decisions about the need for investigations and hospital admission based on the temperature that parents report. This is especially true in the ... | 15644134 | PMC545063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jan 11; 6:3 |
Background
Appropriate use of antibiotics is central to limiting the development and the spread of resistant bacteria in hospitals and communities. Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, in particular the 3GCs in nosocomial infections have been linked to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and increase in costs [1]. The... | 15601475 | PMC545064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Dec 15; 4:59 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is the third highest cause of cancer mortality [1]. In Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, it is the second common cancer for women after breast cancer (age-standardised incidence 22–33 per 100,000), and men after prostate or lung cancer (age-standardised incidence 31–47 pe... | 15617576 | PMC545065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Dec 23; 4:97 |
Background
With the improved long-term outcome of allograft recipients in the cyclosporine or tacrolimus era, malignant tumors have become increasingly important. Malignant tumours develop in 15–20% of graft recipients after 10 years, and thus contribute substantially to the morbidity and mortality of these patients [1... | 15644133 | PMC545066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 11; 5:4 |
Background
Tetanus is an acute disease caused by the tetanus toxin, released by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus spores are present in soil and manure and may be introduced into the body through a puncture wound, burn or scratch. Tetanus can never be eradicated because the spores are widely spread in the envir... | 15647120 | PMC545067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 12; 5:5 |
Background
In 2003, the Department of Health and Human Services reported that there are between two to three million people in the United States who experience homelessness each year [1]. According to Gelberg and Arangua [2], such estimates provide only a partial picture of the problem: among the U.S. population, 14% (... | 15642125 | PMC545068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:55 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jan 10; 5:2 |
Background
Different types of decision support (DS) methods have been used in medicine for long. Computerized decision support systems (CDSS) including so-called "expert systems" can be used in for example interpretation of medical images, medical diagnostics or other areas. Examples are MYCIN for antibiotic treatments... | 15638940 | PMC545069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:52:12 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jan 7; 5:1 |
Background
Numerous studies [1] portray a decreased anti-tumor immunoreactivity in patients with malignancies, including breast cancer [2-4], and its correlation with disease progression and survival [5,6]. Antigen presentation and subsequent T-cell activation play a major role in initiating and maintaining an adequate... | 15613231 | PMC545070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Dec 21; 2:45 |
Background
The Red recombination system of bacteriophage λ promotes efficient double strand break repair/recombination. An Escherichia coli strain in which RecBCD has been genetically replaced by Red exhibits greatly elevated levels of recombination between its chromosome and short linear double-stranded DNA species sh... | 15596011 | PMC545071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:00 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Dec 13; 5:22 |
Background
Type II topoisomerases are essential nuclear enzymes found in all living organisms [1]. Their basic role in cells is to catalyse the transport of one DNA double helix through a transient double strand break in another DNA molecule [2]. This activity helps relieve tensions built up in DNA during various DNA m... | 15575955 | PMC545072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Dec 2; 4:31 |
Background
The male-abnormal 21 (mab-21) gene was first characterized in Caenorhabditis elegans as part of the combinatorial genetic code affecting morphogenesis of the sensory rays, a male-specific sense organ located in the tail and involved in copulation. In that context, early studies [1] identified a hypomorphic m... | 15613244 | PMC545073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Dec 21; 5:48 |
Background
The molecular basis for cellular recognition of signal molecules is their binding to specific cell surface receptors [1]. Despite large structural differences between the huge numbers of extracellular ligands, many bind to (and activate) specific receptors belonging to a large family of pertussis toxin-sensi... | 15625007 | PMC545074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Dec 29; 5:50 |
Background
Congenital malformations are a major cause of death in childhood, and are typically characterized by lesions that do not compromise fetal survival. For instance, congenital heart disease (CHD) typically consists of lesions such as ventricular and atrial septal defects, which are compatible with fetal hemodyn... | 15615595 | PMC545075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:09 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2004 Dec 22; 4:16 |
Background
There are individuals in the community who are asthmatic but are not receiving treatment because they are unknown to the medical services [1-5]. Detecting these unrecognised asthmatics may be important for short-term health, prevention of long term airway remodelling and minimisation of cost and quality of l... | 15606914 | PMC545076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Dec 17; 5:30 |
Background
Infections of the cornea are potentially blinding diseases and may be caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and a few protozoans. Despite best efforts with early diagnosis and specific antimicrobial treatment about one-third of cases require surgical intervention [1]. Those which respond to medical treatment re... | 15617577 | PMC545077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2004 Dec 24; 4:16 |
Background
In the decade since the publication of the Haemophilus influenzae genome sequence in 1995 [1], 191 microbial genomes have been completed, with another 276 in progress [2]; as of October 14, 2004). Multiple strains of the same organism, or multiple species of the same genus are being sequenced or have been co... | 15634352 | PMC545078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 5; 6:2 |
Background
A fundamental problem of morphological evolution is how does microevolution relate to macroevolution [1]. Are variation and selection within species sufficient to account for genetic divergence between species? One approach to this problem has been comparative developmental genetic studies in closely related... | 15634358 | PMC545079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jan 5; 5:3 |
Background
Review articles have a valuable role in the medical literature, because the volume of journals and articles is such that keeping up to date is very difficult. Reviews are much more valuable if they are systematic reviews done to internationally agreed standards, as non-systematic reviews are known to be subj... | 15638944 | PMC545080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Jan 8; 5:2 |
Background
Tuberculosis is one of the major public health risk factors of high mortality among patients in Zambia. The prevalence of tuberculosis among adults has more than doubled since the onset of AIDS epidemic in Zambia [1], with most of the cases often related to HIV/AIDS conditions. Because of the advent of AIDS ... | 15625004 | PMC545081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:48 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 29; 4:68 |
Background
DNA microarrays have become common tools for monitoring genome-wide expression in biological samples harvested under different physiological, pathological or pharmacological conditions. One of the most challenging problems in microarray data analysis is probably the identification of differentially expressed... | 15606915 | PMC545082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 17; 5:203 |
Background
Recently, microarray technology has provided the means for simultaneous screening and analysis of thousands of genes. Although an enormous volume of data is being produced by microarray technologies, the full potential of such technologies cannot be accessed without the ability to sift through the noisy sign... | 15603585 | PMC545083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 16; 5:201 |
Recent World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children's Fund estimates suggest that the number of children with iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) is greater than 750 million [1]. Iron deficiency is the most common preventable nutritional problem despite continued global goals for its control. Historically, the pro... | 15696200 | PMC545194 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e1 |
It has been more than a century since coccidioidomycosis was first recognized as a serious disease, and its etiology and epidemiology have been well documented. But the disease remains an enigma to many, and it often goes undiagnosed, even in endemic areas. As management of this chronic disease remains problematic, new... | 15696207 | PMC545195 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e2 |
Intermittent presumptive treatment (IPT) in pregnancy involves giving a curative treatment dose of an effective antimalarial drug at predefined intervals during pregnancy. IPT in pregnancy was first introduced in areas of high malaria transmission as a measure to reduce the adverse impact of Plasmodium falciparum malar... | 15696210 | PMC545196 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e3 |
The rancour surrounding the Bangkok AIDS summit of July 2004 has exposed a series of fundamental disagreements surrounding the global politics of public health. These tensions range from access to cheaper lifesaving drugs to disputes over the role of poverty and gender equality in the promotion of sexual health.
The w... | 15696214 | PMC545197 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:13 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e4 |
Meningococcal meningitis in western Africa shows recurrent seasonal patterns every year. Epidemics typically start at the beginning of February and last until May. We can try to explain the observed patterns on the basis of some seasonally varying environmental factor that favors disease transmission. Air dryness produ... | 15696215 | PMC545198 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e5 |
Introduction
Meningococcal meningitis (MCM) has affected Sahelian Africa for centuries and became endemic over the past 25 y. During the 1980s, the World Health Organization (WHO) registered between 25,000 and 200,000 disease cases per year, with about 10% of them resulting in death, and with the highest infection rate... | 15696216 | PMC545199 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:15 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e6 |
Physicians now commonly advise older adults to engage in mentally stimulating activity as a way of reducing their risk of dementia. Indeed, the recommendation is often followed by the acknowledgment that evidence of benefit is still lacking, but “it can't hurt.” What could possibly be the problem with older adults spen... | 15696217 | PMC545200 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:12 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e7 |
Trade is the lifeblood of all commerce. The exchange of goods and services has played a defining role in human history, creating vast empires, encouraging mass migration, and sometimes tipping the balance between peace and conflict. It is thus unsurprising that protecting and encouraging international trade has remaine... | 15696218 | PMC545201 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e8 |
Ross McKinney's Viewpoint: Universities Should Be Allowed, Provided the Trial Is Approved by an External Review Board
One of the principal missions of an academic health center is to advance the understanding and treatment of disease through clinical research. In this pursuit, there is a need for checks and balances. W... | 15696219 | PMC545202 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e9 |
One of the key characteristics of retroviruses is their ability to integrate a copy of the DNA reverse-transcribed from their viral RNA genome into host cell DNA. This integration is mediated by a preintegration complex (PIC) comprising viral DNA, reverse transcriptase, and integrase, as well as poorly characterized ho... | 15696201 | PMC545203 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:13 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e10 |
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was first identified as a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia in 1957 by Leif Hillestad. It is called M3 in the French–American–British classification, with a variant type referred to as microgranular (M3v in the French–American–British nomenclature) [1]. APL is characterized b... | 15696202 | PMC545204 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:13 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e12 |
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in many countries. To date, cause of cancer death in chemotherapy with cytotoxic agents has been the mainstay of treatment for advanced lung cancer. However, the activity of these agents is quite limited, and they have severe adverse effects. Recent, rapid advances in molecular... | 15696203 | PMC545205 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:12 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e13 |
Introduction
The protective effects of antibody to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides have been appreciated since the development of serum therapy, in which passively transferred, serotype-specific antipneumococcal serum reduced mortality from pneumococcal pneumonia by half [1]. The development of pneumococcal polys... | 15696204 | PMC545206 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:12 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e15 |
Introduction
Genes of the ERBB family encode receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate cellular responses to growth signals. Somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domains of two ERBB genes, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2, have been found in a proportion of lung adenocarcinomas [1,2,3,4]. For EGFR, mut... | 15696205 | PMC545207 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:13 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e17 |
PRESENTATION of CASE
A 43-y-old white female presented to the hospital in July 2004 with pain in the left eye and left upper lid ptosis. She did not perceive any difference in perspiration between the two halves of her face. She was a nonsmoker and denied any history of head or neck trauma, or ocular, cardiac, vascular... | 15696206 | PMC545208 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e19 |
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common bacterium that is present in the nasopharynx of many children and some adults, where it causes no harm to its carrier but can be transmitted to others. If it moves beyond the nasopharynx, however, it can cause ear infections or invasive disease, such as pneumonia or meningitis. Inva... | 0 | PMC545209 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:29 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e20 |
Tyrosine kinases regulate signaling pathways that control cell growth, proliferation, motility, and other critical cellular processes. Mutations in tyrosine kinase genes can lead to abnormal kinase activity, and some tumors become dependent upon this activity for growth and survival. Thus, kinases are attractive target... | 0 | PMC545210 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:38:12 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e21 |
Many different things combine to cause epidemics of disease. Among these factors are the characteristics of the infecting organism, the resistance of the host, and, as is increasingly realized, climatic conditions.
El Niño, the best known climatic disturbance, is caused by a warming of the Pacific Ocean, which then af... | 0 | PMC545211 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:38:12 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e24 |
The study by Planche et al. [1] provides important new information addressing intracellular volume depletion in children with severe childhood malaria, but does not address the question of whether intravascular volume depletion (hypovolemic shock) is present. Using sophisticated methodology to determine total body wate... | 15682223 | PMC545212 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:12 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e27 |
Dr. Gerberding outlines critical steps for arresting the HIV/AIDS epidemic [1]. She suggests moving ahead with “ABCs” and with “D” for diagnosis and “R” for responsibility. These are good suggestions—with increased HIV testing and individuals taking responsibility for their role in HIV spread, the epidemic might be slo... | 15696208 | PMC545213 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:12 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e28 |
I would like to share my experience from nearly a decade of civil war between the Maoist rebels and the Royal Nepalese Army in Nepal in reference to the article by Zwi [1] on the expanding role of health communities in times of conflict. The current war in Nepal has led to widespread destruction of limited infrastructu... | 15696209 | PMC545214 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:14 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e29 |
After reading the Learning Forum by Fleming and Lynn [1], I would like to suggest three learning points that, in my opinion, should receive more attention.
(1) Morphology: the essential point of dermatological diagnosis is morphology, a low tech, but hard to master, skill. Dermatological diagnosis, as any other medica... | 15696211 | PMC545215 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:36 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e30 |
We are pleased that Dr. Maitland and colleagues consider our data on volume status (intra- and extracellular) of Gabonese children to be important. We did not consider our children with severe malaria to have intravascular volume depletion for the following reasons. When we measured central venous pressures in a propor... | 0 | PMC545216 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:38:12 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Jan 25; 2(1):e32 |
Background
Compared to other European countries, Germany still has little of a research tradition in general practice. Increasingly policy-makers have realized that the continuity and the efficacy of the healthcare system have to be improved. For this a well-developed primary medical care system is needed. In recent ye... | 15613246 | PMC545488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:59 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Dec 21; 5:31 |
Background
Anxiety and depressive disorders are some of the most common psychiatric diagnoses in children and adolescents respectively. Both are known to be associated with major impairment in childhood and adverse consequences in later life [1-4]. Estimates of the prevalence of any childhood anxiety disorder are in th... | 15596007 | PMC545489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:00 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Dec 13; 4:43 |
Background
Three conserved DNA polymerase enzymes whose activities are essential for complete chromosomal DNA replication have been identified through biochemical studies in mammalian systems [1] and combined genetic and biochemical studies in yeast [2]. During S-phase, the DNA polymerase α-primase complex synthesises ... | 15579205 | PMC545490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:00 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Dec 3; 5:21 |
Background
The completion of the sequencing of the human, mouse and other genomes has enabled efforts to extensively annotate these genomes using a combination of computational and experimental approaches. Generating a comprehensive list of transcripts coupled with basic information on where the different transcripts a... | 15461792 | PMC545593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:25 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 23; 5(10):R73 |
Background
The differentiation of a small number of cells in the developing embryo into the hundreds of cell and tissue types present in a human adult is associated with a multitude of changes in gene expression. In addition to many differences between tissues in transcriptional and translational regulation of genes, a... | 15461793 | PMC545594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:25 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 13; 5(10):R74 |
Background
Alternative splicing is a widespread mechanism involved in regulation of gene expression, which enables production of many structurally and functionally different forms of proteins from a single gene, adding to the complexity of the genomes [1-3]. Different mRNA transcripts of a gene can be expressed in diff... | 15461794 | PMC545595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:25 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 30; 5(10):R75 |
Background
Complete genome analysis showed the tremendous extent to which gene and genome duplication events have shaped genomes over time. Remarkably, 30% of the Saccharomyces cerevisae genome, 40% that of Drosophila melanogaster, 50% that of Caenorhabditis elegans, and 38% of the human genome are composed of duplicat... | 15461795 | PMC545596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:25 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 15; 5(10):R76 |
Background
Bacillus licheniformis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium widely distributed as a saprophytic organism in the environment. This species is a close relative of Bacillus subtilis, an organism that is second only to Escherichia coli in the level of detail at which it has been studied. Unlike most other... | 15461803 | PMC545597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:25 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 13; 5(10):r77 |
Background
Endogenous retroviruses and long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons (collectively called retroelements) generally comprise a significant portion of higher eukaryotic genomes. Dismissed as parasitic or 'junk' DNA, these sequences have traditionally received less attention than sequences contributing to th... | 15461796 | PMC545598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:25 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 29; 5(10):R78 |
Background
It has become increasingly clear that the activity of transposable elements (TEs) is a major cause of genome evolution. TEs are ubiquitous components of eukaryotic genomes. For example, 22% of the Drosophila melanogaster [1], 45% of the human [2], and up to 80% of the maize [3] genomes consist of TE fossils.... | 15461797 | PMC545599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:25 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 29; 5(10):R79 |
Background
The Bioconductor project [1] is an initiative for the collaborative creation of extensible software for computational biology and bioinformatics (CBB). Biology, molecular biology in particular, is undergoing two related transformations. First, there is a growing awareness of the computational nature of many ... | 15461798 | PMC545600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 15; 5(10):R80 |
Background
Cellular proteins differ widely in their lability, ranging from those that are completely stable to those with half-lives measured in minutes. Proteins with a short half-life are among the most critical to the cell. Regulated degradation of specific proteins contributes to the control of signal transduction ... | 15461799 | PMC545601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:25 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 28; 5(10):R81 |
Background
MuDR/Mu transposable elements are widely used for mutagenesis and as tags for gene cloning in maize [1,2]. The high efficiency of Mu insertional mutagenesis regulated by MuDR in highly active Mutator lines reflects four features of this transposon family. First, a plant typically has 10-50 copies of the mobi... | 15461800 | PMC545602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 23; 5(10):R82 |
Background
The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster has been the prime genetic model organism for almost a century. This success story is mainly founded on countless so-called forward genetic screens designed to elucidate gene functions on the basis of their mutant phenotypes. Many of those screens reached a scale that has... | 15461801 | PMC545603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 28; 5(10):R83 |
Background
Many methods for high-throughput, experimental elucidation of gene function (functional genomics) depend on the availability of full-length cDNA clone collections [1]. These clones provide access to the protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs) and facilitate expression of large numbers of proteins in the na... | 15461802 | PMC545604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:25 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Sep 30; 5(10):R84 |
Background
Genome-wide association studies for complex diseases such as asthma, schizophrenia, diabetes, and hypertension will soon produce genotypes on hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Due to the large number of SNPs tested and the potential for both genetic and environmental interactio... | 15588316 | PMC545646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:16 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Dec 10; 5:32 |
Background
In 1979 the Canadian task Force on the Periodic Health Examination published one of the first efforts to explicitly characterise the level of evidence underlying healthcare recommendations and the strength of recommendations [1]. Since then a number of alternative approaches has been proposed and used to cla... | 15615589 | PMC545647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Dec 22; 4:38 |
Background
Cluster sample study designs are a cost-effective way of sampling difficult to reach populations. Examples include sampling schools to obtain cluster samples of students or medical practitioners to sample patients[1]. Cluster samples violate the simple random sample assumption of independence of observations... | 15613248 | PMC545648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Dec 22; 4:30 |
Background
Development of eukaryotic cells towards particular cell fates is regulated by complex and dynamic changes in gene expression. These changes, when monitored on a genome-wide scale, provide a detailed framework for the analysis and modeling of cellular development. To monitor patterns of gene expression it is ... | 15535861 | PMC545776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Oct 27; 5(11):R85 |
Background
Chromosomes have evolved to effectively retrieve and transmit genetic information stored in DNA. Significant progress has been made recently in our understanding of how DNA is packaged into chromosomes, particularly at low compaction levels determined by supercoiling and/or protein-dependent condensation [1]... | 15535862 | PMC545777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Oct 27; 5(11):R86 |
Background
The chromosome of Escherichia coli is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule that is maintained in a negatively supercoiled state. Supercoiling induces torsional tension in the DNA, and thus can influence processes that involve the opening of the double helix, such as replication initiation [1], DNA looping... | 15535863 | PMC545778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Nov 1; 5(11):R87 |
Background
Cryptosporidium is a member of the Apicomplexa, a eukaryotic phylum that includes several important parasitic pathogens such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Eimeria and Theileria. As an emerging pathogen in humans and other animals, Cryptosporidium often causes fever, diarrhea, anorexia and other complications. A... | 15535864 | PMC545779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Oct 19; 5(11):R88 |
Background
In the post-sequencing phase of genome characterization, it is important to understand the contribution of non-coding sequences to higher-order genome structure and stability. Maintenance of genome integrity and the faithful transmission of genetic information in mitosis and meiosis are essential to organism... | 15535865 | PMC545780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Oct 27; 5(11):R89 |
Background
The delta subdivision of proteobacteria is a very diverse group of Gram-negative microorganisms that include aerobic genera Myxococcus with complex developmental lifestyles and Bdellovibrio, which prey on other bacteria [1]. In this study, we focus on anaerobic metal-reducing δ-proteobacteria, seven represen... | 15535866 | PMC545781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Oct 22; 5(11):R90 |
Background
Carbon and nitrogen are two major macronutrients required for plant growth and development. Specific carbon and nitrogen metabolites act as signals to regulate the transcription of genes encoding enzymes involved in many essential processes, including photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, a... | 15535867 | PMC545782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Oct 29; 5(11):R91 |
Background
The analysis of genetic regulatory networks has received a major impetus from the huge amounts of data made available by high-throughput technologies such as DNA microarrays. The genome-wide, massively parallel monitoring of gene activity will increase the understanding of the molecular basis of disease and ... | 15535868 | PMC545783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Oct 25; 5(11):R92 |
Background
There is a strong belief underpinning systems biology that between the individual molecules and an organism's phenotype there exist intermediary levels of organization [1]. The lowest level, and one that can be objectively defined, is that of the motif, for example a feedforward loop [2-5]. At the next level... | 15535869 | PMC545784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Nov 1; 5(11):R93 |
Background
There are many practical applications that involve the grouping of a set of objects into a number of mutually exclusive subsets. Methods to achieve the partitioning of objects related by correlation or distance metrics are collectively known as clustering algorithms. Any algorithm that applies a global searc... | 15535870 | PMC545785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Nov 1; 5(11):R94 |
Background
Analyses of functional genomic data such as gene-expression microarray measurements are subject to what has been called the 'curse of dimensionality'. That is, the number of variables of interest is very large (thousands to tens of thousands of genes), yet we have relatively few observations (typically tens ... | 15575966 | PMC545795 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:26 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Nov 30; 5(12):R100 |
Rationale
Since complete genome sequences have become available, the amount of annotated genes has increased dramatically. These advances have allowed the systematic comparison of the gene content of different organisms, leading to the conclusion that organisms share the majority of their genes with only relatively few... | 15575967 | PMC545796 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:27 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 5(12):R101 |
Rationale
Most eukaryotic genes contain introns that are spliced from the precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA). The correct interpretation of splicing signals is essential to generate authentic mature mRNAs that yield correct translation products. As an important post-transcriptional mechanism, gene function can be controlled at ... | 15575968 | PMC545797 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:27 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Nov 29; 5(12):R102 |
Background
Global technologies in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have changed the face of biological study from the investigation of individual genes and proteins to a systems-biology approach involving integration of global gene expression with protein-protein and protein-DNA information [1]. These data, w... | 15575969 | PMC545798 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:27 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Nov 29; 5(12):R95 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions have an essential role in a wide variety of biological processes. A wealth of data has emerged to show that most proteins function within networks of interacting proteins, and that many of these networks have been conserved throughout evolution. Although some of these networks co... | 15575970 | PMC545799 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:27 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Nov 26; 5(12):R96 |
Background
For an increasing number of otherwise uncharacterized protein sequences from genome-sequencing projects, function assignment is attempted solely with in silico prediction methods, as reliable and cost-effective large-scale experimental methods are not available. In addition to sequence homology and annotatio... | 15575971 | PMC545800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:27 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Nov 30; 5(12):R97 |
Background
Different types of genomic features have characteristic patterns of evolution that, when sequences from closely related organisms are available, can be exploited to annotate genomes [1]. Methods for comparative sequence analysis that exploit variation in rates and patterns of nucleotide evolution can identif... | 15575972 | PMC545801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:27 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Nov 30; 5(12):R98 |
Background
Genome-wide analyses of cellular mRNA, protein or metabolite complements have become workhorses in biological research that produce unprecedented amounts of data on cellular network composition. In contrast to such compositional information, molecular fluxes through intact metabolic networks link genes and p... | 15575973 | PMC545802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:27 | no | Genome Biol. 2004 Nov 16; 5(12):R99 |
Background
Increased airway narrowing in response to nonspecific stimuli is a characteristic feature of human obstructive diseases, including bronchial asthma. This abnormality is an important symptom of the disease, although the pathophysiological variations leading to the hyperresponsiveness are unclear now. Several ... | 15638941 | PMC545934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 8; 6(1):4 |
Background
The adipocyte plays a central role in overall metabolic regulation serving as a storage depot for fatty acids and as an endocrine cell to regulate energy utilization and feeding behavior [1,2]. The mass of adipose tissue is maintained by a well-controlled balance of cell proliferation (hyperplasia) and incre... | 15636641 | PMC545935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Jan 6; 4:2 |
Background
Cough is the most common symptom presenting to medical practitioners in Australia, the UK and USA [1-3]. Cough quality, specifically dry versus we t[4] or productive cough, is often used in epidemiological [5-7] and clinical research [8,9]. Clinically, physicians also often differentiate between dry and wet ... | 15638942 | PMC545936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 8; 6(1):3 |
Background
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have become a major public health concern in the UK during recent years. The rates of STDs in England have been rising steadily since the mid 1990s. In 2003, the number of STDs in England rose by 4% compared to 2002. Overall, 672,718 people were diagnosed with an STD in E... | 15655078 | PMC545937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Jan 18; 4:4 |
Background
The inclusion of patients' opinions in the assessment of interventions has gained greater prominence over the last decades. Regulator agencies now call for the inclusion of patient-reported outcomes (PRO) in clinical trials evaluating pharmaceuticals interventions [1-4]. PRO of interest include health-relate... | 15649314 | PMC545938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:15 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jan 13; 3:4 |
Background
The Kosovo crisis resulted in the largest population displacement in Europe since World War II. During this time, over 300,000 Albanian Kosovars were expelled from Kosovo, [1] resulting in a Complex Humanitarian Emergency. (CHE). The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) managed a Humanitarian ... | 15647108 | PMC545939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2005 Jan 12; 4:1 |
Commentary
Cancer is being increasingly recognized as a very heterogeneous disease, both within an individual tumor and within a tumor type and among tumor types. This heterogeneity is manifested both at the genetic and phenotypic level and determines the progression of disease and response to therapy. It is possible t... | 15649323 | PMC545940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jan 13; 3:2 |
Introduction
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Its main pathological features include extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition in plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein) in neurons, progressive loss of synapses and cortical/hippocampal ... | 15642121 | PMC545941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Jan 10; 2:1 |
Background
Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes are most frequently characterized by elevation of total serum triglycerides, of very low density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) and low level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) [1]. Hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease... | 15636639 | PMC545942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Jan 6; 4:1 |
Introduction
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degeneration of neural structure and function that arises in the cerebral cortex. Behaviorally, affected individuals usually present with semantic difficulty, followed by a deficiency in episodic memory, spatial disorientation, sleep disturbances, depression, agita... | 15644140 | PMC545943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:22 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Jan 11; 2:2 |
Background
Hepatic microcirculatory failure is a major prerequisite for the development of hepatocellular dysfunction in a number of conditions like trauma/hemorrhage, liver transplantation and systemic inflammation. In various inflammatory states, the degree of lethal hepatocyte necrosis can be predicted from the exte... | 15647116 | PMC545944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2005 Jan 12; 4:1 |
Background
Metallothioneins (MTs) were firstly discovered by Margoses and Valle in 1957 [1] as cadmium (Cd) binding proteins. Later, Piscator [2] documented a marked increase of MT in Cd exposed rabbits, as a metal detoxification mechanism. MTs are a family of heavy metal binding proteins with a large degree of sequenc... | 15655072 | PMC545945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jan 17; 3:5 |
Background
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has defined validation as "confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that computer system specifications conform to user needs and intended uses, and that all requirements can be consistently fulfilled" [1]. Validation is a process th... | 15649319 | PMC545946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Jan 13; 5:3 |
Background
Breast cancer is relatively rare in women less than 35 years of age, with this group accounting for less than 4% of the total number of breast cancer cases diagnosed in Western countries [1,2]. Despite the disease being relatively uncommon, it has a severe negative effect on the patients and their families.
... | 15546499 | PMC545947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 17; 4:82 |
Background
Biological databases are key computational tools used daily by biologists. Such a large number of biological databases have been developed for biology that the Nucleic Acids Research Journal has published an annual database issue since 1996. From the point of view of the user, these resources are most useful... | 15642112 | PMC545948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 10; 6:5 |
Background
Accumulation of a huge amount of genome sequence data in recent years and the task of extracting useful information from it, has given rise to many new challenges. One of the biggest challenges is the task of gene prediction and to fulfil this need, several gene prediction programs have been developed (For r... | 15631638 | PMC545949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 5; 6:1 |
Background
Fragile X syndrome, the leading heritable form of mental impairment [1,2], is generally caused by the expansion of a trinucleotide (CGG) repeat element in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene to greater than 200 repeats (full mutation) [3]. Such expansions generally lead to methylation-coupled gene... | 15649335 | PMC545950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Jan 14; 6:2 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.