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Introduction
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States and a leading cause of long-term disability (1). In the United States there are approximately 4.5 million stroke survivors (2), and according to the American Stroke Association (ASA), there are approximately 500,000 new strokes per year. On a... | 16978503 | PMC1779291 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:39 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A128 |
Cover: Health Promotion in Practice
The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases has increased the global need for skilled health promotion professionals, and many professionals working in the field of health promotion lack some of the tools they need to apply in their practice. Health Promotion in Practice by Sherri... | 0 | PMC1779292 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:24:36 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A130 |
Background
The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most well-known phenomenon influencing the global climate variability at interannual time scales. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center (CPC) has recently issued an unscheduled El Niño conditions advisory that ind... | 17194307 | PMC1779293 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Dec 28; 5:60 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating progressive multi-component disease characterised by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible [1]. COPD is associated with an inflammatory response in the airways, together with airway obstruction, mucociliary dysfunction and structural ch... | 17196106 | PMC1779294 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Dec 29; 7(1):147 |
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes a 116 amino acid regulator of viral protein expression termed Rev. This protein is found in the nucleolus, the perinuclear zone and the cytoplasm of infected cells [1,2]. A two-exon version of Rev is translated from fully spliced viral RNA during early stag... | 17176473 | PMC1779295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:10 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Dec 18; 3:93 |
Introduction
Editor's note: The potential efficacy of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis against Ebola virus infection, as well as the fundamentally important question of whether neutralizing bodies are important for Ebola virus resistance, is addressed by a related manuscript in this issue of PLoS Pathogens. Please s... | 17238286 | PMC1779296 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 12:11:37 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jan 19; 3(1):e9 |
Introduction
To ensure their survival, microbial pathogens have evolved strategies to subvert the action of cellular components of the host immune system, including dendritic cells (DCs). DCs patrol peripheral mucosal sites, capturing and processing potential pathogens into antigenic peptides for presentation by major ... | 17238285 | PMC1779297 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:37 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jan 19; 3(1):e4 |
Introduction
Editor's Note: The potential efficacy of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis against Ebola virus infection, as well as the fundamentally important question of whether neutralizing antibodies are important for Ebola virus resistance, is addressed by a related manuscript in this issue of PLoS Pathogens. Plea... | 17238284 | PMC1779298 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 12:11:37 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jan 19; 3(1):e2 |
Introduction
The neocortex performs a large variety of complex computations in real time. It is conjectured that these computations are carried out by a network of cortical microcircuits, where each microcircuit is a rather stereotypical circuit of neurons within a cortical column. A characteristic property of these ci... | 17238280 | PMC1779299 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 19; 3(1):e165 |
Introduction
The prediction of protein structures from sequences is becoming increasingly important, particularly as the gap between the number of experimentally determined sequences (>6,000,000) and structures (<35,000) widens. Knowledge of protein structure is essential to the understanding of biochemical processes. ... | 17238281 | PMC1779300 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:36 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 19; 3(1):e3 |
Introduction
Essentially complete sequences of metazoan genomes have now been available for nearly ten years, and in that time considerable progress has been made towards annotation of their best-known features, the protein coding genes. Computational pipelines such as that run by Ensembl [1] provide automated annotati... | 17238282 | PMC1779301 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 19; 3(1):e7 |
Introduction
Proteins are frequently modified during or after translation by the enzymatic attachment of polysaccharide chains (i.e., glycans) to amino acid residues. The addition of glycans to asparagine residues is known as N-linked glycosylation and occurs widely in eukaryotes and archaebacteria, but only rarely in ... | 17238283 | PMC1779302 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:45 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 19; 3(1):e11 |
Introduction
As sequencing and genotyping costs continue to decrease, association mapping (also known as linkage disequilibrium mapping) is emerging as a powerful, general tool for identifying alleles and loci responsible for natural variation. Although its application to human disease has received most attention [1], ... | 17238287 | PMC1779303 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:31 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 19; 3(1):e4 |
Introduction
Proper transmission of eukaryotic chromosomes during cell division requires DNA replication and three other DNA-dependent processes: recombination-dependent DNA repair, sister chromatid cohesion, and chromosome condensation. Each of these diverse processes requires protein complexes containing two members ... | 17238288 | PMC1779304 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:02 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 19; 3(1):e12 |
Introduction
Intracellular bacteria that are strictly associated with multicellular eukaryotes possess small genomes, typically in the range of 1 Mb or less. This feature is a consequence of the reduction of originally larger genomes invariably accompanying the adaptation to parasitic/symbiotic lifestyles. The transiti... | 17238289 | PMC1779305 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:45 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 19; 3(1):e14 |
Introduction
Adaptive diversification describes the splitting of an ancestral lineage into two derived groups due to frequency-dependent ecological interactions [1]. During this process, disruptive selection on a common ancestral type drives the creation of diversified ecotypes through a series of adaptive genetic chan... | 17238290 | PMC1779306 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:29 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 19; 3(1):e15 |
Background
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) – guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) is an efficient and safe diagnostic modality that has been increasingly utilized for the primary diagnosis and staging of pancreatic lesions [1-6]. EUS is also a safe and effective method to sample liver lesions. EUS provides access to a signi... | 17196112 | PMC1779360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:10 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Dec 30; 3:29 |
Background
There is a wealth of evidence suggesting that lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1-4]. Both European and US guidelines for CVD prevention recommend the use of 3-hydroxy-3-methylgluatryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) as first-line... | 17184550 | PMC1779361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:04 | no | Trials. 2006 Dec 21; 7:35 |
Background
Vpx is a non-structural protein coded by members of the SIVSM/HIV-2 lineage, but absent in HIV-1 and in most SIV lineages [1]. Vpx is important for viral replication in macaques [2], but its functions during the early steps of the viral life cycle remain controversial. A number of studies correlated the loss... | 17212817 | PMC1779362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:05 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Jan 9; 4:2 |
Background
Despite attempts of resection and adjuvant therapy, patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer continue to have a poor prognosis. Many chemotherapeutic agents have been used to treat pancreatic cancer without particular success. Novel treatments to inhibit cancer cell proliferation with less toxicity are need... | 17196098 | PMC1779363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:49 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Dec 29; 5:76 |
Background
While human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) infection is incurable, use of antiretrovirals (ARVs) is the most effective intervention to prolong patients' lives. Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), widely introduced in developed countries since the mid-1990s, has resulted in a dramatic decline in opportun... | 17196110 | PMC1779364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Dec 30; 4:21 |
Background
BLAST [1,2] is a popular and effective tool for finding significant alignments between a biological query sequence and a database of subject sequences. BLAST has several modes of operation, one of which aligns an amino acid query sequence to a database of nucleotide sequences, where the nucleotide sequences ... | 17156431 | PMC1779365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:17 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Dec 7; 4:41 |
Introduction
Clinicians, faced with a patient with osteoarthritis (OA), have taken a somewhat nihilistic approach with respect to the modification of structural disease progression. Modifiable risk factors for disease progression have been difficult to identify with radiographic measures; the possible exception is weig... | 16704746 | PMC1779368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 May 16; 8(4):R90 |
Introduction
Radiography is the mainstay of the evaluation of structural joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is a routine procedure for diagnosis and prognostication in RA patients, and is an important end-point in clinical trials [1,2]. Detection of bone erosions at the time of RA diagnosis is ... | 16848914 | PMC1779369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 18; 8(4):R110 |
Introduction
Osteoclasts are multinucleate giant cells formed by the fusion of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. They are the major resorptive cells of bone [1,2]. In the differentiation pathway of osteoclast progenitors into functionally active osteoclasts, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M... | 16813665 | PMC1779370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 3; 8(4):R103 |
Introduction
Antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) exhibit high specificity for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1]. Recent studies demonstrated that shared epitope (SE) alleles are strongly associated with anti-CCP-positive but not anti-CCP-negative RA [2], and indeed are more strongly associated with anti-... | 16859535 | PMC1779371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 20; 8(4):R128 |
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) affects the connective tissue of the skin and internal organs, such as gastrointestinal tract, lungs, heart and kidneys. Disease progression involves the immune system, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and the microvasculature [1]. In the later stages of the disease, the vesse... | 16859528 | PMC1779372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R115 |
Introduction
The development and maintenance of cartilage entails active secretion of macromolecular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagens by chondrocytes, resulting in an organized extracellular matrix (ECM), which confers specific mechanical and physiologic properties to cartilage [1]. Chondrocytes also play a crit... | 16784544 | PMC1779373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jun 19; 8(4):R98 |
Introduction
Treatment with infliximab, a chimeric IgG1 antibody that is specific for human tumour necrosis factor-α, has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of inflammatory diseases. In combination with methotrexate, infliximab provides significant and sustained improvement in a majority of patients with ... | 16869978 | PMC1779374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 26; 8(4):R131 |
Introduction
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a common chronic granulomatous vasculitis that is restricted to the over-50 population and thus serves as a paradigm for ageing-related immunopathology. Permanent ischaemic lesions, predominantly irreversible blindness, occur in 15% of patients due to hyperplasia of the intima... | 16846526 | PMC1779375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 17; 8(4):R109 |
Introduction
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease with a population prevalence of approximately 0.5% [1]. The lymphoid infiltrates within the inflamed tissues contain ectopic germinal center-like structures in 20% of patients [2]. These structures consist of T- and B-cell aggregates contain... | 16859536 | PMC1779377 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 20; 8(4):R129 |
Introduction
Giant cell arteritis (GCA), or temporal arteritis, is the most common form of systemic inflammatory vasculitis in adults. GCA is a panarteritis that insults older people almost exclusively. Because extracranial branches of the carotid artery are commonly affected, the most dreadful complication of the dise... | 16859533 | PMC1779378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R116 |
Introduction
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and B lymphocytes, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases in animal models by presenting arthritogenic T cell epitopes to autoimmune T cells [1-3] Adoptive transfer of ex vivo cultured autoantig... | 16704744 | PMC1779380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 May 16; 8(4):R93 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by destruction of bone and cartilage, which is mediated, in part, by synovial fibroblasts. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of proteolytic enzymes responsible for degradation of extracellular matrix components and ... | 16872482 | PMC1779381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 26; 8(4):R132 |
Introduction
Chemokines form a family of chemotactic cytokines that are classified as CXC or CC according to the positioning of NH2-terminal cysteines in their primary protein structure [1,2]. CXC ligands (CXCL) can be further distinguished based on their receptor (CXCR) usage. For example, CXCL8 (IL-8) recognises CXCR... | 16846531 | PMC1779382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 17; 8(4):R107 |
Introduction
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMs) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by widespread pain and stiffness, multiple tender points, and fatigue [1]. This pain syndrome has an incidence of 2% in the general population and occurs with higher frequency among women in middle age [2]. FM is often associated with inc... | 16790074 | PMC1779383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jun 21; 8(4):R99 |
Introduction
Analysis of the rheumatoid joint reveals it to be a hypoxic environment with mean intra-articular PO2 values as low as 13 mmHg [1,2]. This reflects in part the influence of synovial cell proliferation and increased metabolic demand. In addition, despite increased angiogenesis, the location of capillaries d... | 16859540 | PMC1779384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 21; 8(4):R130 |
Introduction
Alterations to the rotator cuff owing to chronic degenerative and traumatic lesions are not only frequently diagnosed in the elderly, but are also seen as a result of occupational or sports activities. It is also widely accepted that cuff ruptures attributed to an accident mostly occur in patients sufferin... | 16719933 | PMC1779385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 May 23; 8(4):R92 |
Introduction
A number of genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The only well-established environmental risk factor is tobacco smoking, which has been shown in a number of studies to be associated with increased RA risk [1-4]. Associations between RA and fac... | 16872514 | PMC1779386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 27; 8(4):R133 |
Introduction
Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a human autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. RP is relatively rare, affecting 3.5–4/1,000,000 people, with a slight female preponderance [1]. Typical onset occurs during mid-life years with a median age of diagnosis at 46.6 years, although cases have been reported in new... | 16872515 | PMC1779388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 27; 8(4):R134 |
Introduction
Proper regulation of the mammalian cell cycle is vital for cellular homeostasis. Alterations in the cell cycle components have been associated with several disease states. Progression through the different phases of the cell cycle is dependent on the activities of cyclin dependent kinases (cdks) bound to t... | 16846525 | PMC1779389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 17; 8(4):R113 |
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology that is characterized by extensive fibrosis of skin and visceral organs, and dysfunction of vascular tone [1]. In its more severe forms, cardiac involvement and respiratory involvement are the most significant determinants of outcome [2... | 16813666 | PMC1779390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 3; 8(4):R104 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex disease, the hallmark of which is synovial joint inflammation. The heritability of RA has been estimated to be in the order of 60%, suggesting a substantial contribution from genetic factors [1]. The major susceptibility gene is the HLA DRB1 gene. Carriage of certain ... | 16859508 | PMC1779391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R117 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of disability among the elderly population [1]. Traumatic joint injury and joint overload are two major causes of cartilage degradation leading to OA. Although the process of this disease is not yet fully understood, it results from an imbalance in the loss of carti... | 16872525 | PMC1779392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 27; 8(4):R135 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints. The synovial inflammation leads to cartilage destruction, bone erosion, joint deformity, and loss of joint function [1]. This disease is autoimmune in nature and characterized by the infiltration of T cell... | 16805906 | PMC1779393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jun 28; 8(4):R100 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a wide spectrum of multi-organ manifestations, and genetic, hormonal, environmental and immunoregulatory factors are known to contribute to expression of the disease [1]. However, in spite of the considerable accumulated knowledge... | 16859514 | PMC1779394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R118 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease causing progressive joint destruction, deformity and disability. The pathogenesis of the rheumatoid joint involves hyperplasia of the synovial lining cells, mononuclear cell infiltration and new blood vessel formation within the synovium as well a... | 16774691 | PMC1779395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jun 14; 8(4):R94 |
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) (SSc) is characterised by immune activation, microvascular dysfunction, and progressive fibrosis. Increased deposition of type I collagen (CI) is evident in the skin and involved internal organs of patients with SSc [1].
Cellular components and soluble mediators of the ada... | 16879746 | PMC1779396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 31; 8(4):R136 |
Introduction
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an important component of host innate immunity, which has a nonspecific role in complement activation and opsonization. There are three single-point mutations that have been well characterized in exon 1 of the MBL gene, at codon 52 (CGT→TGT), codon 54 (GGC→GAC) and codon 57 ... | 16681863 | PMC1779397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 May 8; 8(4):R85 |
Introduction
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is defined by the presence of widespread pain of at least 3 months' duration and pain upon palpation of at least 11 out of 18 specific tender points (TPs). Patients diagnosed with FMS also report disordered sleep, excessive fatigue, and a range of physical [1,2], cognitive [3,4]... | 16859516 | PMC1779398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R121 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory joint disease, with a prevalence between 0.5% and 1% worldwide [1]. In most patients, diagnosis of RA is based on the criteria proposed by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) in 1987 consisting of clinical symptoms and radiological findings, ... | 16859519 | PMC1779400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R119 |
Introduction
Clinical indicators of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are pain and swelling of the proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints. Larger joints such as knee, elbow and ankle joints may also be affected. Synovial inflammation and joint destruction together with the extra-articular manifestations of the... | 16859515 | PMC1779401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R122 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of articular cartilage and causes significant morbidity in humans. It is characterized by loss of articular cartilage matrix, mainly collagen and proteoglycans, leading to tissue destruction and cell death, eventually resulting in loss of joint function. Althou... | 16792821 | PMC1779403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jun 22; 8(4):R96 |
Introduction
Inhibition of T-cell apoptosis in the synovium of patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was first described in 1995 [1]. Subsequent work contrasted the virtually complete inhibition of T-cell apoptosis in RA with high levels of T-cell apoptosis in gout [2]. The phenotype of rheumatoid synovia... | 16859518 | PMC1779404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R120 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, auto-immune and inflammatory polyarthritis that induces joint damage and disability. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α plays a key role in the associated pathological events and has been identified as a therapeutic target. In fact, TNFα blocking agents (TBAs), such as in... | 16817978 | PMC1779405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 3; 8(4):R105 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, especially of the knee, and is a leading cause of musculoskeletal disability in most developed countries [1]. Although the exact pathogenesis remains unknown, OA of the knee is believed to be multifactorial and involves the whole joint. Felson and c... | 16887014 | PMC1779406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Aug 3; 8(4):R137 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic polyarthritis and the autoimmune foundation of its pathogenesis was established in the mid-twentieth century [1]. The importance of self-reactivity in RA was first suggested by the identification of rheumatoid factor, and attention subsequently became fo... | 16684368 | PMC1779407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 May 9; 8(4):R88 |
Introduction
Pathogenic T cells that recognize self-antigens and drive B cell hyperactivity play a central role in the pathogenesis of both human and murine lupus [1-3]. Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is induced in (C57BL/6 × DBA/2) F1 (BDF1) mice by injection of DBA/2 spleen cells, is associated with ... | 16859527 | PMC1779408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R123 |
Introduction
The association of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 has been demonstrated worldwide, and evidence for the role of HLA-B27 in AS comes from linkage and association studies in humans and transgenic animal models. However, twin studies indicate that HLA-B27 contributes only 1... | 16805919 | PMC1779409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jun 28; 8(4):R101 |
Introduction
Antileukoproteinase (ALP), also named secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), is a highly basic (pI > 10), acid-stable inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteinases (molecular mass 11 kDa) [1]. Originally described as a specific protector against proteolytic attack of the upper respiratory and urogenit... | 16776851 | PMC1779410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jun 15; 8(4):R95 |
Introduction
The imaging of articular cartilage in clinical practice relies mainly on conventional radiography and ultrasound. In joint disorders with concomitant cartilage damage, imaging techniques that visualize the whole cartilage are desirable for diagnostic purposes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been prop... | 16831232 | PMC1779411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 10; 8(4):R106 |
Introduction
Functioning is recognized as an important study outcome in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The number of clinical studies addressing functioning as a study endpoint in patients with RA has steadily increased during the past decade [1]. These investigations have predominantly been guided by the medical perspecti... | 16684371 | PMC1779412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:18 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 May 9; 8(4):R84 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating degenerative joint disease characterized by degradation of articular cartilage. Recent statistics show that approximately 5 million people in the UK suffer from moderate-to-severe OA. These patients are predominantly older than 45 years of age, with the major morbidity... | 16859525 | PMC1779413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R124 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are both degenerative diseases of the joint and affect articular cartilage, synovium and bone with a loss of function and joint deformity. RA is, however, an inflammatory disease that involves a joint-specific autoimmune attack. Collagen type IX (CIX) is a ... | 16813664 | PMC1779414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 3; 8(4):R102 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the synovium and subsequent joint destruction [1]. It is a complex disease, with genetic and environmental factors contributing to its etiology. The prevalence of RA in Europe ranges from 0.3% to 1.6%, ... | 16776848 | PMC1779415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jun 15; 8(4):R97 |
Introduction
Degradation of various macromolecules composing the extracellular matrix is a hallmark of most forms of arthritis. These changes are mediated by an excess of activity resulting from an increased expression of the active form of the proteases, and/or from an altered equilibrium between the proteases and the... | 16859524 | PMC1779417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R125 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating, autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic erosive inflammation of the joints with invasive proliferation of synovial cells into the articular cartilage and attendant bone destruction. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and... | 16704745 | PMC1779418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 May 16; 8(4):R91 |
Introduction
The profound effects of glucocorticoids on the immune system have underpinned their widespread use as therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases [1]. In addition to their therapeutic effects during pathological persistent inflammation, glucocorticoids are also known to play a key role in physiological re... | 16846535 | PMC1779419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 17; 8(4):R108 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly affecting the joints [1]. Many different cell types have been described as contributing to both the initiation phase of the disease and the chronic perpetuation of synovial inflammation. In rheumatoid synovium, the intimal lining lay... | 16684367 | PMC1779420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 May 9; 8(4):R86 |
Introduction
Macrophages play an important role in both chronic inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), principally by producing many proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [1]. The significance of TNF-α in the pathogenesis has been well proven by the clinical effica... | 16859503 | PMC1779421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R126 |
Introduction
Autoantibodies in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often recognize molecules involved in the critical biological functions of cells such as DNA replication, repair, and recombination, splicing, transcription, translation, and cell cycle control [1]. These ta... | 16846524 | PMC1779422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 17; 8(4):R111 |
Introduction
The signalling molecule ceramide belongs to a family of highly hydrophobic molecules containing a variable length fatty acid linked to sphingosine [1]. As well as its established role in membrane structure, many studies have now shown that ceramide is a key second messenger, activating a number of intracel... | 16696862 | PMC1779424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 May 12; 8(4):R89 |
Introduction
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists such as the anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) infliximab (Ifx) and adalimumab (Ada) and the soluble TNF receptor etanercept (Eta) are efficacious in several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondylarthropathies ... | 16859506 | PMC1779425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R114 |
Introduction
The exact mechanisms and causes of autoimmune diseases remain unknown. They are thought to develop when self-reactive lymphocytes escape from tolerance and are activated or when incomplete thymic and/or bone marrow clonal selection or disruption of the anergy of autoreactive lymphocytes perturb the delicat... | 16684366 | PMC1779426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 May 9; 8(4):R87 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent and disabling chronic diseases affecting the elderly. Its most prominent feature is the progressive destruction of articular cartilage which results in impaired joint motion, severe pain, and, ultimately, disability. Its high prevalence and its moderate-to-s... | 16859534 | PMC1779427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R127 |
Introduction
After demonstration of effectiveness of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1-3], their use has become common practice in treating patients with RA not responding to classical disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Although there is strong eviden... | 16978395 | PMC1779428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:19 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Jul 17; 8(4):R112 |
Introduction
Synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by a striking increase in cellularity [1]. The accumulation of inflammatory cells is probably due to multiple processes, including enhanced migration, local retention, and proliferation of these cells as well as reduced apoptosis [... | 17007638 | PMC1779430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Sep 28; 8(5):R155 |
Introduction
Articular cartilage is composed of one cell type, the chondrocyte [1], which is embedded within an extracellular matrix (ECM) of predominantly type II collagen and aggrecan (a large aggregating proteoglycan). A type II collagen scaffold endows cartilage with its tensile strength, whereas aggrecan, by virtu... | 16919164 | PMC1779431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Aug 18; 8(5):R142 |
Introduction
Susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is strongly associated with the expression of specific HLA class II alleles, especially HLA-DR1 and DR4 [1,2]. It is now known that in most instances this increased susceptibility is associated with the DRB1 locus, and specifically with the presence of DRB1*0101,... | 16982003 | PMC1779432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Sep 18; 8(5):R150 |
Introduction
The prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) within Caucasians has been estimated to be between 0.2% and 0.8% [1,2]. About 20% of these patients with AS have bridging syndesmophytes which result in restricted movement of the spine as a consequence of active inflammation in spinal joints and adjacent struc... | 16925803 | PMC1779434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:21 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Aug 22; 8(5):R143 |
Introduction
The clinical coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was first described in 1969 by Kantor and was termed 'rhupus syndrome' by Schur (both cited in [1]). Since then, fewer than 100 cases of rhupus have been published [1-3]. In an epidemiological study including about... | 16934155 | PMC1779435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Aug 25; 8(5):R144 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most important cause of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared to the general population [1-7]. A clear explanation for this excess in cardiovascular risk is lac... | 16984661 | PMC1779436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:21 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Sep 20; 8(5):R151 |
Introduction
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of diverse physiologic and pathologic processes, including arthritis [1,2]. Joint inflammation in autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice and rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis [3-9] is dependent on the enhanced production of NO. NO, a lipid- and water-soluble gas, is ideal... | 16907988 | PMC1779437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Aug 14; 8(5):R140 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by intense immune activation within the synovial compartment of joints and a variety of systemic manifestations. The inflammatory process leads to cartilage and bone destruction [1]. Although the pathophysiology of RA is not complete... | 16889669 | PMC1779439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:35 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Aug 6; 8(5):R138 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA; MIM#180300) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the joint synovium. In common with other autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D; MIM#222100), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; MIM#152700) and autoimmune thyroid disease, it is a com... | 16945141 | PMC1779440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Aug 31; 8(5):R145 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and proliferation of the synovium in multiple joints. A large number of inflammatory cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, accumulate in the affected synovium, and these inflammatory cells... | 16987426 | PMC1779441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Sep 21; 8(5):R152 |
Introduction
The natural function of immature dendritic cells (DC) is to provide conditions for self-tolerance, either through the generation of regulatory T cells or through the induction of apoptosis or anergy of autoreactive effector cells [1-3]. Several attempts have been made to utilize immature DC therapeutically... | 16911769 | PMC1779442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Aug 15; 8(5):R141 |
Introduction
Extracellular matrix composition dictates the mechanical properties of cartilage. Proteoglycan and collagen are two important structural components of the cartilage extracellular matrix [1,2]. The highly anionic glycosaminoglycan (GAG) component of proteoglycan provides hydration and swelling pressure to t... | 16956418 | PMC1779443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Sep 6; 8(5):R147 |
Introduction
Chronic symptomatic full thickness defects of the joint surface are commonly regarded to have a poor repair capacity. Therefore, surgical treatment is provided for symptomatic relief and in an attempt to avoid possible evolution towards osteoarthritis (OA) [1]. The natural history of acute full thickness j... | 16893455 | PMC1779445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:21 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Aug 7; 8(5):R139 |
Introduction
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a type II transmembrane protein belonging to the TNF superfamily and can also function as a secreted cytokine like TNF-α [1]. The soluble form of TWEAK has been shown to exert multiple biological activities, including stimulation of cel... | 16945157 | PMC1779446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:20 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Sep 1; 8(5):R146 |
Introduction
One of the most revelatory issues concerning pharmaceuticals in recent years has been the relationship found between selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular thrombotic adverse events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [1-5]. Received wisdom has never implicated the older clas... | 16995929 | PMC1779447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:21 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Sep 22; 8(5):R153 |
Introduction
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common cause of childhood disability, with an incidence of 1 in 10 000 children under the age of 16 [1]. It is a clinically heterogeneous group of complex diseases, with polygenic and environmental factors all playing a role in aetiology. There are seven clin... | 16959027 | PMC1779449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:21 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Sep 7; 8(5):R148 |
Introduction
The term juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) identifies a heterogeneous family of disorders that share the common feature of chronic inflammation and hyperplasia of the synovial membranes. The pathogenesis of JRA is unknown. The histopathologies of adult and juvenile forms of rheumatoid arthritis are ident... | 17002793 | PMC1779452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Sep 26; 8(5):R154 |
Introduction
Articular cartilage is a tissue optimised for bearing mechanical loads. Chondrocytes are the only cells present in mature cartilage and they are responsible for the synthesis and integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) [1,2]. The matrix of hyaline articular cartilage is composed mainly of proteoglycans... | 16972994 | PMC1779454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Sep 14; 8(5):R149 |
Introduction
Tamoxifen (TAM) (1- [4-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)-phenyl]-1,2-diphenylbut-1(Z)-ene) is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen commonly used for the treatment and prevention of estrogen-dependent breast cancer [1-4]. Adjuvant TAM treatment increases recurrence-free survival and overall survival in breast cancer patients ... | 16884532 | PMC1779459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Aug 2; 8(4):R50 |
Introduction
MUC1 is the founding member of the mucin family: proteins characterized by heavy O-glycosylation centering around a variable number of tandem repeats that are rich in serine and threonine residues [1,2]. MUC1 is a transmembrane heterodimer with one subunit solely extracellular (MUC1-EX), and the other subu... | 16846534 | PMC1779460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 17; 8(4):R37 |
Introduction
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a powerful tumor suppressor that prevents the uncontrolled proliferation of epithelial, endothelial, and hematopoietic cells. In doing so, TGF-β initiates transmembrane signaling by activating its type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors (TGF-β receptor TβR... | 16859511 | PMC1779461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R42 |
Introduction
Loss of p27, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), commonly occurs in malignant diseases and may have a profound impact on the rate of tumor progression and patients' clinical outcome (reviewed in Tsihlias and colleagues [1]). Studies have shown that the decrease in p27 levels in these cancers i... | 16859513 | PMC1779462 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R46 |
Introduction
Gene expression profiling by parallel detection of thousands of genes permits the molecular signature (phenotype) of a tissue sample to be read and can, therefore, individually characterize a patient's tumor at the molecular level. Based on the gene expression profile (GEP) of a tumor, a molecular classifi... | 16919157 | PMC1779463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Aug 18; 8(4):R51 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of brain metastases [1,2]. Based on autopsy reports, the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) metastases among patients with breast cancer is as high as 23% [3] but only 10–15% of these patients will develop clinically overt (CNS) manifestations [2]. The probl... | 16846533 | PMC1779464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:53 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 17; 8(4):R36 |
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