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IN MEMORIAM
Barbara Mortimer, PhD
April 16, 1960 – August 30, 2006
Northrop Grumman Senior Editor and Editorial Staff Program Team Leader
Preventing Chronic Disease
The staff of Preventing Chronic Disease extends its deepest sympathies to the family and friends of Dr. Barbara Mortimer.
We are deeply enriched by h... | 0 | PMC1780264 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:16:11 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A131 |
Background
Culture medium osmolarity is one of the primary parameters that must be considered when formulating an optimized medium for the production of preimplantation embryos. Even brief exposure of preimplantation embryos to 300 mOsm/kg culture media (in the absence of osmolytes) results in impaired development [1-3... | 17214902 | PMC1781062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:43 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2007 Jan 10; 7:2 |
Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small, non-cytopathic virus with a circular partially double-strand DNA genome of approximately 3.2 Kb [1]. The genome has 4 overlapping genes: PreS/S, PreC/C, X, and P. The Pre S/S gene encodes for the three envelope proteins, large, middle, and small or HBsAg. The PreC/C gene e... | 17217533 | PMC1781063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:17 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 11; 4:6 |
Background
Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae are the major malaria vectors in Africa. Due to the difficulty of laboratory colonization, An. funestus has not received the same attention as An. gambiae and as a consequence there are few molecular markers for this species. However, the recent successful colonizatio... | 17204152 | PMC1781065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 4; 8:5 |
Background
The in vitro formation of bone- or cartilaginous-like tissue for subsequent implantation [1-3] is, as described, commonly performed by using scaffolds. Recently, there is a controversy (e.g. biocompatibility, biodegradability) concerning the use of artificial scaffolds compared to the use of a natural matrix... | 17212823 | PMC1781066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Head Face Med. 2007 Jan 9; 3:4 |
Background
According to estimates by the World Health Organization chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become the fourth most common single cause of death and its prevalence is further increasing world wide [1]. COPD is characterized by irreversible and progressive bronchial obstruction and is associated w... | 17217536 | PMC1781067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:30 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Jan 11; 8(1):2 |
Background
Understanding the genetic architecture of complex traits controlled by many genes and environmental factors is currently one of the grand challenges in genetics. In this quest for the deciphering of the genetic code, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping can be a powerful statistical tool. The basic idea of ... | 17210073 | PMC1781068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:42 | no | BMC Genet. 2007 Jan 8; 8:1 |
Background
Economic evaluation of health care has evolved as an important tool for assessing the costs and benefits of health care and a large amount of evaluation studies has been published during the last decades. Several systematic reviews have been conducted that assessed the characteristics and quality of publishe... | 17222334 | PMC1781069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:56 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 12; 7:7 |
Background
Surgery for lumbar disc herniation is effective in the majority of cases. Success rates from 76% to 93 % have been reported [1-8]. Patients who have had one operation for lumbar disc herniation have shown to be at 5–12.5% risk for further operations (including discectomy, other type of decompression or fusio... | 17212811 | PMC1781070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Jan 9; 8:2 |
Background
Ewing's family of tumors arise primarily from bones and rarely are of extraskeletal origin. Considering the rarity and varied presentation of extraskeletal Ewings sarcoma (ESES), no definite recommendation regarding optimal treatment has been defined. The principles of management of extraskeletal Ewings tumo... | 17217537 | PMC1781071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 11; 5:3 |
Background
Patients with co-morbid substance use disorders (SUDs) and psychiatric disorders are at increased risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and constitute the vast majority of persons with chronic HCV [1-4]. HCV occurs in up to 90% of injection drug users [5]. Relative to the general population, the inciden... | 17222348 | PMC1781072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2007 Jan 12; 2:4 |
Background
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used by mankind for millennia, mainly in brewing and baking. Because of its unchallenged use for thousands of years, this species, also known as baker's or brewer's yeast, became a synonym for yeast. However, in research and industrial biotechnology more and more yeast ... | 17169150 | PMC1781073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Dec 14; 5:39 |
Findings
Despite the established evidence that gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) causes 10 to 40% of chronic cough [1], and the prevalence of GOR-associated chronic cough (GOR-CC) is increasing in the Western populations [2], this condition has been rarely reported in Japan and its clinical manifestation is not well char... | 17210085 | PMC1781074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:13 | no | Cough. 2007 Jan 8; 3:1 |
Background
Chronic cough is one of the commonest respiratory symptoms. Cough has been considered to be a defense mechanism of the airway to remove irritant particles or excess mucus, whereas non-productive cough, which is not associated with the clearance of the tracheobronchial mucus, may occur via increased cough ref... | 17222337 | PMC1781075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:13 | no | Cough. 2007 Jan 12; 3:2 |
Background
The system for funding clinical trials in the UK is highly complex and has, in recent years, been subject to a number of changes (Table 1 describes the UK funding model as of December 2005). Trial teams must engage with this evolving system if they are to resource their research. The major sources of funds a... | 17184521 | PMC1781076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:04 | no | Trials. 2006 Dec 21; 7:34 |
Background
Aberrant gene transcription resulting from epigenetic changes, -namely DNA promoter hypermethylation and histone deacetylation- are frequent events in the molecular pathogenesis of malignant transformation [1,2]. Although cancer cells are less immunogenic than pathogens, the immune system is clearly capable ... | 17192185 | PMC1781077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Dec 27; 4:55 |
pmcBackground
Eutrophication is a widespread and pernicious environmental problem, especially when it affects valuable sites of great ecological value and importance, where it may incur rehabilitation costs measured in millions of dollars per year [1]. In order to reverse the process, it is first necessary to identify... | 17196108 | PMC1781078 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:41 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Dec 29; 2:15 |
Background
After severe brachial palsy involving the shoulder, secondary operations are sometimes required to restore function. These include shoulder artrhodesis, rotational osteotomy, muscle transfer or a combination of these techniques.
For paralysis of the deltoid and supraspinatus muscle many different muscle tra... | 17222349 | PMC1781079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:34 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2007 Jan 12; 2:2 |
Background
Molecular biology is moving to an age where the amount of data and its complexity challenge our efforts to understand it. Many recent experimental studies have concentrated on obtaining accurate protein-protein interaction maps for genomes, ranging from unicellular organisms to human. Combining experimental ... | 17156482 | PMC1781080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:49 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Dec 11; 1:25 |
Background
Metabolic activities of living cells are accomplished by a well regulated, highly coupled network of numerous enzyme catalyzed reactions and selective membrane transport systems. To engineer such systems, enzymatic, transport and regulatory functions of the cells are manipulated via the use of recombinant DN... | 17184531 | PMC1781081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 21; 7:540 |
Introduction
Early respiratory management (ERM) specifies ventilatory support from birth until stabilization during the first days of life. ERM starts with resuscitation in the delivery room (DR) and is primarily based on adequate ventilation. However, the recently updated international guidelines on neonatal resuscita... | 17285145 | PMC1781338 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:03 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e192 |
Introduction
Adaptive radiations are thought to play an important role in the evolution of biodiversity. A single colonizing lineage will diversify into coexisting niche specialists if there are unoccupied ecological niches and strong competition within the coloniser's niche [1]. While competition is the key factor dri... | 17285146 | PMC1781339 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:03 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e193 |
Introduction
While translation initiation in prokaryotes is mediated by base-paring between the Shine-Dalgarno sequence at the 5-UTR on the mRNA and the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence at the 3′-end of the 16S rRNA [1], [2], translation initiation in eukaryotes is mediated by the Kozak consensus [3]–[6]. The optimal conte... | 17285142 | PMC1781341 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:03 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e188 |
Introduction
The sequencing and annotation of an increasing number of genomes has led to a huge amount of protein sequence data. The goal of functional genomics is to determine the function of these proteins. For this purpose, it is essential to construct a comprehensive evolutionary classification of proteins and thei... | 17285143 | PMC1781342 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:03 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e189 |
Background
It is well-known that the venous drainage network for the bony vertebral column is unique [1-4]. The caliber of the basivertebral veins of the vertebral body is far out of proportion to similar venous drainage systems for other bones of the body, including large weight-bearing bones [1,5]. Venous blood drain... | 17192194 | PMC1781419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Dec 27; 1:18 |
Background
Analyses of morphological and ultrastructural characters, and also of the information carried by gene sequences have established that green algae belonging to the class Charophyceae gave rise to the more than 500,000 land plant species currently inhabiting our planet [1,2]. Charophycean green algae and land ... | 17222354 | PMC1781420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Biol. 2007 Jan 12; 5:2 |
Background
There is no simple answer to the question, what happens when oriental medicine is transplanted and practised in an Australian context? The question touches on a number of issues relating to the application of traditional non-Western medical practices in western societies [1,2]. Ethnomedicine in its given ori... | 17201916 | PMC1781421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:07 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2007 Jan 3; 3:1 |
Background
It is becoming increasingly common in public health studies to use the spatial locations of study participants in statistical analyses, for example to test for geographic clustering of disease or to estimate relationships between environmental exposures and disease. Indeed, statistical methods for spatial ep... | 17214903 | PMC1781422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:07 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2007 Jan 10; 6:1 |
Background
The worldwide eradication of the naturally occurring smallpox virus, variola, in 1980 resulted in a decreased demand for the development of therapies [1]. Due to recent worldwide political developments, variola is nowadays widely regarded as one of the most significant bioterrorist threats, reestablishing th... | 17224068 | PMC1781423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:17 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 15; 4:8 |
Background
An intrinsic property of all viruses is their need to either subvert and/or subdue the host immune response to establish a productive replication cycle. The mechanism by which this avoidance proceeds is greatly varied throughout the phyla of viruses; however either must occur in order for a virus to spread a... | 17224071 | PMC1781424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:17 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 15; 4:9 |
Background
Nipah virus (NiV) is a newly recognized, emerging paramyxovirus capable of causing lethal infections in a number of mammalian species including humans [1]. Together, with Hendra virus (HeV), they are members of the recently created Henipavirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae family [2]. The type species HeV... | 17204159 | PMC1781425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:17 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 4; 4:1 |
Introduction
Autism, the most common of the group of disorders collectively referred to as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), is a complex neurological disease of unknown etiology. The incidence of autism is estimated to be 1 per 166 [1] with a male to female ratio of 4:1. Autism has been found throughout the world in fa... | 17207275 | PMC1781426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:07 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2007 Jan 5; 4:3 |
Disease name and synonyms
Essential thrombocythemia (ET)
Primary thrombocythemia (PT)
Hemorrhagic thrombocythemia
Definition
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is an acquired Myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) characterized by a sustained elevation of the platelet number with a tendency to thrombosis and hemorrhage. Elev... | 17210076 | PMC1781427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:02 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Jan 8; 2:3 |
Disease name and synonyms
Noonan syndrome (NS)
(Mistakenly: male Turner syndrome, Turner phenotype with normal karyotype, female Turner-like syndrome)
Definition and diagnostic criteria
Noonan Syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by short stature, typical face dysmorphology and congenital hea... | 17222357 | PMC1781428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:02 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Jan 14; 2:4 |
Background
DNA Ligase IV deficiency syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by hypomorphic mutations in the DNA ligase IV gene (LIG4) [1]. The gene product of the LIG4 gene functions in nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), a major repair pathway for DNA double-strandbreaks in mammalian cells that is activat... | 17224058 | PMC1781429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:02 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Jan 15; 2:5 |
Background
Smoking and excessive alcohol drinking affect millions of people worldwide. Health behaviours among doctors have been suggested to be an important marker of how harmful lifestyle behaviours are perceived in a country [1]. The role of tobacco in cardiovascular, pulmonary and cancer diseases has been well esta... | 17222332 | PMC1781430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 12; 7:5 |
Background
Two basic strategies for the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) have been described. In Drosophila, C. elegans and Xenopus the inheritance of germ plasm with associated germ cell determinants appears to be required for PGC formation [1-3]. In these organisms, maternally provided asymmetrically-loc... | 17217535 | PMC1781431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:43 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2007 Jan 11; 7:3 |
Background
Clinicians increasingly recognise the importance of engaging patients in health care especially where decisions about treatment have significant effects on quality of life or where there are choices between alternative therapies with differing risks and benefits [1,2]. Indeed for ethical reasons, patients' a... | 17214891 | PMC1781432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2007 Jan 10; 7:2 |
Background
Diabetic nephropathy accounts for a significant reduction in life expectancy of diabetic patients. It is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the western world [1,2]. In Caucasians, the cumulative incidence of diabetic nephropathy in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients has been estimated to range ... | 17224056 | PMC1781433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2007 Jan 15; 8:2 |
Background
Since the introduction of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the UK in 1946 [1], its use has risen steadily. As survival has improved, there has been an increasing willingness to offer dialysis to a wider range of patients including older patients. This has resulted in rising annual incidence (acceptance) an... | 17217542 | PMC1781434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2007 Jan 11; 8:1 |
Background
Large-scale mutagenesis screens in the zebrafish employing the mutagen ENU have isolated several hundred mutant loci that represent putative developmental control genes [1,2]. In order to realize the potential of such screens, systematic genetic mapping of the mutations is necessary. Genome scanning by bulke... | 17212827 | PMC1781435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 9; 8:11 |
Background
Meningiomas are the most frequently occurring intracranial tumors. Clinically treated meningiomas comprise approximately 13–26% of all primary brain tumors [1]. Epidemiological studies indicate that ~90% of all meningiomas are asymptomatic [2]. The majority are benign, slowly growing, solitary and sporadic t... | 17222329 | PMC1781436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 12; 8:16 |
Background
Myofibroblast cells, an intermediate cell type between fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), have been suggested to play an important role in the development of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which produces excessive amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to formation of fibroblastic fo... | 17207287 | PMC1781437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:30 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Jan 7; 8(1):1 |
Background
Dynamic modelling of biochemical networks requires quantitative information about enzymatic reactions. Because many metabolic networks are known and stored in databases [1,2], it would be desirable to translate networks automatically into kinetic models that are in agreement with the available data. As a fir... | 17173669 | PMC1781438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:20 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Dec 15; 3:41 |
Background
Dynamic simulation of metabolic systems
Local perturbations of biochemical systems, e.g. by differential gene expression or drug treatment, can lead to global effects that are by no means self-evident. An intention of systems biology is to predict them by computer simulations, which requires mathematical mod... | 17173670 | PMC1781439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:20 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Dec 15; 3:42 |
Background
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) outcomes are studied frequently in health service research with hospital discharge administrative data [1-8]. Risk adjustment is an important tool used in health service research to account for differences in AMI patient's characteristics. To develop such a tool for AMI pati... | 17173686 | PMC1781440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Dec 15; 6:161 |
Background
A substantial number of individuals with addictive disorders do not enter treatment. In the U.S. as an example, the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health indicated that while 23.2 million individuals (age 12 or older) needed treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol use problem, only 10.0 percent receiv... | 17210075 | PMC1781441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2007 Jan 8; 2:2 |
Background
The uneven distribution of medical human resources between regions constitutes a problem in many countries. Physician supply in several rural and remote regions and shortages in certain medical specialties are particularly problematic in Canada [1]. The recent National Physician Survey [2] shows that physici... | 17217534 | PMC1781442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:54 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 11; 7:6 |
Background
Microsatellites, as one of the major repeat classes, are extremely common in eukaryotic genomes [1]. They are generally thought to result from the mutation effects of replication slippage [2]. Different from the origin of microsatellites from repetitive DNA in animals [3], plant microsatellites show a signif... | 17187690 | PMC1781443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Dec 25; 7:323 |
Background
Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and could promote cardiovascular diseases via multiple mechanisms [1]. Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia could increase inflammation and proliferation in the atherosclerotic lesions in coronary and cerebral arteries... | 17224075 | PMC1781444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2007 Jan 16; 8:1 |
Background
The demographic and epidemiological transitions throughout the world make it necessary to train professionals in the area of health sciences with a biological, psychological and social perspective about the ageing process [1-4]. Several studies in the field have emphasized the decisive role that students' pe... | 17233923 | PMC1781445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:07 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2007 Jan 19; 7:1 |
Background
Superfoetation implies fertilization and subsequent development of an ovum when a foetus is already present in the uterus. Growth discordance in multiple pregnancies due to placental insufficiency, twin to twin transfusion or aneuploidy need to be differentiated from superfoetation. In most instances the lar... | 17239246 | PMC1781446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2007 Jan 19; 7:2 |
Background
Moderate to severe osteoarthrosis is the most common indication for total hip arthroplasty (THA). Incidence of THA in 2005 was 124 per 100,000 inhabitants (20,281 operations) in the Netherlands [1]. Over the past 40 years, THA has proven to be one of the most successful orthopedic interventions. The 15-year ... | 17214906 | PMC1781447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Jan 11; 8:4 |
Background
The toxicity of the chemical warfare blistering agent sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide; SM) has been investigated for nearly a century [1,2]. This toxic gas can damage the eyes and respiratory tract when present in high doses [3].
Bronchiectasis, a chronic supportive lung disease characterized b... | 17224076 | PMC1781448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:26 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2007 Jan 16; 4:2 |
Background
The proliferation of DNA sequences from EST and genome studies has driven an increasing interest in rapid assay systems as alternatives to stable transgenics for establishing gene function. Transient over-expression of gene sequences using biolistics (particle bombardment) is now well established for functio... | 17207290 | PMC1781449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:01 | no | Plant Methods. 2007 Jan 8; 3:1 |
Background
There are a lot of scientific contributions related to obp lesions, either general or focused on specific aspects of diagnosis and treatment [1].
Few of them deal with surgical details about nerve exposure and reconstruction and their possible influence on the outcome [2-5].
After 10 years of regular surgi... | 17214900 | PMC1781450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:36 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2007 Jan 10; 2:1 |
Background
Increasing prescribing of antidepressants – is it appropriate?
Prescribing of antidepressant drugs has increased by 36% over the last 5 years to around 30 million items (7.3 million in the quarter to June 2005), and the cost has increased by 20% to around £380 million (£91 million for the same quarter) [1].
... | 17204136 | PMC1781451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:50 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2007 Jan 4; 8:2 |
Background
Anthocyanins are a large subclass of flavonoid pigments [1] that provide important functions in plants and are also of significance to agriculture and commerce [2]. Their biosynthetic pathway, a branch of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, has been extensively characterized, and there is also a good understanding... | 17173704 | PMC1781452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Dec 17; 6:29 |
Background
β-glucosidases (3.2.1.21) are glycosyl hydrolases that hydrolyze the β-O-glycosidic bond at the anomeric carbon of a glucose moiety at the nonreducing end of a carbohydrate or glycoside molecule. These enzymes are found essentially in all living organisms and have been implicated in a diversity of roles, suc... | 17196101 | PMC1781453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Dec 29; 6:33 |
Background
What are the structurally distinguishing features of conserved protein sequence regions? The structure of many diverse proteins is currently known. In addition, many more protein sequences have been determined. These data can be used to study the relations between structure and conserved sequence features of... | 17210087 | PMC1781454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2007 Jan 9; 7:3 |
Background
Macromolecular recognition is based on the requirement of dual geometric and chemical complementarity, eventually leading to the formation of a thermodynamically stable and specific complex between interacting molecules. These aspects are key elements for understanding the function of biological systems: enz... | 17214883 | PMC1781455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2007 Jan 10; 7:4 |
Background
Approximately 30% of adults over 65 years old fall each year [1,2]. The incidence is higher for persons 75 years or older [3]. The combination of a high incidence of falls and a high susceptibility to injury is a key concern in older adults [4]. To be effective, fall prevention programs have to include peopl... | 17222340 | PMC1781456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2007 Jan 12; 7:1 |
Background
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) is a significant disease among domestic and wild bovine animals [1,2]. Clinical signs of the infection include symptoms of inflammatory processes on both respiratory and genital organs, and abortion. Young calves can develop a sys... | 17222341 | PMC1781457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:20 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2007 Jan 12; 49(1):3 |
Background
Tissue microenvironments play an important role in maintaining normal cell behavior [1-3]. Moreover, type I collagen is a prevalent component of the stromal extracellular matrix; its expression being spatially and temporally regulated during mammary ductal formation, suggesting it plays important roles in de... | 17190588 | PMC1781458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Dec 26; 4:38 |
Background
Apoptosis plays an important role in cancer development, progression, and response to therapy [1,2]. Malignant cells have defects in cellular death pathways and therefore the ability to circumvent apoptosis and survive under abnormal conditions [3]. Low apoptotic activity has been associated with aggressiven... | 17233882 | PMC1781459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 17; 7:11 |
Background
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare mesenchymal tumors most commonly found in the stomach or small intestine of adults. Their incidence ranges from 2.1 to 15 per million people, they are evenly distributed between genders, and 90% are CD-117 positive [1-3]. They usually grow asymptomatically unti... | 17229322 | PMC1781460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 17; 7:13 |
Background
Oesophageal carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide, ranking eighth in terms of incidence and sixth in terms of mortality in 2002 [1]. Its incidence and mortality rates show a wide geographical variation at an international level, with remarkable differences between high- and low-risk areas [1-... | 17201909 | PMC1781461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 3; 7:3 |
Background
Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecological malignancy in the United States. Recently, the incidence of this disease has been increasing in Japan. Several personal and lifestyle-related characteristics, such as age, obesity, diabetes, and estrogen therapy, have been identified as risk factors for ... | 17233921 | PMC1781462 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 19; 7:15 |
Background
Natural menopause, a normal aspect of aging, may influence risk of breast cancer [1], the leading contributor to cancer incidence in women in the United States (US). Menopause is associated with a progressive gain in body weight and an increased tendency for central adiposity with advancing age [2]. Thus, th... | 17229323 | PMC1781463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:17 | no | Nutr J. 2007 Jan 17; 6:3 |
Findings
Abnormal hypermethylation of the promoters of cancer-related or tumor suppressor genes is commonly found in primary neoplasms and tumor cell lines [1]. Thus, pharmacologic inhibition of DNA methylation could provide an effective means of epigenetic anti-cancer treatment. Indeed, 5-Azacytidine, a pyrimidine rin... | 17214905 | PMC1781464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Jan 10; 6:3 |
Background
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is a fashionable and an extremely hot topic for clinicians, patients and the health service planners. EBM is defined as "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decision about the care of individual patients [1]. Evidence-based cytology (... | 17210074 | PMC1781465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:10 | no | Cytojournal. 2007 Jan 8; 4:1 |
Background
How research affects health system and patient outcomes has been a topic of increasing importance over the past decade in Canada. Two major funding agencies, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (CHSRF), have made strides to have research better i... | 17204143 | PMC1781466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:07 | no | Implement Sci. 2007 Jan 4; 2:1 |
Background
According to market research, the potential of peptide therapeutics has recently intensified [1-3]. Worldwide, there are more than 40 marketed peptides, with about 270 peptides in clinical phase testing, and about 400 peptides in advanced preclinical phases [1]. Natural peptides, such as insulin, vancomycin,... | 17222344 | PMC1781467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:37 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 12; 8:11 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions play a key role in cellular functions, and thus, to complement the experimental approaches [1,2], many computational methods have recently been developed in systems biology for predicting whether two proteins interact, based on what is already known about these proteins. One type... | 17212819 | PMC1781468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 9; 8:6 |
Background
Primary human macrophages are sentinels of the immune system and following infection, circulating monocytes migrate from the peripheral blood to tissues where they differentiate into resident tissue macrophages [1]. Recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), including gram negative bacter... | 17222336 | PMC1781469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | BMC Immunol. 2007 Jan 12; 8:1 |
Background
Identifying differentially expressed gene transcripts is the most common task in analyzing microarray data. The current state-of-the-art in microarray design and analysis involves identifying differentially expressed genes by assessing the statistical significance of observed ratios in replicated microarray ... | 17177995 | PMC1781470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 19; 7:538 |
Introduction
Ubiquitination is a fundamental post-translational protein modification for all eukaryotic organisms. It controls several critical aspects of cell metabolism, such as cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, signal transduction or recognition, and resistance to pathogens [1–3]. Ubiquitination co... | 17257058 | PMC1781473 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:34 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e3 |
Introduction
Once not recognized as clinically relevant microorganisms, enterococci currently are the third most frequently isolated nosocomial pathogen from intensive care unit patients in the United States [1]. The emergence of enterococci as nosocomial pathogens in the 1990s was associated with a gradual replacement... | 17257059 | PMC1781477 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:37 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e7 |
Introduction
Genetic exchange is, with mutation, a primary source of genetic variation and plays an important role in virus evolution. Viruses possess mechanisms for genetic exchange that make their reproduction “just as sexual as that in eukaryotes” [1]: whenever different genetic variants replicate in the same cell, ... | 17257060 | PMC1781478 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:34 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e8 |
Introduction
A characteristic that is unique to retroviruses is their propensity to integrate their genomes into host-cell DNA as an essential part of their replication cycle. Thus, if the target cell population of a given retrovirus includes germ cells or their progenitors, retroviral genomes can be inherited in a Men... | 17257061 | PMC1781480 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:21:58 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e10 |
Introduction
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) shares many genetic and biologic properties with its human counterparts, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8). For example, it has been shown for both EBV and γHV68 that long-term latency is maintained in memory B cells [1–3].... | 17257062 | PMC1781481 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:37 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e11 |
Introduction
The link between exposure to synthetic chemicals that mimic the actions of endogenous hormones and risks to human health is a growing concern. As early as 1970, Herbst and Scully reported vaginal clear-cell adenocarcinoma in six 14- to 21-y-old women exposed in utero to the synthetic estrogenic drug diethy... | 17222059 | PMC1781485 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:44 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 12; 3(1):e5 |
This issue of PLoS Genetics contains the second of two important papers describing the high levels of meiotic failure caused by exposure of female mice to a chemical known as Bisphenol A (BPA) [1]. In the first article [2], Pat Hunt and her collaborators demonstrated high levels of meiotic failure in females exposed to... | 17222060 | PMC1781486 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:28 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 12; 3(1):e6 |
Introduction
The prevalence of transposed elements (TEs) in mammalian genomes is now well documented [1,2], and their inclusion within human and mouse transcription units is not uncommon. While relatively few genes adopt TEs in their coding regions, primarily as alternative exons recruited from introns [3,4], ∼25% of g... | 17222062 | PMC1781489 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:29 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 12; 3(1):e10 |
Introduction
Comparative mitochondrial genomics is becoming a powerful approach to resolving phylogenetic relationships among distantly related taxa (e.g., [1–7], and reviewed in [8,9]). A problem of particular interest to evolutionary biologists has been the order in which animal phyla comprising the lower Metazoa (cn... | 17222063 | PMC1781491 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:44 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 12; 3(1):e13 |
Introduction
Male courtship in Drosophila melanogaster consists of an innate sequence of behavioral steps that are well characterized [1,2]. The sex-specific ability to perform this behavior is controlled by the same master regulatory genes that control somatic sex differentiation in general (Sex-lethal [Sxl], transfor... | 17257054 | PMC1781494 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:44 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e16 |
Introduction
Vertebrate melanocyte pigment patterns have long been studied as a model for pattern formation and morphogenesis. Melanocytes arise in the neural crest and immediately begin to migrate ventrally along distinct migratory pathways to establish the embryonic pigment pattern. Mutations in genes required for me... | 17257055 | PMC1781495 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:02 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e17 |
Introduction
In vertebrates, development of the excretory system is characterized by the successive formation of three distinct kidneys with increased complexity: pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The pronephros is found in all vertebrates, but in mammals it is a nonfunctional transitory structure that is repla... | 17257056 | PMC1781496 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:02 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e18 |
Introduction
Members of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (Apobec3) family of cytidine deaminases are innate cellular anti-HIV-1 factors [1,2]. In the absence of HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif), both Apobec3G and Apobec3F are packaged into HIV-1 virions and during reverse trans... | 17257057 | PMC1781497 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:00:02 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e19 |
Background
Body size is an obvious and important characteristic of animals. It is highly correlated with fitness, and an increase in body size is one of the most common trends seen in evolutionary biology. The mechanisms by which genes affect body size have been widely studied. Genetic dwarf and giant strains are known... | 16879739 | PMC1781520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | J Biol. 2006 Aug 2; 5(5):16 |
Background
The small GTPase Ras, its relatives and their effectors are central to the signaling networks that are involved in a variety of regulatory processes in the cell, from proliferation and tumorigenesis to development and synaptic plasticity [1-3]. The signaling cascade involving the Raf, MEK (mitogen-activated ... | 16805921 | PMC1781522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:41 | no | J Biol. 2006 Jun 28; 5(5):14 |
Background
The fundamental discovery that proteins in biological tissues are in a dynamic state was made in the late 1930s using a custom-built mass spectrometer to measure the incorporation into proteins of the stable nitrogen isotope 15N [1], which was provided in the mouse diet as 15N-leucine and used as a marker of... | 17010211 | PMC1781526 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:16 | no | J Biol. 2006 Oct 5; 5(6):20 |
Background
Trinidad and Tobago is one country consisting of two adjacent islands located just northeast of the Venezuelan coast with a combined area of 5070 km2 [1]. The human population of 1.25 million is multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multicultural and increases at 1% annually. In Trinidad, the major population ce... | 17207273 | PMC1781930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:07 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2007 Jan 5; 3:3 |
Background
Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are among the smallest cetaceans, and are widely distributed in cold waters of the temperate and sub-arctic northern hemisphere [1]. They occur primarily over continental shelves, although some individuals are occasionally found in deeper waters [2]. Throughout their dis... | 17229317 | PMC1781931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Ecol. 2007 Jan 17; 7:1 |
Background
The disabling chronic pain syndrome erythromelalgia (also termed erythermalgia) is characterized by attacks of burning pain in the extremities that are triggered by mild warmth; pharmacological treatment of this disorder is ineffective in many patients [1]. Inherited erythromelalgia (IEM) is transmitted in a... | 17239250 | PMC1781932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:31 | no | Mol Pain. 2007 Jan 19; 3:3 |
Background
Papillomaviruses are non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses. Infection by papillomaviruses is associated with tumorigenesis in experimental animals and in humans (reviewed in [5]). The virus particle is comprised of 72 pentamers of the major capsid protein (L1) on the outer surface, arranged on a T = 7 icosahedral ... | 17210082 | PMC1781933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:17 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 8; 4:3 |
Background
The hypothesis that brain cholesterol levels can affect the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is now widely accepted [1]. One consequence of this hypothesis is the increasing interest in the use of statins as treatments for AD and other mild neurodegenerative disorders [2]. These drugs inhibit 3-hydrox... | 17233902 | PMC1781934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:07 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2007 Jan 18; 4:5 |
Background
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) granules (biopolyester particles) are formed inside bacterial cells based on the activity and biochemical properties of the PHA synthases and specific biosynthesis enzymes which are involved in PHA precursor supply [1,2]. Biologically, PHA serves as a reserve material. The PHA gran... | 17204164 | PMC1781935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:54 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Jan 4; 7:3 |
1 Background
The prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals, which manifest as infectious, inherited and sporadic [1]. The common feature of prion diseases is aberrant metabolism of prion protein PrP. In the cells, PrP may exist as a heterogenous mix of topological isoforms PrPC and may f... | 17199895 | PMC1781936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:54 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 2; 8:1 |
Background
Osteoclasts are terminally differentiated TRAP-positive cells derived from monocyte-macrophage lineage precursors and are responsible for bone resorption. The process of osteoclast formation includes the proliferation and the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors into mononuclear preosteoclasts and the f... | 17239241 | PMC1781937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2007 Jan 19; 8:4 |
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