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Background
The discovery of cyclic 3'5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by Earl Sutherland in the late 1950s was one of the most significant paradigm shifts in biochemistry [1]. This breakthrough ushered in the concept of second messengers: intracellular molecules which transmit signals in cells and are derived from an ... | 15644130 | PMC545951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 11; 6:6 |
Background
Posttranslational modification of eukaryotic proteins with lipids is a prevalent mechanism for controlling the subcellular localization and activity of these proteins [1]. Most proteins terminating in a CaaX sequence (C, cysteine; "a", generally an aliphatic residue; X, the carboxy-terminal residue) are subj... | 15625008 | PMC545952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:41 | no | BMC Biochem. 2004 Dec 29; 5:19 |
Background
Until recently multiple gene expression profiling was applied almost exclusively to human and a few model organisms. At present cDNA microarrays are being constructed for new species including teleost fishes [1-6]. Since EST sequencing projects are carried out with a large number of species, continuous devel... | 15634361 | PMC545953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jan 6; 6:3 |
Background
Splenic metastases from solid tumors occur in late stage of a disease, so those can hardly be an indication for a surgery. Cancers of the ovaries, lung, breast, stomach, skin and colon are known to metastasize to the spleen [1]. Even though recent reports suggest increasing incidence of splenic metastasis fr... | 15615591 | PMC545954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Dec 22; 4:96 |
Background
Razoxane (ICRF-159) (Raz), first developed in UK, was the earliest agent against spontaneous metastasis for the murine model (Lewis lung carcinoma) in 1969 [1]. A large volume of papers and projects have been published in the utilities and mechanisms of Raz for anticancer actions, like assisting radiotherapy... | 15617579 | PMC545955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Dec 24; 4:32 |
Background
Recombinant adenoviral vectors are highly efficient for in vitro and in vivo gene delivery. They can easily be produced in large numbers, transduce a wide variety of cell types and generate high levels of transgene expression. The AdEasy system is a widely used, simplified system for generating recombinant a... | 15642126 | PMC545956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Jan 11; 5:1 |
Background
Evolution can be measured and studied on a number of different scales, one of which is through the determination and comparison of genetic sequence information. Current-day gene sequences in living organisms have arisen through modifications of an array of ancestral sequences. Duplication with modification i... | 15511296 | PMC545957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Oct 28; 5:171 |
Background
Patellar tendinopathy
Patellar tendinopathy affects athletes in many sports and at all levels of participation, but is of particular concern for elite jumping athletes [1]. Many different types of sport activities have an increased risk for overuse of the patellar tendon including endurance sports (e.g. long... | 15606923 | PMC545958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Dec 18; 5:49 |
Background
Amongst the genitourinary cancer, carcinoma of the urinary bladder is one of the leading causes of death in Indian population. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the commonest histopathological variant where stage and grade are the two important prognostic factors to know the clinical behavior of these tum... | 15647110 | PMC545959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:02 | no | BMC Urol. 2005 Jan 12; 5:2 |
Background
Recent studies on network science demonstrate that cellular networks are described by universal features, which are also present in non-biological complex systems, as for example social networks or WWW. Most networks encountered in real world have scale-free topology, in particular networks of fundamental el... | 15617578 | PMC545960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 24; 5:207 |
Background
Breech presentation
Breech presentation occurs when a baby presents with the buttocks or feet rather than head first (cephalic presentation). As breech presentation is related to both fetal size and gestational age, the incidence decreases as pregnancy progresses to 3–4% by full-term[1,2]. Decades of controv... | 15606926 | PMC545961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Dec 20; 4:26 |
Background
In recent years, out-of-hours primary care in the Netherlands has been substantially reorganised. Formerly, general practitioners (GPs) used to perform these services in small locum groups (6 to 8 GPs) in which they joined a rota system. Nowadays, out-of-hours care is organised in large-scaled GP cooperative... | 15651997 | PMC545962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jan 15; 5:6 |
Background
The complexity of animal body form arises from a single fertilized egg cell in an odyssey of gene expression and regulation that controls the multiplication and differentiation of cells [1-3]. For over two decades, Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly) has been a canonical model animal for understanding th... | 15603586 | PMC545963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Dec 16; 5:202 |
Background
Our purpose was to describe both typical and outstanding personal health promotion environments experienced by medical students in U.S. medical schools. Our interest in health promotion among medical students was based on compelling data showing that physicians who have healthy personal habits are more likel... | 15581424 | PMC545964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:54 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Dec 6; 4:29 |
Background
Canadians have become increasingly vocal about the need for improved care for the dying. In response, the Special Senate Committee on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide[1] declared that Canadian governments should make end-of-life care or palliative care a top priority in the restructuring of the health care sy... | 15631626 | PMC545965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jan 4; 6:1 |
Background
Comorbid illness plays an essential, but poorly defined, role in the diagnosis and management of malignant disease. Increasingly, the importance of measuring comorbidity in consistent and quantifiable ways is being recognized. This movement has stemmed in part from a growing consensus that comorbidity confou... | 15610554 | PMC545968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:01 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Dec 20; 4:94 |
Background
The Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway plays a central role in metazoan development, controlling such diverse processes as cell growth, proliferation and organogenesis [1]. Wnt-1 is the prototypic member of this large family of secreted glycoproteins and was originally identified as a gene insertional... | 15642117 | PMC545969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 10; 5:3 |
Background
Skin ulcers caused by pressure and strains are known by various names: decubitus ulcer, bedsore, ischemic ulcer and pressure ulcer. "Pressure ulcer", which indicates the etiology of the lesion, seems the most appropriate name [1]. An estimated 50–80% of individuals suffering from spinal cord injury develop p... | 15601464 | PMC545970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2004 Dec 15; 4:18 |
Background
While significant strides have been made in medical research over the past several decades, many research results considered important by researchers and expert committees are not being used by health care practitioners. While the value of health services research must be judged by its validity, its utility ... | 15638931 | PMC545971 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jan 7; 5:1 |
Background
Alopecia areata (AA) is manifested as a sudden loss of hairs without any inflammation or scarring. The hair loss might be seen in a circumscribed area or the whole scalp (alopecia totalis or AT) or whole body (alopecia universalis or AU) [1]. It is a common disease and at any given time, 0.2% of the populati... | 15644147 | PMC545995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2005 Jan 12; 5:1 |
Background
Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death among Americans [1]. Hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), which includes both acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and unstable angina, is common and costly. Many patients admitted with ACS to primary hospitals (i.e. those without on-site card... | 15649313 | PMC545996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jan 13; 5:2 |
Background
Programs that promote condom use for HIV prevention typically monitor their progress through survey-based indicators, such as the percentage of the population who ever used a condom or the percentage who used a condom in their last sex act with a casual or regular partner [1,2]. Such information is routinely... | 15651994 | PMC545997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jan 15; 5:5 |
Background
With the sequencing of entire genomes and the exponential growth of sequence databases on the one hand, and the significant number of known folds compared to the putative number of possible folds in the fold space on the other hand, sequence-structure comparison is currently one main challenge of the post-ge... | 15638949 | PMC545998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 10; 6:4 |
Background
Transmembrane proteins are divided to date into two structural classes, the α-helical membrane proteins and the β-barrel membrane proteins. Proteins of the α-helical membrane class have their membrane spanning regions formed by hydrophobic helices which consist of 15–35 residues [1]. These are the typical me... | 15647112 | PMC545999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 12; 6:7 |
Background
Early exposure to dietary and supplementary vitamin D has been predicted to be a risk factor for later allergy and asthma [1]. Supported by in vitro [2] and in vivo studies [3], also epidemiological studies [4,5] report a positive association between supplementary vitamin D use and later allergy [6].
Vitami... | 15651992 | PMC546000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:18 | no | BMC Genet. 2005 Jan 15; 6:2 |
Background
In the past decade, the demand for DNA sequence data has driven the transformation of sequencing from a research activity into a manufacturing process. High-throughput sequencing facilities are focused on establishing automated procedures that maintain long read length and high overall success rates. It is n... | 15631628 | PMC546001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jan 4; 6:2 |
Background
Hematophagy, blood-feeding, is a behavior exhibited by most arthropod vectors of human pathogens. In anautogenous mosquitoes, the female generally feeds to repletion on a single blood meal and then proceeds to use this nutrition as the basis for the development of a batch of eggs. The cycle of host seeking, ... | 15651988 | PMC546002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jan 14; 6:5 |
Background
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins are major mechanisms mediating signal transduction throughout the cell and are intimately involved in the regulation of cell growth, physiology, differentiation, and death. Phosphorylation is accomplished by means of kinases which when stimulated by an affere... | 15647109 | PMC546003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jan 12; 6:1 |
Background
Cells have evolved surveillance mechanisms to ensure the fidelity of gene expression. One such mechanism, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), was discovered about twenty years ago in yeast [1] and then described in human inherited diseases caused by nonsense or frameshift mutations [2-4], which introduce pre... | 15638932 | PMC546004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Jan 7; 6:1 |
Background
The concept of a direct, one-to-one association between a sensory stimulus and a motor response has been strongly influential in neuroscience [1]. Such associations may be quite complex; for instance, monkeys can learn visuomotor mappings based on arbitrary rules [2-4]. But from a mechanistic point of view, ... | 15563737 | PMC546005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:46 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Nov 25; 5:47 |
Background
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and it has a considerable impact on the health care system [1]. In a recent study, the prevalence in Sweden was estimated at 1.3–2.5% [2]. Early detection of CHF has become increasingly important, as modern drug treatment has the potenti... | 15651996 | PMC546006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jan 15; 6:4 |
Background
Several cross-sectional [1,2], case-control [3-6], and prospective studies [7-9] have reported an inverse association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas others [10-12] have not. In this report, we present results of analyses of data from ... | 15647106 | PMC546007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Jan 12; 5:2 |
Background
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is performed mainly in patients with high-risk or advanced hematologic malignancies and aplastic anemias, and for some of them it is the only curative treatment. After allo-HSCT, incomplete engraftment and appearance of recipient's hematopoietic ... | 15642114 | PMC546008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2005 Jan 10; 5:1 |
Background
Essential hypertension is a common, polygenic, complex disorder resulting from interaction of several genes with each other and with environmental factors such as obesity, dietary salt intake, and alcohol consumption. Since the underlying genetic pathways remain elusive[1], currently most studies focus on th... | 15642127 | PMC546009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:44 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2005 Jan 11; 6:1 |
Background
A family of vertebrate proteins containing a six transmembrane domain (6TM) has been recently implicated in apoptosis and cancer. Up to date, this family contains four vertebrate members: STEAP, STAMP1/STEAP2, TIARP and TSAP6/pHyde. STEAP (six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate) was the first d... | 15623366 | PMC546010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Dec 29; 4:98 |
Background
Prostate cancer is a significant health problem among American men. This year about 230,110 men will be diagnosed with the disease and about 30,000 will likely die in this country alone [1]. Treatment options are limited and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality [2]. Localized cancer is tre... | 15638938 | PMC546011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 7; 5:2 |
Background
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that consists of an essential RNA molecule, hTR, with a template domain for telomeric DNA synthesis and of a catalytic protein, hTERT, with reverse transcriptase activity. Functional telomerase is minimally composed of both hTR and hTERT [1,2]. The transcriptional co... | 15656906 | PMC546012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 18; 5:6 |
Background
Trichotillomania (TTM) is characterized by repetitive stereotypical hair-pulling from different sites resulting in noticeable hair loss [1]. Phenomenological observations have suggested that symptoms of repetitive hair-pulling are reminiscent of the compulsions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) [2,... | 15649315 | PMC546013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 13; 5:2 |
Introduction
The circadian clock controls biological processes such as behavior, gene expression, and physiology in diverse organisms, ensuring that these processes to take place at appropriate times of the day. This is crucial for many organisms, such as plants, which must synchronize photosynthesis with day-night cyc... | 15685291 | PMC546037 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 1; 3(2):e34 |
Introduction
The importance of the rice genome is reflected in the fact that rice was the first crop plant to have its genome sequenced; astonishingly, it was sequenced by four independent research teams at Beijing Institute of Genomics [1], Syngenta [2], International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (IRGSP) [3,4,5], an... | 15685292 | PMC546038 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 1; 3(2):e38 |
Introduction
That populations survive indefinitely while individuals grow old and die requires that young offspring be produced at the expense of old parents, and this has classically been explained in terms of an immortal germ line passing through a transient and disposable soma, or body [1]. However, with the discove... | 15685293 | PMC546039 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 1; 3(2):e45 |
In William Gibson's novel Pattern Recognition, the protagonist posits a theory of jet lag: “Souls can't move that quickly, and are left behind, and must be awaited, upon arrival, like lost luggage.”
Science has yet to address the issue of a spiritual speed limit, but it is generally accepted that jet lag actually resu... | 0 | PMC546040 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 1; 3(2):e46 |
In April 2002, Science published draft genome sequences for the two major subspecies of cultivated rice, Oryza sativa. The release of the rice genome—the first plant crop to be sequenced—was big news. Rice is a staple crop for more than half of the world's population, and it was hoped that the availability of the genom... | 0 | PMC546041 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 1; 3(2):e47 |
As human beings, aging and death are an inevitable part of our lives. As we pass through each decade, the concrete signs of aging—greying hair, aches and pains, the gradual failure of one organ system after another—and the realization that we are mortal increasingly occupies our thoughts.
All other multicellular anima... | 0 | PMC546042 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 1; 3(2):e58 |
Background
Although the first appearance of the term "melancholia" dates back to antiquity[1], its use was in decline until it was re-adopted in 1980 by the authors of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rdEdition (DSM-III) to describe a subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although revis... | 15631624 | PMC546184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 4; 5:1 |
Background
Depression is common among residents of nursing homes [1]. Of the many instruments used to identify depression in the elderly, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)[2] is probably the most widely used in research settings. The original version comprises 30 items, whereas subsequent versions have been proposed... | 15627403 | PMC546185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Jan 1; 5:1 |
Background
Translational power is the rate of protein synthesis of a cell or culture, normalized to the amount of biomass invested in the protein synthesis machinery. We are introducing the term 'translational power' to describe precisely the same concept (and the same quantitative parameter, see Methods) that was orig... | 15636642 | PMC546186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 6; 6:3 |
Background
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition that affects 25–30% of the population [1]. It clearly involves multifactorial pathophysiology, yet the factors underlying why only some patients develop reflux esophagitis are unclear [2].
Symptoms and demographic data do not allow differentiation... | 15638947 | PMC546187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:48 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan 9; 5:2 |
Background
The September 11, 2001 terrorism events and the ensuing anthrax attacks in the United States were associated with widespread psychological trauma [1]. In response to the outbreak, public health officials disseminated recommendations for Bacillus anthracis postexposure prophylaxis and clinical management of p... | 15634353 | PMC546188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 5; 5:2 |
Background
Recent evidence suggests that intracellular accumulation of saturated free fatty acids (FFA) in vascular cells contributes to lipid-mediated cellular damage (see [1-4] for review). The cellular dysfunction associated with FFA overload, known as lipotoxicity, contributes to cell injury in settings of high FFA... | 15642122 | PMC546189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:04:34 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Jan 10; 4:2 |
Background
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome, with an annual incidence of 50–150 cases/100,000. It is an important cause of workplace morbidity [1] with approximately 30,000 cases of CTS resulting in days lost from work in 1996 (BLS US Department of Labor 1998; [2]). T... | 15656907 | PMC546190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jan 18; 6:2 |
"Geocoding (street address matching or assignment of latitude and longitude) will be the basis for data linkage and analysis in the 21st century. The versatility of GIS supports the exploration of spatial relationships, patterns, and trends that otherwise would go unnoticed." – US Healthy People 2010 Objectives (item 2... | 15649328 | PMC546191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Jan 13; 4:2 |
Background
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in combination with reverse transcription (RT) provides a powerful tool for accurate quantification of DNA and RNA copy numbers and has opened the way to the study of subtle modulations of gene expression in small numbers of cells, as well as small-scale genetic anal... | 15649321 | PMC546192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2005 Jan 13; 5:2 |
Background
Hepatic iron overload was detected by Perls' acid ferrocyanide staining and atomic absorption spectrometry at autopsy in more than one percent of African American adults who died in hospitals [1,2]. In one study [1], liver specimens from 326 unselected adult African Americans subjects were stained for iron; ... | 15642113 | PMC546193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2005 Jan 10; 5:2 |
Background
Persons age 65 years and older commonly endure a multitude of chronic and debilitating conditions which contribute to persistent pain [1]. Estimates of the prevalence of pain among the community-dwelling elderly range between 25% and 50% [2,3]. Pain has been found to have a substantial effect on health-relat... | 15651985 | PMC546194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jan 14; 5:4 |
Background
Cellular transformation is a complex process which involves activation of proto-oncogenes and inactivation of tumour-suppressor genes [1]. After transformation, the cells can generate malignant tumours, by mechanisms only partly understood yet. It is supposed that some modifications in the pattern of gene ex... | 15651998 | PMC546195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jan 16; 4:4 |
Background
The most widely used methods for aligning DNA sequences rely on dynamic programming algorithms initially developed by Smith-Waterman and Needleman-Wunsch [1,2]. These algorithms create the mathematically best possible alignment of two sequences by inserting gaps in either sequence to maximize the score of ba... | 15655071 | PMC546196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 17; 6:9 |
Case
A 66 year old male with history of rheumatic heart disease and aortic valve replacement (AVR) (twice for severe native and subsequent prosthetic valve regurgitation) presented with progressive worsening fatigue, exertional dyspnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. His other medical problems included poorly control... | 15655075 | PMC546197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:31 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005 Jan 17; 3:1 |
Introduction
Frozen shoulder was first described by Codman in 1934, as an idiopathic painful restriction in the range of shoulder joint movement, in the presence of normal plain radiographs [1]. It is also known as "adhesive capsulitis", based on the presence of chronic synovitis and a contracted, thickened joint capsu... | 15647117 | PMC546198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:37 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Jan 12; 2:2 |
Background
RNA viruses are among the most infective pathogens affecting plants, animals and humans. Several of their features such as their reduced genomes, high genetic heterogeneity, large population sizes, short generation times and fast evolutionary rates place them among the best models for evolutionary and popula... | 15651995 | PMC546199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jan 15; 5:5 |
Background
Surface-attached microbial communities, known as biofilms, are traditionally employed in fixed-film reactors for wastewater treatment. More recently, biofilms originating from the indigenous microflora of a contaminated groundwater have received increasing attention due to the possibility to develop in situ ... | 15655073 | PMC546200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:47 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2005 Jan 17; 4:4 |
Background
Ventricular repolarization abnormalities play an important role in the determination of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death [1,2] and may reflect subclinical myocardial ischemia changes. The process of repolarization at rest is routinely quantified from standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), either as tim... | 15644132 | PMC546201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jan 11; 5:2 |
Background
Microorganisms are currently under intensive study for use as biopesticides [1-3]. Several fungal species including Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii, and Beauveria bassiana are being used as biocontrol agents for a number of crop, livestock, and human nuisance pests [4-7]. Strains of B. bassiana ... | 15644142 | PMC546202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Jan 11; 3:1 |
Background
Chronic, non-cancer pain, defined as pain of greater than 3 months duration, is a common, important health issue. The prevalence of chronic pain ranges from 20% to 60% [1]. The prevalance of low back pain is greater than 30%[2], and the prevalance of migraine is approximately 15%[3,4]. Pain disorders, includ... | 15649331 | PMC546203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jan 13; 5:3 |
Background
The mechanisms that regulate prolactin secretion are complex [1]. Two major regulatory inhibitory inputs for prolactin secretion are dopamine [2] and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [3-6]. In addition, many other neuromodulators have been implicated in the control of prolactin secretion, among them, vasoactiv... | 15649326 | PMC546204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2005 Jan 13; 3:1 |
Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged in 2003, as a new epidemic form of life-threatening infection [1]. As of September 2003, there were 8098 cases of SARS from 29 countries with 774 deaths (WHO). SARS is characterized by high fever, malaise, rigors, headache, dry cough, and progression to inters... | 15655079 | PMC546205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:32 | no | BMC Immunol. 2005 Jan 18; 6:2 |
Background
Publishing the design of a study
This article describes the design of a replication of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary intervention programme to prevent further falls among elderly people at risk.
Publishing the design and protoc... | 15651990 | PMC546206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 14; 5:6 |
Introduction
Each year 500 million infections and up to 2.7 millions deaths are attributable to malaria [1], about 90% of these deaths occur in children in sub-Saharan Africa [2]. Eighty percent of the deaths occur during the first 24 hours following admission [3-5]. Despite a better understanding of pathophysiology an... | 15638948 | PMC546207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jan 9; 4:1 |
Background
At the heart of structural and functional integrity of multicellular entities is the ability of each and every cell of it to successfully integrate signals arising from soluble factors, cell-substratum adhesion and cell-cell adhesion [1]. Correct processing of these signals allows appropriate cellular growth... | 15649318 | PMC546208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Jan 13; 6:1 |
Background
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic filamentous fungus that has become the leading mould pathogen in leukemia treatment centers and transplantation units in developed countries, second only to Candida spp. as a cause of systemic mycosis [1]. Despite some advances in therapy, currently available drugs for ... | 15649330 | PMC546209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jan 13; 5:1 |
Background
ATP-sensitive (KATP) channels are widely expressed in both excitable and non-excitable tissue types throughout the body. However, differences exist in the functional and pharmacological properties of various KATP channels in different tissues. This functional diversity of KATP channels is also reflected in t... | 15647111 | PMC546210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:19 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Jan 12; 5:1 |
Background
Dizziness is a common complaint among the elderly, with a prevalence of more than 30% in people over age 65 [1] and it accounts for 2% of consultations in the primary care setting [2]. Drachman and Hart [3] described four subtypes of dizziness: vertigo, lightheadedness, dysequilibrium, and others. Several re... | 15636636 | PMC546211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:12 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2005 Jan 6; 6:2 |
Background
In mammalian pregnancy the interaction between the maternal uterine tissues and foetal trophoblasts is regulated by a wide variety of cellular and endocrinological mechanisms. These mechanisms underpin trophoblastic invasion and remodelling of maternal tissues, placental angiogenesis, and the modulation of m... | 15647114 | PMC546212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jan 12; 6:4 |
Background
Autism (OMIM # 209850) is a neurobehavioral disorder involving deficits in language and social abilities and patterns of repetitive behaviors, restricted interests and resistance to change. The most recent estimate of population prevalence for the broader autism spectrum indicates a rate of 34/10,000 (~1/300... | 15647115 | PMC546213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Jan 12; 6:1 |
Background
Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the two most common causes of death in the United States and most industrialized nations. A diet high in fruits and vegetables has been correlated with a reduced risk for both cancer and heart disease [1,2]. It is thought that the phytochemicals found in fruits and veget... | 15644141 | PMC546214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Jan 11; 4:1 |
Background
Hypertension affects approximately 58 million Americans [1]. Lowering diastolic blood pressure (BP) by 10 mm Hg can reduce the number of strokes by as much as 56% and the incidence of coronary heart disease by 37% [2]. In addition, it has been shown that lowering systolic BP to 150 mm Hg decreases the incide... | 15638933 | PMC546215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:06 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005 Jan 7; 5:1 |
Background
Browne, MacCallum, Kim, Andersen and Glaser [1] employed a measurement model of natural killer cell lysis as an example of testing structural equation models. Their model failed to fit the data, though the authors judged the degree of covariance ill fit to be "negligible from a practical point of view"[1]. O... | 15636638 | PMC546216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Jan 6; 5:1 |
Background
The natural history of hepatic C virus (HCV) infection may include B-cell diseases. HCV can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and may also replicate in these cells [1-3]. Type II cryogloblinemia and some non-Hodgkin lymphomas have been linked to HCV [4], but links between B cells and ... | 15656905 | PMC546217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2005 Jan 18; 5:2 |
Background
Interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix regulates many physiological and pathological processes. These interactions are mediated by a large family of cell surface receptors known as integrins, which recognize several extracellular matrix proteins, including fibronectin, collagens, and vitronectin ... | 15631637 | PMC546218 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 5; 5:1 |
Background
While physical health has improved considerably during recent decades in Finland, the disease burden of mental health – especially that of depression – has become increasingly demanding for the health care services and society. When the global disease burden – including both fatal and non-fatal outcomes – ha... | 15656900 | PMC546219 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 18; 5:4 |
Background
Ideally, contextual analysis allows for consideration of both attributes that are generalizable across multiple settings, and geographically referenced relationships – influences that occur in context with each other. However, a tension exists between geographic variation analysis, which identifies the locat... | 15649329 | PMC546220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:06 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2005 Jan 13; 4:1 |
Introduction
Signal transducers and activators of gene transcription (STATs) are, as their name suggests, proteins that regulate gene expression by affecting transcription. They are part of the signal transduction pathway used by many growth factors and cytokines, and are activated by phosphorylation of tyrosine and se... | 15647107 | PMC546221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:35 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jan 12; 4:2 |
Introduction
Genetic association studies on complex diseases have become very popular and most of them are case-control studies using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as markers. There has been concern about the poor reproducibility of the results and the reasons for such discrepancies have been discussed [1-5]. ... | 15652000 | PMC546222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Jan 17; 4:2 |
Background
Measurement of changes in quality of life (QoL) has become a standard outcome variable in evaluating different therapeutic regimes in cancer [1-3]. Standardized, validated and reliable questionnaires are available for the measurement of changes in QoL [4-7]. Additionally, the use of these instruments by clin... | 15655074 | PMC546223 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jan 17; 3:6 |
Background
Although radical radiotherapy (RT) and radical surgery can be the proper choices for patients with early stage cervical cancer, most of the patients in China prefer the radical surgery to RT. Hence, in China the radical surgery has been widely used as first-line therapy for this group of women. Some poor pro... | 15606922 | PMC546224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Dec 18; 2:47 |
Background
The brain is highly sensitive to disturbance of its blood supply. Stroke is a devastating disease and is the third most common cause of death, and the most common cause of motor and mental disability in adults, in developing countries [1]. Complex pathophysiological events occur in brain during ischemic proc... | 15656909 | PMC546225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2005 Jan 18; 2:3 |
Background
Promoter model construction is a way to utilize information about coexpressed genes; this kind of information becomes more and more available with the advent of gene expression mass data, mainly from microarray experiments. Having a promoter model at hand, one has (i) an explanatory model that and how the co... | 15647113 | PMC546226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Jan 12; 2:2 |
Introduction
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Assisted Reproduction is a scientific and clinical journal established in September 2004, offering rapid peer review of research of the advanced reproductive technologies. Content is administered by two chief editors with offices in New York and Atlanta, with peer review ... | 15649322 | PMC546227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2005 Jan 13; 2:1 |
Background
Retroviruses are a family of RNA viruses which replicate through a DNA intermediate [1]. The unique property of retroviruses is that their virions contain two identical genomic RNA molecules noncovalently linked near the 5' ends forming a dimer [2,3]. Thus, the retroviral genome is diploid. The presence of t... | 15656910 | PMC546228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:39 | no | Retrovirology. 2005 Jan 18; 2:3 |
Background
Urban malaria
Urbanization is progressing fast worldwide. By the year 2030, more than 50% of the African population will live in urban areas [1]. It is anticipated that infectious disease problems including vector-borne diseases such as malaria might also increase in urban areas [2]. Keiser et al. [3] estima... | 15649333 | PMC546229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:30 | no | Malar J. 2005 Jan 14; 4:4 |
Background
In developing countries governments often subsidize services at public health care facilities and provide them free of charge to users. However, evidence suggests that users still incur large expenditures using the 'free' services for such things that are supposedly provided without charge. Studies have foun... | 15659245 | PMC546230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2005 Jan 19; 3:1 |
Background
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is well established as expression host for heterologous proteins (reviewed by [1] and [2]). However, despite the high technological impact of P. pastoris, the physiological and genetic information is still rather scarce. The genome sequence has not been published, and... | 15610561 | PMC546231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:46 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2004 Dec 20; 3:17 |
Background
Gene amplification plays an important role in the progression and initiation of many solid tumors, as is the case of breast cancer where amplification of the genes ERBB2 (17q12), cMYC (8q24), and CCND1 (11q13) are found in 10–25% of breast tumors. Amplifications are revealed by Comparative Genomic Hybridizat... | 15656903 | PMC546232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jan 18; 4:5 |
Introduction
The importance of the immune system in containing tumor growth is supported by animal studies and various observations in humans [1,2]. These include increased prevalence of certain tumors following immunosuppression as well as the demonstration, that the presence of intralesional T cells is correlated wit... | 15659244 | PMC546233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:28 | no | J Transl Med. 2005 Jan 19; 3:3 |
Introduction
CD30 antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily [1-3], was originally identified as a cell surface antigen on primary and cultured Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg cells by use of the monoclonal antibody Ki-1 [4,5]. CD30 antigen is normally expressed by a subset (15–20%) of CD3+ ... | 15644135 | PMC546234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:26 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 Jan 11; 2:1 |
Introduction
Laser radiation is now used routinely in surgery to incise, coagulate, or vaporize tissues. The laser light power is converted into heat in the target volume with ensuing coagulative necrosis, secondary degeneration and atrophy, and tumour shrinkage with minimal damage to surrounding structures [1]. The us... | 15631630 | PMC546235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jan 4; 4:2 |
Background
The term conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12-octadienoic acid). The major components of CLA, are the cis-9, trans-11 (c9, t11) and the trans-10, cis-12 (t10, c12) isomers, both of which have biological activities. The t10, c12... | 15642120 | PMC546236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:18 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2005 Jan 10; 4:3 |
Background
Malignant tumors of the small bowel are rare and accounts for the <2 % of total gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy [1,2]. The age-adjusted incidence of small bowel malignancy is 1 per 100,000 with prevalence of 0.6% [3]. Management of these tumors is challenging because of their rarity, relative inaccessibilit... | 15638946 | PMC546237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jan 9; 3:3 |
Background
Like many medical schools, SUNY Downstate Medical Center has been trying to improve the teaching of nutrition in the curriculum. The study presented here had two goals. First, we wanted to assess the knowledge of the first year class on the subject and, second, we hoped to use the questionnaire method, with ... | 15649324 | PMC546238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:31 | no | Nutr J. 2005 Jan 13; 4:2 |
Introduction
Even the most simple behaviour involves a chain of computations, which link perception, decision making, and action [1,2,3]. Measurements of response times (RTs) have been used as a major source of information on the organization of these stages [4,5], and more recently these analyses have been combined wi... | 15719056 | PMC546328 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 8; 3(2):e37 |
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