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Introduction
The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is essential for the transcriptional activation of the integrated HIV-1 provirus. Without Tat, HIV transcriptional elongation is inefficient and results in abortive transcripts that cannot support viral replication [1,2]. Tat is produced early after... | 15719057 | PMC546329 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 8; 3(2):e41 |
Introduction
In eukaryotes, gene regulation is largely controlled at the transcriptional level. Factors involved in the accurate transcription of eukaryotic structural genes by RNA polymerase II (class II genes) can be classified into two groups. First, general (or basic) transcription factors (GTFs) are necessary and ... | 15719058 | PMC546330 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 8; 3(2):e44 |
Introduction
There are three prominent protein families that both form filaments and hydrolyze nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs). These include the tubulins [1,2,3], the actins [4,5,6], and RecA protein and its homologs [7,8,9,10,11]. Of these, the RecA family is unique in its formation of filaments on a DNA cofactor and... | 15719060 | PMC546331 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:20 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 8; 3(2):e52 |
Molecular motors harness the energy of ATP (or GTP, a related energy currency) and transform it into mechanical force. Well-known examples of motors include myosin and dynein, proteins that use ATP to ferry intracellular cargo along fibers made of actin or tubulin proteins. The ATP-dependent assembly of actin or tubuli... | 0 | PMC546332 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:10 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 8; 3(2):e70 |
Retroviruses are expert manipulators when it comes to co-opting their host's cellular resources. A great deal of human complexity stems from the vast repertoire of proteins and mechanisms dedicated to the business of regulating gene expression, and retroviruses like HIV have evolved myriad ways of redirecting that mach... | 0 | PMC546333 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 8; 3(2):e72 |
At just 9.8 kilobases, the HIV genome pales in comparison to the 3.2 gigabases of its human and nonhuman primate targets. The compact retrovirus encodes just 14 proteins, which play different roles in promoting viral infection and virulence. As a retrovirus, HIV uses the host's cellular machinery—including RNA polymera... | 0 | PMC546334 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 8; 3(2):e74 |
Regulating metabolism of fat is an important challenge for any animal, from nematodes to humans. Central players in the regulatory network are the nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs), which are transcription factors that turn on or off a set of target genes when bound by specific lipid molecules. NHR genes number 48 in ma... | 0 | PMC546335 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 8; 3(2):e83 |
Between stimulus and response lies a black box—the mind—whose inner workings are largely unmapped. One of the essential questions about those inner workings concerns the serial versus parallel nature of their processing capabilities. Parallel processing allows multiple tasks to proceed at once, while serial processing ... | 0 | PMC546336 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:19 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 8; 3(2):e84 |
Background
In the last decade quantitative movement analysis has been increasingly used in clinical contexts [1]. This analysis makes use of fairly complex instrumentation and of models of the musculo-skeletal system. It provides a great amount of information, such as space and time characteristics of the motor task an... | 15679936 | PMC546397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Oct 29; 1:7 |
Introduction
Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-based, multisensory interactive simulation occurring at the same speed and time as events in the physical world. Different levels of immersion can be achieved ranging from complete 3D (cave, head-mounted display) to partial 2D (computer display, TV screen) with different ... | 15679937 | PMC546398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Dec 14; 1:11 |
Background
Neurosurgical intervention in babies with open spina bifida had dramatic results in terms of survival. However, the disability and the complications of the survivors were often severe [1-5]. Many efforts were made to enable them to walk, to control their urinary incontinence while safeguarding renal function... | 15679938 | PMC546399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2004 Dec 10; 1:4 |
Discussion
Variations in birth incidence
NTDs are due to many different causes [1]. The incidence varies and some etiologies are more common at different prenatal ages and birth [2-5]. Epidemiological data from the period before in-utero diagnosis and termination of affected pregnancies established two trends. The firs... | 15679939 | PMC546400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2004 Dec 10; 1:5 |
Introduction
Children with myelomeningocele (MM) do not easily fit into stereotypical profiles. Professionals, families, and inter-disciplinary teams, devoted to the support of these individuals and the reduction of secondary disabilities, see daily testaments to individual variations. Clinical commonalities among thos... | 15679940 | PMC546401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2004 Dec 10; 1:6 |
Introduction
The most significant Australian health policy event for 2003 was the signing of the five-year Australian Health Care Agreements. The Agreements were preceded by an ultimatum to the States and Territories from the Commonwealth indicating that there would be no changes from the offer on the table. This led t... | 15679941 | PMC546402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2004 Nov 18; 1:5 |
Background
As in other developed countries, chronic diseases in Australia are major contributors to the extent of illness, disability and premature mortality in the population. They are estimated to make up the greatest proportion of the burden of disease, mental problems and injury for the population as a whole (about... | 15679942 | PMC546403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2004 Dec 12; 1:8 |
Prevalence of virtual reality technology
Virtual reality (VR) technology has been used for several decades for a variety of psychosocial interventions. But since the early 1990's there has been an explosion of laboratories and clinics promoting the use of virtual technology for physical rehabilitation [1-4]. Presently,... | 15679943 | PMC546404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Dec 3; 1:8 |
Review
Choroid plexus impact on Alzheimer's disease
Accumulating evidence supports the idea that continually decreasing choroid plexus (CP) function in advanced ageing exacerbates Alzheimer's disease (AD). As part of a new paradigm to explain brain interstitium deterioration in age-related dementias, increasingly more ... | 15679944 | PMC546405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2004 Dec 10; 1:3 |
Introduction
One of the major goals of rehabilitation is to make quantitative and qualitative improvements in daily activities in order to improve the quality of independent living. Three determinants of motor recovery are early intervention, task-oriented training, and repetition intensity [1] while a major objective ... | 15679945 | PMC546406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Dec 10; 1:10 |
Background
One out of three elderly persons and more than one out of five working adults report dizziness[1,2]. There is a growing body of literature that suggests that persons with dizziness due to vestibular disorders fall, regardless of age [3]. Falls in persons with vestibular disorders have potentially catastrophi... | 15679946 | PMC546407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Dec 23; 1:14 |
Background
Antibodies to a cytosolic soluble liver antigen (SLA), detected originally by an inhibition ELISA using cytosolic liver fractions in a sub-group of patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) negative for other autoantibodies, have recently been also reported in adult patients with anti-nuclear and/or smooth mu... | 15679947 | PMC546408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2004 Nov 19; 1:4 |
Background
The formation of CSF has been studied extensively [1] and the physical location at which it is formed within the ventricular system (the choroid plexus) has been well established. In contrast, while CSF absorption parameters have been investigated in many species, the mechanism and location of the transport ... | 15679948 | PMC546409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2004 Dec 10; 1:2 |
Introduction
Two major goals of rehabilitation are the enhancement of functional ability and the realization of greater participation in community life. These goals are achieved by intensive intervention aimed at improving sensory, motor, cognitive and higher level-cognitive functions on the one hand, and practice in e... | 15679949 | PMC546410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:53:59 | no | J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2004 Dec 20; 1:12 |
Introduction
What is virtual reality (VR)? For many health care professionals, VR is first of all a technology. Since 1986, when Jaron Lamier used the term for the first time, VR has been usually described as a collection of technological devices: a computer capable of interactive 3D visualization, a head-mounted displ... | 15679950 | PMC546411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:39 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Dec 8; 1:9 |
Background
Visual imaging is one of the major technological advances of the last decade. Although its impact in medicine and research is most strongly observed in the explosion of PET and fMRI studies in recent years [1], there has been a steady emergence of studies using virtual imaging to measure and train human beha... | 15679951 | PMC546412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:39 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2004 Dec 23; 1:13 |
Review
Introduction
Understanding the roles played by physiological adaptation to temperature in governing the distribution patterns of species has taken on a new urgency because of the potential effects of global warming on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. There is already compelling evidence for widespread ch... | 15679952 | PMC546413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | Front Zool. 2005 Jan 17; 2:1 |
Background
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is expressed in epithelial cells of several tissues involved in salt and water reabsorption. The channel is composed of three related subunits (α, β, γ) that are able to reconstitute a functional channel when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes [1,2]. ENaC is expressed in... | 15636635 | PMC546414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 6; 6(1):2 |
Introduction
Gram-positive infections have become a serious problem, especially in the nosocomialsetting, and treatment of these infections is complicated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens [1]. Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are among the most frequent causes o... | 15638934 | PMC546415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:21 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005 Jan 7; 4:2 |
Background
It is well established that diabetes can lead to acute and chronic complications, compromising the health and quality of life. Results from various studies [1] have demonstrated that improved control of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes reduces related complications. Type 2 diabetes results from the metabolic... | 15644138 | PMC546416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:34 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2005 Jan 11; 4:4 |
Background
For centuries, communicable diseases were the main causes of death around the world. Life expectancy was often limited by uncontrolled epidemics. After the second World War, with medical research achievements in terms of vaccination, antibiotics and improvement of life conditions, non communicable diseases(N... | 15651987 | PMC546417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2005 Jan 14; 4:2 |
Background
Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), a recently characterized oncogene, was initially identified on analysis of a rat pituitary tumor [1]; subsequently, a human homologue of PTTG1 was cloned by us and others [2-4]. Three members (PTTG1, PTTG2 and PTTG3) of the PTTG family, which exhibit differential ... | 15649325 | PMC546418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Mol Cancer. 2005 Jan 13; 4:3 |
Background
Lifestyle modifications, including behavior therapy, diet, and physical activity, are the cornerstone of weight management [1]. Current weight management guidelines state that prescription weight loss medication only may be used as part of a comprehensive weight loss program including diet and physical activ... | 15617568 | PMC546419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:47 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004 Dec 23; 1:17 |
Background
In Japan, it was not until 1997 that a law was finally enacted to legalize organ transplant from a brain-dead body. Since 1968, when the first heart transplantation from a person declared brain dead was performed, there have been long-standing struggles in Japan for and against this procedure. In addition to... | 15661080 | PMC547896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:58 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2005 Jan 20; 6:1 |
Background
Several studies (Hamilton [1], Fukuoka[2]) have found stronger correlation between the expression levels of genes that are located close to each other on the genome than between those of distant genes: when gene expressions of many genes are measured for multiple tissue samples, for example using microarray ... | 15659243 | PMC547897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 19; 6:10 |
Background
With the overwhelming growth of biological sequence databases, handling of these amounts of data has increasingly become a problem. Protein sequences constitute one such data type. The number of unique entries in all protein sequence databases together exceeds now about a million. However, biological evoluti... | 15663796 | PMC547898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 22; 6:15 |
Background
The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins are involved in several aspects of chromosomal dynamic, in DNA recombination and in DNA repairs [1-3]. Two SMC proteins named SMC1 and SMC3 bind to and prevent the premature separation of sister chromatids at the end of mitosis [4,5]. SMC1 and SMC3 dire... | 15656913 | PMC547899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Jan 18; 6:3 |
Background
In the World Health Report 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported for the first time on the average levels of population health for its 191 member countries using a summary measure that combines information on mortality and morbidity [1,2]. Because substantial resources are devoted to reducing th... | 15619327 | PMC547900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Dec 24; 4:66 |
Background
Because antipsychotic drugs are considered the core treatment modality for schizophrenia [1] the differences among antipsychotics in terms of effectiveness, safety, and tolerability have expectedly become a topic of growing clinical and research interest [2]. The differences among antipsychotics in adverse e... | 15649317 | PMC547901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:02 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 13; 5:3 |
Background
One of the current challenging tasks faced by health professionals and scientists worldwide is the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. This disease claims yearly a huge toll of deaths, productivity and economic losses, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where the population is already weakened by poverty, mala... | 15663784 | PMC547902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 21; 5:8 |
Background
After the development of serological tests for hepatitis A and B viruses in the 1970s it became clear that an additional agent accounted for approximately 90% of transfusion-associated hepatitis (non-A non-B hepatitis, NANBH) [1].
The novel agent, hence termed hepatitis C virus (HCV), currently infects appr... | 15663787 | PMC547903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:52 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Jan 21; 5:1 |
Background
Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) usually causes acute respiratory tract infections [1]. Chronical infection with Cpn may also contribute to formation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions apart from the classical risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia [2]. Cp... | 15663783 | PMC547904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jan 21; 5:2 |
Background
Epidemiological studies have shown a significant correlation of blood pressure levels in close relatives and higher concordance values for occurrence of hypertension in monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins, and thus support the idea that genetic factors influence susceptibility to essential hypertension [1]. Whil... | 15661075 | PMC547905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2005 Jan 20; 6:4 |
Background
TRAIL (Tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand) is one of the most promising anti-cancer agent being currently under investigation (for review see [1-5]). Initially it was shown that TRAIL specifically induces tumour cell apoptosis and tumour regression in nude mice, even when applied as sin... | 15651986 | PMC547906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 14; 5:5 |
Background
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent, chronic and disabling disorder [1]. Controlled pharmacotherapy studies have established superiority of serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SRI's) over noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors and over placebo in OCD and these currently form the cornerstone of pharmaco... | 15667657 | PMC547907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 24; 5:5 |
Background
Sprains of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint account for between 3 and 5% of all emergency department (ED) attendances in the UK [1], with approximately 5600 injuries each day [2]. The injury is painful and incapacitating, and, for all but the most minor injuries, weight bearing is difficult to tolera... | 15777484 | PMC547908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:04 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Jan 13; 6:1 |
Background
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the most studied members of the cys-loop family of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) which also contains γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, glycine receptors and 5-HT3 receptors [1]. Distinct subtypes of nAChRs mediate, for example, fast synaptic transmission... | 15661073 | PMC547909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jan 20; 6:2 |
Background
The worldwide spread of the problem of infections due to Gram-negative bacteria such us Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to most classes of antimicrobial agents has made the medical community to rethink of colistin, an old, basically abandoned for the last two decades antibiotic. ... | 15642116 | PMC547910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 10; 5:1 |
Background
Enterococcal meningitis is an uncommon disease accounting for only 0.3% to 4% of cases of bacterial meningitis which is nevertheless associated with a high mortality rate. It has been described most frequently in patients with neurosurgical conditions (i.e. head trauma, shunt devices, or cerebrospinal fluid ... | 15649336 | PMC547911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:14 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 14; 5:3 |
Background
Unilateral vocal fold paralysis is symptomatic when it results in failure of the mobile vocal fold to approximate the paralyzed vocal fold during adduction. Despite the lack of movement, the paralyzed vocal fold will often contact the contra lateral mobile vocal fold permitting adequate glottic closure [1].
... | 15663781 | PMC547912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:26 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2005 Jan 21; 5:1 |
Background
In the post-genomic era, biologists encounter a flood of information derived mainly from microarray experiments. The blessing of this wealth of information is accompanied by a great difficulty in identifying the biologically significant findings, which are often embedded in irrelevant information. Currently,... | 15661078 | PMC547913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 20; 6:12 |
Background
In the last quarter century, more than five hundred published manuscripts contained experiments using the popular rat crypt cell lines IEC-6 and IEC-18 originally established by Quaroni and Isselbacher in 1978 and 1981 [1,2]. These lineages have stood the test of time as being two of the most reliable and ph... | 15656904 | PMC547914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:11 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2005 Jan 18; 6:2 |
Background
There is a large number of pharmacological strategies for treating serotonin-related disorders like depression and anxiety. Well-known antidepressant drug effects are blockade of the serotonin (5-HT) and/or norepinephrine (NE) reuptake pumps, direct effects on the 5-HT- and/or NE receptors and inhibition of ... | 15663788 | PMC547915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:59 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2005 Jan 21; 5:1 |
Background
Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) represent a relatively infrequent but devastating source of neurological morbidity in relatively young adults [1]. Prevention of new or recurrent intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is the primary rationale for treating AVMs. The optimal management of AVMs is not well define... | 15667660 | PMC547916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:53 | no | BMC Neurol. 2005 Jan 24; 5:1 |
Background
Stress can be described as the sum total of all the reactions of the body, which disturb the normal physiological condition and result in a state of threatened homeostasis. Stress is an internationally recognized phenomenon fortified by advancement of industrialization in a demanding civilization. Thus, ever... | 15656916 | PMC547917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Jan 19; 5:1 |
Introduction
Due to their ability to interact with fatty acids and other lipids, nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs), including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptor, and farnesoid X receptor, are important regulators of mammalian fat metabolism; accordingly, these small-molecule-gated tran... | 15719061 | PMC547972 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:11 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Feb 8; 3(2):e53 |
Background
Recent technological advances have led to an explosive growth in high-throughput genomic and proteomic data such as DNA microarrays. The rapid growth in available data has led in turn to a need for novel quantitive methods for analysis. As a consequence of this need, the reconstruction of gene network archit... | 15659246 | PMC548128 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 19; 6:11 |
Background
Systems biology is a data- and knowledge-driven discipline, which heavily relies on automated tools to support the generation and validation of hypotheses. Such tasks aim to provide novel and meaningful views of the functional relationships between biological components at different complexity levels. Over t... | 15661072 | PMC548129 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:51 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 20; 6:13 |
Background
Detection of LOH is one of the most common molecular applications in the study of human diseases, in particular cancer. It is commonly used to examine whether a known tumour suppressor gene is inactivated or to map unknown tumour suppressor gene(s). Detection of LOH not only helps in understanding the molecu... | 15673474 | PMC548130 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 26; 6:18 |
Background
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (referred to hereafter as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis) and induces a chronic enteritis in ruminants. The disease signs include weight loss, diarrhea, and decreased milk production. In the United States alone the ... | 15663791 | PMC548131 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2005 Jan 21; 5:3 |
Introduction
Apoptosis plays important roles in placentation and embryonic development [1]. The cells undergoing apoptosis have characteristic structural changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nuclear disintegration involves DNA cleavage into oligonucleosomal length DNA fragments [2-4], and the DNA fragments can be ... | 15649334 | PMC548132 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jan 14; 3:4 |
Background
It is well known that cytotoxic factors, such as lipopolysaccharides, derange nitrogen metabolism in hepatocytes and nitric oxide (NO) is involved among the other factors regulating this metabolic pathway [1]. NO is a free radical that is involved in many cellular events. In the biological systems NO has an ... | 15670332 | PMC548133 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Physiol. 2005 Jan 25; 5:2 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of which is reaching epidemic proportions in many parts of the world, is an increasingly important public health concern. In the United States, diabetes is present in 8% of the adult population, and is associated with a two-fold increase in age-adjusted mortality [1,2]. In a... | 15644146 | PMC548134 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:14 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Jan 12; 3:2 |
Background
This and the following presentation are part of a project for the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) evaluating the possible use of transgenic animal mutagenicity assays in chemical toxicity testing and mechanistic research. It was decided to compare the results obtained from those transgenic ... | 15655069 | PMC548135 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Jan 17; 4:3 |
Background
Lepidium meyenii, a traditional Peruvian cruciferous vegetable known as Maca, grows exclusively at altitudes over 4000 m. The hypocotyl, the edible part of the plant, is used as a nutritional supplement and for its enhancing sperm production properties [1]. Maca is presented in different ecotypes according t... | 15661081 | PMC548136 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jan 20; 3:5 |
Background
It is well established in mammals that gonadal steroid hormones are potent negative feedback regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. In ranid frogs, the first evidence supporting this notion came from a study on the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in which gonadectomy elevated circulating go... | 15642123 | PMC548137 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jan 10; 3:2 |
Background
Metastases to the umbilicus are universally referred to as Sister Joseph's (or Sister Mary Joseph's) nodule. Etiology is related to the presence of primary malignant disease in the abdominal cavity or occasionally in the chest and/or breast [1-5]. Historically, Sister Mary Joseph (1856–1939) was a surgical a... | 15651984 | PMC548138 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:05 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Jan 14; 3:4 |
1 Introduction
The theme of this paper is that recent and proposed changes to the financing and delivery of health services in Australia have focused upon issues of relatively minor significance while failing to address adequately major inequities and system deficiencies. An intriguing question – not discussed in the p... | 15679895 | PMC548139 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2005 Jan 11; 2:1 |
Background
Oxidative stress is an important factor of acute lung injury. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of oxygen (hyperoxia) during mechanical ventilation represents a life-saving intervention for critically ill patients. However, it also induces oxidative stress to the lung. The development of therapeutic ... | 15663790 | PMC548140 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 21; 6(1):10 |
Background
Most, if not all, forms of chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as asthma begin in the small airways. While the pathogenesis of small airway diseases is poorly understood [1,2], it is generally accepted that the fluid and electrolyte transport properties of the epithelia lining these peripher... | 15655076 | PMC548141 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 17; 6(1):7 |
Background
Sickle cell disease is a common debilitating hematologic disease occurring in 1 in 650 African Americans. Lung disease is a major cause of cardiopulmonary disability and mortality [1,2]. Progressive restrictive lung disease related to recurrent episodes of acute chest syndrome may develop with advancing age ... | 15663785 | PMC548142 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:25 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2005 Jan 21; 3:2 |
Introduction
Estrogen is considered to elicit different growth responses in various tissues through binding to the estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ [1-3]. The modulation of estrogen responsive gene transcription by the ER is termed a "genomic" action of estrogen. In contrast, "non-genomic" effects of estrogen are chara... | 15651993 | PMC548143 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2005 Jan 15; 4:1 |
Background
The establishment of successful pregnancy requires a profound reorganization of uterine tissues. Rapid growth and differentiation of the endometrial stroma is the earliest and most striking event in pregnancy. Differentiation of stromal cells leads to the formation of unique cells, termed decidual cells, whi... | 15644143 | PMC548144 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005 Jan 11; 3:3 |
Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is the first new infectious disease of this millennium. SARS has originated from Southern China at the end of 2002 and has a high mortality and morbidity. Within a period of six months beginning at the end of 2002, the disease has affected more than 8,000 people and... | 15661082 | PMC548145 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:27 | no | Respir Res. 2005 Jan 20; 6(1):8 |
Background
Articular cartilage is composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), the matrix-secreting chondrocyte and water, which all account for the tissue's characteristic rigidity as well as its flexibility. These features are necessary in order to warrant life-long survival of the cartilage tissue, especially in the join... | 15673475 | PMC548146 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:17 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2005 Jan 26; 5:1 |
Background
In recent years, numerous publications – over 50 pages of them in current listings of the bibliographic search engine Medline – have detailed changes in biological systems and organisms that appear associated with the climatic changes commonly referred to as global warming (e.g., [1-5], dealing with observed... | 15636637 | PMC548147 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jan 6; 5:4 |
Background
Positional clustering of co-expressed genes is mainly due to operons in prokaryotes. Genes located within the same operon are transcribed together and thus co-regulated. In general, operons are missing from eukaryotes. Eukaryotic genes appear to be transcribed individually and are thought to be scattered on ... | 15656914 | PMC548148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jan 19; 6:7 |
Background
The nested case-control design employs a case-control approach within an established cohort [1,2] to obtain estimates from a sample of the cohort that are similar to estimates obtained from analysis of the entire cohort [3,4]. The nested case-control design is being increasingly used in large cohorts of pati... | 15670334 | PMC548149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:51 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005 Jan 25; 5:5 |
Background
Huntington's disease (HD) is a severe, dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder that typically has its onset in mid-life, though it may occur in the juvenile years or in the elderly, and that produces an inexorable decline to death 10–20 years later [1]. Its cardinal clinical feature is a characterist... | 15649316 | PMC548150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:48 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jan 13; 6:1 |
Background
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths all around the world. About 80% of all lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and more than 50% of these patients present with locally advanced or metastatic disease.
Meta-analysis of several randomized trials have demonstrated a modest ... | 15667664 | PMC548151 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 25; 5:10 |
Background
The diagnostic stage of colon cancer determines survival. Patients diagnosed with localized tumours have a 75% probability of 5 year survival, whereas patients diagnosed with distant metastases only have a 5–10 % probability of 5 year survival (reviewed in [1]). Recently a number of studies have been publish... | 15656915 | PMC548152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 19; 5:8 |
Background
First described in 1997, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae is an obligate intracellular bacterium naturally infecting free-living amoebae [1,2]. It was isolated from Acanthamoeba spp. recovered from the nasal mucosa of healthy volunteers [1]. Later, additional strains of Parachlamydiaceae have been found within ab... | 15615594 | PMC548262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Dec 22; 4:48 |
Background
Alpha1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Both pharmacological and molecular cloning studies have indicated the existence of multiple subtypes of α1-ARs including α1A/C-AR, α1B-AR, and α1D-AR [1-4]. α1-ARs play a key role in a variety of physiological pro... | 15603588 | PMC548263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:07 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Dec 16; 5:47 |
Background
An earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale struck the city of Bam in Iran on the 26th of December 2003 at 5.26 A.M. It was devastating, the city was destroyed, left over 40,000 dead and around 30,000 injured, as well as destroying approximately 20,000 homes, leaving more than 45,000 people homeless [1]... | 15644145 | PMC548264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 11; 5:4 |
Background
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma(SC) is the most common malignancy of the larynx[1]. Distinguishing between preinvasive squamous neoplasia (high grade squamous cell dysplaisa/ squamous cell carcinoma in-situ, SCIS) and SC may be difficult in small biopsy specimens, particularly when the tissue is superficial... | 15638930 | PMC548265 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2005 Jan 7; 5:1 |
Background
In both Canada and the United States efforts are underway to develop systems to assess the quality of health care as a first step to improving services. In the US nursing home sector, the implementation of the Minimum Data Set has been linked to improvements in quality of care [1-4]. Recently, the Centers fo... | 15656901 | PMC548266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jan 18; 5:7 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting elderly people in the United States. Prevalence is 1% to 2% at age 65 years, but increases markedly to 35% or greater by age 85. Because of a demographic shift toward a more aged population, the percentage of affected individuals is rapid... | 15659242 | PMC548267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:32 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2005 Jan 19; 5:3 |
Background
Suction drainage in the management of mastectomy patients was used for the first time in 1947 [1] and has been found in various studies superior to other methods of fluid evacuation to minimize the dead space. The mechanism proposed is that the suction helps skin flaps to adhere to the chest wall and axilla ... | 15676064 | PMC548268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 27; 5:11 |
Background
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 is a multifunctional protein ferrying insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in circulation and mediating growth suppression signals in cells. Serum IGFBP-3 protein (< 5000 ng/ml) complexes with IGFs and an acid labile subunit (ALS), to extend the half lives a... | 15661074 | PMC548269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2005 Jan 20; 5:9 |
Background
Type II restriction endonucleases (REases) comprise one of the major families of endonucleases and one of the largest groups of experimentally characterized enzymes (comprehensively reviewed in: [1]). The "orthodox" Type IIP REases are dimeric, they recognize a short (4–8 bp) palindromic sequence of double-s... | 15667656 | PMC548270 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:47 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2005 Jan 24; 5:2 |
Background
There is a long tradition of studying at population level the quality of medical care provided to patients who died from conditions amenable to medical intervention. This type of study (so called 'in-depth' or 'audit' study), aims to identify deficiencies in medical care that may have contributed to death. I... | 15676067 | PMC548271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jan 27; 5:10 |
Background
Priority setting, also known as rationing or resource allocation, occurs at all levels of every health care system, including governments, funded provincial/territorial agencies, pharmaceutical benefit-management organizations, hospitals and clinical programs [1]. Countries with very different health care sy... | 15663792 | PMC548272 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:51 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2005 Jan 21; 5:8 |
Background
The glucose-6-phosphatase system consists of the glucose-6-phosphate catalytic subunit (EC 3.1.3.9), embedded in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via nine transmembrane domains, and the membrane spanning translocases, responsible in carrying either the substrate into the ER or the product from ... | 15659240 | PMC548273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2005 Jan 19; 6:2 |
Background
Among many trophic factors that act on sensory neurons, three have been studied extensively: nerve growth factor (NGF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). During development, NGF, GDNF and BDNF, along with neurotrophin-3 (NT3), support the surviva... | 15667652 | PMC548274 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:47 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jan 24; 6:4 |
Background
Over recent years increased emphasis has been given to performance monitoring of NHS hospitals and various quality indicators based on analysis of routine administrative data have been devised[1]. The 2003 dataset of the Commission of Health Improvement indicators includes 28-day hospital readmission rates f... | 15663793 | PMC548275 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:03 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2005 Jan 21; 5:1 |
Background
Case-control research on the association between surgery and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) encompasses six studies and one meta-analysis [1-8], which frequently yielded diverging, partly inconsistent, positive [5,6] or negative [7,8] results, potentially attributable to methodological difficulties... | 15667663 | PMC548276 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 24; 5:9 |
Background
Reflection is considered by many [1-3] in the Western world to be an important part of clinical practice and clinical decision-making. In order to learn from experience, health care professionals must reflect on the events and determine where the information 'fits' in relation to their assumptions, previous ... | 15661079 | PMC548277 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:55 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2005 Jan 20; 5:3 |
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common form of genetic variation within species. As a result, SNPs are now becoming the most popular type of marker in genetic association and mapping studies. SNPs are also most likely to be the molecular basis for the majority of phenotypic variation in (... | 15676075 | PMC548278 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jan 27; 6:10 |
Background
In many developing countries, social marketing program have become an essential component, if not the main component, of the national family planning and HIV prevention strategy. Social marketing programs in reproductive health all aim to improve reproductive health of the target population by using commerci... | 15676068 | PMC548279 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:54 | no | BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 27; 5:10 |
Background
Phenotypic robustness refers to the invariance of the specified target phenotype given the genetic makeup and environmental conditions. Whereas the presence of naturally occurring phenotypic variation is at the core of evolutionary biology, developmental geneticists have traditionally considered it as a nuis... | 15663797 | PMC548280 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:16 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2005 Jan 22; 5:7 |
Background
Ribosomal protein (RP) S6 is a phosphorylated protein that resides on the small subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. Phosphorylation occurs on a cluster of five serine residues near the C-terminal end of the protein. Although details remain unclear, the phosphorylation state of RPS6 is believed to influence tran... | 15667661 | PMC548281 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2005 Jan 24; 6:8 |
Background
Relatively little documentation supports a scientific basis for alternative healing therapies involving the manipulation of a purported healing energy associated with the body. Despite this paucity of evidence, such energy healing modalities are becoming increasingly popular. Recent surveys indicate the majo... | 15667653 | PMC548282 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Jan 24; 5:2 |
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