text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Review
Medical encouragement of breastfeeding
Breastfeeding is endorsed by major health organizations as the optimal form of infant nutrition. When infants do not receive breast milk, there are increased health risks for both mother and infant. For women who do not breastfeed, there are increased risks such as an incre... | 17204150 | PMC1779768 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2007 Jan 4; 2:1 |
Background
FM1-43 is a cationic styryl pyridinium dye used to fluorescently label biological membranes. It is used to study endocytosis, exocytosis and endosome trafficking and, in particular, synaptic vesicle recycling [1,2]. Gale et al [3] recently showed that FM1-43 acts as a permeant blocker of mechanotransducing i... | 17207285 | PMC1779769 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:31 | no | Mol Pain. 2007 Jan 6; 3:1 |
Background
The assessment of myocardial perfusion with radioactive flow tracers provides valuable clinical information for diagnosis and risk stratification [1-3]. Individuals with normal myocardial perfusion during an adequate stress procedure are generally regarded as being at low risk for major cardiac events [4,5].... | 17217538 | PMC1779770 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2007 Jan 11; 7:1 |
Background
The World Health Organisation noted that 'the ultimate goal of palliative care is the achievement of the best quality of life for patients and their families' [1]. Complaints like progressive fatigue, deterioration in performance status, weight loss and reduced functional abilities have a substantial impact ... | 17210069 | PMC1779771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:09 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 8; 7:4 |
Background
Structural and functional changes in the arterial system following exercise training are well documented. These adaptations are associated with reduced vascular resistance, improved blood delivery and diffusion in the contracting muscles. Additionally, they contribute to improved vascular modulation and exer... | 17222342 | PMC1779772 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:06 | no | Dyn Med. 2007 Jan 12; 6:1 |
Background
The otorhinolaryngologic causes of headaches in most cases may be included in one of the following categories [1]: (1) Headaches associated with various sinus problems, most commonly acute or chronic rhinosinusitis; (2) headaches clearly connected to specific, easily recognizable nonsinus causes, such as neu... | 17212820 | PMC1779773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Head Face Med. 2007 Jan 9; 3:3 |
Background
This paper describes the first developmental phase of the LIFELAX study (diet and lifestyle vs. laxatives in the management of chronic constipation), which plans to develop and evaluate a cost effective intervention to promote diet and lifestyle in the treatment and management of chronic constipation amongst... | 17204144 | PMC1779774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:55 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 4; 7:3 |
Background
Defensin genes encode a family of small cationic peptides that act as antimicrobial mediators of the innate immune system [1]. Defensins are arginine-rich peptides and invariably contain disulfide-linked cysteine residues, whose positions are conserved [2]. The two main defensin subfamilies, α- and β-defensi... | 17214878 | PMC1779775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 10; 8:14 |
Background
The RNA polymerase of prokaryotic organisms is composed of distinct subunits: β, β', ω, an α dimer, and a σ factor [1]. The sigma factor of the RNA polymerase confers specificity to the process of transcription initiation by recognition of specific promoter sequences of genes and operons [2]. Under normal gr... | 17204139 | PMC1779776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 4; 8:4 |
Background
Approximately 90% of the genes present in the genomes of the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were found to be orthologous and syntenic [1]. This degree of similarity was remarkable since both species display distinct morphologies as well as growth and differe... | 17212814 | PMC1779777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 9; 8:9 |
Background
Methylation is an enzymatic modification of DNA that occurs post replication and epigenetically contributes to transcriptional regulation. Many important biological processes are modulated by DNA methylation including regulation of gene expression [1], development [2], and control of retrotransposon elements... | 17207281 | PMC1779778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 5; 8:7 |
Background
Cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes diarrhea in humans and livestock and is recognized as a common opportunistic and potentially life-threatening pathogen in AIDS patients. It is therefore considered a major public health problem [1]. Cryptosporidium parvum has a complex, obligate ... | 17212834 | PMC1779779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 9; 8:13 |
Background
Due to the limitations of current drug delivery systems, which have been hampered by their inefficiencies in traversing the cell membrane, there is a pressing need to develop methods for increasing intracellular delivery of protein-based cargoes. Over the past decade, numerous strategies to overcome the cell... | 17199888 | PMC1779780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Jan 2; 7:1 |
Background
The introduction of fluorescent proteins (FP) and the ability to visualize molecular events using fluorescence microscopy have been of substantial value for understanding intracellular signaling events. FP-based biosensors, and especially those based on Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), can repor... | 17201912 | PMC1779781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Jan 3; 7:2 |
Background
Several studies, reported high frequency of mood disorders in subjects affected by fibromyalgia (FM) [1,2] and short term clinical studies have revealed the efficacy of antidepressant drugs in the treatment of FM [3]. However, no specific instruments to identify manic symptoms were used in these studies. Bip... | 17177985 | PMC1779782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Dec 19; 2:36 |
Background
Congenital myopathies include clinical and heterogeneous disorders characterized by skeletal muscle weakness with a range of severity from mild (minor muscle weakness, long-term survival) to severe (neonatal onset, life-threatening) [1]. The presence of protein rods and aggregates in affected skeletal muscle... | 17227580 | PMC1779783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2007 Jan 16; 8:2 |
Background
The division modes of stem cells are tightly regulated during development and adult tissue homeostasis. This ensures that tissues and organ systems develop to the correct size and contain the correct cell types for proper function. One way to expand the pool of stem or progenitor cells during development is ... | 17207270 | PMC1779784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | Neural Develop. 2007 Jan 5; 2:1 |
Background
International and national events have brought critical attention to the Canadian public health system and how prepared the system is to respond to various types of contemporary public health threats. Whether those threats result from emerging infectious diseases or bioterrorism, the public health system is ... | 17194305 | PMC1779785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Dec 28; 6:313 |
Background
Despite the increased sophistication of annotation tools, a significant number of protein sequences emerging from genome sequencing efforts continue to remain in the realm of "hypothetical proteins" with little or no functional annotation associated with them. Ultimately, a definite functional annotation wou... | 17187687 | PMC1779786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Dec 23; 6:27 |
Background
The prognosis for nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) of the testis has been dramatically improved by using a treatment protocol of cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by surgical resection of residual tumor mass. The complete response rate of disseminated germ cell tumor with this protocol is between ... | 17201931 | PMC1779787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 4; 5:1 |
Background
Elective surgery is traditionally performed after an overnight fast in order to reduce the risk of aspiration. It has recently been shown that preoperative carbohydrate treatment reduces insulin resistance after surgery with a shorter length of hospital stay [1]. Shorter hospitalization has also been reporte... | 17212815 | PMC1779788 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:01 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2007 Jan 9; 4:2 |
Background
In feeding experiments with weanling pigs, a number of authors have observed a drop in vit E concentrations in the plasma of pigs in the first weeks after weaning [1-3]. Because vit E and Se status have been shown to influence immunological functions and disease resistance in pigs [4,5], these observations h... | 17201915 | PMC1779789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:20 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2007 Jan 3; 49(1):1 |
Background
It has been shown that 9,10-dihydro-9,10-[1,2]benzenoanthracene-1,4-dione (triptycene-quinone, 1) exhibits anti-leukemia activity, comparable with activity of substituted triptodiquinones [1]. One of the reasons for such activity is believed to be caused by the oxidizing properties of the quinone ring [1]. A... | 17156443 | PMC1779790 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:53 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Dec 8; 2:26 |
Background
Modified nucleosides are important tools for the study of key processes of cell metabolism, as well as being successful therapeutic agents. [1–3] For structural and functional studies of nucleosides, and their oligomers in nucleic acids or protein complexes, efficient detection methods are necessary. Today, ... | 17137496 | PMC1779791 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Nov 30; 2:23 |
Introduction
The present paper describes the study of a novel synthesis of benzopyranopyridine derivatives obtained by the unexpected cyclization of 3-substituted aryloxy methyl-4,4-ethylenedioxy-N-substituted piperidine derivatives (4a, 4b). This was discovered whilst attempting the deprotection of the ethylenedioxy k... | 17150113 | PMC1779792 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Dec 7; 2:25 |
Background
The perception of spatial orientation is influenced by visual information and the inertial forces that affect our body. For example, the perception of true vertical is biased by a tilted visual environment [1,2] and by variations in the direction and/or magnitude of inertial forces acting on the body [3-7]. ... | 17207289 | PMC1779793 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 7; 8:6 |
Background
Mammalian taste buds are onion-shaped structures specialized for the detection of aqueous stimuli. Based on morphological criteria, rodent taste cells have been classified into types I, II, III, peripheral and basal cells [1-12]. Type I cells in rodents are slender and possess an electron-dense cytoplasm and... | 17207280 | PMC1779794 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 5; 8:5 |
Introduction
Extended abdominoperineal resection, (radical excision of the rectum and perineum with partial or near total vaginectomy), may be required in extensive rectal cancer treated initially with neoadjuvant chemoradiation, in some patients with squamous carcinoma of the anus and anal canal where there is limited... | 17214895 | PMC1779795 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:10 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 10; 4:1 |
Background
Reuter et al. [1] recently reported that the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genes are associated with variation in individuals' behavioural approach system. The DRD2 TaqI A1 and COMT Val alleles were not individually associated with behaviour, yet an interaction of the lo... | 17217544 | PMC1779796 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2007 Jan 11; 3:3 |
Background
Uncoupling protein 3 (Ucp3) is a member of the family of uncoupling proteins, which are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and uncouple the respiratory chain from ATP synthesis by dissipating the proton motive force [1,2]. The physiological function of Ucp3 is subject to an ongoing debate [3]. Regul... | 17204145 | PMC1779797 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 4; 8:1 |
Background
Obesity in children is increasing rapidly but interventions to prevent it have met with limited success [1]. Since obesity does not result from any one single factor, researchers have tested combined interventions, with several messages, as well as single interventions with a single message. Out of six long-... | 17217531 | PMC1779798 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:17 | no | Nutr J. 2007 Jan 11; 6:1 |
Background
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a human epithelial malignancy which represents a major threat for public health in several areas of the world [1]. Very high incidence foci are found in south-China, especially in Guandong and Guangxi provinces (25 to 40/100,000/year) but also in other populations of South-E... | 17156439 | PMC1779799 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 8; 6:283 |
Background
The databases that can help annotate our data are fast changing and rapidly increasing in number. This makes it more difficult to easily integrate this useful information to the output from the different types of high-throughput experiments and analyses of those experiments. But integrating the available dat... | 17214880 | PMC1779800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 10; 8:9 |
Background
Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a complex congenital spinal anomaly that causes varying degrees of spinal cord malformation, or myelodysplasia. It is a developmental defect in the formation of the neural tube from the embryonic neural plate, and as such is a disorder of the cerebrospinal fluid system. It is common... | 17196099 | PMC1779801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:51 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 Dec 29; 3:14 |
Background
Pituitary tumors rarely produce metastasis, but cause considerable morbidity and mortality. Prolactinomas are the more prevalent among pituitary tumors. They are usually benign, and can be effectively treated with dopaminergic agents. Nevertheless, 15% of them may be or become resistant to classical pharmaco... | 17222350 | PMC1779802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Jan 12; 6:4 |
Background
The emergence of drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is of growing concern. Multi-drug resistant disease (MDR-TB), where the strain is resistant to both the major anti-tuberculosis drugs rifampicin and isoniazid, has been reported in all regions of the world. Incidences of MDR exceeding 10% ... | 17212825 | PMC1779803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2007 Jan 9; 6:1 |
Background: institutional and HR capacity
Was it realistic for the United Nations to set a target for reducing maternal mortality by three-quarters? For that, along with ambitious targets for child mortality and disease reduction, is what Namibia, the focus of this article, and every other government committed themselv... | 17224048 | PMC1779804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2007 Jan 15; 5:1 |
Introduction
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease [1] in cattle worldwide. Johne's disease is clinically evocative of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans. The possibility that MAP may be zoonotic [2] is the subject of much interest [3]
[4] (& see [5] for review.) Since fi... | 17252054 | PMC1779805 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 24; 2(1):e161 |
Introduction
The period of highest risk for developing tuberculosis (TB) is in the first year after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.[1] Individuals most likely to be in this group are those who have a negative test for M. tuberculosis infection, exposure to a TB case and subsequent test conversion. However, conv... | 17264885 | PMC1779806 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:38 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 31; 2(1):e183 |
Introduction
Thousands of papers have been written about Hox genes over the last twenty years, and cross-species comparisons using this particular family of homeodomain transcription factors have provided the critical momentum sparking the recent resurgence of the field of evolutionary developmental biology. Three rema... | 17252055 | PMC1779807 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:29:39 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 24; 2(1):e153 |
Introduction
Since human civilizations began, people have used plants for medicine [1]. In fact, until this century, plant derived treatments, faith, and surgery were the only treatments available. Among developed countries people seeking alternative medicines to avoid the side effects and expenses of synthetic medicat... | 17264881 | PMC1779808 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:29:39 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 31; 2(1):e178 |
Introduction
Bone is a mineralized tissue with an ordered composite structure consisting of arrays of collagen fibers with inter-grown carbonated hydroxyapatite crystals. With maturation, the relative proportion of mineral increases and modifies the material properties of bone [1]. To preserve the tissue integrity and ... | 17264882 | PMC1779809 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:29:39 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Jan 31; 2(1):e179 |
Introduction
Adaptation is the accommodation of neuronal responses to an ongoing stimulus [1,2]. In the anesthetized rat primary somatosensory “barrel” cortex (BC), it is established that neuronal responses adapt robustly to repetitive whisker stimulation [3–11].
Although adaptation is observed almost universally acro... | 17253902 | PMC1779810 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 5(2):e19 |
Introduction
Viral DNA replication involves a sequence of carefully orchestrated steps including recognition of the origin by a protein (the initiator) or proteins, melting of the origin DNA, replication protein A (RPA)-dependent unwinding of the DNA, and recruitment of polymerase and other replication factors (for rev... | 17253903 | PMC1779811 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:45:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 5(2):e23 |
Introduction
The prion hypothesis was originally proposed to explain the etiology of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, a group of mammalian neurodegenerative diseases that arise and spread through a protein-only mechanism: a self-perpetuated change in the folding of a cellularly encoded protein PrP [1,2]. ... | 17253904 | PMC1779812 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 5(2):e24 |
Introduction
Generalisation is a widespread feature of plant–pollinator interactions [1], and there is a growing interest in the study of complete communities of interacting plants and flower-visiting insects [2,3]. The topology of plant–pollinator qualitative networks (networks that simply consider whether species pai... | 17253905 | PMC1779813 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 5(2):e31 |
A field of spring wildflowers, abuzz with busy insects seeking nectar and spreading pollen, may look like a perfect model of random interaction. But ecologists have discovered order within this anarchy. For instance, as the number of species grows, the number of interactions does too, while the connectivity (the fracti... | 20076661 | PMC1779814 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 5(2):e54 |
According to international guidelines [1,2] and several nations' laws [3–5], research with humans requires independent ethics committee review. In the United States, committees are called institutional review boards (IRBs) [6]; elsewhere they generally are called research ethics committees (RECs). Committees are design... | 17253898 | PMC1779815 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 23; 4(1):e3 |
Introduction
The avian influenza pathogen H5N1 has proven its ability to pass directly from birds to humans, causing a severe disease with high mortality [1]. This has raised a public alert toward the potential occurrence of a new severe influenza pandemic caused by a novel human virus strain originating from the avian... | 17253899 | PMC1779816 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 23; 4(1):e13 |
Introduction
Antiviral drugs, especially the neuraminidase inhibitor (NI) oseltamivir, play a major role in plans to mitigate the next influenza pandemic [1,2]. Current mathematical modeling studies suggest that antivirals alone are unlikely to significantly reduce the spread and impact of a pandemic, in part due to su... | 17253900 | PMC1779817 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:07 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 23; 4(1):e15 |
On September 1, 2006, the World Health Organisation (WHO) announced that a deadly new strain of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) had been detected in Tugela Ferry (Figure 1), a rural town in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) [1], the epicentre of South Africa's HIV/AIDS epidemic. Of the ... | 17253901 | PMC1779818 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 23; 4(1):e50 |
Background
MEDLINE® is the U.S. National Library of Medicine's (NLM) primary literature database, indexing >15 million citations in the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, and the preclinical sciences [1]. Encountering extraneous articles in response to a query submitted... | 17214888 | PMC1780044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2007 Jan 10; 7:1 |
Background
The prognosis for lung cancer remains poor with overall five-year survival of 5–10%. This has changed little in the past two decades [1] and is attributed to delays in presentation, diagnosis, staging and treatment. Among the recommendations of the UK (United Kingdom) National Cancer Plan has been the introd... | 17217547 | PMC1780045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:21 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jan 12; 2:5 |
Background
As new devices for automated anastomosis are developed, hand-sewn anastomosis appears to be on the wane. As for proximal anastomosis during coronary artery bypass grafting, several aortic connecting devices have some favorable prospects although their safety has not been yet been proven [1]. In addition, reg... | 17207283 | PMC1780046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:21 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jan 6; 2:2 |
Background
Translational GTPases (trGTPases) are proteins in which the GTPase activity is induced by the large ribosomal subunit [1,2]. Several members of this protein family (EF-G, EF-Tu, IF2 and RF3) bind to an overlapping site on the ribosome [1,3-6]. This conserved region of the large subunit includes part of domai... | 17214893 | PMC1780047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 10; 8:15 |
Background
Recent soybean genetic maps have used combinations of classical and molecular markers to determine the approximate order of sequences on soybean chromosomes viewed as linkage groups [1-9]. The newest versions of the integrated soybean genetic map [7] and physical map [10,11] provide milestones in soybean gen... | 17210083 | PMC1780048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 8; 8:8 |
Background
Plants are subjected to constant attack by a variety of microbial pathogens and herbivores and they have evolved a complex battery of defense mechanisms that are activated by multiple defense signaling pathways. Thus, in response to infection by some microbial pathogens, the interacting EDS1 and PAD4 protein... | 17214894 | PMC1780049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2007 Jan 10; 7:2 |
Background
Carbohydrates are often referred to as the third molecular chain of life, after DNA and proteins [1]. These interactions are responsible for important biological functions such as inter cellular communication particularly in the immune system [2]. Living cells in all organisms are usually covered with one or... | 17201922 | PMC1780050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2007 Jan 3; 7:1 |
Background
RNAi is a newly identified biological process in which specific sequence of short dsRNA (~22 bp) knock down the expression of genes complimentary to the dsRNA. RNAi was initially discovered in plants, worms and fruit flies as an important biological mechanism controlling gene expression and development [1]. ... | 17187675 | PMC1780051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Dec 22; 6:50 |
Background
Radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis are well-recognized complications of thoracic radiotherapy, but less common complications include Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia (BOOP) and eosinophilic pneumonia [1]. It is also not commonly appreciated that these complications can manifest in patients recei... | 17201913 | PMC1780052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:29 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2007 Jan 3; 2:2 |
Background
PDGF was originally identified as a constituent of whole blood serum that was absent in cell-free plasma [1,2] and subsequently purified from human platelets [3,4]. Although the α-granules of platelets are a major storage site for PDGF, recent studies have shown that PDGF can be synthesized by a number of di... | 17217530 | PMC1780053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2007 Jan 11; 2:5 |
Background
Proteolysis is a poorly understood aspect of plant molecular biology. Although proteases play crucial roles in many important processes in plant cells, e.g. responses to changes in environmental conditions, senescence and cell death, very little information is available on the substrate specificity and physi... | 17181860 | PMC1780054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Dec 20; 6:30 |
Background
The term "malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor"(MPNST) comprises various entities including malignant schwannoma, neurofibrosarcoma, and neurogenic sarcoma. MPNSTs are rare with an incidence of 1:100,000. About half of the tumors occur in patients with type I neurofibromatosis[1,2]. Interestingly, about 1... | 17227576 | PMC1780055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Neurol. 2007 Jan 16; 7:2 |
Background
Non-traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), an acute and spontaneous extravasation of blood into the brain parenchyma is the second most common cause of stroke [1] and accounts for 30–60% of all stroke admissions into a hospital [2]. Hypertension results in a two to six fold increase in the risk of intrac... | 17204141 | PMC1780056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Neurol. 2007 Jan 4; 7:1 |
1. Age-related macular degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (MD) is a chronic, progressive eye disorder that mainly affects people over the age of 50. It is the leading cause of blindness in the Western world in people over 60 yrs [1] and the third most common cause globally after cataract and glaucoma [1]. Da... | 17184527 | PMC1780057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:49 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Dec 21; 4:97 |
Background
The glycemic index (GI) was first developed by Jenkins and colleagues [1] as a new method of classifying foods based on the blood glucose response after food consumption. The GI value of a food is a percentage of the 2-hour area under the blood glucose response curve of a reference food, typically glucose [2... | 17192192 | PMC1780058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:35 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Dec 27; 5:35 |
Background
Vaccination is a highly effective approach to disease control in human and veterinary health care. A vaccine is a molecular or supramolecular agent which elicits specific, protective immunity; that is an enhanced adaptive immune response to re-infection by pathogenic microbes through the potentiation of immu... | 17207271 | PMC1780059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 5; 8:4 |
Background
Transcriptional control is a crucial step in organ development and cellular responses to environmental changes. Recent studies have demonstrated that mRNA expression levels vary in both natural and experimental populations [1]. Expression Quantitative Trait Locus (eQTL) mapping seeks to explain such variatio... | 17212828 | PMC1780060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 9; 8:7 |
Background
The third dimension today is a clinical problem to be solved every time surgery [1-3], bracing [4,5], or exercises are proposed [6,7], but today clinicians lack tools to three-dimensionally understand the scoliotic spine, partly because of complexity, costs and reduced diffusion of involved instruments, but ... | 17184548 | PMC1780061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Dec 21; 1:23 |
Background
Brevundimonas (formerly Pseudomonas) vesicularis is an aerobic nonsporulating and nonfermenting gram-negative bacillus [1] that has been isolated from the external environment [2-5] and human clinical specimens [6-15]. There have been only eight descriptions of infections in human beings caused by the microo... | 17194310 | PMC1780062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 29; 6:179 |
Background
Multiple-agent chemotherapy is the conventional therapy for patients with advanced stages of neuroblastoma (NB) and disseminated NB. However, drug resistance arises in the majority of stage IV and relapse NB disease, initially responding to chemotherapy [1]. Classical multidrug resistance is attributed to th... | 17181871 | PMC1780063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Dec 21; 6:294 |
Background
In the United Kingdom (U.K), there is an extensive market for the sale of heroin, an illicit class 'A' drug. Precise figures of how many people use and are dependent on heroin are difficult to establish as there has never been a national prevalence survey [1]. The link between crime and illicit drug use, spe... | 17210080 | PMC1780064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:05 | no | Trials. 2007 Jan 8; 8:1 |
Background
DNA microarrays are a powerful tool for monitoring the expression of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously [1]. Affymetrix GeneChips are widely used microarrays with a collection of 11 – 20 probe pairs called a probe set that measures the expression of each transcript. The probe pairs comprise a perfect ... | 17217519 | PMC1780108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S26 |
Background
The human genome project and numerous other genome projects have produced a large and ever increasing amount of sequence data. One of the main research challenges in the post-genomic era is to understand the relationship between the nucleotide sequences of genes and the functions of the proteins they encode.... | 17217503 | PMC1780109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S11 |
Background
We propose here a general method of simulating the dynamics and interactions of molecules based on a particle framework. Analyses of subcellular localization are now quite important to know how the cellular properties of interest are regulated. Experimental techniques helped unraveling these properties. For ... | 17217513 | PMC1780110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S20 |
Background
Microarrays enable us to monitor expressions of thousands of genes simultaneously and generate enormous amount of data. Using such techniques, it is possible to explore the secret of biology at the molecular level and understand the fundamental biological processes ranging from gene function to development a... | 17217526 | PMC1780111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S8 |
Background
Transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) play a very important role in the regulation of gene expressions. Much research has been conducted on the discovery of TFBSs using computational approaches. Most of this research tries to discover all kinds of TFBSs [1-5]. However, the specific category of TFBSs, fo... | 17217512 | PMC1780112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S2 |
Background
With the rapidly increasing availability of complete genome sequences, genome-wide sequence comparison has become an essential approach for finding homologous gene candidates, for identifying gene functions, and for studying genome evolution [1,2]. Genome comparison can be used to find genes that characteriz... | 17217510 | PMC1780113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S18 |
Background
Steroid hormones are signal molecules that play essential roles in various physiological and pathological processes. In particular, one of the most important factors of regulation commonly applied in medical treatment is the use of hormones. Cancer treatment on early stages of tumor development is often asso... | 17217520 | PMC1780114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S27 |
Background
The problem of finding a Shortest Common Supersequence (SCS) of a given set of sequences is a very important problem in computer science, especially in computational molecular biology. The SCS of a set of sequences can be stated as follows: Given two sequences S = s1s2...sm and T = t1t2...tn, over an alphabe... | 17217504 | PMC1780115 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S12 |
Background
Transcription factors (TFs) regulate the expression of genes by interacting with cis-regulatory elements in DNA sequences in response to internal and external stimuli. Genomic comparisons have shown that most of these cis-regulatory elements are located in the conserved non-coding region of the genome [1,2].... | 17217514 | PMC1780116 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S21 |
Background
The amplification of variable region (Fv) of immunoglobulin (Ig) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has become an invaluable technique for studying antigen-antibody interactions and cloning monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for medical purposes [1]. All approaches require amplification or... | 17217527 | PMC1780117 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S9 |
Background
Ant colony algorithm (AC) belongs to the class of problem-solving strategies derived from nature. Dorigo, Maniezzo, and Colorni [1], using the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) [2,3] as example, introduced the first AC algorithm. With the further study in this area, ant colony algorithm is widely applied to t... | 17217521 | PMC1780118 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S3 |
Background
Microarray technology is one of the latest breakthroughs in experimental molecular biology. The technology permits the analysis of gene expression, DNA sequence variation, protein levels, tissues, cells and other chemicals in a massive format [1,2]. However, the analysis and handling of such fast growing dat... | 17217511 | PMC1780119 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S19 |
Background
Recent advances in microarray technologies [1,2] and genome sequencing have allowed the expression level of thousands of genes to be monitored in parallel. This tool provides important new information for the fundamental understanding of biological processes at the molecular level. Such understanding has pro... | 17217505 | PMC1780120 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S13 |
Background
RDX is known to contaminate soil and ground water associated with munitions manufacturing and artillery training sites [1], some of which are listed on the National Priorities List by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [2]. RDX has also been targeted for future regulatory action under provisions of the... | 17217515 | PMC1780121 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S22 |
Background
Biological sequence [1] can be represented as a sequence of symbols. For instance, a protein [2] is a sequence of 20 different letters (amino acids), and DNA sequences (genes) can be represented as sequences of four letters A, C, G and T corresponding to the four sub-molecules forming DNA. When a new biosequ... | 17217522 | PMC1780122 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S4 |
Background
Protein sequence determines its senior structures [1]. Based on this hypothesis, the protein secondary and tertiary structures and their domains are contained within a peptide chain. The protein secondary structure has been studied intensely, since it is very helpful to reveal the functions of protein with u... | 17217506 | PMC1780123 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S14 |
Background
Recent emergence of various high throughput tools has supplied new and powerful means for biologists to experimentally interrogate living systems at the systems level instead of merely at the molecular level. Large-scale experiments that could only be imagined a few decades ago can now be performed routinely... | 17217516 | PMC1780124 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S23 |
Background
The modelling of human genetic variation is critical to the understanding of the genetic basis for complex diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most frequent form of variation. The Human Genome Project and other large-scale efforts have identified millions of SNP markers. Although each ma... | 17217523 | PMC1780125 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S5 |
Background
Microarray data classification
In recent years the use of DNA microarrays has resulted in the creation of large datasets of molecular information characterizing complex biological systems. Machine learning algorithms applied to DNA microarray data based on molecular classification approach have shown to have... | 17217507 | PMC1780126 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S15 |
Background
An evolutionary tree, or phylogenetic tree, is a model of the evolutionary history for a set of species. With more and more DNA and protein sequences have been obtained [1-3], the problem of inferring the evolutionary history and constructing the phylogenetic tree has become one of the major problems in comp... | 17217517 | PMC1780127 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S24 |
Background
Introduction
Of the many challenging problems related to understanding the biological function of DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolic and signalling pathways, one of the most important is comparing the structure of different molecules. The hypothesis is that structure determines function and therefore it shoul... | 17217524 | PMC1780128 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S6 |
Background
Hydrophobins play a very important role in fungal growth and development. They are a class of small fungal proteins, which are responsible for the formation of aerial hyphae and attachment of hyphae to hydrophobic surfaces [1]. The remarkable ability of self-assembly at hydrophilic/hydrophobic surfaces makes... | 17217508 | PMC1780129 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S16 |
Background
Extracting useful information from biological sequences is an emerging problem with the rapid growth of biological sequences databases. Among biological sequences, protein sequences are an especially interesting category since protein is functionally essential in life and its alphabet is large (20 amino acid... | 17217502 | PMC1780130 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S10 |
Background
High-density DNA microarray measures the activities of several thousand genes simultaneously and the gene expression profiles have been recently used for the cancer and also other disease classification. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) [1,2] is a supervised learning algorithm, useful for recognizing subtle ... | 17217518 | PMC1780131 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S25 |
Background
Microarray techniques have revolutionized genomic research by making it possible to monitor the expression of thousands of genes in parallel. As the amount of microarray data being produced is increasing at an exponential rate, there is a great demand for efficient and effective expression data analysis tool... | 17217525 | PMC1780132 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S7 |
Background
Cluster analysis is an exploratory technique that might reveal classes or groups of genes that act in consort during a biological process. A distance or dissimilarity is calculated between the expression vectors of each pair of genes. A statistical clustering algorithm is then employed which places a pair of... | 17217509 | PMC1780133 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S17 |
Introduction
This BMC Bioinformatics supplement consists of 26 papers peer-reviewed and selected from the First Symposium of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (SCBB) in conjunction with the International Multi-Symposiums on Computer and Computational Sciences (IMSCCS|06) held in Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Ch... | 17217501 | PMC1780134 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 12; 7(Suppl 4):S1 |
The Appalachian mountains comprise a system of ranges that begins in Quebec, Canada, passes through New York, and reaches south along the U.S. eastern seaboard to Georgia and Alabama. Portions of the mountain system are in 12 states and include ranges such as the Allegheny Mountains of Pennsylvania and the Great Smoky ... | 0 | PMC1780263 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:49 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A111 |
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