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Introduction
Although it is well known that reproductive factors are associated with breast cancer risk [1-3], it is unclear to what extent these associations differ across subtypes of breast cancer defined by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status. There have been three narrative reviews of this ... | 16859501 | PMC1779465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R43 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant disease in women. Exposure to estrogens throughout a woman's life, including the period of intrauterine development, is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer [1-3]. Epidemiological studies suggest a strong correlation between estrogen and/or xenoest... | 16859517 | PMC1779466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R47 |
Introduction
Breast cancer metastases in bone account significantly for morbidity and mortality, and can cause intractable pain, spinal cord compression and hypercalcemia. The survival of women who have solely bone metastases as the predominant, or only, metastatic site may be measured in years, indicating the importan... | 16925824 | PMC1779467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:53 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Aug 22; 8(4):R52 |
Introduction
A significant reduction of disease burden from breast cancer can be achieved by a better characterization of its potentially fatal forms. Spread of the disease, cell structure, differentiation and growth patterns have been used to classify tumors and to make a clinically relevant assessment of their metast... | 16846532 | PMC1779468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 17; 8(4):R34 |
Introduction
Breast conserving surgery followed by radiation therapy has been shown to be as effective as mastectomy in preventing breast cancer mortality [1], and use of this approach in women with localized disease is common. Although breast irradiation is fairly well tolerated, treatment is often associated with sho... | 16848913 | PMC1779469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 18; 8(4):R40 |
Introduction
Microarray gene expression technology has provided extensive datasets that describe patients with cancer in a new way. Several methodologies have been used to extract information from these datasets. In this study we used the methodology of logical analysis of data (LAD) [1,2] to reanalyze the publicly ava... | 16859500 | PMC1779471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:54 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R41 |
Introduction
Endocrine therapy has become the most important treatment option for women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Nevertheless, many breast cancer patients with tumours expressing high levels of ER are unresponsive to endocrine therapy, and all patients with advanced disease eventually develop... | 16869955 | PMC1779473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 25; 8(4):R48 |
Introduction
Germline mutations in one allele of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes significantly increase the risk of developing early-onset breast cancer [1]. Tumour cells from predisposed individuals have consistently lost the wild-type BRCA allele [2,3]. The most prominent feature of BRCA deficient cells is the inability to ... | 16846527 | PMC1779478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 17; 8(4):R38 |
Introduction
Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) has been a standard of care for some considerable time [1,2]. Local recurrence after mastectomy is associated with low 5-year survival rates of 22 to 40% [3-5]. However, the relationship between local recurrence after BCS and metastatic disease or survival is more complex. L... | 16859523 | PMC1779479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R44 |
Introduction
Dividing adult somatic stem cells are postulated to protect themselves from mutation and cancer risk by segregation of their template DNA strands through a process known as asymmetric division [1-3]. This property is deemed to protect long-lived stem cells from errors incurred during DNA replication that l... | 16882347 | PMC1779481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Aug 1; 8(4):R49 |
Introduction
It has been well documented that estrogen and progesterone are important in breast tumorigenesis [1-3], and their effects on the breast are mediated by their respective receptors, the estrogen receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR) [4-7]. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that hormone-related... | 16846528 | PMC1779482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 17; 8(4):R39 |
Introduction
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (Her)-2 (ErbB-2), a 185 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein receptor with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, is thought to be one of the important mediators of cell growth [1-5]. It is overexpressed in 25–30% of human breast cancers, plays a role in its pathogenesis and i... | 16839426 | PMC1779483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 13; 8(4):R35 |
Introduction
Breast cancer represents one of the most common cancers among women residing in the United States and worldwide [1,2]. In 2005, 145,920 US residents will be diagnosed with breast cancer [3]. The etiological risk factors common to breast cancer include age, personal or family history, obesity, and lifetime ... | 16859522 | PMC1779484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:36 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 19; 8(4):R45 |
Introduction
Despite significant advances in breast cancer treatment, 26% of patients with early disease develop metastasis and succumb to the disease [1]. None of the current prognostic indicators can reliably predict the outcome for such patients [2-6]. Microarrays have been widely used for expression profiling of br... | 17054791 | PMC1779486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 20; 8(5):R58 |
Introduction
The effects of testosterone activity in the breast are still unknown, showing both proliferative and anti-proliferative effects in vitro [1-3]. Levels of testosterone, which is produced in the ovaries, adrenal gland, and peripherally in adipose tissue, either change little or decline slightly after menopau... | 16987421 | PMC1779488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:54 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Sep 20; 8(5):R54 |
Introduction
Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is a well-established treatment modality for early (stages I and II) breast cancer. The treatment consists of complete surgical excision of the tumor followed by whole breast irradiation. In multiple randomized trials comparing BCT with mastectomy, their equality in overall ... | 17069664 | PMC1779489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 30; 8(5):R62 |
Introduction
Neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) has become the standard treatment for locally advanced breast cancer. The major aim of systemic therapy in these patients is to facilitate breast-conserving surgery. In recent years NST has also been offered to patients with smaller tumors who were expected to receive sys... | 17062129 | PMC1779490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:54 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 24; 8(5):R60 |
Introduction
Recurrence of breast cancer lesions on the surgical scar after conservative surgery and radiation therapy have been reported to occur in at least 1–2% of cases per year [1,2]. The proper follow-up of these patients usually includes periodic clinical examination, mammography and ultrasonography [3]. Detecti... | 16959028 | PMC1779492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Sep 7; 8(5):R53 |
Introduction
Obesity has been associated with increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in epidemiological studies [1-3]. The increased conversion of androgens to estrogens by the aromatase enzyme in peripheral adipose tissues [4] along with reduced levels of serum sex hormone binding globulin have been hypothesiz... | 17010200 | PMC1779493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:54 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Sep 29; 8(5):R55 |
Introduction
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) consist of a family of proteases that have a major role in the remodeling and turnover of the extracellular matrix, which is involved in many physiological and pathological conditions including tumor growth and metastasis [1]. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)... | 17032447 | PMC1779495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 10; 8(5):R57 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease and consists of many different cell types, including normal and reactive stromal components in addition to the malignant neoplastic compartment. Moreover, it comprises a series of distinct malignant tumours that present diverse cellular features with vary... | 17014703 | PMC1779497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 2; 8(5):R56 |
Introduction
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast represents a heterogeneous group of non-invasive breast tumours commonly detected in women undergoing screening mammography. DCIS is characterised by malignant epithelial cells accumulating in the ducts of the breast without invading through the basement membra... | 17069663 | PMC1779498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 30; 8(5):R61 |
Introduction
Stem cell theory proposes that cancers arise from malignant transformation of normal stem/progenitor cells [1-4]. The inherent properties of stem/progenitor cells may impart their transformed counterparts with the ability to evade traditional antitumor therapies and to establish metastasis [3-5]. Tumorigen... | 17062128 | PMC1779499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 24; 8(5):R59 |
INTRODUCTION
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare and heterogenous tumours that often require
combination therapy. Despite multidisciplinary and multimodality
treatment, 10–20% of the tumours recur locally and distant
metastases develop in about 30% of
the patients [1, 2]. Various prognostic systems are in use,
most of ... | 17496992 | PMC1779504 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Dec 6; 2006:21251 |
CASE REPORT
A 48-year old Caucasian female with active
rheumatoid arthritis was diagnosed with a low-grade myxoid
liposarcoma of the left thigh in 1981. This was treated with surgery followed by
radiotherapy. In 1991, she was discharged from routine oncological
followup. In 1998, she was rereferred by her GP for invest... | 17496993 | PMC1779505 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Dec 24; 2006:23039 |
INTRODUCTION
Intracranial neoplasms of mesenchymal origin are uncommon. The
majority of these tumors represent metastatic disease from other
primary sites. Primary intracranial soft tissue sarcomas can,
however, arise from mesenchymal cells of the dura matter or the
cerebral blood vessels. These tumors often mimic meni... | 17496995 | PMC1779506 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:49:01 | no | Sarcoma. 2006 Dec 24; 2006:52140 |
Background
Distilling regulatory networks from large genomic, proteomic and expression data sets is one of the most important mathematical problems in biology today. The development of accurate models of global regulatory networks is key to our understanding of a cell's dynamic behavior and its response to internal and... | 16686963 | PMC1779511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 May 10; 7(5):R36 |
Background
Complex cellular behavior is mediated by the action of regulatory networks. The reconstruction of these networks is one of the foremost challenges of current bioinformatics research [1,2] and requires combining different high throughput 'omics' data. With the current accuracy and availability of these high t... | 16677396 | PMC1779513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 May 5; 7(5):R37 |
Background
Seminal fluid is the liquid component of sperm, providing a safe surrounding for spermatozoa. At pH 7.35-7.50, it has buffering properties, protecting spermatozoa from the acidic environment of the vagina. It contains a high concentration of fructose, which is a major nutriment for spermatozoa during their j... | 16709260 | PMC1779515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 May 18; 7(5):R40 |
Background
Naturally occurring antisense transcripts (NAT) have been reported for 20% of the human genome [1-3]. Recent reports indicate the existence of NAT for at least 72% of mouse transcripts [4,5]. Most NAT are cis-encoded antisense RNA [6,7]. By definition, cis-NAT are complementary mRNA with an overlapping trans... | 16684369 | PMC1779516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 May 9; 7(5):R38 |
Background
Introns are under less selection pressure than exons, and consequently, their sequences diverge faster than exons. However, the position of the intron with respect to the protein sequence is relatively conserved and conservation of intron position has been observed between distinct eukaryotic lineages throug... | 16719932 | PMC1779517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 May 23; 7(5):R41 |
Background
Molecular networks and the genes encoding their building blocks represent two different levels of biological organization that interact in evolution. On the one hand, genetic changes such as point mutations, gene deletions, and gene duplications influence the structure and evolution of these networks. Conver... | 16684370 | PMC1779518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 May 9; 7(5):R39 |
Background
The transition of mammalian cells from quiescence to proliferation and their re-entry into the cell cycle (the G0 to G1 transition) underlies diverse normal physiological processes, such as tissue regeneration, wound healing and lymphocyte activation, and it is also one of the hallmarks of cancer [1-3]. This... | 16737555 | PMC1779520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 May 31; 7(5):R42 |
Background
The sequencing of vertebrate genomes occurs at an ever-increasing pace. Currently, the genome sequences, or at least first drafts thereof, are available for more than 14 different vertebrate species, while many more are underway. These vertebrate genome sequences cover a phylogenetic distance of more than 45... | 16723033 | PMC1779523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 May 24; 7(5):R43 |
Background
The role of lateral gene transfer (LGT) in shaping prokaryotic genomes has been the subject of intense investigation and debate in recent years [1-10]. In the pre-genomic era, the handful of examples of LGT were detected primarily as discordance between phylogenetic reconstructions with different housekeepin... | 16737554 | PMC1779527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 May 31; 7(5):R44 |
Background
Comprehensive analysis of the draft chimpanzee genome confirmed that the human and chimpanzee genomes are 98.8% identical [1]. Given the dramatic behavioral and developmental differences that have arisen since their divergence from a common ancestor 6-7 million years ago [2], the question therefore arises of... | 16808854 | PMC1779530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:07 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jun 29; 7(6):R52 |
Background
When a single outcome is not a certainty, but instead chosen seemingly randomly from two or more possible states, that process is often termed 'stochastic'. Stochasticity is also used to explain phenotypic differences between cells of a genetically identical population. Examples include how individual cells ... | 16764729 | PMC1779533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 7(6):R47 |
Background
Technological goals of proteomics include the identification and quantification of as many proteins as possible in the proteome to be investigated [1-3]. However, despite spectacular advances in mass spectrometric technology, no cellular or microorganismal proteome has been completely sequenced yet. This has... | 16784548 | PMC1779535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jun 19; 7(6):R50 |
Background
The present work makes a systems level analysis of context-dependent signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Circadian rhythms are driven by gene regulatory feedback networks [1], and in mammals the SCN comprise the master circadian clock [2]. SCN circadi... | 16784547 | PMC1779538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jun 19; 7(6):R48 |
Background
Physical interactions between proteins are fundamental to most biological processes, since proteins need to interact with other proteins to accomplish their functions. Hence, knowledge about the interactions between proteins is crucial for understanding biological functions. Furthermore, the functions of man... | 16780599 | PMC1779539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jun 16; 7(6):R45 |
Background
Retrotransposons are the most abundant and widespread class of eukaryotic transposable elements. For example, >30% of the mouse genome [1], >50% of the maize genome [2] and >60% of the human genome [3] are composed of retrotransposon sequences. This group of transposable elements is made up of short interspe... | 16805923 | PMC1779541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jun 28; 7(6):R51 |
Background
The comprehensive identification and characterization of short functional sequence elements has become increasingly important as we begin to elucidate transcriptional regulation on a large scale. Transcriptional regulation involves a complex molecular network. The interaction of transcription factors (TFs) a... | 16787547 | PMC1779545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jun 20; 7(6):R49 |
Background
The analysis of gene expression patterns observed over a range of conditions and time points has become widely used in modern biology to discover relationships between different genes in a genome. This can involve clustering genes into co-expressed sets to try and predict common functions and regulatory rela... | 16749941 | PMC1779546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:37 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jun 2; 7(6):R46 |
INTRODUCTION
Design of sequence-specific DNA- or RNA-modifying reagents
requires conjugation of recognition and reactive groups in a
single molecule. Oligonucleotides, which are fragments of single-stranded RNA or
DNA, possess an inherent ability to anneal to the respective
complementary sequences of the nucleic acids ... | 17497012 | PMC1779547 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:05 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Feb 19; 2006:63703 |
INTRODUCTION
The need for new HIV inhibitors
especially directed to so far unexploited primary targets (integrase, RNase H, viral assembly, etc) is
considered to be promising for the development of anti-HIV
drugs. Coumarins and bicoumarins are
widely spread in nature [1, 2]. Their biological properties
are also well kn... | 17497016 | PMC1779548 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:06 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Mar 2; 2006:71938 |
INTRODUCTION
A range of monocarboxylic acids are known to have a variety of pharmacological effects. Salicylic acid and its derivatives, for example, have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antitumour activity [1]. Upon coordination to a suitable metal centre, the biologically active carboxylic acids often bec... | 17497019 | PMC1779549 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:06 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Mar 20; 2006:80283 |
INTRODUCTION
Carrier-assisted transport through supported liquid membranes is
one of the important applications of supramolecular chemistry. The
designs of redox-switched crown ethers and lariat
ethers have been achieved by researchers [1] in
90s.
Crowns are cyclic, introduced by Pedersen [2] in
1967; podands are acycl... | 17497021 | PMC1779550 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:06 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Aug 16; 2006:97141 |
Background
Comparative analysis of eukaryotic genomes provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate what makes a given species unique. The genetic mechanisms that generate species-specific differences include positively selected mutations that confer a fitness advantage, random fixation of selectively neutral mu... | 16859532 | PMC1779552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 19; 7(7):R57 |
Rationale
RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved biological mechanism to silence gene expression on the level of individual transcripts. RNAi was discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans when Fire and Mello [1] observed that injecting long double-stranded (ds) RNAs into worms led to efficient silencing of homologous endoge... | 16869968 | PMC1779553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 25; 7(7):R66 |
Background
The ubiquitin (Ub) system is one of the most remarkable protein modification systems of eukaryotes, which appears to distinguish them from model prokaryotic systems. The modification of proteins by Ub or related polypeptides (Ubls) has been detected in all eukaryotes studied to date and is comprised of conse... | 16859499 | PMC1779556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 19; 7(7):R60 |
Rationale
Complete and accurate gene structure annotation is a prerequisite for the success of many types of genomic projects. For example, gene expression studies based on gene probes would be misleading unless the gene probes uniquely labelled distinct genes. Identification of potential transcription signals relies o... | 16859520 | PMC1779557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 19; 7(7):R58 |
Background
A major aim of comparative and population genomics is to elucidate the inter- and intraspecific genetic variation that contributes to phenotypic change. Understandably, the community has focused on the most common source of genetic variation, substitutions at the nucleotide level [1,2]. However, any catalog ... | 16872532 | PMC1779558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:08 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 27; 7(7):R67 |
Background
Gene expression signatures comprised of tens of genes have been found to be predictive of disease type and patient response to therapy, and have been informative in countless experiments exploring biological mechanism (for example [1-4]). High-density DNA microarrays therefore represent the method of choice ... | 16859521 | PMC1779561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:08 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 19; 7(7):R61 |
Background
A complete understanding of an organism's biology requires identification of the complete set of RNA transcripts it expresses. Elucidating this 'transcriptome' has proven challenging for two reasons. First, even when a complete genome sequence is available, it has proven difficult to define the exact locatio... | 16859498 | PMC1779562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 19; 7(7):R59 |
Background
The regulation of eukaryotic gene expression is a complex process involving many different control mechanisms, including chromatin structure and DNA sequences that bind specific proteins [1]. For convenience, we divide DNA sequence motifs that are bound by proteins into three distinct classes: the core promo... | 16827941 | PMC1779564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 7; 7(7):R53 |
Background
The evolution of gene expression regulation plays an important role in the generation of phenotypic diversity. Organisms that share similar gene sequences may be phenotypically very divergent due to differences in regulation [1,2]. Gene expression is regulated at many different levels, among which the regula... | 16859509 | PMC1779565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 19; 7(7):R62 |
Background
One of the most striking capacities of the immune system is its ability to discriminate between self and non-self, thereby avoiding autoimmune responses while allowing effective immunity against infections. Several mechanisms to maintain tolerance and immune homeostasis have evolved. On the one hand, self-re... | 16836768 | PMC1779567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 12; 7(7):R54 |
Background
Genetic (or epistatic) interactions, which describe the extent to which a mutation in one gene modulates the phenotype associated with altering a second gene, have long been used as a tool to investigate the relationship between pairs of genes participating in common or compensatory biological pathways [1,2]... | 16859555 | PMC1779568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 21; 7(7):R63 |
Background
Traditionally, each protein has been studied individually as a fundamental functioning element within the cell. In the post-genomic era, however, proteins are often viewed and studied as interoperating components within larger cooperative networks [1]. Biological networks are topics of great current interest... | 16859507 | PMC1779570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 19; 7(7):R55 |
Background
Homeobox genes constitute an ancient superclass of regulatory genes with diverse developmental functions [1]. The homeobox, which encodes a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif known as the homeodomain, originated prior to the evolutionary split between plants, fungi, and metazoans [2]. The homeodomain is comm... | 16867185 | PMC1779571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 24; 7(7):R64 |
Background
Enhancers are cis-acting sequences that increase the utilization and/or specificity of eukaryotic promoters, can function in either orientation, and often act in a distance and position independent manner [1]. The regulatory logic of enhancers is often conserved throughout vertebrates, and their activity rel... | 16859531 | PMC1779573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 19; 7(7):R56 |
Background
Given the rather limited number of human genes [1], alternative splicing is believed to be a major mechanism to bridge the gap between the gene and protein number [2,3]. Most human multi-exon genes express more than one splice variant [4]. Protein isoforms, produced by alternative splicing, can differ in var... | 16869967 | PMC1779574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jul 25; 7(7):R65 |
INTRODUCTION
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are an effective treatment for diabetes that
increase insulin sensitivity through activation of peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ. Activation of PPAR-γ by TZDs may also cause an increase in bone marrow adiposity and a decrease
in osteoblastogenesis, resulting in ... | 17259663 | PMC1779575 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Sep 20; 2006:24502 |
INTRODUCTION
This special issue focuses on the latest findings relating to the role of
PPARs in bone metabolism. This review uses the broader scope of
the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily to assess the
relationship between adipogenesis and osteogenesis, both in vitro
and in vivo, and their underlying regulatory mec... | 17259665 | PMC1779576 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Aug 1; 2006:52950 |
INTRODUCTION
Longitudinal growth of the skeleton is a result of endochondral ossification that occurs at the growth
plate [1]. Endochondral ossification is a multistep process
that includes differentiation of mesenchymal cells into
chondrocytes, cell proliferation, hypertrophic differentiation,
matrix mineralization, a... | 17259668 | PMC1779577 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Sep 20; 2006:67297 |
INTRODUCTION
Recent analyses of human and other mammalian genomes have revealed
that unexpectedly a large number of protein-coding genes are
clustered [1], being arranged head-to-head, tail-to-head, or tail-to-tail. More recent comprehensive studies
[2] revealed that more than 60% of the mouse genome is
transcribed int... | 17347534 | PMC1779578 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Dec 12; 2006:71916 |
INTRODUCTION
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent cause of female infertility, affecting about
5–10% of women in age of procreation [1]. Diagnostic
criteria to establish PCOS are controversial [1, 2], involving
two among the following three 2003 Rotterdam's criteria: first,
clinical and/or signs of hyp... | 17347533 | PMC1779579 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2006 Dec 14; 2006:73986 |
CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE BIOLOGY OF MITOCHONDRIAL UNCOUPLING PROTEINS
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are mitochondrial transporters present
in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The first member of the
family, UCP1, is expressed in brown
adipocytes and it confers on brown adipose tissue its thermogenic
capacity. UCP1 confer... | 17389766 | PMC1779581 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2007 Nov 28; 2007:74364 |
THE PPAR FAMILY
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the
nuclear receptor superfamily that are ligand-dependent transcription
factors. The activation of PPARs requires forming heterodimers with retinoid
X receptors (RXRs), which allow binding to their specific peroxisome
proliferator respo... | 17389764 | PMC1779582 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2007 Nov 28; 2007:28436 |
Background
Microarray hybridization, with its unprecedented ability to monitor genome-wide gene expression profiles, is paving the way for exploring previously intractable problems in developmental biology [1-5], neurobiology and behavior [6-8], evolutionary genetics [9-13], and other areas of biology. One of the techn... | 16934145 | PMC1779584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 7(8):R79 |
Rationale
It is generally understood that variations in an individual's genetic background and physiologic state give rise to alterations in the person's plasma protein profile. (For the purposes of this report, the terms 'serum' and 'plasma' are used interchangeably.) Of particular interest are those changes that refl... | 16901351 | PMC1779586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 10; 7(8):R73 |
Background
Ireland is an island on the western edge of Europe and genetic evidence suggests that its population history may have been relatively (but not absolutely) undisturbed by secondary migrations [1,2]. This genetic heritage could mean that population genetic signals, such as signatures of recent selection, are m... | 16904005 | PMC1779589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 11; 7(8):R74 |
Background
Utilization of the degenerate triplet code for amino acid (AA) translation is neither uniform nor random. In particular, there are distinct patterns among different species and genes. Such patterns can readily be characterized by codon usage, namely the observed percentage occurrence with which each codon is... | 26271136 | PMC1779591 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 04:19:31 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 14; 7(8):R75 |
Background
A full understanding of metabolic networks requires quantitative data about transcript levels, protein levels or enzyme activities, and metabolite levels. Interactions between these three functional levels will depend on the structure of the metabolic and signaling network, and on the dynamics of transcript,... | 16916443 | PMC1779593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 17; 7(8):R76 |
Background
Gene activities in eukaryotic cells are concertedly regulated by transcription factors and chromatin structure. The basic repeating unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, an octamer containing two copies each of four core histone proteins. Recent microarray based studies [1-8] have begun to uncover the global ... | 16884527 | PMC1779595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 2; 7(8):R70 |
Background
Since King and Wilson's provocative paper was published in 1975 [1], differences in gene regulatory sequences have been predicted to be among the major sources of phenotypic evolution and divergence among animals. Consistent with this hypothesis, cis-regulatory changes have been found to play an important ro... | 16884525 | PMC1779597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 2; 7(8):R68 |
Background
Cell-based assays permit functional profiling by probing the roles of molecular actors in biologic processes or phenotypes. They perturb the activity or abundance of gene products of interest and measure the resulting effect in a population of cells [1,2]. This can be done in principle for any gene or combin... | 16916453 | PMC1779598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 17; 7(8):R77 |
Background
As the development of an organism proceeds from the fertilized egg to multicellular embryo, cascades of gene activation, triggered in response to localized determinants and extracellular signals, lead to changes in gene expression in groups of cells. These changes in gene expression eventually direct the cou... | 16889661 | PMC1779600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 4; 7(8):R71 |
Background
One of the most direct approaches to elucidating the role of any particular gene is to characterize its loss-of-function phenotype. Loss-of-function phenotypes have now been analyzed for almost all of the predicted genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [1], Caenorhabditis elegans [2], and Drosophila melanogaster... | 16884526 | PMC1779603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 2; 7(8):R69 |
Background
Elucidation of the mechanisms that govern the regulation of genes at the transcriptional level remains one of the most important challenges in biology. Transcriptional regulation is achieved by a combination of cellular events, including binding of cis-regulatory elements to transcription factor binding site... | 16916456 | PMC1779604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 17; 7(8):R78 |
Background
The eye is covered by a thin, fluid film that serves several functions. It has critical roles in the optical system, lubricates the eye, provides nutrients and growth factors to the epithelium and serves as a barrier to the outside environment [1,2]. In the last function, it protects the eye against infectio... | 16901338 | PMC1779605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:38 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Aug 10; 7(8):R72 |
INTRODUCTION
Bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus have been
proposed as probiotic microorganisms to restore the ecological
equilibrium of the intestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts
[1]. This type of bacterial replacement
therapy has been widely used as fermented milks to prevent
diarrhea in humans and animals [2... | 17485797 | PMC1779606 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:48 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct 1; 2006:18182 |
INTRODUCTION
A variety of cell types at the blastocyst implantation site
produce growth factors that could play important role(s) in the
implantation process. Decidual cells
and/or embryos produce transforming growth factor alpha
(TGF-alpha), epidermal growth factor (EGF),
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibrobl... | 17485799 | PMC1779607 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:48 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct 3; 2006:32050 |
INTRODUCTION
Infectious diseases have been and are currently
responsible for a large percentage of common obstetrical and
gynecological morbidity and occasional mortality [1].
Moreover, a sizable percentage of total health-care dollars are
spent on women's health targets (either directly or indirectly)
and infectious d... | 17485801 | PMC1779608 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:48 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov 19; 2006:42967 |
INTRODUCTION TO AOGIN, THE ASIA OCEANIA
RESEARCH ORGANISATION ON GENITAL INFECTIONS AND NEOPLASIA
Suzanne Garland
The need
Cancer prevention and control are among the most important public
health challenges facing the world today.
Worldwide, carcinoma of the uterine cervix is the second most
common cancer in women. In... | 0 | PMC1779609 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:48 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov 9; 2006:59089 |
Case 1
The patient is a 38-year old female. She was admitted to the service for
a scheduled extraction of IUD by hysteroscopy. The patient was
asymptomatic. She has had the IUD for 9 years. During
the hysteroscopy, it was evidenced that the IUD was
perforating the uterine wall at the level of the fundus. There was
vi... | 17485808 | PMC1779610 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:48 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct 31; 2006:69020 |
INTRODUCTION
Women are making up an increasing part of the
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in the
United States [1]. In 2001 HIV infection was the 6th leading cause of death among all women aged 25–34 years and the 4th
leading cause of death among all women aged 35–44 years. By the
end of 2003, wome... | 17485809 | PMC1779611 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:48 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov 19; 2006:79512 |
BACKGROUND
CMV is the most common congenital infection in the United States,
affecting as many as 40 000 newborns each year [1]. Approximately, 10% of these infants are symptomatic at birth and most of these will suffer permanent
neurologic sequelae such as neurodevelopmental delays, motor
disabilities, deafness, and b... | 17485810 | PMC1779612 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:47 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec 28; 2006:80383 |
CASE REPORT
We report what is to our knowledge the first case of a
urinary tract infection caused by Photobacterium damsela,
a virulent pathogen, in a 22-year-old gravid female at 23-week
gestation.
The patient initially presented for routine prenatal care. At this
time she reported frequency and dysuria with no other... | 17485811 | PMC1779613 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:48 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep 28; 2006:80682 |
BACKGROUND
Congenital syphilis is one of the most devastating yet
preventable causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality. In utero
infection with Treponema pallidum can result in
stillbirth, neonatal death, prematurity, and syphilitic lesions
leading to disorders such as deafness, neurologic impairment, and
bone and j... | 17485812 | PMC1779614 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:47 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec 21; 2006:81629 |
INTRODUCTION
Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a sequela of pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID) that is comprised of an infectious, inflammatory complex
encompassing the fallopian tube and ovary. The proposed
pathophysologic mechanism for TOA development includes ascending
infection as well as hematogenous and lymphatic rout... | 17485813 | PMC1779615 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:47 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov 30; 2006:84140 |
INTRODUCTION
Pertussis is a highly communicable infection that carries
substantial morbidity. The incidence of reported pertussis is
increasing in all age groups, with over 25000 cases reported to
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2004
[1]. Infants, especially those who have not yet received the r... | 17485814 | PMC1779616 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:47 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct 3; 2006:87040 |
INTRODUCTION
Vaginal symptoms, including abnormal odor with or without
complaints of discharge, are relatively common complaints for
gynecologic consultation [1]. The evaluation of vaginal
complaints is based primarily on the diagnosis of bacterial
vaginosis (BV), trichomoniasis, and vaginal candidiasis (VVC)
[2, 3]. H... | 17485816 | PMC1779617 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:47 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec 12; 2006:95618 |
Introduction
Nutrition has a significant role in the prevention of many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancers and degenerative brain diseases. Major risk and protective factors in the diet are now known, however, new candidates in both categories are still being revealed. Especially, the associ... | 17264883 | PMC1779620 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 31; 2(1):e181 |
Introduction
In March 2004, the OraQuick® rapid HIV-1 antibody test (Orasure Technologies, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA) became the first rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) test approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use on oral fluid specimens. In June 2004, the FDA approved the test for HIV-2... | 17268576 | PMC1779621 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 31; 2(1):e185 |
Introduction
The movements of humans and other vertebrates, (i.e., biological motions) form a class of particularly salient visual stimuli [1]–[3]. This was first observed by Johansson with his famous “point-light” paradigm [1]. He attached small lights to the joints of actors and filmed them executing different activi... | 17264887 | PMC1779622 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 31; 2(1):e186 |
Introduction
The high degree of similarity displayed among species by the insulin signaling pathway highlights its importance in developmental and physiological processes. In mammals, insulin receptor (InR) and insulin like growth factor receptor (IGFR) share the same signaling pathway components and insulin receptor s... | 17264888 | PMC1779623 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 31; 2(1):e187 |
Background
Faecal incontinence can result from disruption to the anal sphincter muscles; this can be due to traumatic, surgical or obstetric causes [1]. Anterior sphincter repair (ASR), or sphincteroplasty, remains a common surgical procedure for treatment of faecal incontinence in the presence of a defect in the exter... | 17217528 | PMC1779765 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:08 | no | BMC Surg. 2007 Jan 11; 7:1 |
Background
In previous studies [1,2], we formulated the concept of the positive evolutionary role of tumors. According to this concept, tumors provide conditions for the expression of evolutionarily new and/or sleeping genes in their cells. Thus, tumors are considered as an evolutionary proving ground of expression.
I... | 17189608 | PMC1779766 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2006 Dec 25; 1:8 |
Background
The Cultural significance (CS) of an organism has been defined as the importance of the role that the organism plays within a particular culture [1]. It has been used in ethnobotanical research in lexical retention [2,3]; to predict changes in the content of folk biological classifications, to asses the sign... | 17217539 | PMC1779767 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:04 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2007 Jan 11; 3:4 |
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